Theoretical Background

Main Principle: ​Among the principle on which this study was established are:
The feasibility study is based on different theoretical models of the
importance of sports participation in the well- being of humans along with their
behaviours.

The self- determination theory emerged out of the work of psychologists

Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, (1985) who primarily expressed their ideas in their
1985 book “Self-Determination and Intrinsic Motivation in Human behaviour. It
construes that the tendency to be either pro-active or passive is largely influenced by
the social condition in which people are raised. Social support is vital for us. We can
either prevent or nurture personal growth through our relationships and interaction
with others.

The Cognitive Evaluation Theory stresses the importance of the two

motivational systems that drives people in doing something and stimulates our
behaviour. These are the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. It speculates that
intrinsically motivated ​is affected by a person's innate need to feel competent and
self-determining in dealing with the environment.
The theory claims that there are two main ways extrinsic rewards affect intrinsic
motivation.First, the reward predominates as the primary reason for participating in
an activity. Secondly, a reward may have a revealing aspect, that affects the
recipient’s opinion of his/her competence. Joined effects may either boost or decline
an individual’s intrinsic motivation. ​This theory was originally​ put forward by Deci
(1975) and later redeveloped with Ryan (Deci & Ryan, 1985).

Affective Reflective Theory(ART) of physical inactivity and exercise (Brand

and Ekkekakis 2018​) is a dual- process theory, which assumes that stimuli is a
dual-process theory, which assumes that trigger automatic associations and a
resulting automatic effective valuation of exercise. An automatic effective valuation is
the unattended assignment of positive(association with pleasure) or
negative(association with displeasure) value to a stimulus, either as the result of
repeated exercise- related emotional experiences mediated by cognitive
appraisals(pride) or as a result of repeated experiences of core effective reactions to
stimuli (bodily discomfort).

The automatic affective valuation serves as the basis for a controlled,

reflective evaluation, which can follow if self-control resources are available. The
reflective evaluation draws on propositions about exercise and physical inactivity,

derived from previous experience and mental simulation.

The ART aims to expound and predict behavior in situations in which people

either remain in a state of physical inactivity or initiate action. It concludes that

experience, feelings, and thoughts connected with exercise influence whether

someone would be willing to undergo physical strain similar to that previously

experienced during exercise.

Legal Basis:​ The following are the laws and policies which will be taken to serve as
a legal basis for this study.

Republic Act No. 6847 or “the Philippine Sports Commission act​”

Section 2 states that it is the policy of the state to promote physical education,
encourage and sustain development of sports in the country to foster physical
fitness, self- discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy
and alert citizenry through a unified national sports promotion and development
program and that the establishment and creation of a single, unified and integrated
national sports policy-making body shall further this objective. It is also stated in
section 6 under this Act that the objectives are to provide the leadership, formulate
the policies and set the priorities and direction of all national amateur sports
promotion and development, particularly giving emphasis on grass-roots
participation; to encourage wide participation of all sectors, government and private,
in amateur sports promotion and development; and to supplement government
appropriations for sports promotion and development. It is also stated in section 7
that some of the functions of the commission are a) to establish, develop and
maintain fully-equipped sports facilities and centers in strategic places in the country
and, as far as practicable, such modern sports complexes adequate for major
international competitions; b) rationalize and regulate the establishment of
publicly-funded sports complexes and supervise the management and maintenance
thereof, excluding school or college-owned sports complexes; c) plan and formulate
programs and review or evaluate, from time to time, the organizational set-up,
projects and programs of the commission; d) develop and promulgate rules and
regulations to implement this act, including rules to delineate and define areas of
responsibilities of all sectors involved in sports promotion and development,
respecting the individual set-up, priorities, structure, and competence of the different
government and private institutions;

Executive Order No. 327, s. 1941 (REGULATING BILLIARD AND POOL

HALLS, AND BOWLING ALLEYS) also states that ​by virtue of the powers vested 
under Commonwealth Act​ ​Numbered Six hundred and one, entitled “An act to 
regulate the establishment, maintenance and operation of places of amusement in 
chartered cities, municipalities-and municipal districts,” the following rules and 
regulations governing billiard and pool halls, and bowling alleys, are hereby 
promulgated: 
1.  No  person  shall  conduct  or  operate  a billiard or pool hall, or a bowling alley, where 

persons  are  permitted  to  play  on a compensation or hire basis, without first securing 

license  for  such  purposes  from  the  City  or  Municipal  Treasurer  of  the  locality where 

the billiard or pool hall, or bowling alley is established. 

2.  No  billiard  or  pool  hall,  or  bowling  alley  shall  be  allowed  to  be  maintained  or 

operated  within  a  radius  of  two  hundred  lineal meters from any city hall or municipal 

building,  provincial  capitol  building,  national  capitol  building,  public  plaza,  public 

school,  church,  hospital,  athletic  stadium, public park, or any institution of learning or 

of charity. 

3.  No  billiard  or  pool  hall,  or  bowling  alley  shall  be  open to the public, and no billiard, 

pool,  or  bowling  games  shall  be  allowed  therein,  except  during  the  hours  from  8 

o’clock  a.m.  to  12  o’clock  midnight  daily;  ​Provided,  however,  ​That  on  Christmas  eve 

and  New  Year’s  eve  and  on  Saturdays  and days preceding official holidays and town 

fiestas,  billiard  or  pool  hall,  or  bowling  alleys  may  be  open  until  2  o’clock  in  the 

morning  of  the  following  day:  ​Provided,  further,  ​That  any  bowling alley located in any 
residential  section  of  a  chartered  city,  municipality,  or  municipal  district  shall  not  be 

permitted to operate after 11 o’clock in the evening. 

4.  No  person  conducting  or  operating  a  billiard  or  pool  hall  shall  admit  minors  less 

than  eighteen  years  of age to participate in any game therein; and in the case of alley 

minors  under  twelve  years  of  age  shall  not  be  allowed  to  participate  in  any  game 

therein. 

5.  No  intoxicating  liquor  of  any  kind  shall  be  sold  within  the  premises  of  any  billiard 

or  pool  hall,  or  bowling  alley;  neither  shall  any  firearm  or  any  deadly  weapon  be 

permitted  to  be  carried  within  the  premises  thereof,  except  by  peace  officers  in  the 

due performance of official duties. 

6.  Any  person  who  believes  that  a  billiard  or  pool  hall,  or  a  bowling  alley  is 

established  or  located  in  any  place  not  authorized  by  this  Order  may  file  a  protest 

with  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  who  is  hereby  authorized  after proper investigation 

to decide the case or cancel the license. 

7.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  operator  or  concessionaire  of  any  billiard  or pool hall or 

bowling  alley  to  see  that  these  rules  and  regulations  are  properly observed, and that 

peace and order is maintained at all times within the premises thereof. 

8.  Any  action  of  the  City  or  Municipal  Treasurer  under  the  provisions  of  paragraph 

one  of  this  Order  may  be  appealed  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  whose  decision 

shall be final. 

9.  The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall  revoke  any  permit  or  license  granted  under this 

Order  upon  satisfactory  evidence  that  gambling  or  playing  of  any  prohibited  game 

has  taken  place  within  the  premises  of  any  billiard  or  pool  hall,  or bowling alley. Any 
violation  of  these  rules  and  regulations  shall  likewise  be  sufficient  cause  for  the 

revocation  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  of  the  permit granted and forfeiture of the 

license issued. 

