LECTURE ON

TRANSFORMER

WE SHAPE THE DREAM

 Transformer
Lecture Will Cover:
• Working Principle
• Construction & different parts of transformer
• Banking
• Classification
• EMF Equation
• Equivalent Circuit & Equivalent Impedance
• Vector Diagram
• Transforming Testing
• Voltage Regulation
• Loss, Efficiency & 24-Hour Efficiency

Frequently Asked Question (FAQ):

1) Ab¨vb¨ mKj ˆe`y¨wZK ‡gwk‡bi Zzjbvq transformer Gi efficiency †ewk †Kb e¨vL¨v Ki|
2) Flux linkage, Magnetic Leakage I Leakage flux ej‡Z wK eyS?
3) cvIqvi UªvÝdigvi Kv‡K e‡j?
4) What is mutual induction?
5) If primary of a transformer connects with DC source, what will be happened?
6) GKwU 50nvR© UªvÝdgv©i‡K 60nv‡R© Pvjv‡bv hv‡e wK bv, e¨vL¨v Ki|
7) Uviwkqvwi IqvBwÛs wK?
9) UªvÝdgv©i †Kv‡i wmwjKb Ges †jwg‡b‡UW wkU †Kb e¨envi Kiv nq?
10) ONAN I ONAF wK?
11) M¨vm Bbmy‡j‡UW UªvÝdgv©i wKfv‡e KvR K‡i?
12) PRD wK Ges GB wWfvB‡mi KvR wK?
13) OLTC Ges NLTC ej‡Z wK eySvq?
14) UªvÝdgv©‡ii †iwUs wK‡jvIqv‡Ui wjL‡j wK mgm¨v n‡e?
15) UªvÝdgv©‡ii KLb Ges †Kb nvwgs nq?
16) TCUL Transformer wK?
17) UªvÝdgv©‡i †Z‡ji cwie‡Z© mvjdvi †n·v d¬zivBW A_ev bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †Kb e¨envi Kiv nq bv?

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 We Shape The Dream
Previous Question: Transformer

Sl cÖkœ Venue
1 GKwU wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdgv©‡ii kU© mvwK©U †U‡÷i wPÎ Gu‡K wK wK wbY©q Kiv hvq, digyjvmn e¨vLv EGCB-2020
Ki| Venue: DPI
2 GKwU wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdgv©‡ii kU© mvwK©U I I‡cb mvwK©U †U÷ eY©bv Kiæb| BPSC (Ministry of
Education)-2019
3 UªvÝdgv©‡ii I‡cb mvwK©U †U÷ eZ©bx A¼b Kiæb| Dhaka WASA-2019
Venue: BUET
4 K) †Kvi UvBc Ges †kj UvBc UªvÝdg©v‡ii Zzjbv Ki|
L) weª`v‡ii KvR wK?
M) UªvÝdg©vi Kv‡K e‡j? UªvÝdg©v‡ii ˆewkó¨ wK?
N) GKwU 100KVA, 2200/220Volt, 1-phase UªvÝdg©v‡ii Avqib jm I dzj †jvW Kcvi Chittagong Port-2019
Venue: CPA
jm h_vµ‡g 300w I 450W n‡j, †ei Ki-
- m‡ev©”P `ÿZvq †KwfG
- 0.8 cvIqvi d¨v±‡i m‡ev©”P `ÿZv (UªvÝdgv©‡ii AvDUcyU)
5 GKwU 5 †KwfG, 1000/200 †fvë, 50nvU©R wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdigv‡i wb¤œwjwLZ †U÷ WvUv
cvIqv †Mj-
I‡cb mvwK©U †U÷ (LT Side): 200‡fvë, 1.2 Gw¤úqvi, 90IqvU PGCB-2019
Venue: BUET
kU© mvwK©U †U÷ (HT Side): 50‡fvë, 5 Gw¤úqvi, 110 IqvU
UªvÝdigvwUi HT Side-G mgZzj¨ wmwiR Bw¤ú‡WÝ evwni Ki|
6 UªvÝdigv‡ii †Kvijm wbiæcb e¨vL¨v Ki| WZPDCL-2019
Venue: KUET
7 UªvÝdg©v‡ii I‡cb mvwK©U †U÷ †Kb Ges wKfv‡e Kiv nq, ms‡hvM wPÎ †`LvI| Summit-2019
Venue: Tejgaon
College
8 UªvÝdgv©‡ii cÖvBgvixi mv‡c‡ÿ mgZzj¨ mvwK©U A¼b Kiæb| RPCL-2019
Venue: MIST
9 UªvÝdg©v‡ii †iwUs †Kb KW Gi cwie‡Z© KVA ‡Z cÖKvk Kiv nq| PSC (Junior
Instructor)-2016
10 GKwU UªvÝdgv©‡ii †iwkI 440/110| GwU †bv‡jvW Ae¯’vq 0.2cvIqvi d¨v±‡i 5 Gw¤úqvi Kv‡i›U
NESCO-2017
†bq Ges †m‡KÛvix‡Z 0.4 cvIqvi d¨v±‡i 120 Gw¤úqvi mieivn K‡i| g~L¨ KzÛjxi cÖevwnZ
Venue: RUET
Kv‡i›U KZ?
11 UªvÝdgv©‡ii c¨vivjvj Acv‡ik‡bi kZ©mgyn wjLyb| BOF-2018
Venue: Gazipur Cant.
12 UªvÝdgv©‡ii 4wU j‡mi bvg wjLyb| EGCB-2018
Venue: DPI
13 K) GKwU wZb †dR, 50nvU©R, 11/0.415‡Kwf, 250 †KwfG weZib UªvÝdgv©‡ii cÖvBgvix I
†m‡KÛvix K‡q‡ji Kv‡i›U KZ wbY©q Ki| BSEC-2018
Venue: BUET
L) UªvÝdgv©‡ii m‡ev©”P `ÿZv wKfv‡e cvIqv hvq?
14 K) UªvÝdgv©‡ii c¨vivjvj Acv‡ik‡bi kZ©mgyn wjLyb|
L) UªvÝdgv©‡ii jmmgyn wjL| UªvÝdgv©‡ii cÖvBgvix‡Z wWwm mieivn w`‡j wK n‡e?
M) GKwU 100 †KwfG wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdgv©‡ii Avqib jm 1kW Ges dzj †jvW Kcvi jm BEPZA-2017
Venue: EPZ School
1.5kW n‡j, 0.8 j¨vwMs cvIqvi d¨v±‡i m‡ev©”P `ÿZv KZ?
N) UªvÝdg©v‡ii †iwUs †Kb KW Gi cwie‡Z© KVA ‡Z cÖKvk Kiv nq|
15 UªvÝdg©v‡ii cÖvBgvwi‡Z mvcøvB _vKv Ae¯’vq †m‡KÛvwi I‡cb Kiv hvq bv †Kb? Sundarban Gas-2017
Venue: BUET

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16 If a 2 KVA, 50Hz, 2000/200 Volt transformer is connected with a R L in DPDC-2016
secondary and the value of RL is 200ohm. Find out the primary current. Venue: MIST
17 UªvÝdgv©‡ii †KwfG †iwUs ej‡Z wK eySvq? †÷c -Avc I †÷c-WvDb UªvÝdgv©‡ii cv_©K¨ wK? BPSC (BTV)-2018
18 K) GKwU †÷c-Avc UªvÝdgv©‡ii MVbcÖbvjx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
L) UªvÝdg©v‡ii jm ms‡ÿ‡c e¨vL¨v Kiæb| Ministry of Health
(Estimator)-2018
M) A‡Uv-UªvÝdgv©i wKfv‡e KvR K‡i-we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
19 K) UªvÝdgv©‡ii cÖavb cÖavb jmmgy‡ni bvg wjLyb| UªvÝdg©v‡ii jm †ei Kivi c×wZ Kx? BPSC (Railway)-
L) wmwU I wcwU wK? wKfv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq wPÎmn eY©bv Ki| 2018
20 eyLjR wi‡j †Kv_vq Ges wK Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq|
21 K) weZib UªvÝdgv©‡ii cvuPwU iæwUb †U‡÷i bvg wjLyb|
L) wmwU I wcwU Kx? †Kv_vq Ges †Kb G¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq| BSEC-2018
M) UªvÝdgv©‡ii dzj‡jvW Ges †bv‡jvW jm wK? ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| Venue: BUET
N) †Kvb †U‡÷i gva¨‡g UªvÝdgv©‡ii †jvW K¨vcvwmwU †U÷ Kiv nq Ges AvbygvwbK KZ mgq jv‡M?

