Cybersecurity Addressing Cyberspace Primed

Technology Disruptions in the Philippines: A

Policy Paper
[1]
Samuel Isaac B. Teruel, [2]Ronnie S. Concepcion II, [3]Lorena C. Ilagan
[1]
University of Perpetual Help System DALTA, Las Piñas City, Philippines, [2]De La Salle University,
Manila, Philippines, [3]University of Perpetual Help System DALTA, Las Piñas City, Philippines
[1]
smcore25@gmail.com, [2]ronnie_concepcionii@dlsu.edu.ph, [3]lorena.ilagan@perpetualdalta.edu.ph

Abstract— Internet has become a space for state communication, utilized for control projection of a fundamental structure. This area
has become unstable between nations as a result of its potential for undercover work and disruption. Cybersecurity keeps on being a
strategy issue and the government implementing R.A. 10175 known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, the assurance of a digital
upset influences different states to make a guideline avoiding cybersquatting, cybersex, fraud, illegal access to data and libel. This paper
contends the Government of the Philippines ought to consider cybersecurity as an approach need due to three reasons: According to NBI
Cybercrime Division, cybercrime has a financial outcome economically having IP theft makes up at 25% of cybercrime costs and
compromising military technology. Department of Information and Communications Technology expresses that the IP theft and loss of
opportunity are two areas of cybercrime hard to monitor influencing small companies, consequences of digital security that will be
exposed to the infringement of Cybercrime Law and the aftereffects of conflict in the region academically and politically as far as identity
and data theft is concerned. Rest of the paper presents focal ideas improving SAFE, an approach for guardians to make mobile
technology child-safe, extra highlights on mobile smartphones are incorporated that channels content not appropriate for children, the
study looks at specific segments that could affect the headway of cybersecurity, adapts the present program for digital security, offers few
suggestions, concentrating on incorporating cybersecurity inside national security arrangement.

Index Terms— cybercrime, cybersecurity, cyberspace, primed technology disruptions, policy

potential enhancements for the improvement of

I. INTRODUCTION
A center idea in the lead of digital security activities is the
hostile and cautious abilities of a state or its Computer
Network Operations (CNO). These tasks are partitioned into
three kinds of capacities: Computer Network Attack (CNA),
Computer Network Defense (CND), and Computer Network
Exploitation (CNE). CNA is a hostile activity and is
characterized as the ability to utilize computers to upset,
deny, corrupt, or destroy data in enemies' computers and data
frameworks. CND, then again, includes the insurance of a
state's computer systems having the capacity to identify,
break down, and alleviate dangers and vulnerabilities, and
out move enemies. CNE is an undercover work activity and is
the capacity to gather knowledge utilizing computer systems
to assemble information about enemies [1-3]. These
capacities give a general thought of what states can do in the
internet, in spite of the fact that note that the particular
operational instrument engaged with executing digital
assaults are weapons conveyed through a computer. A digital
weapon, in this sense, is a computer code that is utilized or is
intended to be utilized with the target of compromising or
making harm to objects, networks, or living creatures [4-7].
The fundamental target of this study is to research the flow
adjustment and structure of Cybersecurity in the Philippines.
In particular, the investigation aims to: (1) review the digital
weapons regularly utilized in compromising Cybersecurity in
the Philippines; (2) review the applications and the
adjustment of the Philippine government in building up a
strategy with respect to Cybersecurity; and (3) suggest
Cybersecurity to the Philippines.
II. TRENDS IN CYBERSECURITY
Digital weapons can come in various structures, extending
from nonexclusive devices that cause disturbances to top of
the line devices that can cut down a state's basic framework.
Below are some of the primary sorts of digital weapons just
as their fundamental definitions are defined.
A. Structure Query Language (SQL) Injection
A strategy that exploits poor secure-application coding
practices to mutilate or destroy sites
B. Distributed Denial of Service Attacks (DDoS)
A strategy that includes flooding web destinations, servers,
or routers with demands for information for the webpage to
react to or process
C. Intrusion
A strategy that include embedding of malicious
programming, for example, Trojans or Trapdoors to duplicate
programs or sites with the target of destroying of files,
transmitting private information, and opening a secondary
passage for hacking.