10.  Billiard  or  pool  halls,  or  bowling  alleys  shall  pay a license fee of not less than ten 

pesos  per  billiard  or  pool  table  or  per  bowling  alley  annually  or  two  pesos  and  fifty 

centavos  quarterly:  ​Provided,  however​,  That  existing  ordinances  prescribing  higher 

fees  than  ten  pesos  per  billiard  or  pool  table  or  per  bowling  alley  annually  or  two 

pesos  and  fifty  centavos  quarterly  shall  remain  in  force  until  otherwise  provided  for 

by  the  President:  ​Provided,  further​,  That  a city municipal council desiring to impose a 

higher fee may do so upon approval of the President. 

11.  Billiard  or  pool  halls,  or  bowling  alleys  in  operation  on  January  1,  1941,  that  are 

within  the  prohibited  zones  or  distances  prescribed  in  paragraph  two  of  this  Order 

shall  be  given  one  year’s  notice  within  which  to  close,  transfer,  or  otherwise  comply 

with  the  provisions  hereof,  but  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  with  the  approval  of  the 

President,  may  in  special  cases  and  for  justifiable  reasons,  authorize  their 

continuance in their present location. 

It  is  also  stated  in  the  1987  Philippine  constitution  article  XIV  section  19  that 

(1)  the  State  shall  promote physical education and encouragement sports programs, 

league  competitions,  and  amateur  sports,  including  training  for  international 

competitions,  to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development 

of  a  healthy  and  alert  citizenry.  2)  All  educational institutions shall undertake regular 

sports  activities  throughout  the  country  in  cooperation  with  athletic  clubs  and  other 

sectors. 

MATRIX CITATION PARAGRAPH
LIFTED LINES
1. This study tested the
self​-​determination​ ​theory​ in
relation to ​exercise
participation with the aim of
identifying whether degree
of autonomy mediates the
relationship between
personality traits and
exercise​ participation. One
hundred gym attendees
completed a questionnaire
assessing Big Five
personality traits,
Behavioural Regulation
scales, and frequency of
exercise​ participation. As
predicted by
Self​-​Determination​ ​Theory​,
more autonomous forms of
exercise​ motivation were
more strongly correlated
with increased ​exercise
participation while External
behavioural regulation and
Amotivation were negatively
correlated with ​exercise
participation. In addition,
Extraversion,
Conscientiousness and
Agreeableness predicted
exercise​ frequency, with
further analysis indicating
that the Extraversion and
Conscientiousness effects
were mediated by Intrinsic
and External motivation.
Agreeableness was not
PARAPHRASE LINES SOURCE
Self- determination 1. Lewis, M., &
theory in relation to Sutton, A. (2018).
exercise participation Understanding
exercise
with the aim of
behaviour:
identifying whether Examining the
degree of self interaction of
independence mediates exercise motivation
the relationship between and personality in
personality traits and predicting exercise
frequency.​ Journal
exercise
of Sport Behavior,
participation.More of
34(​ 1), 82-97.
autonomous forms of Retrieved from :
exercise motivation
were strongly correlated https://bit.ly/2SKT7nz
with increased exercise
participation.It helps the
participants to find
intrinsically enjoyable
activities and stresses
the importance of self -
focus.
 mediated however, and
indicates that individuals
who are more ​self​-focused
are likely to engage in a
more frequent ​exercise
regime. These results help
to elucidate previous
contradictory findings on
the effects of personality on
exercise​ participation by
emphasising the interaction
of individual personality with
the intrinsic motivation of a
specific activity. Programs
encouraging increased
exercise​ should focus on
helping participants to find
intrinsically enjoyable
activities and stress the
importance of a certain
level of ​self​-focus in
committing to a more active
lifestyle if they are to
succeed. [PUBLICATION
ABSTRACT]

2. The quality of life is 2. Brajša-Žganec, A.,

determined with objective
factors and also with
subjective perception of
factors which influence
human life. Leisure
activities play a very
important role in subjective
well-being because they
provide opportunities to
meet life values and needs.
Through participation in
leisure activities people
build social relationships,
feel positive emotions,
acquire additional skills and
knowledge, and therefore
improve their quality of life.
Human life is influenced
Merkaš, M. & Šverko,
by factors such as
(2015) ​Retrieved from
objective and subjective
factors which provide https://bit.ly/37yP8ji
needs and life values.
Participating in activities
improves the quality of
life of the people by
social relationship,
acquire more knowledge
and skills and feel
positive emotions.
3. Bowling continues to be the
most popular form of indoor
recreation and is growing in
popularity, especially with
the open-play customer.
Being truly
intergenerational, it has
high appeal to both families
with children and adults, so
it makes an ideal anchor
attraction for destination
entertainment and
entertainment centers.
4. A systematic ​review​ of the
existing ​literature​ ​on
quantitative, qualitative and
mixed empirical studies ​on
the social needs of older
people was conducted. The
themes that emerged were
diversity, proximity,
meaning of the relationship
and reciprocity. These
themes offered several
intervention implications.
Participation in hobbies and
in volunteer work and being
connected were among the
main findings. The social
needs of older people are
diverse. They focus ​on​ both
the intimate and the
Bowling is considered to 3. White, R. (2017). ​White
have the highest Hutchinson Leisure &
participation rate in any Learning Group ​Retrieved
indoor recreation from
activity. It has been an
attraction in an activity https://bit.ly/39xYsp4
center for families
consisting of children
and adults that makes it
intergenerational.
Everyone has social 4. TINA, T. B., Luijkx, K.
G., & STURM, J. (2018).
needs. In older people,
Social needs of older
participating in leisure or people: A systematic
literature review.​ Ageing
any social activities
and Society, 38(​ 9),
satisfies social needs 1745-1770. Retrieved
from
as well as staying active
and well-being. It is https://bit.ly/2HwZ81S
important that there is a
connectedness,
participation and
independence between
them. Participation in
hobbies and in volunteer
work and being
connected were among
the main findings.
 peripheral members of their
networks. When satisfying
social needs, reciprocity is
important. The feeling of
connectedness to others
and to a community or
neighbourhood contributes
to wellbeing as well as a
feeling of independence.
Staying active by doing
volunteer work or
participating in (​leisure​)
social activities satisfies
social needs. Therefore,
interventions should focus
especially ​on​ the
connectedness,
participation and
independence of the older
adult. 5. Chen, Y., Li, R., &
Leisure motivation, Chen, S. (2013).
5. A structural equation model involvement, and
Relationships among
was proposed in which the satisfaction were adolescents' leisure
explored. It says that the motivation, leisure
relationships among ​leisure preliminary model fit
involvement, and leisure
criteria, overall model fit satisfaction: A structural
motivation, l​ eisure
and fit of the internal equation model.​ Social
involvement, and ​leisure structure of model were Indicators Research,
used to assess the 110​(3), 1187-1199.
satisfaction were explored.
leisure satisfaction fit.
The study collected data The results revealed doi:​http://dx.doi.org/10.10
that leisure motivation 07/s11205-
from 701 adolescent
had no significant effect
students at a junior college on leisure satisfaction
when leisure
in central Taiwan.
involvement was also in
Participants were assessed the model. But there is a
significant effect on
using a questionnaire that leisure motivation in
those leisure
captured ​leisure​ motivation,
involvement, especially
leisure​ involvement, ​leisure to those adolescents
with higher leisure
satisfaction and
involvement, that cause
demographic data. The a more positive leisure
satisfaction.
preliminary model fit In order to enhance a
criteria, overall model fit, leisure satisfaction, it is
strongly suggested that
and fit of the internal adolescents should
structure of model were learn on how to involve
in leisure activities to
used to assess the ​leisure maintain a positive
satisfaction model fit. The outlook individually, and
it should be supported
results revealed that ​leisure from their Families.
motivation had no
significant effect ​on​ ​leisure
satisfaction when ​leisure
involvement was also in the
model, but ​leisure
motivation had a significant
effect ​on​ ​leisure
involvement. Adolescents
with higher ​leisure
involvement had more
positive ​leisure​ satisfaction.
We found that 92.0% of the
variance in adolescents'
leisure​ satisfaction could be
explained by ​leisure
involvement. When ​leisure
involvement was
considered in the model, no
significant predictive effect
on​ the ​leisure​ satisfaction of
adolescents was found for
leisure​ motivation. In order
to enhance ​leisure
satisfaction, it is strongly
suggested that adolescents
learn to be involved in
leisure​ activities and obtain
support from their
family.[PUBLICATION
ABSTRACT]

