Module Title: Quantitative Research Methods & Individual Differences - 5PS509

Module Leader: Natalia Tzouma

Personality Traits in connection with alcohol consumption

Mouratidis Themistoklis

ID: 100500175

BSc (Hons) in Applied Psychology

9 January 2020

Thessaloniki

1
Table of contents
Checklist .................................................................................................................................... 2
Abstract...................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4
Method ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Design ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Participants ................................................................................................................................ 6
Materials.................................................................................................................................... 8
Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 9
Results ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 11
References ............................................................................................................................... 13
Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 15
Skewness and Kurtosis ............................................................................................................ 15
SPSS Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 16
Raw Data ................................................................................................................................. 35
English ethics ........................................................................................................................... 35
Extraversion Questionnaire ............................................................................................. 45
Ethics in Greek ......................................................................................................................... 46
Ερωτηματολόγιο για την Εξωστρέφεια ........................................................................ 50

Checklist

2
 Have you kept to the word limit of 2500 words (+/- 10%)?
 Have you included an appropriate title?
 Have you included an appropriate abstract that summarises the study?
 Have you included an introduction that justifies the inclusion of all of the variables
(and any interactions, if appropriate to the design)?
 Have you included a method section that could allow the study to be replicated if
given to another researcher?
 Have you included an appropriately reported results section that reports an analysis
appropriate for the design?
 Have you included a discussion that relates the findings from your study back to the
previous research covered in the introduction?
 Have you written in an academic style, using third person?
 Have you referenced a range of contemporary sources from psychology?
 Have you correctly cited these references?
 Have you correctly presented these references alphabetically using APA style?
 Have you proofread your work and checked your spellings, punctuation and grammar?
 Have you utilised the assessment rubric to ensure you have correctly addressed the
coursework grading criteria?

Personality traits in connection with alcohol consumption

3
Abstract

This study had intention to examine the connection among personality traits
(Extraversion, Self Esteem) and alcohol consumption, as it tried to fill a gap in
literature, since there was no much research in the interaction of these two traits,
but only separate studies was conducted. The sample was randomly selected
(N=65) from 3 different cities in northern Greece (Thessaloniki, Veroia Giannitsa).
The study followed multiple regression analysis with two predictors (Extraversion,
Self Esteem) and one outcome (Alcohol consumption). The variables were
measured with the use of certificated questionnaires from the university test bank.
Furthermore, the results indicated that even though the correlation among self-
esteem and alcohol was significant the interaction effect was not. Therefore, the
analysis produced a small effect (R2 =0,087, R2adj =0,057) in the prediction of both
of variables (F (2,65) = 2,949, p>0,01). Yet, self esteem could possibly effect alcohol
use than the personality trait of extraversion, since self-esteem means, and Sd’s
was also much higher than those of extraversion.

Introduction
High alcohol consumption could be a problematic pattern for a life of an
individual and consequently for public health, therefore it is very interesting to
examine how special characteristics like personality traits could affect and determine
the behaviour of a person. Thus, it is important to examine which possible factors
contribute to the consumption of the alcohol in order to help people how has these
factors as personality characteristics not to be vulnerable in alcohol dependence.

According to estimates is increased in the last decade form 5,5 litres per
person to per year to 6,5 litters as 2019 (Ali, Amialchuk, & Nikaj, 2014). Also, this
phenomenon has a huge impact in Europe and in eastern Europe where the average
person consumes 12-19 litres every year (Mellinger, 2019). However, other factors
could contribute to the consumption large quantities of alcohol such as the very
young limit in Greece for alcohol consumption which was set on 17 in contrast with
other countries such as the USA in which the legal age for alcohol consumption is
21. Furthermore, another factor who was a correlation with the first factor is the
consumption of alcohol from the family of the person who can lead a person to
consume more alcohol than average (Gilligan et al., 2019).