D. Infiltration
Strategies that embroil the utilization of vindictive
programming to infiltrate explicit objective systems and
power computers to attempt unapproved undertakings. There
are five significant methodologies of infiltration: Logo
Bombs, Viruses, Worms, Packet Sniffers, and Keylogging

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 E. Advanced Persistent Threats (APT)
Strategies that contain distinctive hacking exercises, for
example, SQL injections, DDoS, interruptions, and
invasions. APTs are not the same from different strategies
since they are tweaked and move all the more cautiously to
avoid detection
Relatively a combination of these methods results to some
of the common cybercrime acts committed by offenders. The
commonly known cybercrime offenses as per Republic Act
(RA) 10175 also known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of
2012 in the Philippines are cybersquatting, cybersex, fraud,
illegal access to data, and libel. The National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI) Anti-Cybercrime Division states that
cybercrime has a financial outcome economically having IP
theft makes up at 25% of cybercrime costs and compromising
military technology. Department of Information and
Communications Technology (DICT) expresses that the IP
theft and loss of opportunity are two areas of cybercrime hard
to monitor influencing small companies, consequences of
digital security that will be exposed to the infringement of
Cybercrime Law and the aftereffects of conflict in the region
academically and politically as far as identity and data theft is
concerned [8-12].
Another crucial idea is the projection of intensity in the
internet or digital power. This paper considers digital power
as an expansion of legislative issues, which is, on a very basic
level, the legitimate designation of esteemed things [13-16].
Since control identifies with the distribution of capacities and
assets, our comprehension of digital issues is subject to how
ideas and on-screen characters are characterized and
surrounded. It is important to explain explicit ideas and
distinguish on-screen characters to evade perplexity and
distortion about state capacities and dangers in the internet.
The accompanying segment along these lines examines some
center ideas and on-screen characters in region of digital
examinations. Sections of this paper discuss common
cybercrime offenses and penalties, existing security measures
for cybercrime acts, and suggestions on improving
anti-cybercrime security measures in the Philippines.
III. APPLICATIONS OF CYBERSECURITY
One major concern in the cybersecurity of the Philippines
is that it is still prone to cyber-attacks. While this is still an
ongoing progress, a program from the department of justice is
introduced to add restrictions to access from the internet and
smartphone application for children, the Securing all Filipino
children from Exposure to harmful Online Contents (SAFE).
SAFE is a set of guidelines on how parents or guardians can
set any smartphones or devices to be child safe, by reducing
or limiting the access of children to contents of the internet
through the applications installed in their smartphones or
other devices [17]. Through this guideline, children are safe
and protected from harmful contents of the internet and it can
avoid them clicking any harmful or malicious sites that will
make them prone to cyberattacks. While this helps children
stay away from malicious and harmful sites, monitoring of
children’s internet activity is still not achieved because these
guidelines are applicable only to the settings of a smartphone
or any devices, not to the whole internet access. Children
might still find a way out of curiosity to access restricted
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websites.
IV. CYBERSECURITY ADOPTION
The Philippines sanctioned the first digital law Republic
Act (RA) 8792, also called the Electronic Commerce Act of
2000. RA 8792 accommodates the lawful acknowledgment
and acceptability of electronic information messages, records
and marks. The demonstration was marked into law on June
14, 2000 by President Joseph Estrada. The Act means to
encourage residential and global dealings, exchanges, game
plans understandings, agreements and trades and capacity of
data through the usage of electronic, optical and comparative
medium, mode, instrumentality and innovation to perceive
the validness and unwavering quality of electronic records
identified with such exercises and to advance the widespread
utilization of electronic exchange in the legislature and
overall population [18].
Followed by the Republic Act (RA) 9775, otherwise
known as the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009, an act
defining the crime of child pornography, prescribing
penalties therefore and for other purposes. The act was signed
into law on November 17, 2009 by President Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo [19].
A law amending the previous laws above which is
Republic Act (RA) 10175, otherwise known as the
Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 defining Cybercrime
providing for the prevention, investigation, suppression and
the imposition of penalties therefor and for other purposes.
The act was signed into law on September 12, 2012 by
President Benigno Aquino III. RA 10175 Sections 4 and 8
defines the 16 types of cybercrime covered in the law and the
corresponding penalties for each offense [20]:
A. Illegal Access
Unapproved access (without right) to a PC framework or
application. Detainment of 6 years and 1 day as long as 12
years or a fine of in any event P200,000 up to a greatest sum,
equivalent to the harm caused or both whenever submitted
against basic foundation: detainment for a long time and 1
day as long as 20 years or a fine of at any rate P500,000 up to
a most extreme sum.