6. Contributions of
socialization and public
policies to the promotion of
healthy aging: a literature
review
Peer and physical activity
groups for the elderly are
recognized as important
spaces of social interaction
and socialization of
emotions. It was observed
that several public policies
aimed at promoting healthy
aging are adopted in the
Brazilian reality; thereby, it
was possible to notice that,
in these groups, measures
proposed in the official
documents have been
rendered effective.
6. Mayane Carneiro, A.
6. The groups for elderly P., Lúcia de Fátima
are recognized as da,Silva Santos, Thais
important spaces of Norberta Bezerra, d. M.,
socialization of emotions Layane Carneiro, A. P., &
in Peer and physical Maurício Batista, P. L.
activity groups. Public (2016). Contributions of
policies aimed to socialization and public
promote a healthy aging policies to the promotion
and it was adopted in of healthy aging: A
Brazil in reality. It was literature review.​ Revista
possible that groups of Brasileira Em Promocao
elderly in peer and Da Saude, 29(​ 1),
physical activity groups, 124-131.
measures that the
official documents have https://bit.ly/3bKulN1
been rendered as
effective on promoting a
healthy aging.
6. Multiple regression and
mediation analyses were
conducted to examine the
joint associations of social
relationships with adults
and peers, nutrition and
sleep habits, and after
school ​sports​ activities with
children's satisfaction with
life and perceived health.
Results indicate that peer
belonging and relationships
with adults at home and
school were the strongest
predictors of life
satisfaction. Furthermore,
the (small) association
between income and life
satisfaction was mediated
by social relationship
variables. Child reports of
perceived health were
predicted by peer
belonging, adult
relationships (home, school,
neighborhood), after-school
team ​sports​, and nutrition
habits. The (small)
association between
income and health was
mediated by social
relationships and team
sports​ participation.
Findings are discussed in
light of previous research
on​ social determinants and
socio-economic gradients of
children's health and life
Sports activities with 7. Gadermann, A. M.,
children’s life and Guhn, M.,
perceived health Schonert-reichl, K.,
satisfaction. The multi Hymel, S.,
regression and Thomson, K., &
mediation analyses Hertzman, C.
were conducted to (2016). A
examine the joint population-based
associations for adults study of children's
relationship, peers, well-being and
nutrition and sleep health: The relative
habits. Furthermore, the importance of
results indicate that peer social
belonging and relationships,
relationships with adults health-related
at home and school are activities, and
the strongest life income.​ Journal of
satisfaction that was Happiness Studies,
mediated by social 17(​ 5), 1847-1872.
relationship variables. It Retrieved from:
was reported that the
perceive of health https://bit.ly/2uPxXNg
predicted by health
belonging, adult
relationships from
home, school,
neighborhood. The after
school team sports and
habits was mediated as
a social relationships,
team sports participation
can be a social
determinants and
socio-economic
gradients of a children’s
health and life
satisfaction.
 satisfaction.
8. The ​bowling​ ​center​ offers
open ​bowling​ for people
who do not want to join a
league, but simply bowl at
their leisure.
9. Social inclusion is a vital
domain in quality of life and
is enhanced through
recreational programs.
People with intellectual
disability have been
provided with fewer
opportunities to participate
in these groups, thus
hindering social inclusion.
An open bowling activity 8. BOWLING CENTER
is provided by the OPEN TO LEAGUES,
bowling center for those INDIVIDUALS. (2013,
people who want to Feb 14). ​US Fed News
bowl in their spare time. Service, Including US
State News​ Retrieved
from:
https://bit.ly/2Hvfjgd
A vital domain in a 9. Merrells, J., Buchanan,
quality of life is A., & Waters, R. (2018).
enhanced through The experience of social
recreational programs inclusion for people with
on social inclusion. That intellectual disability
helps the people with within community
disability to provide with recreational programs: A
hindering social systematic review.
inclusions, the Journal of Intellectual &
opportunities to Developmental Disability,
participate on those 43(​ 4), 381-391.
group activities.
Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/39w9bjY
10. Leisure​ is a key life domain
and a core ingredient for
overall well-being. Yet,
within positive psychology,
its definition and the
psychological pathways by
which it evokes happiness
are elusive (Diener and
Biswas-Diener 2008 ). In
this paper, we seek to
address these issues by
delineating ​leisure​ and
presenting a conceptual
framework linking ​leisure​ to
subjective well-being
(SWB). ​Leisure​ is defined
as a multidimensional
construct, encompassing
both structural and
subjective aspects.
Respectively, it is the
amount of activity/time
spent outside of obligated
work time and/or perceived
engagement in ​leisure​ as
subjectively defined. To
explain the effects of ​leisure
on SWB, a quantitative
summary of ​theories​ from
363 research articles linking
leisure​ and SWB was
conducted. Based on our
findings, we propose five
core psychological
mechanisms that ​leisure
potentially triggers to
promote ​leisure​ SWB:
detachment-recovery,
autonomy, mastery,
meaning, and affiliation
(DRAMMA). These
psychological mechanisms
promote ​leisure​ SWB which
leads to enhanced global
SWB through a bottom-up
theory​ of SWB. We
discussed future research.
10. The key of life 10. Newman, D. B., Tay,
domain and core L., & Diener, E. (2014).
ingredient for overall Leisure and subjective
well-being is Leisure. well-being: A model of
The positive psychological
psychology’s definition mechanisms as mediating
and psychological factors.​ Journal of
pathways evokes that Happiness Studies, 15(​ 3),
happiness are elusive. It 555-578.
is defined as Retrieved from
multidimensional https://bit.ly/3216MuQ
construct both
encompassing structural
and subjective aspects.
Leisure promotes SWB
and explain the effects
of leisure to SWB,
respectively, it is the
amount of activity or
time spent outside of
obligated time or
perceived engagement
in leisure.
The engagement of
leisure can promote a
good psychological
mechanisms that will
lead to enhanced
DRAMMA or
detachment-recovery,
autonomy, mastery,
meaning and also
affiliation that promoted
leisure leisure SWB.
11. The purpose of this study
was to identify common
barriers and facilitators to
healthy nutrition and
exercise behaviors in the
workplace and examine
their relationships to those
actual daily health
behaviors. We utilized a
concurrent embedded
mixed methods approach to
Workloads and 11. Mazzola, J. J., Moore,
temptations around the J. T., & Alexander, K.
office prevented (2017). Is work keeping
nutritious eating; us from acting healthy?
exercise behaviours how workplace barriers
were always interfered and facilitators impact
with by workloads. It nutrition and exercise
stresses the importance behaviors.​ Stress and
of nutrition barriers and Health, 33(​ 5), 479-489.
supports the creation of
better targeted health https://bit.ly/37vqlgi
promotion that could
increase employees
health behaviours by
eliminating those said
nutrition barriers.

