Mud Program before drilling drilling engineer

commence
have to come up with the mudprogram
based on the expected
geology
Jeong
fluidspecs 2 of
diff depth

J
onffarfteriding

Drilling fluid u commonly contracted to service companies

Operations
ex

Mud Engineer ensure mud specsfollow the mud program

n to correct
any changes to the properties of provides
d F during drilling operation
responsible in modifying the d F properties
gives when necessary
input
to
Mud Logger report on progress through
geological zones
test physical n chemical properties
3rd Party 6 of d F
Andlogging ex Marsh funnel viscosity test
companies mud balance density test
inspect cuttings brought up to
surface
monitor gas levels

Present in the form of graphic log

 Drilling Fluid gas mixture tht r circulated during
li.ge
dF
rotary drilling process to
remove drill 0 main function
Hole stabilization cuttings
chemically Prevent flow of formation fluid f f
into wellbore kick
71 mechanically
Prevent borehole failure drilling usually to be
r
due to done in overbalance cond
Unbalance of in situ
stresses borehole Pdf Pff DP O
walls Normal P Gffs 0.433psi1ft
Erosion µ
Chemical rxn between Abnormal P Caff 70.433 psiff
d Ftp formation subnormal P Gff CO 433 psiA
Type of failures a
Hole Enlargement erosion due to friction with drillstring
or encounter with high P shale
Hole fracturing Pdf 7 Pfracture
Hole collapse
Pdf too low to maintain
structural integrity of borehole

Drilling Fluid
other function Circulating System
cools bit string
transmit hydraulic h p to bit
formation evaluation
reduction in weight of casing
string drilling string

Situation to avoid
L Loss of circulation Wear on
flu of ROP pump
Borehole Swelling Retention of
Borehole Erosion undesiredsolids
in d F
Pipe sticking
 a
rmation if Pdf Pfractune
I
ff pressure

Tm
a

t.tl
pmraetsis0unre

state

im.f
I l
S c

E
if Pdf Ppore or Pp fractures
loss circulation c inthe
additional formatio
f
Femina.tl raitnYedfE
under good
overbalance
fPdfsPpore require
c F Ti cost I
condition
I Pdf
E
Ppone
i f

I
Formation
fluid increasing
would
enter the Pore pressure
borehole
the d F
displacing
causing a kick

The high flow rate leads to

of fluid may then 3 Stuck pipe
also cause the walls
of the borehole to fishing cost
collapse sidetracking
moreprevalent in
poorly consolidated
formation
 Classification of d F
Factors in Selection
i minimum overall well
cost
11 formation type
111
range of formation
data
N Problem formations
v F E procedure
a water quality
available
VH Production exp env

Gases Pneumatic safety concern

UN Logistics
i
Dry Air yield highest ROP good
hole
s
costly cleaning
cant handle W O
producing
formation
i

mechanically unstable
wellbore
ii Foam
c aatepi.etas.in 9fstsanIisnufaIion
Zones
p can'tsealed
economically
be 1 suppress dust

combat small
water inflow
iii Chisti water air remove sticky
4YneYgrwaeutefsand
t.YY.efgomaucmiinng.woaete.su

can't handle unstable wellbore

 Clearwater freshwater seawater
Liquid 17 oil based

Synthetic based inhibited mud

Clearwater water as the continuous phase

WBM Adv L most economical longer bit
life
High RoPs 7 less loss circulation

Limitations adbifffyehole

Increase in DP due to friction

may cause Clay swelling

invert emulsion
oil based pseudo oil
haisse thweafemtiinsuYI.gg

GBM full oil

used high T C 2,000 F
When
deep 16,000ft wells
salt lunconsolidated formation
soft shale
Adv able to withstand high T up to 500 F
more inhibitive
effective against corrosion
superior lubricating characteristics

Limitations
more
costly reduce effectiveness
of logging tools
more
polluting
difficult detection
of gas kick
soluble in oil

D f Properties
 a.k.a mud weight Cnw
Mud Density in
ppg
lbs per gallon or lbs1ft or psilft or SG
ideal I 5 G waterdensity minimise
8 ppg
33 fracturing
but
usually not enough to contain Pq
on field
mud balance is used to
determinethe MW
supportweight
B y from A
7 c supportweight
tressure due to V from A B
overburden D V supportweigh
as depth
increase
47 from AB.c
conversionfactor
Palso increases 0.8520MW
Priya D
s
pts ppg d t
depth ft
the pressure exerted by the d F in the 1
column of mud is deemed as the mud hydrostatic
pressure
MW control i solid removals Shale shaken
descender
due
7 to overburden
desitter

ECD equivalent circulating density

for small holes APf can cause If MW
4998 inannulus
y
thus ECD defines the actual MW during the
Mudcirculation in the hole
v 7 annulus
ECD MW Pf friction loss psi
1 Fo52D
atsurface depth
ppg
 Mud Rheology Study of the deformation of fluids

I r l Shear stress I F force to

A deform the

Jv
fluid
Shear rate 8 de dy
T dir
dy
Luz change in velocity of a
fluid moving along the
x axis

d F can be classified into 2

i Newtonian i shear rate shear stress
its flow behaviour can fully
be described by the
Newtonian Viscosity M
ex water light oil
cp
1
T he
f s

L dyne1cm2 4.79Ibsf00ft

ii Non newtonian viscous property r

complex

require approximation using

i Bingham's model ii Power Law

T Ty 1 Mof E
kg

Measurement i using Marsh Funnel field

of Viscosity
s
gives indication of
1 viscosity not true value
Me nectar 25
L gloms recorded in
effective
seconds of a quart
viscosity Cp
11 Using Viscosimeter
Plastic Viscosity Mp flow resistance which
is caused
affected by interaction by
between
Size concentration shape psa due 9 4f
of solids

flocculants
or def to cut
I
solid
Contaminants
particles
liq particles
Procedure

Set rotor speed 600rpm

Mapp 300 N torque
record reading after stabilized µ reading
RPM N
repeat for 500,200,100,6 b g rpm
rotor speed
if shear rate shear stress
calculate
A PV D600 D300
Yield
Point D500 PV lb 1100ft2
XP

elastic limit
once exceeded
deformation is permanent
properties of the mudduring static condition
Get Strength
force pressure required to initiate flow after the d F
has beenstatic for some time
how wellsolidsr able to be suspended Procedure
in the mud after initial operation

if
n
remaleitnethesfaific
for operate rotor at srpm
bad suspension
10s or 10min b
take note
of deflection
Alkalinity important in
controlling calcium
L high pH good for drilling in
Min 9.5 Should be carbonates
maintained to prevent
Oz corrosion of d P casing tend to erode c
etc n dissolution
occur
in acidic conditions
Other properties Solid content it too high ft ROP b bit life
controls the MW
Fluid Loss abilit to form controlled filter cake
of sidewalls of borehole
I
Tested using filter press
Chloride salt contamination from formation
content
Electrical mud resistivity effects
properties formation evaluation
calculation
1
R ya Temp
inversely proportional to
salt concentration