Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life.

Interphase,
however is the longest stage of mitosis. During interphase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation
for mitosis.[1] Interphase is the 'daily living' or metabolic phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains
nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, reads its DNA, and conducts other "normal" cell
functions.[1] This phase was formerly called the resting phase. However, interphase does not
describe a cell that is merely resting; rather, the cell is living and preparing for later cell division, so
the name was changed. A common misconception is that interphase is the first stage of mitosis, but
since mitosis is the division of the nucleus, prophase is actually the first stage.[2]
In interphase, the cell gets itself ready for mitosis or meiosis. Somatic cells, or normal diploid cells of
the body, go through mitosis in order to reproduce themselves through cell division, whereas
diploid germ cells (i.e., primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes) go through meiosis in order to
create haploid gametes (i.e., sperm and ova) for the purpose of sexual reproduction.

Contents

 1Stages of interphase
 2Interphase within sequences of cellular processes
o 2.1Interphase and the cell cycle
o 2.2Interphase and other cellular processes
 3See also
 4References

Stages of interphase[edit]
There are three stages of cellular interphase, with each phase ending when a cellular
checkpoint checks the accuracy of the stage's completion before proceeding to the next. The stages
of interphase are:

 G1 (Gap 1), in which the cell grows and functions normally. During
this time, a high amount of protein synthesis occurs and the cell
grows (to about double its original size) – more organelles are
produced and the volume of the cytoplasm increases. If the cell is
not to divide again, it will enter G0.[3]
 Synthesis (S), in which the cell synthesizes its DNA and the
chromosome number is doubled (via semiconservative replication).
 G2 (Gap 2), in which the cell resumes its growth in preparation for
division. The mitochondria divide and the cell continues to grow until
mitosis begins. In plants, chloroplasts also divide during G2.
 In addition, some cells that do not divide often or ever, enter a stage
called G0 (Gap zero), which is either a stage separate from
interphase or an extended G1.
The duration of time spent in interphase and in each stage of interphase is variable and depends on
both the type of cell and the species of organism it belongs to. Most cells of adult mammals spend
about 24 hours in interphase; this accounts for about 90%-96% of the total time involved in cell
division.[4] Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis and cytokinesis, however, are
separate from interphase.
DNA double-strand breaks can be repaired during interphase by two principal processes.[5] The first
process, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), can join the two broken ends of DNA in
the G1, S and G2 phases of interphase. The second process, homologous recombinational repair
(HRR), is more accurate than NHEJ in repairing double-strand breaks. However HRR is only active
during the S and G2 phases of interphase when DNA replication is either partially accomplished or
after it is completed, since HRR requires two adjacent homologous chromosomes.

Interphase within sequences of cellular processes[edit]

Interphase and the cell cycle[edit]
When G2 is completed, the cell enters a relatively brief period of nuclear and cellular division,
composed of mitosis and cytokinesis, respectively. After the successful completion of mitosis and
cytokinesis, both resulting daughter cells re-enter G1 of interphase.
In the cell cycle, interphase is preceded by telophase and cytokinesis of the M phase. In alternative
fashion, interphase is sometimes interrupted by G0 phase, which, in some circumstances, may then
end and be followed by the remaining stages of interphase. After the successful completion of
the G2 checkpoint, the final checkpoint in interphase, the cell proceeds to prophase, or in plants
to preprophase, which is the first stage of mitosis.
G0 phase is viewed as either an extended G1 phase where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to
divide and or as a distinct quiescent stage which occurs outside of the cell cycle.[6]
Interphase and other cellular processes[edit]
In gamete production interphase is succeeded by meiosis. In programmed cell death, interphase is
followed or preempted by apoptosis.

See also[edit]
 Prophase
 Prometaphase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase

References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b Marieb E (2000). Essentials of human anatomy and
physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-
0805349405.
2. ^ "The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial". The Biology Project – Cell
Biology. University of Arizona.
3. ^ Cummings MR (2014). Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (10th
ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. pp. 28–29.
4. ^ Mader SS (2007). Biology (9th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: McGraw Hill
Higher Education. ISBN 978-0-07-325839-3.
5. ^ Shibata A. Regulation of repair pathway choice at two-ended DNA
double-strand breaks. Mutat Res. 2017 Oct;803-805:51-55. doi:
10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.07.011. Epub 2017 Jul 29. Review. PMID:
28781144
6. ^ Cram E. "Re: Are the cells in the G0 (g zero) phase of mitosis really
suspended?". MadScience Network. Molecular and Cellular Biology,
University of California, Berkeley. 1999.
 hide

Cell cycle proteins

, A2)

, B2, B3)

, D2, D3)

E2)

activating kinase

a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19)

p (p21, p27, p57)

ar apoptosis susceptibility protein

ation promoting factor

(CUL7)
  G1 phase

Interphase S phase

 G2 phase

 Mitosis (Preprophase

 Prophase

 Prometaphase

M phase Metaphase

 Anaphase

 Telophase)

 Cytokinesis

 Restriction point
Cell cycle
 Spindle checkpoint
checkpoints
 Postreplication checkpoint

 Apoptosis
Other cellular
 G0 phase
phases
 Meiosis

Categories:
 Mitosis
 Cell biology
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