A PROJECT

ON

MEDICO –LEGAL ASPECT OF SEMEN EXAMINATION

[Submitted as a partial fulfilment of B.A.L.L.B(hons) 5 year integrated course]

Session:2019

Submitted on: AUGUST 30,2019

Submitted by: Submitted

to:

Ravi prakash arya Dr. GIRISH MATHUR

Roll no.45 faculty

Sem 5th sec A

 CERTIFICATE

DR.GIRISH MATHUR DATE: 30/08/2019

Faculty
University Five Year Law College
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur.

This is to certify that Mr ravi prakash arya student of semester V, sec. A has carried out
project titled MEDICO –LEGAL ASPECT OF SEMEN EXAMINATION under my
supervision. It is an investigation report of a minor research project. The student has
completed research work in stipulated time and according to the norms prescribed for
the purpose.
 DECLARATION

I, RAVI PRAKASH ARYA, hereby declare that this project titled “MEDICO –LEGAL
ASPECT OF SEMEN EXAMINATION” is based on the original research work carried
out by me under the guidance and supervision of DR. GIRISH MATHUR. The
interpretations put forth are based on my reading and understanding of the original
texts. The books, articles and websites etc. which have been relied upon by me have
been duly acknowledged at the respective places in the text.

For the present project which I am submitting to the University, no degree or

diploma has been conferred on me before, either in this or in any other university.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher DR. GIRISH

MATHUR as well as our Director DR.SANJULA THANVI who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic“MEDICO –LEGAL ASPECT OF
SEMEN EXAMINATION” , which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came
to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my friends and college library teachers for
assisting me who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

RAVI PRAKASH ARYA

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl. No. PARTICULARS PAGE No.

1 Declaration 02

2 Acknowledgement 03
3 Abstract 05-06
4 Introduction and Statement of problem 07
5 Chapter 1: Introduction to writer (Ernest Hemingway) 08
6 Chapter 2: Main characters in the novel 09-10
7 Chapter 3: Summary of the Novel 11-13
8 Chapter 4: Critical review 14
9 Chapter 5: list of other works by the Author 15
10  Conclusion 16-17
 Bibliography

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
 Semen is a human body fluid, stains of which are often involved in sexual
offences like rape, sodomy, bestiality and indecent assault on women. Seminal stains are
next in importance to bloodstains, (which are also often found simultaneously present on
personal garments and fabrics) from the point of view of involvement, probative value
and their laboratory examination. The presence of bloodstains with or sexual offences.
Stains of menstrual blood and vaginal fluid, which may occur in some peculiar contexts
on personal clothes of an accused, are at least as important as seminal stains in respect of
an accused, are at least as important as seminal stains in respect of their evidential value.

Semen is a viscid mucilaginous fluid with a faint yellow colour and a

characteristic odour. The average volume of the human ejaculate or the whole semen is
about 3 ml. It is a suspension of a single type of cell known as spermatozoa in a complex
medium called the seminal plasma.

Spermatozoa are produced in the testis through the process of spermatogenesis,

consisting of successive stage of formation of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes,
secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. Spermatozoa formed in the testis undergo
ripening in the epididymis and get ready to be thrown out in the ejaculate. Each of typical
mature spermatoza possesses morphology consisting mainly of the sperm head; the
middle place and the tail, which is also called the flagellum. The morphology of the
spermatozoa is found to be different even among closely related species in terms of form,
size and structure and hence is useful for forensic identification of the species-origin of
semen in stains. The nucleus, which occupies a major portion of the sperm head, has a
large amount of chromatin consisting of deoxyribonuceloproteins. The sperm head has its
anterior part conversed by what is called acrosome, while the posterior part is covered by
a cytoplasmic sheath. The seminal plasma, which constitutes a large portion of the human
semen, is a mixture of secretions derived from the male accessory reproductive organs
like the epididymis, vasa dementia, ampullae, seminal vesicles, the prostate and the
bulbourethral and urethral glands. A large proportion of the seminal plasma is contributed
by the prostate and the seminal vesicles.
DNA fringerprinting is an advance technique ue to solve crimes like gange rape even
blood grouping help to solve rape cases. As the number of rape cases are increasing day
by day there is need of deduction of sperm and semen even if present in small quantity no
matter how old the stains are. We have to detect these stains precisely for the detection of
sperm are the most reliable maker for investigation in cases of rape sodomy, bestiality,
sexual murder etc. Various method applied for detection with special emphasis on the
current chemical test with accurate procedure for performing these test.

