| Emeraude KAPPA 1988-2019

KAPPA Emeraude Training

Erin Summers Nicolas Kotlar

summers@kappaeng.com kotlar@kappaeng.com
Introduction
KAPPA 1988-2019

What? (fluid type)

Where (perforation, SSD, leak)

How much? (rate)

 Production Logging Objectives
KAPPA 1988-2019

PL data are
measurements that
describe the nature
and behaviour of
fluids in or around the
well during production
or injection.
 Measurements for vertical wells
KAPPA 1988-2019

Minimum data required for interpretation:

Single Phase Flow:

• Velocity

Full Bore
Inline
Continuous
Diverter/Petal Basket
 Measurements for vertical wells
KAPPA 1988-2019

Minimum data required for interpretation:

Single Phase Flow: Gradio

Nuclear
• Velocity Tuning Fork
2 Phase Flow:

• Velocity
• Density/Hold-up
 Measurements for vertical wells
KAPPA 1988-2019

Minimum data required for interpretation:

Single Phase Flow: Water:

Dielectric
• Velocity

2 Phase Flow:
Gas:
• Velocity Nuclear
• Density/Hold-up Optical

3 Phase Flow

• Velocity
• Density
• Hold-up
PL Operations
KAPPA 1988-2019
PL run sequence
KAPPA 1988-2019
Spinner calibration and Fluid velocity
KAPPA 1988-2019
Spinner calibration and Fluid velocity
KAPPA 1988-2019

For Single Phase:

Qphase = VASPIN x VPCF x Across section

VPCF = Velocity Profile Correction Factor

 Multiphase calculation
KAPPA 1988-2019

For 2-Phase flow

Choquette bubble flow chart

Phases travel along the tubing Dukler Flow
Map
at different speeds

VSlip = VL – VH
Slippage models based on:
• flow regime
• phase density difference
• phase holdup
 Multiphase calculation
KAPPA 1988-2019

Hold up either measured

For 2-Phase flow directly, or inferred from
density 𝜌 − 𝜌𝐿
𝑌𝐻 =
𝜌𝐻 − 𝜌𝐿

QH = YH x [QT – (1 – YH) x VSlip x AX-section]

QL = QT - QH
Phases travel along the tubing
at different speeds QT calculated using the single
phase equivalent
VSlip = VL – VH
Slippage models based on:
• flow regime
• phase density difference
• phase holdup
 Deviated/Horizontal Wells
KAPPA 1988-2019

Deviation
Flow structure not simple any more

• Monophasic water at the bottom

• Dispersed/Monophasic Oil in the middle

• Monophasic Gas at the top

Conventional PL Tools may miss the oil, or

gas, flowing on the high side, or water on the
low side of the well
 Array Tools
KAPPA 1988-2019

Deviation
Need for Distributed measurements
across the well cross section

Domain of Multiple Probe Tools (MPT)

 MPT Processing
KAPPA 1988-2019

z
• Optimization Problem
•Minimize the error
y
•Linear and polynomial
models (Yi, V)
z
1
•Vertical Interpolation

0.75
•Horizontal extension
Yw =F(z)
•MapFlo (SLB, Yi)
0.50

•Prandlt (SLB, V)
0.25

•Add external constrains

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Yw
 PL job sequence
KAPPA 1988-2019

Record base shut in survey Record Post flowing shut in

survey

Well Shut in for

extended period
Record Flowing Surveys
(ideally, well stabilized)
Time Lapse Passes
through shut in (good
Pressure

for injectors)

Time
Selective Inflow Performance Analysis
KAPPA 1988-2019

Qg = 15 mmscf/d
BHFP PLT: 3 rates + Shut-in passes
Pav layer 2
Pav layer 1
Qg ~ c (Pres2 -
Layer 1 BHFP2)n
5 MMscf/d

Layer 2
10 MMscf/d 0 5 10 Qg per layer
 What’s New in 5.20?
KAPPA 1988-2019

• Array data loading

 What’s New in 5.20?
KAPPA 1988-2019

• Array data loading

• PAI Tool (BHGE)

 6 mini-spinners
 6 resistance probes
 6 optical probes
 What’s New in 5.20?
KAPPA 1988-2019

• Array data loading

• PAI Tool (BHGE)

• New Well Sketch

 What’s New in 5.20?
KAPPA 1988-2019

• Array data loading

• PAI Tool (BHGE)

• New Well Sketch

• Interactive Normalisation
 What’s New in 5.20?
KAPPA 1988-2019

• Array data loading

• PAI Tool (BHGE)

• New Well Sketch

CAT+CWH

• Interactive Normalisation

• Undo editing

• Cross-section display
SAT+ILS
 Example #1
KAPPA 1988-2019

30 deg deviated Oil-Gas producer

• Qoil= 4790 STB/d – Qgas= 17.37 MMscf/D
• Logged with CFB (3.5’’), ILS (1.68’’), CTF, DENR, CAT, QP, GR
• ID: 6.875 in
• Perfs: [9440 – 9480 ft] – [9497 – 9615 ft] – [9622 – 9713 ft]
• PVT:
• Oil: Rs= 903 cf/bbl – 26.3 API
• Gas: 0.78 sg
• Water: 18000 pm
 DTS and Thermal Modelling
KAPPA 1988-2019

Temperature traces Array image view

Temperature vs. time Recomputed flow profile

 Thermal
r
Modelling in Emeraude
w KAPPA 1988-2019

Mass & Energy conservation in the well:

Downstream Upstream From Reservoir Conductivity = 0

   1 qs2   dl 
qs
1 qs2
2 A  s
1 qis2
 
E1  Qs    s    hs   2  2  g  dl   qs   hs  2  2   qis   hsw  2  2  g   Dis  Tsw  Ts  0
   2 A s   2 Asw  sw 2

Ts
Enthalpy Potential
Ps
Kinetic

qs  qis  qs   Qis  ( Mass

s   s Balance
) / 2  Qs    s 
dl Tsf Tgeo
qis Psf Pe
qs 
Mass & Energy conservation in the reservoir:
Convective Conductive

 
Ts-
Ps-
1 qis2
 
E 2  qis   hsw  2  2  hgeo   Dis  Tsw  Ts  Dres  Tsw  TGeo  0
2 Asw  sw
 
 
(Q   ) h re
Pse  Pe  Ps   [ T  S  ln( )  SG ] Darcy
2  k H  hT Lw rw
 Water Injection fall-off
KAPPA 1988-2019

Warmback Match on individual Computed injection Comparing with

traces during shut-in profile original profile
 Example #2
KAPPA 1988-2019

Vertical water injector – Injectivity test

• Qw= -10000 B/D
• Tinj= 1 hr
• Shut-in start: 10/01/2018 – 01:00
• Water temp= 15 degC
• Pressure @ reservoir top: 4305.5 psia
| Emeraude KAPPA 1988-2019

Thank you