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 Transformer
1) UªvÝdigvi wK? Dnvi †kªYx wefvM ¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki|
DËi t UªvÝdigvi t UªvÝdigvi Ggb GKwU B‡jKwUªK¨vj ÷¨vwUK wWfvBm hvi mvnv‡h¨ wd«Kz‡qwÝ Ges cvIqv‡ii cwieZ©b bv K‡i
K‡qj ؇qi g‡a¨ †Kvbiƒc ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM QvovB B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK BÛvKkb Dcv‡q ‰e`y¨wZK GbvRx© GK eZ© bx n‡Z Av‡iK eZ© bx‡Z
¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq|

2) †kªYx wefvM t †Kvi, K‡qj, AvKvi AvK…wZ, kxZjxKib Ges e¨env‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i UªvÝdigvi wewfbœ cÖKvi n‡q _v‡K|
(K) Kvh©cYÖ vjx Abyhvqx t
1| †÷c Avc UªvÝdivgi (Step up Transformer)
2| †÷c WvDb UªvÝdigvi (Step down Transformer)
(L) †Kv‡ii MVb Abymv‡i t
1| †Kvi UvBc UªvÝdigvi (core type Transformer)
2| †kj UvBc UªvÝdigvi (shell type Transformer)
3| ¯úvBivj †Kvi UvBc UªvÝdigvi (spiral core type Transformer)
(M) e¨envi ev cÖ‡qvM Abymv‡i t
1| cvIqvi UªvÝdigvi (Power Transformer)
2| wWw÷ªweDkb UªvÝdigvi (Distribution Transformer)
3| A‡Uv UªvÝdigvi (Auto Transformer)
4| BÝUªy‡g›U UªvÝdigvi (InstrumentTransformer)
Bnv Avevi `yB ai‡bi t
(i) Kv‡i›U UªvÝdigvi
(ii) c‡Ubwkqvj UªvÝdigvi|
(N) kxZjxKib c×wZ Abymv‡i t
1| ¯^vfvweK ev b¨vPvivj Kzwjs UªvÝdigvi (Natural cooled Transformer)
2| D”P Pvchy³ evZvm Øviv Kzwjs UªvÝdigvi (Forced Air cooled Transformer)
(3) ˆZ‡j wbgw¾Z †mjd Kzwjs UªvÝdigvi (Oil filled self cooled Transformer)
(4) ‰Z‡j wbgw¾Z cvwb Øviv Kzwjs UªvÝdivgi (Oil filled water cooled Transformer)
(O) ¯’vcb cÖYvjxi Dci wfwË K‡i t
1| Bb‡Wvi UvBc UªvÝdigvi (Indoor typy Transformer)
2| AvDU‡Wvi UvBc UªvÝdigvi (Outdoor type Transformer)
3| †cvj gvD‡›UW UªvÝdigvi (pole mounted Transformer)
4| AvÛvi MÖvDÛ UªvÝdigvi (Under ground Transformer)
(P) wd«Kz‡qwÝ Abyhvqx t
1| AwWI wd«Kz‡qwÝ UªvÝdigvi (Audio frequency Transformer)
2| †iwWI wd«Kz‡qwÝ UªvÝdigvi (Radio frequency Transformer)
(Q) †d‡Ri msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i t
1| wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdigvi (1- Transformer)
2| cwj †dR UªvÝdigvi (Poly phase Transformer)
3) UªvÝdigvi Gi g~j Ask ¸‡jvi bvg wjL|
(K) IqvBwÛs (L) KbRvi‡fUi
(M) †Kvi (N) eªx`vi
(O) Bbmy‡jUi (P) Bbmy‡jkb I‡qj
(Q) eywks (R) U¨vsK
(S) †f›U cvBc (T) eyLjR ix‡j|
4) UªvÝdigvi wK wK Ask wb‡q MwVZ nq?
DËi t UªvÝdigvi wbgœwjwLZ Ask wb‡q MwVZ nq
(K) IqvBwÛs (L) KbRvi‡fUi

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 Transformer
(M) †Kvi (N) eªx`vi
(O) Bbmy‡jkb (P) U¨vsK
(Q) ˆZj I eywks BZ¨vw`|

4) UªvÝdigv‡ii Kvh©cÖYvjx wjL| UªvÝdigv‡ii kZ© mg~n wjL|

DËi:

UªvÝdigv‡ii Kvh©cYÖ vjx : UªvÝdigv‡i GKB g¨vMv‡bwUK d¬v‡·i Aax‡b `ywU mvwK©U ev K‡qj wgDPzqvj BÛvk‡bi gva¨‡g mswkøó nq| wP‡Î
`ywU BÛvKwUf K‡qj Df‡qi g‡a¨ ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM e¨ZxZ GKwU Awfbœ j¨vwg‡b‡UW †Kv‡ii mv‡_ Pz¤^Kxqfv‡e mshy³ Av‡Q| K‡qj¸wj
†jv-wij¨vK‡UÝ I D”Pgv‡bi wgDPzqvj BÛvK‡UÝ wewkó, K‡qj `ywUi g‡a¨ Gwm †mv‡m©i mv‡_ mshy³ K‡qj‡K (cÖ_gv K‡qj) primary
coil Ges †jv‡Wi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡qj‡K Secondary coil e‡j| Gi †h †Kvb GKwU K‡q‡j Aëvi‡bwUs †fv‡ëR cÖ‡qvM Kivi m‡½ m‡½
cwieZ©bkxj Kv‡i›U D³ †Kv‡i cwieZb©kxj Pz¤^Kxq ej‡iLv m„wó K‡i hv cvk©¦eZx© K‡q‡j mswkøó n‡q Zv‡K KZ©b K‡i| d‡j D³ K‡q‡j
di
d¨viv‡Wi B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK BÛvKkb bxwZ (e=M ) Abyhvqx wgDPzq¨vjx voltage Avweó nq| G Avweó †fv‡ëRB UªvÝdigvi
dt
†fv‡ëR Ges GB †fv‡ëR Drcv`‡bi cÖwµqv‡K UªvÝdigvi G¨vKkb ejv nq| wØZxq K‡q‡j †jvW ms‡hvM Ki‡j eZ©bx‡Z Kv‡i›U cÖevwnZ
nq| Gfv‡e ˆe`y¨wZK GbvwR© GK eZ©bx n‡Z Av‡iK eZ© bx‡Z B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK BÛvKkb Dcv‡q ¯’vbvšÍi Ki hvq|
5) GKwU UªvÝdigvi wb¤œewY©Z kZ© cvjb K‡i _v‡K ev UªvÝdgv©‡ii ˆewkó¨t
1| Dfq K‡q‡ji g‡a¨ †Kvbiƒc ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM QvovB ˆe`y¨wZK GbvwR© (A.C Power) GK eZ©bx n‡Z Av‡iK eZ©bx‡Z ¯’v bvšÍi K‡i
_v‡K|
2| mvcøvB wdKy‡qwÝ AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
3| B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK BÛvKkb bxwZ‡Z KvR K‡i|
4| K‡qjØq Pz¤^Kxqfv‡e mshy³ _v‡K|
5| Dfq K‡q‡ji AvcvZ cvIqvi me mgq mgvb _v‡K|
6| AC Power ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i|
6) wgDPzqvj d¬v· ej‡Z wK eyS? UªvÝdigv‡ii B,Gg,Gd mgxKib wjL|
DËi t wgDPzqvj d¬¨v· t UªvÝdigv‡ii cÖvBgvix‡Z Gwm †fv‡ëR cÖ‡qvM Kwi‡j cÖvBgvwii †h d¬v· Drcbœ n‡q †Kv‡ii gva¨‡g †m‡KÛvix‡Z
hvq| Bnv‡K wgDPzqvj d¬v· e‡j|
UªvÝdigvi Gi mgxKib wb‡gœ †`Iqv nj t
awi, NP = cÖvBgvix cvK msL¨v|
NS = †m‡KÛvix cvK msL¨v|
m = ‡Kv‡i m‡e©v”P d¬¨v·|
= Bm A
 = wd«Kz‡qwÝ
d¨viv‡Wi m~Î n‡Z,
dm
Eave = N volt.
dt
m
= N. volt.
1
4f
= 4Nm volt.
B‡dKwUf BbwWDmW& B.Gg.Gd From factor
Eeff = 4mN  1.11 volt. 𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓
[ 𝐸 = 1.11]
𝑎𝑣𝑒
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 Transformer
= 4.44 Nmvolt.