B. Illegal Interception
Unapproved capture of any non-open transmission of PC
information to, from, or inside a PC framework. Detainment
of 6 years and 1 day as long as 12 years or a fine of at any rate
P200,000 up to a greatest sum, similar to the harm brought
about or both whenever submitted against basic framework:
detainment for a long time and 1 day as long as 20 years or a
fine of in any event P500,000 up to a most extreme sum.
C. Data Interference
Unapproved modification, harming, erasure or decay of PC
information, electronic archive, or electronic information
message, and including the presentation or transmission of
infections. Approved activity can likewise be secured by this
arrangement if the activity of the individual went past
concurred scope coming about to harms expressed in this
arrangement. Detainment of 6 years and 1 day as long as 12
years or a fine of in any event P200,000 up to a greatest sum,
similar to the harm brought about or both whenever
submitted against basic foundation: detainment for a long
time and 1 day as long as 20 years or a fine of in any event
P500,000 up to a most extreme sum.
D. System Interference
Unapproved upsetting or impedance with the working of a
PC or PC arrange by contributing, transmitting, harming,
erasing, falling apart, adjusting or smothering PC information
or program, electronic report, or electronic information
messages, and including the presentation or transmission of
infections. Approved activity can likewise be secured by this
arrangement if the activity of the individual went past
concurred scope coming about to harms expressed in this
arrangement.
E. Misuse of devices
The unapproved use, ownership, generation, deal,
acquirement, importation, dispersion, or generally making
accessible, of gadgets, PC program planned or adjusted to
submit any of the offenses expressed in Republic Act
10175.Unauthorized utilization of PC secret key, get to code,
or comparative information by which the entire or any piece
of a PC framework is fit for being gotten to with aim that it be
utilized to submit any of the offenses under Republic Act
10175. Detainment of 6 years and 1 day as long as 20 years or
a fine of in any event P200,000 up to P500,000.
F. Cyber-squatting
Securing of space name over the Internet in dishonesty to
benefit, deceive, crush notoriety, and deny others from the
enlisting the equivalent. This incorporates those current
trademarks at the hour of enrollment; names of people other
than the registrant; and gained with licensed innovation
interests in it. The individuals who get space names of
conspicuous brands and people which thusly is utilized to
harm their notoriety – can be sued under this arrangement.
Note that opportunity of articulation and encroachment on
trademarks or names of individual are normally treated
independently. A gathering can practice opportunity of
articulation without fundamentally abusing the trademarks of
a brand or names of people. Detainment of 6 years and 1 day
as long as 20 years or a fine of at any rate P200,000 up to
P500,000.
G. Computer-related Forgery
Unapproved info, change, or erasure of PC information
coming about to inauthentic information with the aim that it
be considered or followed up on for legitimate purposes as
though it were genuine, in any case whether the information
is straightforwardly lucid and comprehensible; or The
demonstration of intentionally utilizing PC information
which is the result of PC related imitation as characterized
here, to sustain a false or unscrupulous plan. Detainment of 6
years and 1 day as long as 12 years or a fine of in any event
P200,000 up to a greatest sum.
H. Computer-related Fraud
Unapproved info, change, or erasure of PC information or
program or impedance in the working of a PC framework,
causing harm subsequently with false purpose. Detainment of
6 years and 1 day as long as 12 years or a fine of at any rate
P200,000 up to a most extreme sum.
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I. Computer-related Identity Theft
Unapproved procurement, use, abuse, move, ownership,
modification or cancellation of distinguishing data having a
place with another, regardless of whether regular or juridical.
Detainment of 6 years and 1 day as long as 12 years or a fine
of in any event P200,000 up to a greatest sum.
J. Cybersex
Stiff-necked commitment, upkeep, control, or activity,
legitimately or in a roundabout way, of any prurient display
of sexual organs or sexual action, with the guide of a PC
framework, for support or thought. There is a discourse on
this issue on the off chance that it includes "couples" or
"individuals in relationship" who take part in cybersex. For as
long it isn't accomplished for support or thought, I don't
figure it will be secured. In any case, in the event that one
gathering (in a couple or relationship) sues professing to be
compelled to do cybersex, at that point it tends to be secured.