4
 Furthermore, the aspiration for this research was to examine whether the
consumption of alcohol was related with personality traits and furthermore if the
alcohol consumption is predicted by the self-esteem and extraversion. Previous
research ( Kuntsche, Fischer, & Gmel, 2008 ; Stewart , Loughlin Rhyno, 2001) have
suggested that persons with high capacity on extraversion achieve better mood
enhancement from alcohol as a result to be more convenient and interactive with
the surrounding environment. The study results indicate that positive emotional
status was presented after the alcohol consumption due to the internal personality
factors with one of them be the extraversion experience increased mood-
enhancement from alcohol. Moreover, suggests that the capacity of alcohol
consumed by extraverted persons was way higher comparted to persons with more
introvert characteristics.

Another, strong support to the hypothesis is that alcohol consumption could

be predicted by extraversion. According to, the study conducted by Pedersen etal.,
(2013) which was proposed that extraversion was positively connected to alcohol
consumption in order to boost a person’s goals. The connotation among alcohol
misuse and extraversion was mediated through enhancement motives. Moreover,
the study designates that alcohol consumption serves purposes varying on
personality traits one of which is extraversion according to the research. The finding
supports that personality-connected effects are mediated through motive increases
the likelihood that motive-based prevention attempts will help in the reduction of
alcohol consumption among young adults who display these specific personality
traits. (Ruipérez etal., 2006)
Additional research indicates that another feature could possibly change the
balance between low and high consumption in a person and this relates to the
personality trait of self-esteem. Self-esteem indicates dusting motives of persons
compared to others (Cameron, & Granger, 2019). It is important to refer that people
with low self-esteem misuse alcohol for social purposes and therefore a higher risk
of alcohol or other dependence uses in contrast with low extraversion which could
lead to lower consumption of alcohol (Orth, Robins, & Meier, 2009). Following the
literature review the meta-analysis of (Vázquez etal., 2018) proposed that a person
high self-esteem in is not so vulnerable higher alcohol consumption. However, the
variance between self-esteem and dependence from the alcohol could be not only
result of the personal characteristics by also determine factor is the interaction with
the surrounding environment ( Richardson, Kwon, & Ratner, 2013).

The aim of the present research is to examine that if high capacity in

extraversion and self- esteem could predict the misuse of alcohol consumption. Yet

5
the results of the research could be present and not significant result and one of the
predictors be significant or neither of the predictors could predict significantly the
outcome variable. To illustrate this the results could produce a series of findings such
as: low self-esteem and high alcohol, low extraversion low alcohol, high extraversion
and low alcohol and low self-esteem and low alcohol index.

Following this a relevant research was conducted to examine the relation of

the variables severely as presented above. Therefore, this study would explore if one
or two or neither of the predicted could predict the consumption and the relation
among them since, the study fills the gap of the literate as the studies only examines
one variable and not the interaction between those specific variables. Thus, it is
important to refer that even a correlation could be existing among the variables it is
not automatically reflects a prediction of the outcome. However, this study has
randomly selected sample and do not target any specific population group.

Method

Design
A team of 5 psychology students was gathered in order to examine if there
is any relation between with the two following personality traits: extraversion, the
self- esteem and the alcohol consumption. In order to examine this, it was used
three separate questionnaires examine the two personality traits which was the two
predictors and one separate for the alcohol which was the outcome. The first
predictor was measured with all the questions taken by the mini markers’
questionnaire and especially in the section of extraversion. The second predictor was
the self-esteem and measured with the questionnaire made Heatherton & Polivy
(1991) and taken from the test bank. The outcome variable was the alcohol
consumption and measured with the SAAD- Short Alcohol Dependence Data and
was also taken from the test bank and made by Raistrick, Dunbar, & Davidson, (1983).
Also, a multiple regression analysis was used to interpret the results and examine if
high capacity in extraversion and self – esteem could predict high alcohol
consumption.

Participants
In the present study the sample was consisted of, 71 adults from 18-65. In
addition, the geographical distribution of the sample was distributed in Thessaloniki,
Giannitsa and Veroia. Moreover, the sample was randomly selected.