cÖvBgvix‡Z Drcvw`Z voltage

EP = 4.44Np m volt

†m‡KÛvix‡Z Drcvw`Z voltage

ES = 4.44NSm volt.
V1 I 2 E1 N1 I2
7) GKwU Two winding UªvÝdigv‡ii †¶‡Î †`LvI †h, = A_ev †`LvI †h, = =
V2 I1 E2 N2 I1
Avgiv Rvwb, Av`k© UªvÝdigvi Gi †¶‡Î
Input VA = output VA
i.e I1E1 = I2E2
E I
 1 = 2 .........(i)
E2 I1
Again, we know,
EP = 4.44 Np m [For primary.]
ES = 4.44 NS m [For Secondary.]
EP NP
 = [ E = E1 & ES = E2
ES NS p
& NP = N1 & NS = N 2 ]
E N1
 1 = .................(ii)
E 2 N2
From (i) & (ii) we have
E1 N1 I2
 = = (Showed)
E2 N2 I1
8) ‡`LvI †h, UªvÝdigv‡ii BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU cvIqvi mgvb
Proof: Ep Np Is
= =
Avgiv Rvwb Es Ns Ip
Ep = 4.44 × f × φm × Np Ep Ip 4.44×f×φm ×Np ×Ip
=
Es = 4.44 × f × φm × Ns 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 4.44×f×φm ×Ns ×Is
Ep Ip Np 𝐼𝑝
𝐼𝑝 = primary current = ×
𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 Ns 𝐼𝑠
Is = secondary current Ep Ip 𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑝
cÖvBgvix K‡q‡ji cvIqvi = ×
𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝐼𝑃 𝐼𝑆
Ep Ip = 4.44 × f × φm × Np × Ip Ep Ip
‡m‡KÛvix K‡q‡ji cvIqvi
=1
𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠
Es Is = 4.44 × f × φm × Ns × Is EpIp = 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 (proved)
Avgiv Rvwb, Uvb© †iwkI
9) UªvÝdigv‡ii air blast cooling ej‡Z wK eySvq?
DËi t Air Blast Cooling t Winding section Ges core Gi g‡a¨ w`‡q ventilating ducts †fZ‡i wnU‡K
wgwbgvBRW Kivi Rb¨ air blast cooling e¨envi Kiv nq|

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 Transformer
EMF Equation & Turn ratio Related Math

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 Transformer

GKwU 300 KVA, 11000/550 V, 50Hz †Wëv- óvi †Kvi UvBc UªvÝdigv‡ii d¬v· 0.05b ‡ei Ki|
(i) nvB †fv‡ëR mvBW I †jv-†fv‡ëR mvB‡W cÖwZ †d‡R cu¨vP|
(ii) cÖwZ cu¨v‡P B.Gg.Gd|
(iii) nvB †fv‡ëR mvBW I †jv-†fv‡ëR mvB‡W †dR Kv‡i›U|

Solution:
Avgiv Rvwb, E = 4.44 f N m

(i) cÖvBgvix mvB‡W,

11000 = 4.44  50  N1 0.05 [ GVP=V2]
11000
N1 = = 990.99
4.44  50 0.05

†m‡KÛvix mvB‡W,
550/ 3 = 4.44  50 N2 0.05
V2
N2 = 28.6 Turns (Ans.) [Y G VP = ]
3
(ii) B,Gg,Gd cÖwZ c¨v‡P

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 Transformer
11000
= = 11.1 volt (Ans.)
991
(iii) nvB †fv‡ëR mvB‡W †dR Kv‡i›U
300103
= = 9.1 Amp (Ans.)
3 11000 3
†jv-†fv‡ëR mvB‡W †dR Kv‡i›U
300103
= = 315 Amp (Ans.)
3 550

GKwU 3300/230 V, 50Hz 1- UªvÝdigv‡ii m‡e©v”P d¬v‡·i NbZ¡ 1.2b/m2 | †Kv‡ii cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †¶Îdj 150cm2|
cÖvBgvix I †m‡KÛvix cu¨vP evwni Ki|

Solution:
Bm= 1.2b/m2
[A = 150 cm2 = 150  10−4 m2]
m = Bm  A
= 1.2 150 10−4
= .018 wb
Avgiv Rvwb, E = 4.44 f N m
cÖvBgvixi Rb¨, 3300 = 4.44  50  N1  0.018
N1 = 826 Turns (Ans.)
†m‡KÛvixi Rb¨, 230 = 4.44  50 N2 0.018
N2 = 58 turns. (Ans.)
400 cÖvBgvix Ges 1000 †m‡KÛvix UvY© wewkó GKwU wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdigv‡ii †Kv‡ii µm †mKkb Gwiqv 60cm2| hw`
cÖvBgvix 520V, 50Hz gv‡bi GKwU mvcøvB Gi mv‡_ mshy³ nq Zvn‡j (i) d¬v· †WbwmwUi m‡e©v”P gvb (ii) †m‡KÛvix
IqvBwÛs G Avweó †fv‡ëR Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
Solution:
(i) Avgiv Rvwb,
E = 4.44 fN 1 (Bm  A) volt
520
 Bm = = 9.76  10−5 wb / cm2
4.44  50  400  60
(ii) Avgiv Rvwb,
E = 4.44 fN 2 (Bm  A) volt
E2 = 4.44  50  400  9.76  10 −5  60 = 520 volt

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 Transformer
Equivalent Circuit & Equivalent Impedance Related Math

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 Transformer

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 Transformer

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 Transformer

GKwU UªvÝdigv‡ii cÖvBgvix †iwR÷¨vÝ R1 = 0.8 , wi‡qKU¨vÝ X1= 3.2 , †m‡KÛvix †iwRt R2 = 0.009 , †m‡KÛvix
wi‡qKU¨vÝ X2 = 0.03, hw` UªvÝdigviwU 25KVA, 2300/230 nq Z‡e evwni Ki R01,X01, Z01, R02, X02, Z02 Ges
Kcvi jm|
Solution:
V2 230 1
Avgiv Rvwb, K = = =
V1 2300 10
R2 0.009
 R01= R1+R'2 = R1 + 2 = 0.8 + 1 2
K ( /10)

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 Transformer
= 1.7(Ans)
X2 0.03
X01 = X1+X'2 = X1 + = 3.2 + 1 2
K2 ( /10)
= 6.2 (Ans)

R02 = R2+R'1 = R2+K2R1

1
= 0.009 + ( )2 0.8 = 0.017 (Ans.)
10
1
X02 = X2+X'1=X2+K2X1 = 0.03 +( )2 3.2
10
= 0.062  (Ans.)
Z01 = R012+X012 = 1.72+6.22
= 6.42 (Ans.)
Z02 = R022+X022 = 0.0172+0.0622
= 0.0642 (Ans.)
Kcvi jm t
IP = I1 = cÖvBgvix Current
251000
I1 = = 10.87 A.
2300
 I2pR01 = (10.87)2  1.7
= 200.86 Watt. (Ans)
25000
Similarly, IS = = 108.69 Amp.
230
†m‡KÛvixi mv‡c‡¶ Power loss or
Cu loss = I2SR02
= (108.69)2  0.017
= 200.83 watt (Ans.)
GKwU 30KVA, 2400/120V, 50Hz UªvÝdigv‡ii nvB †fv‡ëR IqvBwÛs †iwR÷¨vÝ 0.1 Ges wj‡KR wiqvK‡UÝ
0.22| †jv-†fv‡ëR IqvBwÛs †iwR÷¨vÝ 0.035 Ges wj‡KR wiqvK‡UÝ 0.012| †ei Ki mgZzj¨ †iwR÷¨vÝ,
wiqvK‡UÝ Ges Bw¤ú‡WÝt (i) nvB †fv‡ëR mvB‡Wi mv‡c‡¶ (ii) ‡jv †fv‡ëR mvB‡Wi mv‡c‡¶
Solution:
120 1
K= =
2400 20
R1 = 0.1, X1 = 0.22
R2 = 0.035, X2 = 0.012

