1 Chemical 1.

1 Chemistry: An Overview
Foundations 1.2 The Scientific Method
1.3 Units of Measurement
1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement
1.5 Significant Figures and
Calculations
1.6 Learning to Solve Problems
Systematically
1.7 Dimensional Analysis
1.8 Temperature
1.9 Density
1.10 Classification of Matter

2 Atoms, Molecules, 2.2 The Early History of Chemistry

and Ions 2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws
2.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
2.4 Early Experiments to
Characterize the Atom
2.5 The Modern View of Atomic
Structure: An Introduction
2.6 Molecules and Ions
2.7 An Introduction to the
Periodic Table
2.8 Naming Simple Compounds

3 Stoichiometry Counting by Weighing 69

Atomic Masses 70
The Mole 72
Molar Mass 77
Learning to Solve Problems 80
 Percent Composition of
Compounds 81
Determining the Formula of a
Compound 83
Chemical Equations 90
Balancing Chemical Equations 92
Stoichiometric Calculations:
Amounts of Reactants and
Products
3.11 The Concept of Limiting
Reactant

4 Types of Chemical Water, the Common Solvent 117

Reactions and Solution 4.2 The Nature of Aqueous
Stoichiometry Solutions: Strong and Weak
Electrolytes 119
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS
Arrhenius: A Man with Solutions
122
4.3 The Composition of Solutions
123
4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions
130
4.5 Precipitation Reactions 131
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Tiny
Laboratories 135
4.6 Describing Reactions in
Solution 136
4.7 Stoichiometry of Precipitation
Reactions 138
4.8 Acid–Base Reactions 140
 4.9 Oxidation–Reduction
Reactions 147
4.10 Balancing Oxidation–
Reduction Equations 152
4.11 Simple Oxidation–Reduction
Titrations

5 Gases Pressure 165

5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle,
Charles, and
Avogadro 167
5.3 The Ideal Gas Law 173
5.4 Gas Stoichiometry 179
5.5 Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressures 183
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS
Separating Gases 185 CHEMICAL
CONNECTIONS The Chemistry of
Air
Bags 186
5.6 The Kinetic Molecular Theory
of Gases 189
5.7 Effusion and Diffusion 196
5.8 Real Gases 198
5.9 Characteristics of Several Real
Gases 201
5.10 Chemistry in the Atmosphere
202

6 Thermochemistry The Nature of Energy 211

6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry
 Hess’s Law 225
6.4 Standard Enthalpies of
Formation 229
6.5 Present Sources of Energy 236
6.6 New Energy Sources

7 Atomic Structure Electromagnetic Radiation 252

and Periodicity 7.2 The Nature of Matter 254
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS
Fireworks 256
7.3 The Atomic Spectrum of
Hydrogen 260
7.4 The Bohr Model 262
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS 0.035
Femtometer Is a Big Deal 265
7.5 The Quantum Mechanical
Model of the Atom 266
7.6 Quantum Numbers 269
7.7 Orbital Shapes and Energies
270
7.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli
Principle 273
7.9 Polyelectronic Atoms 274
7.10 The History of the Periodic
Table 276
7.11 The Aufbau Principle and the
Periodic Table 278
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The
Chemistry of Copernicium 279
7.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic
Properties 284
 7.13 The Properties of a Group:
The Alkali Metals

8 Bonding: General Types of Chemical Bonds 301

Concepts CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS No
Lead Pencils 303
8.2 Electronegativity 305
8.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole
Moments 307
8.4 Ions: Electron Configurations
and Sizes 310
8.5 Energy Effects in Binary Ionic
Compounds 314
8.6 Partial Ionic Character of
Covalent Bonds 318
8.7 The Covalent Chemical Bond:
A Model 319
8.8 Covalent Bond Energies and
Chemical Reactions 322
8.9 The Localized Electron
Bonding Model 325
8.10 Lewis Structures 325
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS
Nitrogen Under Pressure 329
8.11 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
329
8.12 Resonance 333
8.13 Molecular Structure: The
VSEPR Model
9 Covalent Bonding: Hybridization and the Localized
Orbitals Electron Model 355
9.2 The Molecular Orbital Model
366
9.3 Bonding in Homonuclear
Diatomic Molecules 369
9.4 Bonding in Heteronuclear
Diatomic Molecules 376
9.5 Combining the Localized
Electron and Molecular Orbital
Models

10 Liquids and Solids Intermolecular Forces 385

10.2 The Liquid State 390
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Smart
Fluids 392
10.3 An Introduction to Structures
and Types of Solids 393
10.4 Structure and Bonding in
Metals
Carbon and Silicon: Network
Atomic Solids CHEMICAL
CONNECTIONS Graphene—
Miracle
Substance? 405
10.6 Molecular Solids 410
10.7 Ionic Solids 412
10.8 Vapor Pressure and Changes
of State 415
10.9 Phase Diagrams 422
11 Properties of Solution Composition 434
Solutions The Energies of Solution
Formation 437
Factors Affecting Solubility 441
The Vapor Pressures of Solutions
445
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The
Lake Nyos Tragedy 446
Boiling-Point Elevation and
Freezing-Point Depression 451
Osmotic Pressure 454
Colligative Properties of
Electrolyte Solutions 459
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The
Drink of Champions— Water 461
Colloids 461

