2.

1 MATTER
Particulate Nature of Matter
1. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

Particle Theory of Matter: Matter is made up of a large number

of tiny and discrete particles.

Types of Particles

1. Particles can exist as atoms, molecules or ions.

2. Atom is the smallest, indivisible particle of an element.
3. Molecules are particles that made up of two or more atoms.
4. Ions are particles that carry charge.
a. Positive ion – Cation
b. Negative ion – Anion
What is Diffusion?
1. Diffusion is a process of spreading of a substance from a region of high
concentration to a region of low concentration.
2. It occurs when the particles of the substance move through the space
between the particles of another substance.
3. Figure below shows how the bromine particles diffuse into the air.

4. Diffusion occurs in solid, liquid and gas.

5. The rate of diffusion is highest in gas and lowest in solid.
6. Diffusion is the proof of the particle theory of matter.

MUST KNOW!
 The rate of diffusion is highest in gas and lowest in solid.
 Diffusion is the proof of the particle theory of matter.
Diffusion in Solid

Diffusion in Solid
Observation
The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate fills up the entire test tube after a few
days
 Copper(II) sulphate crystals are made of copper(II) ions and sulphate ions
which are tiny and discrete.
 The particles in the copper(II) sulphate crystal will separate to become ions
and diffuse randomly upwards until the whole agar turns blue.
Diffusion in Liquid

(Diffusion in Liquid)

Observation
The purple colour of potassium manganate(VII) fills up the entire test tube
after a few hours
 Diffusion has taken place in the liquid.
 The rate of diffusion of the particles in water is faster than the diffusion rate
of particles in solid.
 The occurrence of diffusion proves that potassium permanganate(VII)
consist of tiny and discrete particles.
Diffusion in Gas

(Diffusion in Gas)

Observation
The brown colour bromine vapour spreads evenly throughout the gas jar in a
few minutes
 Bromine vapour is made of tiny and discrete molecules that move randomly
to fill up space.
 Bromine vapour moves randomly and diffuses in all directions in air from
areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
Conclusion : The rate of diffusion is highest in gas and lowest in
solid.

Brownian Motion

1. Brownian motion is the physical phenomenon that tiny particles immersed

in a fluid move about randomly.
2. A fluid can be a liquid or a gas.
3. Brownian movement, an example of diffusion, supports the kinetic theory of
matter.
4. Examples of Brownian movement are
1. movement of smoke particles in air
2. movement of pollen grains in water
Symbol of Elements
A symbol of element is the chemical symbol written in short form to represent
a particular element. Some elements are represented by the first letter of its
name.
Examples:

Element Symbol

Fluorine F

Hydrogen H

Iodine I

Nitrogen N

Oxygen O

Phosphorus P

Sulphur S

Carbon C

Vanadium V

If there are two or more elements that have mane start with the same alphabet
letter, a second letter is added to differentiate between these
elements. The second letter used is always lowercase.
Examples:
Elements Symbol

Bromine Br
 Calcium Ca

Chlorine Cl

Chromium Cr

Magnesium Mg

Manganese Mn

Neon Ne

Nickel Ni

Silicon Si

Helium He

Argon Ar

Aluminium Al

Zinc Zn

Platinum Pt

Some elements are represented by their Latin names.

Example:
Elements Latin Name Symbol

Copper Cuprum Cu
 Iron Ferrum Fe

Lead Plumbum Pb

Mercury Hydrargyrum Hg

Potassium Kalium K

Silver Argentum Ag

Sodium Natrium Na

Tin Stannum Sn

(Notes: You MUST Memorise the symbol for all these 31 elements)
Element and Compounds
Matter can be divided into elements and compounds.

Elements

1. An element is a substance that consists of only one type of atom.

2. Element can be either atoms or molecules.
Example:

(Both the iron and oxygen are element because they consist of only one type
of atoms)

Compounds

1. A compound is a substance composed of molecules made up of atoms of

two or more elements.
2. A compound is made up of either molecules or ions.
Example:

(Both the sodium chloride and carbon dioxide are compound because they
consist of more than one type of atoms)