(i) nvB †fv‡ëR mvB‡Wi mv‡c‡¶

R01 = R1+R2' = R1+R2/K2
= 0.1+ 0.035 202
= 14.1 (Ans.)
X01 = X1+ X2
= X1 + X2/k2
= 0.22 + 0.012 (20)2
= 5.02 (Ans.)
Z01 = X012+R012
= 5.022+14.12
= 14.97  (Ans.)
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GKwU 10 KVA, 2300/230Volt UªvÝdigv‡ii kU© mvwK©U †Uó n‡Z wb‡Pi WvUv¸‡jv cvIqv †Mjt
Vsc= 137 Volt
Psc=192 Watt
Isc=4.34 Amp
‡ei Ki t K. R01 ,X01,Z01 L. R02,X02,Z02

Solution: X02 = Z 022 − R022

Psc 192
K. R01= = = 0.315 2 − 0.102 2 = 0.2988Ω (Ans)
I Sc 2 4.34 2
= 10.1935Ω (Ans) (ii) ‡jv †fv‡ëR mvB‡Wi mv‡c‡¶ t
V 137 R02 = R2+R1'
Z01= sc =
I Sc 4.34 = R2+R1k2
= 31.56Ω (Ans) 0.1
= 0.035+ 2 = 0.03525
20
X01= Z 012 − R012 X02 = X2+X1k2
= 31 .56 2 − 10 .15 2 = 0.012+0.22/202
= 29.8757Ω (Ans) = 0.01255
1 Z02 = R022+X022
L. Z02 = 2  Z 01 2300
a a= = 10 = 0.035252+0.012552
230
31.56 = 0.0374
=
10 2 A_ev Z02 = Z01k2
= 0.3156Ω (Ans) 14.97
= = 0.0374
1 10.1935 202
R02 = 2  R01 =
a 10 2
= 0.102Ω (Ans)
10) wj‡KR d¬v‡·i Amyweav t
1. g~j ej‡iLv‡K evav †`q|
2. UªvÝdigv‡ii `ÿZv Kwg‡q †`q|
3. w¯’i †fv‡ëR †i¸‡jkb cvIqv hvq bv|
4. wj‡KR d¬v‡·i Kvi‡Y jm ev‡o|
11) †bv-†jvW Ae¯’vq Kv‡i‡›Ui cwigvb GZ Kg nq †Kb?
DËi t †bv-†jvW Ae¯’vq UªvÝdigv‡ii cÖvBgvwi‡Z Kv‡i‡›Ui cwigvb Lye Kg nq Kvib UªvÝdigvi wWRvB‡bi mgq Gi IqvBwÛs G
cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K Uvb© †`qv nq| d‡j D”Pgv‡bi BÛvKwUf mvwK©‡U cwiYZ nq| GLb GB D”Pgv‡bi Bw¤ú‡WÝ wewkó mvwK©‡U hLb †fv‡ëR
Av‡ivwcZ Kiv nq| ZLb †mjd BÛvKk‡bi (Self induction) Kvi‡b KvD›Uvi B,Gg,Gd m„wó n‡q cÖvBgvix Kv‡iU‡K mxwgZ iv‡L|
GRb¨B †bv-†jvW Ae¯’vq †bv-†jvW Kv‡i‡›Ui cwigvb LyeB Kg nq|

Vector Diagram Related Math

12) †bv-†jvW †f±i diagram AsKb Ki Ges Bnvi wewfbœ K‡¤úv‡b‡›Ui msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Ki ?
DËi t †bv-†jvW †fv‡ëR (No-load voltage) t †bv †jvW †fv‡ëR ej‡Z UªvÝdigv‡ii †m‡KÛvwi †jvWwenxb Ae¯’vq †Lvjv †i‡L
cÖvBgvwi‡Z †h †i‡UW Voltage (VP) cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq †m cwigvb Voltage †K †bv-†jvW †fv‡ëR e‡j|
†bv-†jvW Kv‡i›U t UªvÝdigv‡ii †bv-†jvW Ae¯’vq cÖvBgvwi IqvBwÛs G †h mvgvb¨ cwigvb Kv‡i›U cÖevwnZ nq Zv‡KB †bv-†jvW Kv‡i›U
e‡j|
G Kv‡i‡›Ui `yBwU K‡¤úv‡b›U _v‡K| GKwU K‡¤úv‡b›U‡K g¨vM‡bUvBwRs K‡¤úv‡b›U (I) e‡j, hv †Kv‡i wgDPzq¨vj d¬v·‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡i
iv‡L|

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 Transformer
wØZxq K‡¤cv‡b›U‡K IqvwK©s K‡¤úv‡b›U (Iw) e‡j hv mvcøvB Voltage (VP) Gi mv‡_ GKB †d‡R Ae¯’v b K‡i †Kvi jm ( GwW Kv‡i›U
jm I wnm‡U‡iwmm jm) K‡i _v‡K| Iw mieivn n‡Z cvIqvi MÖnY K‡i weavq Bnv‡K G¨vKwUf K‡¤úv‡b›U I e‡j|
No-load vector diagram:

No load vector diagram.

13) diagram ‡iwRwóW †jvW or Unity P. †¶‡Î Gi †¶‡Î Transformer vector A¼b Kiæb|

For Resistive load Gi Vector diagram.

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 Transformer

14) BÛvKwUf †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î Vector diagram AsKb Ki t

Lagging P. Gi Rb¨ Vector diagram.

15) Capacitive load Gi †¶‡Î Vector diagram.

Vector diagram for capacitive load.

GKwU UªvÝdigv‡ii cÖvBgvix I †m‡KÛvix‡Z cu¨vP h_vµ‡g 800 I 200 | hLb 0.8 P.f j¨vwMs G †m‡KÛvix Kv‡i›U 80A
ZLb 0.707 P. f j¨vwMs G cÖvBgvix Kv‡i›U 25A| wj‡KR Wªc‡K bMb¨ a‡i †bv-†jvW cÖvBgvix Kv‡i›U wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb t
200 1
K= =
800 4
I2 = 80A
1
I2'= KI2 = 80 = 20A
4
2 = Cos−1 0.8 = 36.9
I1 = 25A
1 = Cos−1 0.707 = 45

Avgiv Rvwb, I1 = I2' + Io

Io = I1−I2'
= 25 −45−20 −36.9
= 5.914 −73.4 A
 †bv-†jvW cÖvBgvix Kv‡i›U =5.914 A Bnv cÖvBgvix †fv‡ë‡Ri Zzjbvq 73.4 j¨vwMs| (Ans.)

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Transformer Testing

18) UªvÝdigv‡ii ‡Uó †Kb Kiv nq?