CHAPTER 2
EXAMINATION OF PRESENCE OF SEMEN IN MEDICO –LEGAL CASES

This includes examination of material obtained from vagina, stains from clothing, skin,
hair, or other body parts for semen. This is carried out in cases of alleged rape or sexual
assault.

2.1 Collection of Sample

Vagina: Direct aspiration or saline lavage

Clothing: When scanned with ultraviolet light, semen produces green white
fluorescence. A small piece (1 m2) of clothing from stained portion is soaked in 1-2 ml of
physiologic saline for 1 hour. A similar piece of clothing distant from the stain is also
soaked in saline as a control.

A. Blood

Rape is a violent crime where the victim and her assailant often engage in a physical
struggle. As a result, it is not uncommon for blood, either that of the victim or assailant
or both, to be present at the rape scene. Although it is currently impossible to say that a
blood sample came from a certain person, it is possible, through blood typing, to state
that the sample did not come from a certain person, or that it possibly could have come
from that person. Two methods, one traditional and one novel, can be used t

B. Semen Typing

Sometimes the blood type of an assailant in a rape can be deter- mined by examining his
semen. "An inherited trait of about 80%of the population is the ability to secrete a
substance in body fluids other than blood which identifies the blood type. These people
are referred to as 'secretors'." This testing, however, is not completely reliable. In
addition, as is the case with blood typing, semen typing can only show that the semen
did not come from a certain person, or that it may have come from that person.o type
blood.

C. Saliva

Secretor evidence can also be used to identify and type saliva stains. Although this type
of evidence may be rare in cases of rape, it should not be disregarded because there is
the possibility that "a cigarette or handkerchief left behind at a crime scene may have
saliva stains present. The identification of saliva can take place through one of four
techniques: starch-iodine assay, insoluble starch-dye complex, soluble amylopectin-dye
complex, and the use of filter paper with blue starch fragments.

D. Hair

Hair examinations are often used in cases of rape. An examination of hair samples can
be used to determine a number of things whether the sample is actually hair, whether
the hair is human or animal,s0 the sex of the hair source,8l the race of the hair source,

the region of the body the hair sample came from,s3 and whether the hair was from an
adult or a child.

E. Fingerprints

The use of fingerprint evidence in criminal cases is quite familiar to the legal profession
as well as the general public. In rape cases, investigators should be aware that
fingerprints can be obtained from human skin. Six techniques have been developed

whereby fingerprints may be obtained.

F. Visual Examination

Choice of area from personal underwear and outer garment of accused and victim
bedsheet, carpet, clothes, towels and pilow cover is done with a view to carry out there
subsequent chemical exemination.
2.2 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION

1. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION FOR SPERMS

Presence of motile sperms in vaginal fluid indicates interval of < 8 hours. Smears prepared from
collected samples are stained and examined for the presence of sperms.

2. ACID PHOSPHATASE

Acid phosphatase is determined on vaginal or clothing samples. Due to the high level of acid
phosphatase in semen, its presence indicates recent sexual intercourse. Level of ≥50 U/sample is
considered as positive evidence of semen.

3. DETERMINATION OF BLOOD GROUP SUBSTANCES

When semen is positively identified in vaginal fluid or other sample, test can be carried out for
the presence of blood group substances in the same sample. The ‘secretor’ individuals (80%
individuals are secretors) will secrete the blood group substances in body fluids, including
semen.

4. FLORENCE TEST

This test detects the presence of choline found in high concentration in semen. To several drops
of sample, add equal volume of reagent (iodine 2.54 g, potassium iodide 1.65 g, distilled water
30 ml); in positive test rhombic or needle-like crystals of periodide of choline form. False-positive
tests can occur due to high choline content of some other body fluids.
 CONCLUSION

Sexual violence is a tragedy, a serious human right violation and a significant problem.
The biggest threat is not from the strangers but from the known persons and friends.
There is a need for early reporting of these cases and early medical examination along
with proper collection of Forensic evidence. Medical faculty should follow the protocol
for examination and collection of evidence. There is a need for research on every aspect
of the sexual assault. Semen play a key role to decide which involve in sexual offences
like rape, sodomy, bestiality and indecent assault on women. Sexual offences are the
most heinous crimes against women. During examination of an accused of alleged sexual
assault preservation of evidences is an important task.