collect data from 93

participants over the span
of four days. Participants
reported 2.80 nutrition and
3.28 exercise barriers on
average over the 4 days,
while reporting 2.93
nutrition and 1.98 exercise
facilitators in the same
timeframe. Results
indicated that workload and
temptations around the
office prevented nutritious
eating; exercise behaviors
were frequently hindered by
workload. The most
commonly mentioned
eating facilitator was proper
planning, while having time
to exercise facilitated
 physical activity.
Furthermore, the number of
barriers reported negatively
related to their respective
health behaviors (i.e., more
nutrition barriers translated
to poorer nutrition habits)
and facilitators were
positively related to them,
both overall and more so on
the specific day they were
reported. The implications
of these finding show the
importance of
barriers/facilitators in the
workplace and aid in the
creation of more targeted
health promotion that could
increase positive employee
health behaviors by
eliminating common
barriers and enhancing
facilitators.

​ tress is a common feature

12. S
of life and has routinely
been linked with negative
health outcomes. However,
meaning has been
identified as a possible
buffer against stress.
The purpose of the current study
was to examine whether the
relationship between stress and
health was mediated by meaning
Having a negative 12. Van Tongeren, Daryl
health is one of the R, PhD, Hill, P. C., PhD.,
outcomes of stress. Krause, N., PhD.,
There is an indirect Ironson, G. H., PhD., &
relationship between Pargament, K. I., PhD.
stress and health was (2017). The mediating
mediated by meaning in role of meaning in the
our life. The study was association between
to examine whether the stress and health.​ Annals
relationship between of Behavioral Medicine,
stress and health was 51(​ 5), 775-781.
in life.Drawing from Wave 1 of the
Landmark Spirituality and Health
Study, a nationally representative
sample of adults, participants (N =
1871) reported their level of stress
in the past 12 months, current
meaning in life, health (measured
as minor symptoms, major
conditions, and overall health),
and provided a blood sample for
biomarker of immune system
functioning (i.e., presence of
Epstein–Barr virus antibodies).
Results revealed an indirect
effects model in which stress was
inversely associated with meaning.
Higher meaning was related to
better self-reported health (across
minor, major, and overall health
measures), which, in turn, was
associated with better immune
system functioning.
These findings suggest that part of
the negative effect of stress on
health is accounted for by reduced
meaning.
​ articipation in sports
13. P
activities is very popular
among adolescents, and is
frequently encouraged
among youth. Many
psychosocial health
benefits in youth are
attributed to sports
participation, but to what
extent this positive
influence holds for juvenile
delinquency is still not clear
on both the theoretical and
empirical level. There is
much controversy on
whether sports participation
mediated by meaning of Retrieved from:
life. Results were https://bit.ly/2HrWU3Z
revealed the indirect
effects model which the
stress was inversely
associated with
meaning. Higher
meaning was related to
a better self-reported
health to minor, major
and the overall health
measures associated
with a better immune
system functions.
13..Juvenile 13. Adachi, P.J.C. &
delinquency is an act of Willoughby, T. J Youth
committing a crime Adolescence (2014) 43:
between a young 137.
person normally below Retrieved from
the age where at which https://bit.ly/2u2Bg3b
ordinary prosecution is
probable. Sports
participation holds a
positive influence in
minimizing juvenile
delinquency among
young people. Thus, it
does not particularly
proved that there is an
overall significant
 should be perceived as a association between
protective or a risk factor for sports participation and
the development of juvenile juvenile delinquency
delinquency. A multilevel however, this
meta-analysis of 51 Moderating influence
published and unpublished was prudent.
studies, with 48
independent samples
containing 431 effect sizes
and ​N​ = 132,366
adolescents, was
conducted to examine the
relationship between sports
participation and juvenile
delinquency and possible
moderating factors of this
association. The results
showed that there is no
overall significant
association between sports
participation and juvenile
delinquency, indicating that
adolescent athletes are
neither more nor less
delinquent than
non-athletes. Some study,
sample and sports
characteristics significantly
moderated the relationship
between sports participation
and juvenile delinquency.
However, this moderating
influence was modest.
Implications for theory and
practice concerning the use
of sports to prevent juvenile
delinquency are discussed.