DËi t GKwU UªvÝdigv‡ii `¶Zv Bnvi mgZzj¨ mvwK©‡Ui Dci wfwË K‡i wnmve Kiv nq| hvnv PviwU Dcv`vb (parameters) wb‡q MwVZ
†hgb mgZzj¨ †iwR÷¨vÝ R01 ev R02, mgZzj¨ wj‡KR weqvK‡UÝ X01 ev X02, †Kvi jm& †iwR÷¨vÝ Ro, g¨vM‡bUvBwRs wiqvK‡UÝ Xo,
GB aªæeK (constant/ perameters) ¸‡jv A‡cb mvwK©U I kU© mvwK©U †U‡ói gva¨‡g Lye mn‡R wbY©q Kiv hvq|
19) UªvÝdgv©‡ii kU© mvwK©U †U÷ Ges I‡cb mvwK©U †U÷ n‡Z wK wK c¨vivwgUvi wbY©q Kiv hvq D‡jøL Ki|
DËi t kU© mvwK©U †Uó t †m‡KÛvix IqvBwÛs‡K kU© K‡i †h †Uó Kiv nq Zv‡K kU© mvwK©U †Uó e‡j| GB †Uó Gi †¶‡Î mvavibZ †jv
†fv‡ëR mvB‡W kU© Kiv nq| mgZzj¨ †iwRó¨vÝ I mgZzj¨ wj‡KR wiqvK‡UÝ (R01 I X01) GB †U‡ói gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv nq| GB †U‡ó
†h cvIqvi AcPq(IqvUwgUv‡ii cvV) nq Zv‡K Kcvi jm wnmv‡e aiv nq| Z‡e wKQy †Kvi jm nq hv bMb¨| GB †Uó †i‡UW Kv‡i›U G
Kiv nq|
†U‡ói cvV t
LV side
PSC, VSC, ISC
PSC VSC
R01 = 2 , Z01 =
ISC ISC
X01 = Z 012 − R012
HV side
ISC †i‡UW Kv‡i‡›Ui mgvb|
ISC = ‡m‡KÛvix †i‡UW Kv‡i›U
[we t `ª t UªvÝdigvi †U‡ói †¶‡Î †h‡Kvb IqvBwÛs mvB‡W BÝUª‡g›U jvwM‡q A‡cb I kU© mvwK©U †U÷ Kiv hvq| Z‡e wKQy AwZwi³ myweavi
Rb¨ (cv‡Vi myweav) A‡cb mvwK©U †Uó Gi †¶‡Î nvB †fv‡ëR mvBW A‡cb Kiv nq Ges kU© mvwK©U †Uó Gi †¶‡Î †jv †fv‡ëR mvBW kU©
Kiv nq|]
20) UªvÝdigv‡ii I‡cb mvwK©U †Uó eb©bv Ki|
DËi t I‡cb mvwK©U †Uó t hw` †m‡KÛvix IqvBwÛs‡K A‡cb †i‡L cÖvBgvix‡Z †gRvwis BÝUªy‡g›U jvMv‡bv nq Z‡e Zv‡K I‡cb mvwK©U
†Uó e‡j| GB †Uó Gi †¶‡Î mvavibZ †jv †fv‡ëR mvB‡W BÝUªy‡g›U jvMv‡bv nq| †Kvi jm †iwR÷¨vÝ (R0), g¨vM‡bUvBwRs wiqvK‡UÝ
(X0) I †Kvi jm (P0) wbY©q KivB GB †U‡ói D‡Ïk¨|
IqvU wgUvi cvV = †Kvi jm = P0
G¨vwgUvi cvV = †bv †jvW Kv‡i›U = I0
†fvëwgUvi cvV = Vo
 Po = Io2Ro
Po
R0 = 2
Io
Avevi,
Po = VoIocos o
Po
Cos o =
VoIo
†bv-†jvW Kv‡i‡›Ui `yBwU Ask GKwU IqvwK©s Kv‡i›U AciwU g¨vM‡bUvBwRs Kv‡i›U|
Iw = Io Coso
I = IoSino
Vo Vo
Xo = =
I IoSin o
Vo Vo
Ges Ro = =
Iw IoCoso

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 Transformer

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 Transformer

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 Transformer
Transformer Testing Related Math

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 Transformer

GKwU 20KVA, 2200/220V, 50Hz UªvÝdigvi †Uó K‡i wbgœ wjwLZ Z_¨ cvIqv ‡M‡Q|
O.C test : 220 V,4.2A,148 W ( L.V side)
S.C test : 86 V,10.5A,360W (H.V side)
dyj †jv‡W 0.8 j¨vwMs p. G †i¸‡jkb I S.C test G p.f wbY©q Ki

Solution:
86
Z01 = = 8.19 
10.5
360
R01 = = 3.26
10.52
X01 = 8.192 − 3.262 = 7.5
F.L cÖvBgvix Kv‡i›U, I1 = 20000/2200 = 9.09A
cÖvBgvix mv‡c‡¶ †fv‡ëR Wªc
= I1(R01Cos + X01Sin)
= 9.09  (3.26  0.8 + 7.5 0.6)
= 64.6V
64.6
% regulation = 100 = 2.9 %
2200
R01 3.26
kU mvwK©U p. = = = 0.4 (Lag)
Z01 8.19
GKwU 10 KVA, 2300/230Volt UªvÝdigv‡ii kU© mvwK©U †Uó n‡Z wb‡Pi WvUv¸‡jv cvIqv †Mjt
Vsc= 137 Volt
Psc=192 Watt
Isc=4.34 Amp
‡ei Ki t K. R01, X01, Z01 L. R02,X02,Z02

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Solution:
Psc 192
K. R01= =
I Sc 2 4.34 2
= 10.1935Ω (Ans)
V 137
Z01= sc =
I Sc 4.34
= 31.56Ω (Ans)
X01= Z 012 − R012
= 31 .56 2 − 10 .15 2
= 29.8757Ω (Ans)
1
L. Z02 =  Z 01 2300
a2 a= = 10
230
31.56
=
10 2
= 0.3156Ω (Ans)
1 10.1935
R02 = 2  R01 =
a 10 2
= 0.102Ω (Ans)
X02 = Z 022 − R022

= 0.315 2 − 0.102 2 = 0.2988Ω (Ans)

450/120 v, 50Hz, 10KVA UªvÝdigv‡ii I‡cb Ges kU© mvwK©U †Uó Gi WvUv wb‡gœ †`Iqv nj|
O.C Test : V1 = 120v, I1 = 4.2A,
W1 = 80w [From L.V side]
S.C Test : V2 = 9.65 V, I2 = 22.2A,
W2 = 120w [From H.V.Side]
†ei Ki t (i) mgZzj¨ mvwK©U (ii) Bwdwm‡qÝx Ges 80% j¨vwMs cvIqvi d¨v±‡i †jv‡Wi †fv‡ëR †i¸‡jkb (iii) 80% j¨vwMs
cvIqvi d¨v±‡i nvd †jvW Gi Bwdwm‡qÝx|

Solution:
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
(O.C test n‡Z) W1=80w, V1=120v, I1=4.2A
(S.C test n‡Z) V2=9.65v, I2=22.2A, W2=120w

(i) Open circuit test n‡Z,

W1 = V1I0(2)cos θ0 [I0(2) = I1 = Secondary side current at no load]
W1
 0 = cos −1 V
1 I0(2)
80
= cos −1 = 80.850 (lag)
120×4.2
 I0(2) = 4.2-80.85 = 0.667158−j4.14667 A
 IW(2) = 0.667158 Amp
 Iμ(2) = 4.14667 Amp
V 120
 R0(2) = I 1 = 0.667158 = 179.87
ω
V1 120
X0(2) = = 4.14667 = 28.94
Iμ

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 Transformer
450
 R0 = R0(2)a2 = 179.87(120 )2 = 2530
450
X0 = X0(2)a2 = 28.94( )2 = 407
120
Short circuit test n‡Z,
W2 120
R01 = = 22.22 = 0.243
I2
2
V2 9.65
Z01 = = 22.2 = 0.434
I2
2 2
X01 = √𝑍01 − 𝑅01
= √0.4342 − 0.2432
= 0.36
R01 X01
0.36Ω
0.243Ω
R0 X0
2530Ω 407Ω ZL×a2

Output
(ii)  % `ÿZv = Output+losses × 100
10×0.8×103
= 10×0.8×103 ×80+120 × 100
[80% lagging power factor ZvB cosθ=0.8]
= 97.56%
VNL−VFL
% Voltage Regulation = × 100
VFL
Drop
= VFL
× 100
IP (R01 cos θ+X01 sin θ)
= ×100
VFL
22.22(0.243×0.8+0.36×0.6)×100
= 450
= 2.04%
1 1
(iii) 2 ‡jv‡W P0 = 2 × VA rated ×cos θ
1
= 2×0.8×10000
= 4000Watt
1 1
†jv‡W Copper loss = (2)2×120 = 30 Watt
2
P0
∴%η=P ×100
0 +loss
4000
= 4000+30+80 × 100 = 97.32%

Voltage Regulation
21) Voltage regulation :
DËi t †h †Kvb UªvÝdigv‡ii †jvW e„w×i ms‡M ms‡M Bnvi voltage drop e„w× cvq (Resistance Ges Inductance Gi Kvi‡Y)|
myZivs †Kvb transformer Gi No load voltage Ges Full load voltage Gi cv_©K¨‡K Full load voltage Øviv fvM Kwi‡j †h
gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K voltage regulation e‡j|
VNL −VFL
voltage regulation (V.R) =
VFL
VNL−VFL
% voltage regulation (V.R) = 100
VFL
22) Voltage regulation Gi mgxKib t
DËi t Voltage regulation mvavibZ wZbwU wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i t
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 Transformer
1| Unity power factor. (†iwRw÷f †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î)
2| Lagging power factor. (BÛvKwUf †jv‡Wi ‡¶‡Î)
3| Leading power factor. (K¨vcvwmwUf †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î)
Vector diagram A¼‡bi †¶‡Î current†K †idv‡iÝ aiv nq (voltage†K bq) Ges †m‡KÛvixi mv‡c‡¶ wn‡me Kiv nq|

K¨vcvwmwUf †jv‡Wi ‡¶‡Î No load voltage (VNL)Gi Zyjbvq Full load voltage (VFL) †ekx nq d‡j Volatge regulation
†b‡MwUf nq|
K) Unity power factor. (†iwRw÷f †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î) t
VNL = (VFL+ISR02)2+(ISX02)2
GLv‡b, ISR02 = Resistive drop.
ISX02 = Reactive drop.
ISZ02 = Impedance drop.