Detainment of 6 years and 1 day as long as 12 years or a fine
of at any rate P200,000 yet not surpassing One million pesos
P1,000,000.
K. Child Pornography
Unlawful or denied acts characterized and deserving of
Republic Act No. 9775 or the Anti-Child Pornography Act of
2009, submitted through a PC framework. Punishment to be
forced will be 1 degree higher than that accommodated in
Republic Act 9775, whenever submitted through a PC
framework. Punishment to be forced will be one degree
higher than that accommodated by the Revised Penal Code,
as altered, and uncommon laws, by and large.
L. Libel
Unlawful or precluded demonstrations of defamation as
characterized in Article 355 of the Revised Penal Code, as
altered submitted through a PC framework or whatever other
comparable methods which might be formulated later on.
Changed Penal Code Art. 355 states Libel implies by
compositions or comparable methods. A slander submitted
by methods for composing, printing, lithography, etching,
radio, phonograph, painting, showy display, cinematographic
presentation, or any comparable methods, will be rebuffed by
jail remedial in its base and medium periods or a fine running
from P200 to P6,000 notwithstanding the common activity
which might be brought by the annoyed party. The
Cybercrime Prevention Act reinforced criticism as far as
punishment arrangements. The electronic partner of
defamation has been perceived since the year 2000 when the
E-Commerce Law was passed. The E-Commerce Law
enabled every current law to perceive its electronic partner
whether business or not in nature.
M. Aiding or Abetting in the commission of cybercrime
Any individual who resolutely abets or helps in the
commission of any of the offenses identified in this Act will
be held at risk. Detainment of one degree lower than that of
the endorsed punishment for the offense or a fine of at any
rate P100,000 however not surpassing P500,000.
N. Attempt in the commission of cybercrime
Any individual who persistently endeavors to submit any
of the offenses listed in this Act will be held subject.
Detainment of one degree lower than that of the
recommended punishment for the offense or a fine of at any
rate P100,000 however not surpassing P500,000.
O. All crimes defined and penalized by the Revised Penal
Code
As revised, and extraordinary laws, whenever submitted
by, through and with the utilization of data and
correspondences advancements will be secured by the
pertinent arrangements of this Act. Punishment to be forced
will be one 1 degree higher than that accommodated by the
Revised Penal Code, as changed, and unique laws, all things
considered.
P. Corporate Liability
At the point when any of the culpable demonstrations in
this characterized are purposely dedicated in the interest of or
to support a juridical individual, by a characteristic individual
acting either independently or as a feature of an organ of the
juridical individual, who has a main situation inside, in view
of: An intensity of portrayal of the juridical individual gave
the demonstration submitted falls inside the extent of such
power; A position to take choices for the benefit of the
juridical individual. Given, That the demonstration submitted
falls inside the extent of such power; A position to practice
control inside the juridical individual, it likewise incorporates
commission of any of the culpable demonstrations made
conceivable because of the absence of supervision or control.
For authorized activities, juridical individual will be held at
risk for a fine proportional to in any event twofold the fines
imposable to a limit of P10,000,000. For disregard, for
example, abuse of PC assets that came about to cybercrime
carried out in association physical or virtual premises or
assets, juridical individual will be held at risk for a fine
proportional to at any rate twofold the fines imposable to a
limit of P5,000,000. Criminal risk may even now apply to the
characteristic individual.
V. IMPACTS OF CYBERSECURITY
A. Economy
An enormous estimated association in the Philippines can
bring about a financial loss of US $7.5 million, in excess of
multiple times the normal monetary misfortune for a medium
sized association cybersecurity assaults have prompted work
misfortunes of 72% in associations in the course of the most
recent year, cybersecurity concerns postpone Digital
Transformation plans. The potential financial misfortune in
the Philippines because of cybersecurity occurrences can hit
a stunning US $3.5 billion. This is 1.1% of the Philippines'
complete GDP of US $305 billion [21].
B. Industry
The Philippines keeps on confronting the test of viably
tending to the issue of unlawful digital movement and
cybercrime exploitation, a test it shares among creating
nations in South East Asia and in different pieces of the
world.
The use of innovation as it grows and creates in different
businesses and segments in the nation is required to
increment, because of the absence of fundamental protections
to counteract, and at times as a result of the absence of
4
comprehension on the dangers included with respect to its
abuse.