​ lthough ​sport​ involvement

14. A
has the potential to
enhance psychological well
being, ​studies​ have
suggested that motivation
to participate in ​sports
activities declines across
childhood and adolescence.
This ​study​ incorporated
expectancy-value theory to
14. The potential to 14. ​Wang, M., Chow, A.,
enhance a & Amemiya, J. (2017).
psychological well being Who wants to play? sport
is through a sport motivation trajectories,
involvement. The study sport participation, and
suggested that the the development of
motivation to participate depressive symptoms.
in sports activities Journal of Youth and
declines across Adolescence, 46(​ 9),
childhood and 1982-1998.
model children's ​sport adolescence. Studies Retrieved from
ability self-concept and result revealed four https://bit.ly/38DQjQ8
subjective task values trajectories of student’s
trajectories from first to co-development of sport
twelfth grade. Additionally, it self-concept and task
examined if ​sport​ motivation values such as:
trajectories predicted Congruent stable high,
individual and team-based incongruent stable high,
sport​ participation and middle school
whether ​sport​ participation decreasing and
in turn reduced the decreasing trajectory
development​ of depressive membership was
symptoms. Data were predicted as individual
drawn from the Childhood or team-based sports
and Beyond ​Study​, a that helps the faster
cross-sequential declines of depressive
longitudinal ​study symptoms. A
comprised of three cohorts person-centered
(N=1065; 49% male; 92% approach enables us to
European American; M identify also the
ages for youngest, middle, heterogeneity in
and oldest cohorts at the trajectories of sport
first wave were 6.42, 7.39, motivation, that can help
and 9.36 years, to aid the nuanced
respectively). Results strategies and helps to
revealed four trajectories of motivate the students
students' co-​development​ of participation in sports.
sport​ self-concept and task
values: congruent stable
high, incongruent stable
high, middle school
decreasing, and
decreasing. Trajectory
membership predicted
individual and team-based
sports​ participation, but only
team-based ​sport
participation predicted
faster declines in
depressive symptoms. The
use of a person-centered
approach enabled us to
identify heterogeneity in
trajectories of ​sport
motivation that can aid in
the ​development​ of
nuanced strategies to
increase students'
 motivation to participate in
sports​.
15. The definition of health
incorporates the physical,
social and mental domains,
however the Physical
Activity (PA) guidelines do
not address social health.
Furthermore, there is
insufficient evidence about
the levels or types of PA
associated specifically with
psychological health. This
paper first presents the
results of a systematic
review of the psychological
and social health benefits of
participation in sport by
adults. Secondly, the
information arising from the
systematic review has been
used to develop a
conceptual model of Health
through Sport.
​ he present research
16. T
demonstrates that
consumers often feel
inhibited from engaging in
hedonic activities alone,
especially when these
activities are observable by
others. When considering
whether to engage in a
hedonic and public activity
such as going to a movie
alone, individuals anticipate
negative inferences from
others about their social
connectedness that reduce
their interest in engaging in
the activity. Notably,
consumers seem to
overestimate how much
their enjoyment of these
activities depends on
whether they are
15. Physical health 15. ​Eime, R. M., Young,
definition, incorporates J. A., Harvey, J. T.,
social and mental Charity, M. J., & Payne,
domains. Furthermore, W. R. (2013). A
insufficient evidence systematic review of the
about the level and psychological and social
types of PA is benefits of participation in
associated specifically sport for adults: Informing
with psychological development of a
health. The papers were conceptual model of
presented to review health through sport.
both social and International Journal of
psychological social Behavioral Nutrition and
health benefits in Physical Activity, 10
participation in sports, Retrieved from
this been used to https://bit.ly/2USLu1b
develop a conceptual
health through sport as.
16 People who 16. Ratner, R. K., &
participate in any Hamilton, R. W. (2015).
subjective well-being Inhibited from bowling
activities alone are alone.​ Journal of
being judged by other Consumer Research,
people that leads them 42(​ 2), 266. Retrieved
to refrain from doing from :
such activities. In this https://bit.ly/31YNEOh
case, activities are
made more useful and  
beneficial to the people
to lessen more
judgements from others.
 accompanied by a
companion. Cues that
attenuate consumers'
anticipation of negative
inferences by making an
activity seem more
utilitarian or by reducing the
anticipated number of
observers systematically
increases interest in
engaging in
unaccompanied public
activities.
​ dolescents ​are​ at a
17. A
significant risk ​for​ binge
drinking and illicit drug use.
One way to protect against
these behaviors is through
participation in
extracurricular activities.
However, there is a debate
about​ whether highly
conscientious adolescents
are​ more likely to
participate in activities,
which raises the concern of
a confound. To disentangle
these relationships, we
tested the latent trajectories
of substance use and
personality across 3 years,
with participation in
activities and ​sports​ as
time-varying predictors. We
surveyed 687 adolescents
(55 % female, 85.4 %
Caucasian) in Western
Australia schools across 3
years. At Time 1, the
students were in Year 10 1
(mean age 15 years). The
results showed that
participation in activities
and conscientiousness ​are
related​, but each uniquely
predicts slower growth in
substance use. Across
17. One way to protect 17. ​Mccabe, K. O.,
the adolescents against Modecki, K. L., & Barber,
the risk for binge in B. L. (2016). Participation
drinking and illicit drug in organized activities
use id through the protects against
participation of adolescents' risky
extracurricular activities substance use, even
one of these id through beyond development in
sports participation, conscientiousness.
there is a debate Journal of Youth and
whether highly Adolescence, 45(​ 11),
conscientious 2292-2306.
adolescents were more Retrieved from:
likely to participate in https://bit.ly/2HFM7U9
activities, which raises
the concern of a
confound. By
participation of sport
activities, the
conscientiousness are
related, but it predicts
the slower growth of
substance use and
above
conscientiousness
development, that
unique benefits of
participation in activities
will protect against risky
substance use as a
positive result.
 waves, participation in
activities predicted less
risky substance use a year
later, over and above
conscientiousness
development. These results
suggest that there may be
unique benefits of
participation in activities
that protect against risky
substance use.
18. We assessed the
effectiveness of a simple
intervention for increasing
children's physical activity,
play, perceived
competence/social
acceptance, and social
skills.
​ arent-child relationships
19. P
can critically affect youth
physiological development.
Most studies have focused
on the influence of maternal
behaviors, with little
attention to paternal
influences. The current
study investigated father
engagement with their
adolescents in household
(shopping, cooking) and
discretionary leisure
activities as a predictor of
youth cortisol response to a
challenging interpersonal
task in young adulthood.
The sample (N = 213) was
roughly divided between
Mexican American (MA; n =
101) and European
18. The effectiveness
for children’s physical
activity, play, perceived
competence/social
acceptance and social
skills were assessed as
the simple interventions.
19. Studies focused on
the influence of
maternal behaviors, with
little attention to paternal
influences it affect the
youth physiological
development by parent
and child relationships.
Current study
investigated the father
engagement with their
children’s adolescents in
households like
shopping,cooking and
discretionary leisure
activities helps predictor
of youth to adopt and
adjust in response to
challenging
interpersonal tasks in
young adulthood. The
18. Bundy, A., Engelen,
L., Wyver, S., Tranter, P.,
Ragen, J., Bauman, A., . .
. Naughton, G. (2017).
Sydney playground
project: A
cluster-randomized trial to
increase physical activity,
play, and social skills.​ The
Journal of School Health,
87(​ 10), 751-759.
Retrieved from:
https://bit.ly/31ZWD1D
19. Ibrahim, M. H.,
Somers, J. A., Luecken,
L. J., Fabricius, W. V., &
Cookston, J. T. (2017).
Father-adolescent
engagement in shared
activities: Effects on
cortisol stress response in
young adulthood: JFP
JFP.​ Journal of Family
Psychology, 31​(4), 485.
Retrieved from:
https://bit.ly/320P0bk
American (EA; n = 112) relation remained as
families, and included significant after
resident biological-father (n adjusting for current
= 131) and resident mother and father
stepfather families (n = 82). engagement and mental
Salivary cortisol was health.
collected before,
immediately after, and at 20
and 40 min after an
interpersonal challenge
task; area under the curve
(AUCg) was calculated to
capture total cortisol output.
Results suggested that
more frequent father
engagement in shared
activities with adolescents
(ages 11-16), but not
mother engagement,
predicted lower AUCg
cortisol response in young
adulthood (ages 19-22).
The relation remained
significant after adjusting for
current mother and father
engagement and current
mental health. Further, the
relation did not differ given
family ethnicity, father type
(step or biological), or
adolescent sex. Future
research should consider
unique influences of fathers
when investigating the
effects of parent-child
relationships on youth
physiological development
and health.
20. Natural and recreational 20. Recreation status is 20. Ulrich-schad, J.
amenities have played an a predictor of (2015). Recreational
important role in drawing out-migration among amenities, rural migration
migrants to rural areas in emerging adults and patterns, and the great
the USA over the past 40 in-migration for all other recession.​ Population and
years. However, less is age groups. These Environment, 37​(2),
known about the findings highlight the 157-180.
independent role of importance of refining Retrieved from:
desirable recreational the definition of https://bit.ly/3bJwWXy
amenities in recent “amenities” on how
migration patterns, whether broader economic trends
these patterns vary by age, impact growth patterns in
and how the most recent rural places and the
economic recession age-specific nature of
affected them. I find that the amenity migration
counties with desirable trend. The current
recreational amenities knowledge drivers of
experienced net population patterns in
in-migration from 2000 to rural places can help
2010 regardless of other stakeholders better plan
county-level attributes, for future population
although the direction and trends and
magnitude of the effect accommodate the new
varied when taking the age or existing residents in
group of migrants into rural recreation
account. The ​recreation destinations.
status of a county was a
predictor of out-migration
among emerging adults
and in-migration for all
other age groups. The
Great Recession had a
significant impact on
migration trends in rural
areas, including reducing
the effect of recreational
amenities in migration.
These findings highlight the
importance of refining the
definition of "amenities,"
how broader economic
trends impact growth
patterns in rural places, and
the age-specific nature of
the amenity migration
trend. Knowledge about the
current drivers of
population patterns in rural
 places can help
stakeholders better plan for
future population trends
and accommodate new or
existing residents in rural
recreation​ destinations.
This study builds on
existing amenity growth
literature by providing a
more contextual analysis of
this demographic trend.
21. I​mportance Leisure-time
physical activity has been
associated with lower risk
of heart-disease and
all-cause mortality, but its
association with risk of
cancer is not well
understood. Objective To
determine the association
of leisure-time physical
activity with incidence of
common types of cancer
and whether associations
vary by body size and/or
smoking. Design, Setting,
and Participants We pooled
data from 12 prospective
US and European cohorts
with self-reported physical
activity (baseline,
1987-2004). We used
multivariable Cox
regression to estimate
hazard ratios (HRs) and
95% confidence intervals
for associations of
leisure-time physical
activity with incidence of 26
types of cancer.
Leisure-time physical
activity levels were
modeled as cohort-specific
percentiles on a continuous
basis and cohort-specific
21. The importance of 21. Moore, S. C., Lee,
leisure time physical I.-M., Weiderpass, E.,
activity has been Campbell, P. T.,
lowered with risk of Sampson, J. N., Kitahara,
heart-disease and C. M., … Hartge, P.
all-cause mortality, the (2016). Association of
association with risk of Leisure-Time Physical
cancer is not well Activity With Risk of 26
understood. The Types of Cancer in 1.44
objective is to determine Million Adults. JAMA
the association of Internal Medicine, 176(6),
leisure-time physical 816–825.
activity with incidence of Retrieved from:
common types of cancer https://bit.ly/2SxpGqg
and whether vary by
body size and smoking.
Exposures of
Leisure-time physical
activity of moderate to
vigorous intensity, the
main outcomes and
measures associated
with the lower risks of
cancers: esophageal
adenocarcinoma.kidney
gastric cardia,
endometrial, myeloid
leukemia, liver, lung,
myeloma, head, neck,
bladder, breast and etc.
with the help of physical
activities or Leisure-time
physical activities, will
help to reduce the lower
results were synthesized by risks of the many cancer
random-effects types. The Body mass
meta-analysis. Hazard index adjustments
ratios for high vs low levels modestly attenuated for
of activity are based on a several cancers. Health
comparison of risk at the care professionals
90th vs 10th percentiles of association also
activity. The data analysis emphasize the
was performed from counselling inactive for
January 1, 2014, to June 1, adults evident regardless
2015. Exposures of their body size and
Leisure-time physical smoking history.
activity of a moderate to
vigorous intensity. Main
Outcomes and Measures
Incident cancer during
follow-up. Results A total of
1.44 million participants
(median [range] age, 59
[19-98] years; 57% female)
and 186 932 cancers were
included. High vs low levels
of leisure-time physical
activity were associated
with lower risks of 13
cancers: esophageal
adenocarcinoma (HR, 0.58;
95% CI, 0.37-0.89), liver
(HR, 0.73; 95% CI,
0.55-0.98), lung (HR, 0.74;
95% CI, 0.71-0.77), kidney
(HR, 0.77; 95% CI,
0.70-0.85), gastric cardia
(HR, 0.78; 95% CI,
0.64-0.95), endometrial
(HR, 0.79; 95% CI,
0.68-0.92), myeloid
leukemia (HR, 0.80; 95%
CI, 0.70-0.92), myeloma
(HR, 0.83; 95% CI,
0.72-0.95), colon (HR, 0.84;
95% CI, 0.77-0.91), head
and neck (HR, 0.85; 95%
CI, 0.78-0.93), rectal (HR,
0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.95),
bladder (HR, 0.87; 95% CI,
0.82-0.92), and breast (HR,
0.90; 95% CI, 0.87-0.93).
 Body mass index
adjustment modestly
attenuated associations for
several cancers, but 10 of
13 inverse associations
remained statistically
significant after this
adjustment. Leisure-time
physical activity was
associated with higher risks
of malignant melanoma
(HR, 1.27; 95% CI,
1.16-1.40) and prostate
cancer (HR, 1.05; 95% CI,
1.03-1.08). Associations
were generally similar
between overweight/obese
and normal-weight
individuals. Smoking status
modified the association for
lung cancer but not other
smoking-related cancers.
Conclusions and
Relevance Leisure-time
physical activity was
associated with lower risks
of many cancer types.
Health care professionals
counseling inactive adults
should emphasize that
most of these associations
were evident regardless of
body size or smoking
history, supporting broad
generalizability of findings