L) Lagging power factor. (BÛvKwUf †jv‡Wi‡¶‡Î) t

wP‡Îi ACF ‡_‡K cvB,

AF2 = AC2+CF2
= (AB+BC)2+(CD+DF)2
VNL = (VFL Cos + ISR02)2+(VFL Sin + ISX02)2

M) Leading power factor. (K¨vcvwmwUf †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î)

wP‡Îi ADF †_‡K cvB,

AF2 = AD2+DF2
= (AE + DE)2+(CD −CF)2
VNL = (VFLCos + ISR02)2 + (VFLSin −ISX02)2

23) KvQvKvwQ dg~©jv (Approximate formula) Øviv †fv‡ëR †i¸‡jkb wbY©q t

DËi t Transformer Gi †gvU KvQvKvwQ Voltage drop †m‡KÛvwi‡Z
Drop= Is(R02Cos  X02Sin)
Kv‡RB †`Lv hvq †h, VNL−VFL = IS(R02 Cos  X02Sin )
VNL− VFL
% V.R =  100
VFL
IS (R02 Cos  X02 Sin)
=  100
VFL
`„wó AvKl©Y t BÛvKwUf †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î (+Ve) wPü e¨envi Kiv nq| K¨vcvwmwUf †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î (−Ve) wPý e¨envi Kiv nq|

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Mathematical Problem

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 Transformer
GKwU 230/460 V UªvÝdigvi Gi cÖvBgvwi‡Z resistance 0.2 𝛀, Reactance 0.51 𝛀 Ges †m‡KÛvwi‡Z Abyiæc gvb
h_vµ‡g 0.75 𝛀 Ges 1.8 𝛀| hw` 0.8 Lagging pf G mieivn Kv‡i›U 8 A nq Z‡e †m‡KÛvwi Uvwg©bvj †fv‡ëR evwni
Ki|
Solution:
we know, ‡`Iqv Av‡Q,
230 𝑅1 = 0.2 Ω
a = 460 = 0.5
𝑅
𝑅2 = 0.75 Ω
𝑅02 = 𝑅2 + 𝑎12 𝑋1 = 0.5 Ω
0.2 𝑋2 = 1.8 Ω
= 0.75 + (0.5)2
p.f = cos 𝜃 = 0.8
= 1.55 Ω 𝐼2 = 8 𝐴𝑚𝑝
𝑋02 = 𝑋2 + 𝑎12
𝑋 𝑉𝑇 =?
0.5
= 1.8 + (0.5)2
= 3.8 Ω
𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 Secondary
= 𝐼2 (𝑅02 cos 𝜃 + 𝑋02 sin 𝜃 )
= 8(1.55 × 0.8 + 3.8 × 0.6)
= 28.16 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡

Terminal Voltage,
𝑉𝑇 = 460 − 28.16
= 431.84 Volt Ans.
GKwU wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdigv‡ii z1 = 1.4 + j 5.2  Ges z2 = 0.0117 + j 0.0466 | BbcyU †fv‡ëR 6600 V, Uvb©
†iwkI 10/1 Ges †jv‡W 0.8 j¨vwMs cvIqvi d¨v±‡i 300 A mieivn nB‡j Bnvi †m‡KÛvix Uviwgbvj †fv‡ëR Ges
wK‡jvIqvU AvDUcyU †ei Ki|

Solution:
N2 1 1
K= = =
N1 10 a
6600
 a = 10, Es = = 660 V
10

R1 1.4
R02 = R2 + = 0.0117 + 2
a2 10
= 0.0257 
X1 5.2
X02 = X2 + = 0.0465 + 2
a2 10
= 0.0985 
Secondary voltage drop
= I2 (R02 cos + X02 sin)
= 300 (0.0257  0.8 + 0.0985  0.6)
= 23.898 Volts
Terminal Voltage = 660 −23.89
= 636.10 V (Ans.)
KVA ×1000
Es = 300
 𝐾𝑉𝐴 = 198
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KW = KVA × cos θ = 198 × 0.8
= 158.4 KW (Ans.)

Transformer Loss & Efficiency

16) UªvÝdigvi Gi jm mg~n wK wK wjL? GwW Kv‡i›U jm I wnm‡Uwiwmm jm ej‡Z wK eyS? jm mg~n Kgv‡bvi Dcvq wK?
DËi t UªvÝdigv‡ii jm mg~n n‡”Q t
(1) †Kvi jm ev Avqib jm| ‡Kvi jm `yBfv‡e nqt GwW Kv‡i›U jm Ges wnm‡U‡iwmm jm|
(2) Kcvi jm& (I2R)
GwW Kv‡i›U jm& t hLb GKwU ˆe`y¨wZK Pz¤^‡Ki K‡q‡ji ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ Kv‡i›U cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K ZLb Gi PZzc©vk¦¯’ †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi
cwiewZ©Z nq I †Kvi c`v_©‡K KZ© b K‡i| Gi d‡j †Kv‡i †fv‡ë‡Ri m„wó nq Ges †fv‡ë‡Ri Kvi‡Y †Kv‡i GKwU Kv‡i›U AvewZ©Z n‡Z
_v‡K| G AvewZ©Z Kv‡i›U‡K GwW Kv‡i›U e‡j|
GwW Kv‡i›U †Kv‡ii wfZi w`‡q cÖevwnZ nIqvi mgq †Kvi †iwRó¨vÝ KZ©„K euvav MÖ¯ ’ n‡q †h AcP‡qi m„wó K‡i Zv‡KB GwW Kv‡i›U jm&
e‡j|
Kgv‡bvi Dcvq t G jm& Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ D”P †iwRw÷wfwUi (wmwjKb ÷xj) †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i †Kvi e¨envi Kiv nq|
wnm‡Uwiwmm jm& t Aëvi‡bwUs Kv‡i›U cÖwZ Aa© mvB‡Kj AšÍi AšÍi w`K cwieZ©b K‡i, d‡j Pz¤^Kxq d¬v· GKevi m‡e©v”P cwRwUf gv‡b I
Av‡iKevi m‡e©v”P †b‡MwUf gv‡b ch©vqµ‡g cwiewZ©Z nq| †Kv‡i Pz¤^K †¶‡Îi †giæi w`K cwieZ©b nq| G ch©vqµwgK Pz¤^KxKib I
wePz¤^K‡bi d‡j †Kv‡ii AbyPz¤^K ¸‡jv LyeB `ªæZ ¯^ ¯’v‡b bovPov Ki‡Z _v‡K I evievi w`K e`jv‡Z _v‡K Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ msN‡l©i d‡j
cvIqvi e¨wqZ nq| G cvIqvi AcPq‡K wnm‡Uwiwmm jm& e‡j|
Kgv‡bvi Dcvq t wnm&‡U‡iwmm jm& Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ D”P ¸b m¤úbœ g¨vM‡bwUK ÷x‡ji †Kvi †hgb t g¨vsMvwbR ÷xj ev wmwjKb ÷xj e¨envi
Kiv nq|
17) jx‡KR d¬v· wK?
DËi t UªvÝdgv‡ii cÖvBgvwi IqvBwÛs‡K Gwm mieiv‡ni mv‡_ hy³ Ki‡j †h d¬v· Gi m„wó nq Zvi m¤c~Y©wU †Kv‡ii wfZi w`‡q cÖevwnZ
n‡q †m‡KÛvwii mv‡_ mswkøó nq bv| eis wKQy d¬v· evZv‡mi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq Ges g¨vM‡bwUK mvwK©U m¤c~Y© K‡i| G ai‡bi
d¬v·‡KB jx‡KR d¬v· e‡j|

24) Efficiency of transformers : (UªvÝdigv‡ii `¶Zv)

