Microprocessor

Microprocessor

The CPU of Microcomputer is called

microprocessor.
It is a CPU on a single chip (microchip).
It is called brain or heart of the computer
system.
It is the processing unit of the computer
system responsible for carrying out the
processing job i.e execution of program.
 Microprocessor (Contd…)

Components of Microprocessor
1. ALU:

Arithmetical and Logical unit

responsible to perform
Arithmetical (mathematical) and
logical (comparison) operation of
the data.
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Components of Microprocessor
2. Control Unit:
Control Unit of the computer controls all the
functions like input, output, storage and process.
It controls the flow of data/program between
Main Memory CPU Registers
I/O device Main Memory
This unit decode the instruction and generate the
control signal on the basis of instruction and instruct
the ALU which operation is to be performed.
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Components of Microprocessor
3. Registers:
Registers are the high speed temporary storage
place where all the processing done by the ALU.
The few typical registers used in a CPU are
Accumulator, Program Counter (PC) , Instruction
Register (IR), Memory Address Register (MAR)
and Memory Data/Buffer Register (MBR/DR).
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Instruction Execution
For every instruction the CPU carries out four
basic operations:
i) Instruction Fetch (IF)
ii) Instruction Decode (ID)
iii) Instruction Execute (IE)
iv) Result Store (RS)
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Instruction Execution (Contd…)
Instruction/Machine Cycle:
These four basic operation
performed by the CPU in called
instruction cycle.
The instruction cycle consist of fetch
cycle and execute cycle.
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Instruction Execution (Contd…)
Fetch Cycle:
Instruction fetch involves reading of
an instruction from the memory
location to the CPU register.
Execute Cycle
This cycle involves execution of the
instruction.
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Register Organization
Typical register used in CPU are:
Accumulator: It interact with ALU and stores the input or
output operand.
Data Register (DR): It contains the data to be written in the
memory (write operation) or it receives the data from the
memory (read operation). It also holds the instruction before
storing in Instruction Register.
Memory Address Register (MAR): It specifies the address
of memory location from which data or instruction is to be
accessed (for read operation) or to which the data is to be
stored (for write operation).
Program Counter (PC): It contains the address of next
instruction to be executed.
Instruction Register (IR): Holds the current instruction.
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Fetch Cycle
During this cycle the instruction which is to be executed next
is brought fro the memory to the CPU.