22. Drawing on identity 22. The identity 22. ​Busseri, M. A.,

development theory, the
connection between
engagement in sport and
identity status was
examined. First-year
undergraduates (n = 116
sport-involved youth; 67%
women; mean age = 18.58
yrs) completed measures of
interpersonal and
ideological identity status
development theory, the Costain, K. A., Campbell,
connection between K. M., Rose-Krasnor, L., &
engagement in sport and Evans, J. (2011). Brief
identity status was report: Engagement in
examined. The relation sport and identity status.
between latent sport Journal of Adolescence,
engagement and identity 34(​ 5), 1087.
status in interpersonal Retrieved from:
and ideological domains, https://bit.ly/32aaAKJ
as hypothesized latent
sport engagement
 (achievement, moratorium, predicted greater
diffusion, foreclosure), interpersonal identity
along with behavioral achievement. As a result
(breadth, intensity) and it examines the
psychological (e.g., behavioral and
enjoyment, competence) psychological indicators
indicators of sport of sport engagement
engagement. Using jointly and supports a
structural equation growing body of
modeling, we examined the research in relations with
relation between latent sport and positive youth
sport engagement and development as a result
identity status in of identity development
interpersonal and theory.
ideological domains. As
hypothesized, latent sport
engagement predicted
greater interpersonal (but
not ideological) identity
achievement. Consistent
with identity development
theory, an additional
specific relation was
observed between lower
breadth of sport
involvement and higher
interpersonal identity
achievement. Results
demonstrate the value of
examining behavioral and
psychological indicators of
sport engagement jointly,
and support a growing body
of research linking sport
and positive youth
development.
[PUBLICATION
ABSTRACT]