DËi t UªvÝdigvi Kcvi jm (wewfbœ †jv‡W)- Transformer Gi output load wba©vwiZ KVA †jv‡Wi †P‡q Kg ev †ekx n‡j Kcvi
jm I cwieZ©b nq| D‡jøL¨ ‡jvW evo‡j-Kg‡j †Kvi jm cwieZ©b nq bv|
‡h‡Kvb †jv‡W Kcvi jm = (Load)2 ×Full load copper loss
AvDUcyU= KVA × Power factor × Load
Avgiv Rvwb, AvDUcyU Ges BbcyU cvIqv‡ii AbycvZ‡KB efficiency ev `¶Zv e‡j| Ab¨vb¨ ‡gwk‡bi †P‡q UªvÝdigv‡ii `¶Zv A‡bKUv
†ewk, Gi cwigvb 95% n‡Z 99% ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| KviY G‡Z †Kvb NyišÍ Ask _v‡K bv ZvB †KejgvÎ †Kvi jm Ges Kcvi jm nq|
Output
`¶Zv  % = 100
Input
25) m‡e©v”P Kg©`¶Zvi kZ© t
Kcvi jm, Wcu = IP2R01 watt (or = I S2 R02)
‡Kvi jm, Wcore = Hysterisis + Eddy Current loss.
= (Wh+We) watt
Considering Primary side :
Primary input = VPIP CosP
VpIp Cosp−losses
`¶Zv,  =
VpIp Cosp

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 Transformer
IpR01 Wcore
= 1− −
VpCosp VpIpCosp
IP Gi mv‡c‡¶ Dfq c¶‡K Differentiating K‡i cvB,
d R01 Wcore
=0− +
dIP VPCosP VPIP2CosP
d
GLb, = 0 n‡j m‡e©v”P `¶Zv cvIqv hv‡e|
dIP
Wcore R01
myZivs, =
VPIP2CosP VPCosP
 IP2R01 = Wcore
 myZivs Cu.loss = Core loss
GZGe †`Lv hv‡”Q, Kcvi jm hw` †Kvi j‡mi mgvb nq ZLb UªvÝdigvi m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq KvR Ki‡e|
GLb, I2PR01 = Wcore
Wcore
IP =
R01
Wcore
IS =
R02
26) m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq KVA Load :

Iron loss
m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq KVA = dzj‡jvW KVA 
Full load cu loss
Core loss
KVAmax = KVA rated 
Full load cu loss
27) mvivw`‡bi `¶Zv (All-day efficiency):
Distribution UªvÝdigv‡ii primary Side me©`v Supply Gi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K| G mgq Transformer m¤ú~b© 24N›Uv GbviRvBW
_v‡K, d‡j Core loss me©`v mgvb _v‡K| wKš‘ Secondary mivmwi †jv‡Wi mv‡_ mshy³ _vKvq Gi Kcvi jm †jv‡Wi cwigv‡bi Dci
Kg †ewk nq| †h‡nZz †jvW 24 N›Uvq mgvb _v‡K bv †m‡nZz Gi Kcvi jm I mgvb _v‡K bv| Kv‡RB Giƒc UªvÝdigv‡ii dzj †jvW Kcvi
jm a‡i Kg©`¶Zv wbY©q Kiv fyj nq| Gi cÖK„Z `¶Zv †ei Ki‡Z n‡j mvivw`‡bi `¶Zv †ei Kiv †kªq|
24 N›Uvi KWH Output
All day efficiency =
24 N›Uvi KWH Input
24 N›Uvi KWH output
=
24 N›Uv KWH output+24 N›Uvi losses
`„wó AvKl©b t
(1) ‡Kvi jm †ei Kivi mgq 24 N›Uvi †Kvi jmB †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr Total Core loss = 24  Core loss.
(2) wKš‘ Kcvi jm †ei Kivi mgq ïaygvÎ †h mgq ch© šÍ †jvW mshy³ _vK‡e †m mg‡qi Rb¨B Kcvi jm †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|

Efficiency Formula
Kcvi jm, Wcu = IP2R01 watt (or = I S2 R02)
‡h‡Kvb †jv‡W Kcvi jm = (Load)2 ×Full load copper loss
Cu loss= Power dissipated in Short circuit Test (P SC)
AvDUcyU= KVA × Power factor × Load
Output
`¶Zv  % = 100
Input
‡Kvi jm, Wcore = Hysterisis + Eddy Current loss
Core Loss, Wcore= Po = VoIocos o= Power dissipated in Open Circuit Test
For Maximum Power: Cu loss = Core loss

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 Transformer
Wcore
IS =
R02
Core loss
KVAmax = KVA rated 
Full load cu loss

Efficiency Related Math

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 Transformer
GKwU 1000 KVA, 110/220 V, 50 Hz, 1- UªvÝdigv‡ii 0.8 wjwWs P. nvd‡jv‡W `¶Zv 98.5 % Ges dzj‡jvW
BDwbU P.f G `¶Zv 98.8 % wbY©q Kit (i) ‡Kvi jm (ii) dzj †jvW Kcvi jm (iii) m‡e©v”P `¶Zv?
Solution:
O/P at F.L Unity P.f = 1000 1 = 1000 Kw
F.L. I/P = 1000/0.988 = 1012.146 Kw.
F.L losses = 1012.146 − 1000 = 12.146 Kw
g‡b Kwi, dzj‡jvW Kcvi jm = x
Ges †Kvi jm = y
x + y = 12.146 Kw..................(i)
Avevi, nvd‡jvW 0.8 p. G AvDUcyU
1000
= 0.8 = 400 Kw.
2
BbcyU = 400/0.985 = 406.091 Kw
nvd‡jv‡W †gvU jm = 406.091 − 400
= 6.091 Kw.
1
( )2 x+y = 6.091 Kw ...............(ii)
2
(i) Ges (ii) mgvavb K‡i,
x = 8.073 Kw (Ans.)
y = 4.073 Kw (Ans.)
F.L Core loss
KVA max = KVArated 
F.L Cu loss
4.073
= 1000 
8.073
= 710.3 KVA
m‡e©v”P `¶Zvi Rb¨ †gvU jm
= 4.073 + 4.073 [ ჻ wc = Cu loss]
= 8.146 Kw.
O/P = 710.3  1 = 710.3 Kw.
O/P 100
% `¶Zv =
O/P +losses
710.3  100
=
710.3+8.146
= 98.87 %
GKwU 11000/230V, 150KVA, 1 −, 50Hz UªvÝdigvi †Kvi jm 1.4Kw Ges dzj‡jvW Kcvi jm 1.6Kw wbb©q
Ki| (i) BDwbwU p.f G m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq KVA Ges m‡e©v”P `¶Zv (ii) nvd †jv‡W 0.8 Lagging p. G `¶Zv|

Solution:
Core loss
(i) KVAmax = KVArated 
F.L Cu loss
1.4
= 150 
1.6
= 140.31 KVA (Ans.)
m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq †gvU jm = 1.4 + 1.4 = 2.8 Kw.
m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq AvDUcyU = 140.311=140.31 Kw.

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 Transformer
AvDUcyU
max = AvDUcyU + jm 100
140.31
=  100
140.31 + 2.8
= 98.04% (Ans.)
1
(ii) nvd‡jv‡W Kcvi jm = 1.6 ( )2 = 0.4 Kw.
2
150
nvd †jvW 0.8 p.G AvDUcyU = 0.8 = 60 Kw
2
60100
`¶Zv,  = = 97.1 %
60 + 0.4 + 1.4

GKwU 20KVA, 440/220V, 1−, 50Hz UªvÝdigv‡ii †Kvi jm 324w, nvd †jv‡W Kcvi jm 100w, ‡ei Ki (i) dzj
†jvW 0.8 (lag) p. G `¶Zv (ii) m‡e©v”P `¶Zvi Rb¨ kZKiv †jvW
Solution:
1
H.L G Cu loss = ( )2 F.L Cu loss
2
1
100 =  F.L Cu loss
4
F.L Cu loss = 400 w.
(i) 0.8 p. G dzj †jvW `¶Zv
AvDUcyU 100
= AvDUcyU + †gvU jm

20000  0.8  100

=
(20000  0.8) + 400 + 324
= 95.67 %
Core loss
(ii) KVAmax = KVArated 
F.L Cu loss
KVAmax 324
=  100
KVArated 400
= 90 %
m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq kZKiv †jvW 90 % (DËi)