The topography of the Philippines and its present financial
conditions as it ceaselessly attempts to fortify political
steadiness and national security is an ideal condition wherein
various types of illegal digital exercises prosper. The
obscurity in the Internet, the legitimate and jurisdictional
issues associated with innovation encouraged violations, and
the tremendous injured individual and enlistment source and
draw of pain free income, inspires a culture of digital
guiltiness which may later prompt increasingly genuine
composed criminal underground. The danger of transnational
sorted out criminal gatherings working in the nation
represents a genuine worry as it influences the financial and
political dependability of the nation.
This circumstance, be that as it may, is gradually changing
as government and worldwide consideration is expanding
and the pace of cybercrime or digital assaults on industry and
on honest residents additionally starts to rise. Exploited
people or concerned residents are presently surfacing to
report cybercrime occurrences to the police [22].
C. Society
The Philippines, much the same as its ASEAN neighbors,
is consistently using innovation in pretty much every
segment in its general public and economy. The nation has an
expected populace of 103,775,002 starting at 2012. An
expected 31.33% or 33,600,000 of its 2011 populace utilize
the Internet. Starting at 2011, an expected 84.91% or
88,119,840 Filipinos are cell phone supporters while 25.77%
or 26,752,000 have dynamic person to person
communication profiles. Of the Internet clients in the nation,
75% utilize PCs while 25% utilize their cell phones to get to
the Internet, regardless of whether for individual or business
purposes. The normal age for Internet clients in the nation is
evaluated to be 23 years of age and beneath, and a large
portion of them go through around 21.5 hours of the week
perusing the Internet and 51% of Internet clients have
dynamic web-based life profiles. Starting at 2012, the
Philippines positioned sixth in the all-out number of Internet
clients in Asia and third on the planet in the quantity of
Facebook clients where 48% are male and 52% are female
[22].
VI. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Labor and Employment
The proponents recommend more manpower and
employment in developing cybersecurity in the Philippines,
since the majority of the government’s focus about
cybersecurity is the development and amendment of laws
punishing cybercrime offenders. The proponents also
suggest hiring people whom are professionals in the
cybernetwork field to gain and make more output in
developing anti-cybercrime measures and on how to prevent
offenders from committing cybercrime activities rather than
amending laws on penalizing these offenders.
B. Human Resource Development and Education
The proponents suggests on the development of the
manpower enough to educate people especially minors on the
harm of the internet and the danger of engaging or
encountering one cybercrime offender, in this way, not only it
will educate people on the danger of cybercrime to a user
especially children but it will avoid or lessen the most prone
victims to such attacks.
C. Government Policy and Laws
The Philippine government have already made several
amendments on the constitution of penalizing cybercrime
offenders but less measures on the technical basis on how to
prevent or detect cybercrime offenders more efficiently
[18-20]. The only popular program linked to cybercrime is
SAFE with a purpose of limiting a children’s access to
harmful content of the internet [17]. This program is still on
develop because it does not effectively avoid the danger of
cyberattacking to people especially children.
D. Research and Development and Innovation
The proponents suggest that further research should be
conducted in order to develop and innovate measures against
cybercrime. In line of that, manpower of people whom are
experts in field that connected to cybernetwork is essentially
needed, without the knowledge of these professionals,
anti-cybercrime programs will remain inferior and less
efficient against cybercrime offenders.
VII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This paper described the cybercrime offenses in the
Philippines, the measures to prevent the offenses and the
recommendations to improve cybersecurity in the
Philippines. Cybersecurity is a measure to prevent
cybercrime in a nation. The trend of cybersecurity is
continuously accelerating and is being employed to the
country but the maximum potential on what can be
implemented is not yet obtained. The recommendations
presented in this paper will help in maximizing the available
methods and resources of Philippines on improving
cybersecurity to avoid or detect cybercrime offenders.
The cybercrime countermeasures in the Philippines are
still on progress, the number of resources for anti-cybercrime
is limited. The government must lend more budget for the
improvement of anti-cybercrime division in the Philippines.
The program for adding restrictions to children’s use of
internet access by restricting some applications installed in
their smartphones or any devices must be modified. Internet
Service Providers must include an option for parents and
guardians for them to be able to control and add restrictions
to the sites that can be access to the whole internet at home so
that, the restrictions will not be limited to the applications
and the smartphones, computers, and other devices.
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