6
Participants from the following categories was excluded from the study: Alcohol and
drug users (The time of the research), mentally disable people (by the time their
unstructured personality can affect the study) and people who don’t speak or write
English or Greek (The questionnaires was available in Greek or English)

In the following graphs are presented sample of the data for the extraversion, self-
esteem alcohol, age for each of the participants.

Extraversion
40

20

0
1 4 7 10
13 16 19 22 25 28 31
34 37 40
43 46 49 Extraversion
52 55 58
61 64 67
70

7
 AGE RANGE
60
Age of participants

50
40
30
20
10
0
1 3 5 7 9 1 11 31 51 71 92 12 32 52 72 93 13 33 53 73 94 14 34 54 74 95 15 35 55 75 96 16 36 56 76 97 1

Participant

Materials
In order, to proceed with the research it was used three separate
questionnaires all taken from the test bank to examine the three variables.

The first questionnaire was for the extraversion part of Mini-Markers questionnaire
made by Saucier (1994). The second questionnaire was taken to examine the self-
esteem and was made by Heatherton & Polivy (1991). Finally, the third questionnaire
was used is the SAAD- Short Alcohol Dependence Data and made by Raistrick,
Dunbar, & Davidson, (1983). Following the results, it was used the IBM SPSS statics
26 to interpret the analysis.

8
Procedure
First and foremost, in order to examine the hypothesis of the study the first
parametric was to gain approval in order to proceed with the study after the
approval of the study made by the module teacher Natalia Tzouma the researchers
started to gather information. Therefore the 71 sample was divided equally among
the researchers as result of 14 people per researcher with only one get one
participant more. Then, participants first were asked to fill up the participant’s sheet
forms and then the consent forms from which they were been informed about their
right to withdraw from the study anytime within the next two weeks. Furthermore,
the participants were completed the demographic part of the research it included
the name, age, gender, and their city of living by the time the participants were
considered suitable for the research, they were been given three questionnaires,
either in Greek or English language. The first questionnaire was a short and about
extraversion, the second was for the self – esteem and the last one was about alcohol
consumption. At the end of the research, a debrief form was given to the participants
for the purpose of the study. At the end, they it was given to each participant a
copy of the consent form and a copy of the debrief form they signed up during the
research. Finally, every section of the study followed the guidelines of the BPS.

Results

In the present study the sample was consisted of, 71 adults from 18-65
years and mean age of 24. The participants where be randomly selected by the
researchers with no additional specification. Also, from the 71 people the 32 was
males and 39 was females, but 6 people was excluded because was passed the
parametric limit of +- 3,29, as a result a total N=65. Most of the sample was
distributed in Thessaloniki with a smaller number of participants from Gianntsa and
Veroia.

First and foremost, in order to examine the results, it was necessary first to
analyse the data for the parametric assumptions of regression analysis and to
examine the correlation between the variables. Following this the removal of the 6
outliers who exceeded the limit of +-3,29 was necessary in order skewness and
kurtosis to have normal distribution.

After that a correlational design was required in order to examine the relation
among alcohol consumption and the high capacity in self-esteem and extraversion.
The correlation data produced by spss statistics 26 are follow in the table 1.

9
 (Significance) Self Esteem Alcohol Consumption

Extraversion 0,444 (0,000) -0,045 (0,720)

Self- Esteem -0,0279 (0,025)

Also, the means and the Standard Deviations (SD’s) are showed in the following
table 2.

Means Standard Deviations

Extraversion 23,44 4,538

Self Esteem 75,73 9,782

Alcohol 5,71 3,987

The data was interpreted with the use of spss statistics 26 and followed a
multiple regression analysis design and the default enter lines. Furthermore,
alongside with the normal analysis a robust selection was made in order to examine
further the reliability of the sample and specifically the bias corrected accelerated
(BCa). The main reason for the selection of the multiple regression analysis was due
to the hypothesis. According to the hypothesis the two predictors which is the
extraversion and self-esteem predicts the outcome variable which is the alcohol
consumption.