GKwU 15KVA UªvÝdigv‡ii BDwbwU p. G m‡e©v”P `¶Zv 98%| UªvÝdigv‡i wbgœwjwLZ †jvW¸wj Pvjv‡j mvivw`‡bi `¶Zv
†ei Ki|
12 N›Uv- 0.5(lag) p.f G 4KVA
6 N›Uv- 0.8 (lag) p.f G 12Kw
6 N›Uv- ‡bv †jvW|
Solution:
15000  1
98% `¶Zvq BbcyU = x 100
98
= 15306.12 W
†gvU jm = 15306.12 − 15000
= 306.12w
 †Kvi jm = dzj †jvW Kcvi jm

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 Transformer
306.12
= = 153.06 w
2
12 N›Uvq Kcvi jm
4
= ( )2  153.06  12
15
= 130.61 Wh
6 N›Uvq Kcvi jm
12/0.8 2
=( )  153.06  6
15
= 918.36 Wh
evKx 6 N›Uvq Kcvi jm = 0
24 N›Uvi Kcvi jm
= 130.61 + 918.36 = 1049 Wh.
24 N›Uvq †Kvi jm = 153.06 24 = 3673.44Wh
24 N›Uvq AvDUcyU = (40.512) + (126) Kwh
= 96 Kwh
= 96000 Wh
24 N›Uvi `¶Zv
24N›Uvi O/P  100
„all day =
24 N›Uvi O/P + 24 N›Uvi jm
96000  100
=
96000+1049+3673.44
= 95.31 % Ans.
GKwU UªvÝdigv‡ii GKK cvIqvi d¨v±‡i 25KVA †_‡K m‡e©v”P `¶Zv 98% †`Lv hvq| Gi †jvW wmwWDj wbb¥iæc
K) 2.5KW †jvW 0.6 lagging 10 N›Uvi Rb¨
L) 11KW †jvW 0.88 lagging 8 N›Uvi Rb¨
M) 17KW †jvW 0.95 lagging 6 N›Uvi Rb¨ Zvn‡j D³ UªvÝdigv‡ii mvivw`‡bi `¶Zv †ei Ki|

Solution:
Output = 25  1 = 25 KW
25
Input = = 25.51KW
0.98
Loss = 25 .51 − 25 = .51KW = 510 watt
m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq †Kvi jm = Kcvi jm
‡Kvi jm = 255W
Ges Kcvi jm = 255W
24 N›Uvi Output energy
= (2.5  10 ) + (11  8) + (17  6 )
= 25 + 88 + 102 = 215 KWh
24 N›Uvi Cu Loss=
 2.5  2   11  2 
   255 10 +    255  8
 0.6  25    0.88  25  
= 708 + 510 + 783 .9 = 1364 KWh
 17  2 
+    255  6
 0.95  25  
24 N›Uvi Core Loss= 24  255

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 Transformer
= 6.12 KWh
24 N›Uvi input = 215 + 1.364 + 6.12
= 222 .48 KWh
215
mvivw`‡bi `¶Zv =  100
222.48
= 96 .64 %

28) UªvÝdigvi e¨vswKs

A‡bK mgq wZbwU GK‡dR UªvÝdigvi Øviv wZb‡dR mvcøvB †`Iqv nq| wZbwU GK‡dR UªvÝdigv‡ii GB Ae¯’v‡K e¨vswKs e‡j| e¨vswKs
6 cÖKvi t
1| ÷vi-÷vi (Y-Y)
2| †Wëv-÷vi (-Y)
3| †Wëv-†Wëv (-)
4| ÷vi-†Wëv (Y-)
5| I‡cb †Wëv ev (V-V)
6| Scott connection or T-T connection.
29) e¨vswKs Gi kZ© t
1| wZbwU UªvÝdigv‡ii †KwfG †iwUs GK nB‡Z nB‡e|
2| cÖwZwU UªvÝdigv‡ii Voltage ‡iwUs GK nB‡Z nB‡e|
3| mwVK †cvjvwiwU Abyhvqx ms‡hvM w`‡Z nB‡e
K) ÷vi-÷vi (Y-Y) t M) ÷vi -†Wëv (Y -) t

L) †Wëv-†Wëv (-) t
N) †Wëv Ñ÷vi (-Y) t

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 Transformer
O) I‡cb †Wëv ev (V-V) t 2) †fv‡ëR UªvÝdigvi
31) Kv‡i›U UªvÝdigvi I ‡fv‡ëR UªvÝdigvi Gi ms‡hvM
wPÎ †`LvI| Primary
coil

Line

CT
Secondary
coil

A
P) Scott connection or T-T connection t
C.T: C.T nj current transformer, transmission
jvB‡b †h D”P gv‡bi current _v‡K †mB Kv‡i›U‡K Kg †i‡Äi
Ammeter Øviv cwigvc Kivi e¨e¯’v K‡i Zv‡K C.T e‡j|
P.T: P.T nj Potential transformer D”P Voltage
jvB‡b Voltage †K Range Kwg‡q Kg gv‡bi Voltmeter
Øviv cwigvc Kivi †h e¨e¯’v K‡i Zv‡K P.T e‡j|
PT
Line-1

30) Bb÷ªy‡g›U UªvÝdigvi wK ? Dnv KZ cÖKvi I wK wK ?

Primary
V
DËit- Gwm c×wZ‡Z Kv‡i›U, †fv‡ëR, cvIqvi Ges GbvwR© Coil

cwigv‡ci Rb¨ ‡h UªvÝdigvi e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Bb÷ªy‡g›U Line-2

UªvÝdigvi e‡j|
Dnv `yB cÖKvi|
1) Kv‡i›U UªvÝdigvi

32) UªvÝdigvi c¨vivjvj Acv‡ik‡bi kZ©mg~n t

1| c¨vivjv‡j cwiPvwjZ UªvÝdigvi mg~‡ni nvB-mvBW I †jv-mvB‡Wi †fv‡ëR †iwkI GK nB‡Z nB‡e|
2| UªvÝdigvi mg~‡ni †cvjvwiwU Abyhvqx ms‡hvM w`‡Z nB‡e|
3| cÖwZwU UªvÝdigv‡ii mgZzj¨ Bw¤ú‡WÝ Aek¨B wbR¯^ KVA ‡iwUs Gi mwnZ DëvbycvwZK nB‡e|
4| cÖwZwU UªvÝdigv‡ii mgZzj¨ wiq¨vKU¨vÝ Ges †iwR÷¨v‡Ýi AbycvZ GK nB‡Z nB‡e|
5| wZb †dR UªvÝdigv‡ii †dR wm‡Kv‡qÝ GK nB‡Z nB‡e|
33) Transformer cooling wK ? Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wjL
DËi t Transformer action Gi d‡j Transformer Gi core & coil Mig n‡q Zvc Drcbœ K‡i | GB Zvc‡K Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ ev
Transformer ‡K VvÛv Kivi Rb¨ †h c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nh | Zv‡K Transformer cooling ejv nq |
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv: †q †Kvb mKj cÖKvi cvIqvi jm DËvc AvKv‡i cÖKvk cvq Z_v Zvc Drcbœ nq d‡j UªvÝcigv‡ii Kg©`ÿZv K‡g hvq
Z_vwc GB DËv‡ci cwigvb †ewk n‡j UªvÝcigv‡ii weKj n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB GB DËvc†K cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ Kywjs Gi cÖ‡qvRb|
34) UªvÝdigv‡ii ‰Z‡ji ag© ¸‡jv wK wK wjL|
DËi: UªvÝdigv‡ii VvÛv ivLvi Rb¨ ‡h ˆZj e¨envi Kiv nq DnvB UªvÝdigv‡ii ˆZj| Bnv g~jZ LwbR ˆZj| Gi evwbwR¨K bvg wmwjKb
cvBivbj |
UªvÝdigv‡ii ‰Z‡ji ag©:
(i) AwZ D”P gv‡bi †ivaK m¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e|
(ii) Rjxq ev®ú gy³ n‡Z n‡e|
(iii) †Kvb iKg fvmgvb c`v_© _vK‡Z cvi‡ebv|
(iv) A`vn¨ n‡Z n‡e|
(v) D”P WªvB B‡jKwUªK kw³ m¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e|
(vi) mn‡R ev®ú n‡e bv|
(vii) Gi Av‡cwÿK MyiæZ¡ 0.85 nIqv DwPr|
(viii) Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb Zjvbx, †_Zjvbx Ges Lv` _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv|
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