23. Our concept and
measurement of health has
generally focused on ill
health. This focus on
pathology probably arose
from the fact that for most
of human existence the
health problem facing
society, and medicine in
23. The concept and 23. ​LESTER BRESLOW,
measurement of health A Quantitative Approach
has generally focused on to the World Health
ill health, in pathology Organization Definition of
probably arose from the Health: Physical, Mental
fact that most of human and Social Well-being,
existence with the health International Journal of
problem facing society Epidemiology,​ Volume 1,
and medicine in Issue 4, WINTER 1972,
 particular, has been
overcoming disease. By
mid-twentieth century,
however, already for some
of mankind and hopefully
soon for the rest, the health
picture had
changed—people as a
whole were not
disease-ridden and ideas of
so-called positive health
emerged. This emboldened
the WHO to define health in
a new way as ‘physical,
mental and social
well-being, not merely the
absence of disease or
infirmity’.
​ s the number of adults
24. A
with autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) grows, the
need to identify modifiable
correlates of positive
outcomes and quality of life
(QoL) gains in importance.
Research indicates that
perceived stress is
significantly correlated with
QoL in adults with ASD.
Studies in the general
population of individuals
without disabilities indicate
that greater participation in
social and recreational
activities may lessen the
negative impact of
perceived stress on
well-being, and this
association may also hold
among adults with ASD.
We hypothesized that: (1)
perceived stress would be
negatively associated with
QoL; and (2) higher
frequency of participation in
particular has been an Pages 347–355,
overcoming disease. In Retrieved from:
mid-twentieth century https://bit.ly/2vFaz4Y
has already for some of
mankind and hopefully
soon for the rest, the
health picture had
changed and also people
as a whole and not a
disease-ridden an ideas
of so-called positive
health also emerged and
defined as physical,
mental and social
well-being im a new way.
24. Research indicates 24. ​Bishop-Fitzpatrick, L.,
that perceived stress is Smith DaWalt, L.,
significantly correlated Greenberg, J. S., &
with QoL (Quality of Life) Mailick, M. R. (2017).
in adults with ASD Participation in
(Autism Spectrum recreational activities
Disorder). Studies in buffers the impact of
general population of perceived stress on
individuals without quality of life in adults with
disabilities indicate that autism spectrum disorder.
greater participation in Autism Research​, ​10​(5),
social and recreational 973-982.
activities may lessen the Retrieved from:
negative impact of https://bit.ly/39I1De7
perceived stress on
well-being and this
association may also
hold adults with ASD.
Furthermore, greater
participation in
recreational activities
buffers the impact of
perceived stress on QoL,
but no buffering effect
was observed for
participation in social
activities and these
 social activities and findings suggest that the
recreational activities would interventions and
moderate the relationship services help to provide
between perceived stress support and
and QoL. We used data opportunities for
collected from 60 adults participation in
with ASD aged 24–55 and recreational activities
their mothers to address that help adults with ASD
our hypotheses. Findings manage their stress and
indicate that adults with lead to a better QoL or
ASD with higher perceived Quality of Life.
stress are likely to have
poorer QoL. Furthermore,
greater participation in
recreational activities
buffers the impact of
perceived stress on QoL,
but no buffering effect was
observed for participation in
social activities. These
findings suggest that
interventions and services
that provide support and
opportunities for
participation in recreational
activities may help adults
with ASD manage their
stress and lead to better
QoL. ​Autism Res 2017, 10:
973–982.​ © 2017
International Society for
Autism Research, Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.

​ eisure activity
25. L
participation is important for
health and well-being. This
study examined similarities
and differences between
typically developing
children and those with
autism spectrum disorders
(ASD) from 6 to 17 years
old in ​physical, recreational,
social, skill​, and
jobs/​ ​chores activities​ from a
large national database.
Findings revealed that
25. The importance of 25. Ratcliff, K., Hong, I., &
Leisure activity Hilton, C. (2018). Leisure
participation for health participation patterns for
and well being, studies school age youth with
examined the similarities autism spectrum
and differences between disorders: Findings from
typically developing the 2016 national survey
children and those with of Children’s health.
autism spectrum Journal of Autism and
disorders. The findings Developmental Disorders,
revealed that children , 1-11.
with ASD had Retrieved from:
significantly lower https://bit.ly/2uHDIwy
participation levels than
 children with ASD had those without ASD
significantly lower between 11 to 17 years
participation levels than old. They reinforce the
those without ASD between importance of
11 and 17 years old. They intervention at an early
suggest an increasing age to increase
disparity among many participation in these
types of leisure activities to promote
participation for children development of skills.
and youth with ASD as they
age, eventually leading to
limited participation in adult
activities. They reinforce
the importance of
intervention at an early age
to increase participation in
these activities to promote
development of skills that
contribute to adult
competencies.

26. The model explained 35%
and 40% of the variance of
frequency of participation in
family and recreation and
28% and 38% of enjoyment
in participation, for the two
groups of children,
respectively. Children’s
adaptive behaviour, family
ecology, and number of
community recreational
programs were associated
with the frequency of
participation for both
groups. Gross motor
function was only
associated with the
frequency of participation
for children in levels III–V.
Adaptive behaviour was
associated with enjoyment
for both groups. The extent
services met children’s
needs was associated with
enjoyment for children in
levels I to II and family
ecology was a determinant
26. The children’s 26. ​Chiarello, L. A.,
adaptive behaviour, Bartlett, D. J., Palisano,
family ecology and R. J., McCoy, S. W., Fiss,
number of community A. L., Jeffries, L., & Wilk,
recreational programs P. (2016). Determinants
were associated with the of participation in family
frequency of community and recreational activities
recreational programs of young children with
associated with cerebral palsy. ​Disability
frequency participation in and rehabilitation,​ ​38(​ 25),
children in levels 3-5. 2455-2468.
Adaptive behaviour was Retrieved from:
associated with https://bit.ly/3bHc6Iu
enjoyment for children in
levels 1 to 3 and family
ecology was a
determinant of
enjoyment for children in
levels from 1 to 5.
 of enjoyment for children in
levels III to V.

​ his research study

27. T
investigated whether
playing a digital game, Wii
Bowling, with others can
enhance the social life of
older adults. Our research
used a mixed-methods
approach. Results showed
that players’ levels of social
connectedness increased
and loneliness declined
over an 8-week period.
Qualitative results
described participants’
perceptions of their
interactions with others,
conversations with family
and friends, social
connections, and the team
experience relating to
playing in the multi week,
multilocation Wii Bowling
tournament.
27. Outcome of a 27. . ​Schell, R.,
research study shows Hausknecht, S., Zhang,
that social connection F., & Kaufman, D. (2016).
increased while Social benefits of playing
loneliness decreased in Wii Bowling for older
just a short period of adults. ​Games and
time by engaging in this Culture​, ​11​(1-2), 81-103
online bowling game, Wii Retrieved from:
Bowling. https://bit.ly/2u2GrQD
Sociability is present by .
interacting with other
people and with the
connections between
family and friends.

