16.

2 Characteristics of a Summing Amplifier

Maximum possible Output Voltage = 10.58

Inputs Output
A B C -(A + B + C) Voltage
1 1 1 1 3 3.16
2 2 1 3 6 6.07
3 -3 4 2 3 3.19
4 3 5 4 13 9.89

5 -3.5 2.7 -1.4 -2.2 -2.16

16.4 Characteristics of an Integrator

Maximum possible Output Voltage =

16.4 a

16.4 b

Switched Time Taken

Time Input Voltage Reference Number of Time to reach ref
Constant (i) Voltage (ii) constants (iii) (iv)

2
3
4

16.4 c

16.4 d

16.4 e

16.6 Characteristics of a Differentiator

Output Voltage =

16.6 a
16.6 b

16.6 c

16.6 d

16.8 Characteristics of a Sample and Hold

1 2 3 4 5
Output
Voltage

16.8 a
Calculated
time constant
(v)
6 7 8 9 10