The multiple regression calculation shaped a small effect size (R2 =0,087, R2adj
=0,057), 8,7% designated that alcohol consumption predicted by the high
extraversion and self-esteem according to the hypothesis. However, this is being
confirmed since was not a significant predictor of the high alcohol consumption (F
(2,65) = 2,949, p>0,01).

Consequently, extraversion was not a significant predictor of alcohol

consumption (t = 0,790, df = 65, p= 0,432), with the regression analysis foreseeing

10
that 1 component in change in extraversion would result a 0,097 change in alcohol
consumption. Furthermore, the other predictor produced also a not significant
change in relation with alcohol (t=-2,400df= 65 p= 0,194). According to that there
was a negative relationship among self-esteem and alcohol consumption with a
decrease of -0,131. Therefore, even a decrease in alcohol in relation with an increase
in self- esteem could not predict alcohol consumption(P=0,059).

Discussion

It is important the reason for choosing this topic was to examine the
interaction among the variables of self- esteem, extraversion and alcohol. Moreover,
this was important because as studies have proved extraversion and low self-esteem
have as consequence higher alcohol consumption. Therefore, it was important and
interesting at the same time to examine the interaction among these variables.

After that it is necessary to state that the removal of the 6 extreme

participants was required in order the data to be parametric. However, if the data
was not parametric even after the removal of the outlier it could be followed a
different path. In order to be parametric. Of one of this could the winsorizing with
this method the outliers could be replaced with next high value which it is not
considered outlier, but it needs a more careful way in order not to be bias. It in this
study the use of this method it was not necessary, because the kurtosis of alcohol
and self esteem with value 2,0 they did not cause concern about the parametric
violation of the sample. Additionally, another method which could was used in the
violation of parametric limits was the transformation of the data. In this case the all
of the scores could be changed in order to be parametric. Yet, it important to be in
all of the sample because even after the change in the correlation among the
variables the individual’s differences in each of the variables stays the same

After this, it is vital to state that the null is accepted since p value is 0,059 and
neither of predicting variables (Extraversion and Self Esteem) do not predict
significantly the outcome variable (Alcohol Consumption). However even though
the interaction between the two variables it is not significant, the separate study of
the variables slightly differs from each other. In order to illustrate this, it is important
to point out that self- esteem is predicting slightly better the alcohol consumption
compared to the other personality trait of extraversion. Moreover, high self esteem
could possible resulted to low alcohol consumption and low self-esteem could
possible predicts higher level of alcohol use. This is challenging the significant

11
positive correlation among the variables and the small effect size that produced
from the regression analysis, yet correlation does make predictions only shows the
relationship between the variables.

Additional these findings contradicting studies which resulted that extraversion

could predict alcohol usage. Therefore, in the present study the analysis indicated
that extraversion has a strong correlation with alcohol which is strengthen by the
research was made ( Kuntsche, Fischer, & Gmel 2008; Stewart, Loughlin, Rhyno,
2001). However, even the strong correlation the present study indicated that is very
low and not significant the prediction of alcohol consumption. It is important to refer
that both studies do not examine only extraversion but a variety of personality traits
which could led to the significant result produced in the studies (Vázquez etal., 2018)

Besides this other the predicted factor which according to the hypothesis could
predict the capacity of alcohol is the personality trait of self-esteem. Although the
results of this variable contradict the findings of meta-analysis of alcohol Orth,
Robins, & Meier (2009) that low self esteem could predict high alcohol dependence
because of the low significance rate. However, based on the results of the study a
low prediction rate was produced and will possible confirmed in another future study
the hypothesis that high self-esteem could predict low alcohol consumption
(Pedersen, etal., 2013), (Zeigler, Stubbs, & Madson, 2013).

