A.

Background
Plastic and reconstructive surgery is a branch of surgery that specialises in
restoring form and function to damaged or missing tissues and skin. The causes of
such defects are usually related to surgery, injury, illness or congenital
abnormality. Mastery of these principles as well as the acquisition of sound
surgical technique enables plastic surgeons to constantly adapt to the wide variety
of individual cases they face and provide functional and aesthetic solutions.
(George Adigbli, et all. 2016)
In recent years, the amount of research on the relationship between plastic
surgery and psychological aspects has increased significantly due to the wide and
fast diffusion of these surgical procedures. According to the American Society for
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, there were over 11 million surgical (16.5%) and
nonsurgical (83.5%) aesthetic Procedures performed in the United States in 2013,
with an increase of more than 279% Compared with the year 1997. In 2013, the
most frequent aesthetic plastic surgical procedures were liposuction (363, 912
procedures, up to 16.3% compared with 2012), Breast augmentation (323, 327
procedures down 5.2% compared with 2012), blepharoplasty (161,389
procedures, up 5.4% compared with 2012) and abdominoplasty (160 .077
procedures, up 2.3% compared with 2012). The majority of patients who
underwent cosmetic surgery were female (90.6%). Moreover, the majority of
patients who underwent surgical procedures were between 35 and 50 years old
(39.3%), followed by 19 to 34 years old (27.2%), and 51 to 64 years old (23.9%).
( Valentina. E.D. Mattei, et all, 2015 )
Study by Nicki A. Dowling, Alun C. Jackson and Roberta J. Honigman
(2013). The sample comprised 142 patients (131 females, 11 males) undergoing
elective cosmetic surgery in Australia. Most participants underwent rhinoplasty
only (28.2%) or breast augmentation only (23.9%), with smaller proportions
undergoing multiple procedures (16.2%), facial procedures (facelift,
blepharoplasty, or otoplasty) only (12.7%), breast reduction only (10.6%), and
body procedures (liposuction or abdominoplasty) only (8.5%).
A number of studies suggest that body image dissatisfaction is higher among
patients seeking cosmetic surgery than people not interested in plastic surgery.
Nevertheless, it seems that there are some differences in body image
 dissatisfaction levels among different types of cosmetic plastic surgery requested:
patients who undergo rhytidectomy. And blepharoplasty show significantly less
dissatisfaction than patients undergoing rhinoplasty. In general, greater body
image dissatisfaction seems to be associated with more favorable attitudes towards
cosmetic surgery and it is generally focused on the part of the body that will be
improved by cosmetic surgery, instead of overall body image. ( Valentina. E.D.
Mattei, et all, 2015 ).

B. Problem
1. What definition of plastic surgery ?
2. What are the problems of plastic surgery ?
3. How to recontruction of plastic surgery ?
4. How is therapy of plastic surgery ?
C. Aim

1. General Purpose

To know the clasification of plastic surgery, problems, reconstruction, and

therapy of plastic surgery.

2. Special Purpose

a. How To know definition of plastic surgery

b. To know problems of plastic surgery

c. to know recontruction of plastic surgery

d. to know therapy of plastic surgery

D. Benefit

1. Benefits for Practitioners

a. Benefits for the community

Provide scientific discourse to public as knowledge of what are the problems

plastic surgery, how to reconstruction, and therapy of plastic surgery

b. Benefit for the institution

 This is expected to be a consideration for people with problems in their bodies

2. Theoretical benefits

Expected to be used as research in the field of aesthetic surgey

Di Mattei,V. E., Bagliacca, E.P., Lavezzari, L., Di Pierro, R., Carnelli, L., Zucchi, P., Preis,
F.B. and Sarno, L. (2015). Body Image and Personality in Aesthetic Plastic Surgery: A Case-
Control Study. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 4, 35-44.
https://file.scirp.org/pdf/OJMP_2015040715391353.pdf. di akses tanggal 19 desember.

Dowling Nicki A., Alun C. Jackson, and Roberta J. Honigman. 2013. A Comparison of the
Psychological Outcomes of Cosmetic Surgical Procedures. Plastic Surgery: An International
Journal. Vol. 2013 (2013), Article ID 979486, 9 pages.
http://ibimapublishing.com/articles/PSIJ/2013/979486/979486.pdf. Di akses tanggal 19
desember.

Adigbli George, Feras A., Jekaterina M., and Shadi Ghali. 2016. Principles of Plastic
Surgery, Wound Healing, Skin Grafts and Flaps. Textbook Of Plastic & Reconstructive
Surgery.