12 Chemical Kinetics Reaction Rates 468

12.2 Rate Laws: An Introduction
472
12.3 Determining the Form of the
Rate Law 474
12.4 The Integrated Rate Law 478
12.5 Reaction Mechanisms 489
12.6 A Model for Chemical
Kinetics 494
12.7 Catalysis 500

13 Chemical The Equilibrium Condition 511

Equilibrium 13.2 The Equilibrium Constant
514
 13.3 Equilibrium Expressions
Involving Pressures
13.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria
520
13.5 Applications of the
Equilibrium Constant
13.6 Solving Equilibrium Problems
531
13.7 Le Châtelier’s Principle

14 Acids and Bases The Nature of Acids and Bases 549

14.2 Acid Strength 552
14.3 The pH Scale 557
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Arnold
Beckman, Man of Science 559
14.4 Calculating the pH of Strong
Acid Solutions 560
14.5 Calculating the pH of Weak
Acid Solutions 562
14.6 Bases 571
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Amines
575
14.7 Polyprotic Acids 576
14.8 Acid–Base Properties of Salts
582
14.9 The Effect of Structure on
Acid–Base Properties 587
14.10 Acid–Base Properties of
Oxides 589
14.11 The Lewis Acid–Base Model
589
 14.12 Strategy for Solving Acid–
Base Problems: A Summary 592

15 Acid-Base Equilibria Solutions of Acids or Bases

Containing a Common Ion 600
15.2 Buffered Solutions 602
15.3 Buffering Capacity 611
15.4 Titrations and pH Curves 615
15.5 Acid–Base Indicators 629
15.6 Polyprotic Acid Titrations

16 Solubility and Solubility Equilibria and the

Complex Ion Equilibria Solubility Product 641
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The
Chemistry of Teeth 645
16.2 Precipitation and Qualitative
Analysis 649
16.3 Equilibria Involving Complex
Ions 656

17 Spontaneity, Spontaneous Processes and

Entropy, and Free Entropy CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS
Energy Entropy: An Organizing
Force? 671
Entropy and the Second Law of
Thermodynamics
The Effect of Temperature on
Spontaneity
17.4 Free Energy 675
17.5 Entropy Changes in Aqueous
Solutions 678
 17.6 Entropy Changes in Chemical
Reactions 679
17.7 Free Energy and Chemical
Reactions 683
17.8 The Dependence of Free
Energy on Pressure
17.9 Free Energy and Equilibrium
692
17.10 Free Energy and Work

18 Electrochemistry Galvanic Cells 704

18.2 Standard Reduction
Potentials 706
18.3 Cell Potential, Electrical
Work, and Free Energy 714
18.4 Dependence of Cell Potential
on Concentration 717
18.5 Batteries
Corrosion 726
18.7 Electrolysis 728
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The
Chemistry of Sunken Treasure 732
18.8 Commercial Electrolytic
Processes

19 The Nucleus: A Nuclear Stability and Radioactive

Chemist’s View Decay 744
19.2 The Kinetics of Radioactive
Decay 749
19.3 Nuclear Transformations 752
 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS
Tennessine 753
19.4 Detection and Uses of
Radioactivity 754
19.5 Thermodynamic Stability of
the Nucleus 758
19.6 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear
Fusion 762
19.7 Effects of Radiation 766

20 The Representative A Survey of the Representative

Elements Elements 773
20.2 The Group 1A Elements 778
20.3 The Chemistry of Hydrogen
779
20.4 The Group 2A Elements 781
20.5 The Group 3A Elements 783
20.6 The Group 4A Elements 784
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS
Beethoven: Hair Is the Story 786
20.7 The Group 5A Elements 787
20.8 The Chemistry of Nitrogen
788
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Nitrous
Oxide: Laughing Gas That Propels
Whipped Cream and Cars 794
20.9 The Chemistry of Phosphorus
795
20.10 The Group 6A Elements 797
20.11 The Chemistry of Oxygen
797
 20.12 The Chemistry of Sulfur 799
20.13 The Group 7A Elements 801
20.14 The Group 8A Elements

21 Transition Metals The Transition Metals: A Survey

and Coordination 811
Chemistry 21.2 The First-Row Transition
Metals 816
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS
Titanium Dioxide—Miracle Coating
818
21.3 Coordination Compounds
821
21.4 Isomerism 825
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The
Importance of Being cis 828
21.5 Bonding in Complex Ions:
The Localized Electron Model 830
21.6 The Crystal Field Model 832
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS
Transition Metal Ions Lend
Color to Gems 835
21.7 The Biological Importance of
Coordination
Complexes 838
21.8 Metallurgy and Iron and
Steel Production

22 Organic and Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons

Biological Molecules 22.2 Alkenes and Alkynes 863
22.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
22.4 Hydrocarbon Derivatives 868
22.5 Polymers 874
855
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Wallace
Hume Carothers 875
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Super-
Slippery Slope 876 22.6 Natural
Polymers 881