RESEARCH DESIGN

By:Prof. P.K.Shah
 T YPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Research Design

Exploratory Research Design Conclusive Research Design

Descriptive Research Causal Research

Cross-Sectional Design Longitudinal Design

Single Cross-Sectional Design By:Prof. P.K.Shah

Multiple Cross-Sectional Design
 T YPES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS

 Exploratory research designs: are the simplest, most

flexible and most loosely structured designs. As the name
suggests, the basic objective of the study is to explore and
obtain clarity on the problem situation.

 Descriptive research designs: are more structured and formal

in nature. As the name implies the objective of these studies
is to provide a comprehensive and detailed explanation of
the phenomena under study.

By:Prof. P.K.Shah
 EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN

 Exploratory research design – It is flexible in its approach and

involves a qualitative investigation and most loosely
structured

 The main aim of exploratory research is to explore and obtain

clarity about the problem situation

 It mostly involves a qualitative investigation

By:Prof. P.K.Shah
 EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN

It is used to
 Define and conceptualize the research problem to be
investigated
 Explore and evaluate the diverse and multiple research
opportunities
 Assist in the development and formulation of the research
hypothesis
 Operationalize and define the variables under study
 Identify the possible nature of relationship that might exist
between the variables under study

By:Prof. P.K.Shah
 EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN
TECHNIQUES/METHODS

 Secondar y resource analysis: Secondary sources of data

give information –in terms of details of previously collected
findings in facts and figures – which has been
authenticated and published.

 Case method: it is intricately designed and reveals a

comprehensive and complete presentation of facts, as they
occur, in a single entity. This could be an individual, an
organisation or an entire country.

By:Prof. P.K.Shah
 EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN
TECHNIQUES/METHODS

 Expert opinion survey: valuable insights obtained from

experts which might be based on their experience in the
field or based on academic work done on the concept.

 Focus group discussions: a carefully selected representative

sub set of the larger respondent gather to discuss together,
in a short time frame, the subject/topic to be investigated.

 Projective techniques :
word association
image association
Sentence completion

By:Prof. P.K.Shah
 CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH

 It tests and authenticate the propositions revealed by

exploratory research. It is a quantitative research
 In comparison to exploratory research , these studies are
more structured and definite

By:Prof. P.K.Shah
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

 It provides a comprehensive and detailed explanation of the

phenomena under study
 It is conducted to describe business or market characteristics
 Descriptive researches are mainly used in segmenting and
targeting the market, to understand consumers perception
about any product or services, to understand the impact of
marketing ef forts on sales etc

By:Prof. P.K.Shah
 CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES

 Cross sectional research design involves the collection of

information from a sample of a population at any one point of
time i.e. only once
 Its applicability is most relevant for a specific period

By:Prof. P.K.Shah
 CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN

 Single cross sectional design- It is a cross sectional design in

which one sample of respondents is drawn from the target
population and information is obtained from this sample once

 Multiple cross sectional design- A cross sectional design in

which there are two or more samples of respondents and
information from each sample is obtained once

By:Prof. P.K.Shah
 LONGITUDINAL STUDY

 Longitudinal study involves measurement of the same

population over a period of time
 A single sample of the identified population is studied over a
stretched period of time and often referred to as time series
analysis
 The study involves the selection of a representative panel or a
group of individuals that typically represents the population
under study
 It involves the repeated measurement of the group over fixed
intervals of time
 Once the sample is selected, it needs to stay constant over
the period of the study

By:Prof. P.K.Shah
 TECHNIQUES OF DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Structured interviews of large numbers*
 Observations with structured observation sheet
 Survey is the best method to get quantitative judgment

By:Prof. P.K.Shah