28. Recreational sports are
important leisure activities.
However, most studies
investigating barrier factors
and motivation for
participation in recreational
sports have been limited to
specific areas (e.g., a city
or school) or demographic
groups (e.g., adolescents).
Therefore, this study set
out to gain a more
comprehensive
understanding of the
behavioral and
socioeconomic factors
influencing interest in
recreational sports
participation in Taiwan, as
well as to evaluate the
effect of any urban-rural
28. Participating in 28. ​Chen, C., Tsai, L. T.,
recreational activities Lin, C. F., Huang, C. C.,
has become limited to Chang, Y. T., Chen, R. Y.,
certain areas and & Lyu, S. Y. (2017).
groups. This study aims Factors influencing
to acknowledge factors interest in recreational
such as behavioral and sports participation and its
socioeconomic that will rural-urban disparity.
influence the people in PLoS one,​ ​12(​ 5).
participating in Retrieved from:
recreational activities https://bit.ly/2OYcsRe
which is a major key to
leisure activities.
 divide.
29. Children with disabilities are
at risk for lower participation
in leisure. This study maps
and analyzes
disability-related leisure
policies in Canada. Policy
mapping and analysis were
performed based on scope,
social justice, disability
models, and use of
evidence. Few policies use
scientific evidence, and
their scope in supporting
participation is often limited
to organized sports,
transportation, and financial
incentives/exemptions. Few
policies exist to support
leisure promotion for
children with disabilities.
Action plans,
benchmarking, and uptake
measurement are rarely
identified. Research-based
evidence can be used to
support socially-just policies
to promote participation in
leisure. Families should be
able to identify mechanisms
to guarantee access to their
rights. Researchers, service
providers, and families can
use this framework of policy
mapping and analysis to
identify gaps where
evidence can support policy
development, to use these
policies where services are
needed, and to foster
participation of children with
disabilities in leisure.
30. Research on ​family
socialization of positive
29. The risk for lower Shikako-Thomas, K., &
participation in leisure Law, M. (2015). Policies
are the children with supporting participation in
disabilities, Policy leisure activities for
mapping and analysis children and youth with
were performed based disabilities in canada: From
on scope, social justice, policy to play.​ Disability &
disability models, and Society, 30(​ 3), 381-400.
use of evidence, and Retrieved from:
their scope in https://bit.ly/2UVOhXf
supporting participation
is often limited to
organized sports,
transportation and
financial incentives and
exemptions to support
leisure promotion to
children with
disabilities. Families
should be able to
identify mechanisms to
guarantee access to
their rights to use this
framework of policy
mapping and analysis
to identify gaps where
evidence can support
policy development to
foster participation of
children with disabilities
in leisure activities. .
Parents socialization to 30. ​Bai, S., Repetti, R. L.,
their children between & Sperling, J. B. (2016).
emotion has primarily the age of 8-12 years Children's expressions of
focused on the infant and old creates a good positive emotion are
toddler stages of impact for their sustained by smiling,
development, and relied on children’s social health. touching, and playing with
observations of parent-child It builds positive parents and siblings: A
interactions in highly emotion like smiling, naturalistic observational
structured laboratory touching and playing study of family life.
environments. Little is with parents and family. Developmental
known about how children's Participating in any Psychology, 52​(1), 88.
spontaneous expressions of leisure activities is one Retrieved from:
positive emotion are of ways to build a good https://bit.ly/2wf4TyW
maintained in the parent-child
uncontrolled settings of relationship. In the
daily life, particularly within study, it shows that the
the ​family​ and during the present of both parents
school-age years. This in the controlled setting
naturalistic observational of family life, children
study examines 3 ​family were more likely to
behaviors -- mutual display sustain their expression
of positive emotion, touch, of positive emotion
and joint ​leisure​ -- that when parents or
surround 8- to 12-year-old siblings showed
children's spontaneous positive emotion, touch
expressions of positive or participated in leisure
emotion, and tests whether activity.
these behaviors help to
sustain children's
expressions. Recordings
taken of 31 ​families​ in their
homes and communities
over 2 ​days​ were screened
for moments when children
spontaneously expressed
positive emotion in the
presence of at least 1
parent. Children were more
likely to sustain their
expressions of positive
emotion when mothers,
fathers, or siblings showed
positive emotion, touched,
or participated in a ​leisure
activity. There were few
differences in the ways that
mothers and fathers
socialized their sons' and
daughters' positive emotion
expressions. This study
 takes a unique, ecologically
valid approach to assess
how ​family​ members
connect to children's
expressions of positive
emotion in middle
childhood. Future
observational studies
should continue to explore
mechanisms of ​family
socialization of positive
emotion, in laboratory and
naturalistic settings. [web
URL:
http://psycnet.apa.org/journ
als/dev/52/1/88/]

31. Affective-Reflective 31.Affective Reflective 31. ​Brand, R. and

Theory (ART) of physical
inactivity and exercise
(​Brand and Ekkekakis,
2018​) is a dual-process
theory, which assumes
that stimuli (e.g., a
friend's reminder that
you intended to go for a
run, or remembering that
you had planned to go
for a run) trigger
automatic associations
and a resulting
automatic affective
valuation of exercise
(type-1 process). An
automatic affective
valuation is the
unattended assignment
of positive (association
with pleasure) or
negative (association
with displeasure) value
to a stimulus, either as
the result of repeated
exercise-related
emotional experiences
mediated by cognitive
appraisals (e.g., pride,
Cheval, B. (2020).
Theory(ART) of Theories to Explain
Exercise Motivation and
physical inactivity and Physical Inactivity: Ways
of Expanding Our
exercise (Brand and Current Theoretical
Perspective.​
Ekkekakis 2018​) is a Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/2OYdQ6m
dual- process theory,
which assumes that
stimuli is a
dual-process theory,
which assumes that
trigger automatic
associations and a
resulting automatic
effective valuation of
exercise. An
embarrassment) or as a automatic effective
result of repeated
experiences of core valuation is the
affective reactions to
stimuli (e.g., sense of unattended
physical reinvigoration,
bodily discomfort). The assignment of
automatic affective
valuation serves as the positive(association
basis for a controlled,
reflective evaluation with pleasure) or
(type-2 process), which
can follow if self-control negative(association
resources are available.
The reflective evaluation with displeasure)
draws on propositions
about exercise and value to a stimulus,
physical inactivity,
either as the result of
derived from previous
experience and mental
repeated exercise-
simulation (e.g.,
anticipation of the related emotional
affective consequence
of actions). Higher-level experiences mediated
cognitive operations,
such as deliberative by cognitive
reasoning about one's
needs and values (​Deci appraisals(pride) or as
and Ryan, 1985​) may
also contribute to this a result of repeated
process. The automatic
affective valuation is experiences of core
connected to an action
impulse (approach or effective reactions to
avoidance), whereas the
controlled response can stimuli (bodily
result in action plans.
discomfort).The

automatic affective

valuation serves as

the basis for a

controlled, reflective
evaluation, which can

follow if self-control

resources are

available. The

reflective evaluation

draws on propositions

about exercise and

physical inactivity,

derived from previous

experience and

mental simulation.

The ART aims to

expound and predict

behavior in situations

in which people either

remain in a state of

physical inactivity or

initiate action. It

concludes that

experience, feelings,

and thoughts

connected with

exercise influence

whether someone
 would be willing to

undergo physical

strain similar to that

previously

experienced during

exercise.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

​ o provide an intended appropriate framework of this study. The researchers will

T
use the following method:

1. Quantitative Method - this study supports the method of gathering data

through survey. Quantitative methods establish statistically significant
conclusions studying a representative sample of population.
2. Qualitative Method - this study supports the method of gathering data through
using interview guide questions. Qualitative Method used participants
observations, in-depth interviews and focus groups.

Research Environment

​ he researchers have chosen the place of Graham Ave. Cogon District,

T
Tagbilaran City Bohol as this research proponent because it is an accessible or
convenient place to come for those people who wanted to go bowling.
 VICINITY MAP

Research Respondents