THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM
GRADE 8
SIR AARON RAFAEL RANOIS F. SAN JOSE
 QUESTION

WHAT HAPPENS TO
THE FOOD ONCE
DIGESTED?
QUESTION

HOW LONG
DOES IT TAKE
TO DIGEST
FOOD?
THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS

1. Ingestion of food
2. Breakdown of food for cell absorption
3. Eliminating undigested
materials
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

It is composed of
different organs
cooperating for food
digestion.
TYPES OF DIGESTIVE ORGANS

1. Accessory organs – assist in food

digestion. (salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas)
2. Alimentary canal – contains organs where
food passes through (mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small and large
intestines, rectum, anus)
QUESTION

WHERE DOES
DIGESTION BEGIN?
 A. THE ORAL CAVITY

Ingestion is the process from

which the body take in the food through
the mouth for digestion, absorption and
elimination.
A. THE ORAL CAVITY

The mouth or oral cavity is the first

portion of the digestive tract or
alimentary canal.
TYPES OF DIGESTION

1. Chemical – involves the action of

enzymes and other chemical
substances in the body
2. Mechanical – involves the cutting,
crushing or grinding of food using the
teeth (mastication)
EXTERNAL TOOTH DIVISION

1. Crown
2. Neck
3. Root
INTERNAL TOOTH DIVISION

1. Enamel
2. Dentin
3. Pulp
4. Cementum
FOUR TYPES OF HUMAN TEETH

1. Incisors (8 in adult)
2. Cuspids (Canines)
3. Bicuspids (Premolars) (8 in adult)
4. Molars (12 in adult)
Third molars (wisdom)
FOUR TYPES OF HUMAN TEETH
WISDOM TEETH
THE PROCESS

Initial chemical digestion depends on an

accessory organ – the salivary gland.
Chemical digestion involves enzymatic
action, which is accomplished through
the saliva.
SALIVARY GLANDS

1. Parotid gland – lies in front of ear; empties saliva

near the second upper molar
2. Sublingual gland – lies under the floor of the
mouth; empties saliva by numerous sublingual
ducts
3. Submandibular gland – lies deep in the mouth;
empties saliva on either side of the lingual
frenulum (small fold under the tongue)
SALIVARY GLANDS
 B. PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS

The bolus is the end product

of the food that has been
chewed, partially digested,
and lubricated by the saliva.
QUESTION

HOW COME THE FOOD

ENTER THE ESOPHAGUS
AND DOES NOT GO THE
OTHER WAY? (RESPIRATORY
TRACT)
 B. PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS

A flap called epiglottis

closes the air openings
when food is
swallowed. It prevents
the bolus from
entering the trachea
and ensures food
enters the esophagus.
C. THE STOMACH

The bolus passes through the stomach after

leaving the esophagus. The stomach is a
highly muscularized J-shaped sac that stores
food and continues the digestion.
C. THE STOMACH

The environment is highly acidic.

1. Chief cells – release pepsinogen (form
pepsin once in contact with acid)
2. Goblet cells – produces mucus that lines
up the cells
C. THE STOMACH

Bolus

Chyme
C. THE STOMACH

 Sphincters– prevent the stomach from

leaking out gastric juices
Cardiac sphincter – near esophagus
Pyloric sphincter – near s. intestine
 D. THE SMALL INTESTINE

The longest part of

digestive tract.
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
D. THE SMALL INTESTINE

The completion of chemical digestion

depends on three accessory organs –
ENDliver
pancreas, OFandFOOD
gallbladder.
DIGESTION!
 Enzyme Digestive organ Function
Breaks down starches
Salivary amylase Mouth
C. THE SMALL INTESTINE into simpler sugars

Pepsin Stomach Breaks down proteins

Maltase, lactase, Breaks down sugars

sucrose into simpler molecules
Small intestine
Breaks down proteins
Peptidase
into amino acids
Trypsin and Continue proteins
chymotrypsin breakdown
Small intestine,
Continue starches
Amylase pancreas
breakdown
Lipase Breaks down fats
D. THE SMALL INTESTINE

Bolus

SEGMENTATION
Chyme

Chyle
D. THE SMALL INTESTINE

The final products are – amino acids,

monosaccharides, fatty acids and glycerol
E. THE LARGE INTESTINE

The site where undigested materials are

transported and water absorption happens.
F. RECTUM

The site of feces formation and temporary

storage of undigested food.
G. ANUS

The site where feces are expelled out of the

body.
SOME COMMON DIGESTIVE DISORDERS

1. Dental caries – tooth decay or cavity.

Characterized by demineralization and
destruction of the different tooth layers
(enamel, dentin, cementum).
SOME COMMON DIGESTIVE DISORDERS

2. Heartburn – characterized by burning

sensation in chest. It is caused by the reflux of
acid from the stomach back to esophagus.
SOME COMMON DIGESTIVE DISORDERS

3. Gastric ulcer (stomach ulcer) – caused by H.

pylori. The caustic effects of acid and pepsin
reach the walls of the stomach and cause
lesions.
SOME COMMON DIGESTIVE DISORDERS

4. Appendicitis – inflammation of appendicitis.

The result of obstruction of the inside space of
appendix. The appendix then accumulates
mucus and swells.
 SOME COMMON DIGESTIVE DISORDERS

5. Diarrhea –
characterized by having
three or more loose liquid
bowel movements per
day.