Consequently, it is important to evaluate the design of the study. First and foremost,
the lack of large sample was presented with only 71 people take part to the research
with three of the excluded as outliers after the analysis with a total of N=65. This was
due to the limited schedule of the study with only 1,5 months to select, analyze and
report the study in other case the sample should include more participants in order
to cover more age, gender and geographical distribution. Moreover, another
obstacle of the study may be hidden in the measurement techniques which was
used in the study. For instance, the mandatory usage of the questionnaire test bank
given by the university which diminishing the option for a better choose of
questionnaires in alcohol section. Besides this a different pathway could be followed
in future research with the usage of factorial repeated measures anova which could
find differences among the variables and especially among alcohol and self-esteem.
To conclude even though the results of the study was not significant it could help
further research in order to solve the above limitations and achieve more reliable
findings.

12
References

Ali, M. M., Amialchuk, A., & Nikaj, S. (2014). Alcohol consumption and social
network ties among adolescents: Evidence from Add Health. Addictive
behaviors, 39(5), 918-922.

Cameron, J. J., & Granger, S. (2019). Does self-esteem have an interpersonal

imprint beyond self-reports? A meta-analysis of self-esteem and objective
interpersonal indicators. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(1), 73-102.

Fairbairn, C. E., Sayette, M. A., Wright, A. G., Levine, J. M., Cohn, J. F., & Creswell, K.
G. (2015). Extraversion and the rewarding effects of alcohol in a social
context. Journal of abnormal psychology, 124(3), 660.

Gilligan, C., Wolfenden, L., Foxcroft, D. R., Williams, A. J., Kingsland, M., Hodder, R.
K., & Rae, J. (2019). Family‐based prevention programmes for alcohol use in young
people. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (3).

Heatherton, T.F. &Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for

measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 895-
910.

Kuntsche, E., von Fischer, M., &Gmel, G. (2008). Personality factors and alcohol use:
A mediator analysis of drinking motives. Personality and individual
differences, 45(8), 796-800.

Mellinger, J. L. (2019). epidemiology of alcohol Use and alcoholic liver

Disease. Clinical Liver Disease, 13(5), 136.

13
Pedersen, E. R., Hsu, S. H., Neighbors, C., Paves, A. P., &Larimer, M. E. (2013).
Exploring relationships between facets of self-esteem and drinking behavior
among diverse groups of young adults. Addictive behaviors, 38(10), 2581-2585.

Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Meier, L. L. (2009). Disentangling the effects of low self-
esteem and stressful events on depression: findings from three longitudinal
studies. Journal of personality and social psychology, 97(2), 307.

Raistrick, D., Dunbar, G., & Davidson, R. (1983). Development of a

questionnaire to measure alcohol dependence. British journal of addiction,

Ruipérez MI, Ibáñez MI, Villa H, Ortet G (2006) Biopsicosocial Factories in alcohol
consumption. I L. L. Oblitas (Ed.), Atlas of psicología clínica y de la salud. Bogotá:
Psicom.

Richardson, C. G., Kwon, J. Y., & Ratner, P. A. (2013). Self-esteem and the initiation
of substance use among adolescents. Canadian journal of public health, 104(1),
e60-e63.

Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-Markers: A Brief Version of Goldberg’s Unipolar Big-Five

Markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 506-516.

Stewart SH, Loughlin HL, Rhyno E (2001). Internal drinking motives mediate
personality domain-drinking relations in young adults. Personal Individ Differ 30:
271-286.

Zeigler-Hill, V., Stubbs, W. J., & Madson, M. B. (2013). Fragile self-esteem and
alcohol-related negative consequences among college student drinkers. Journal of
Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(5), 546-567.

14
Appendices

Skewness and Kurtosis

self-esteem and alcohol skewness pass the parametric limit of +- 1,96 even after the
removal of the 3 missing cases

Extraversion Skewness: -,186/285= 0,6

Extraversion Kurtosis: 196/563=0,3

Self Esteem Skewness: -,599/,285= 2,1

Self Esteem Kurtosis: ,684 /563= 1,2

Alcohol Skewness: 607/297=2,0

Alcohol Kurtosis: 228/5864=0,4

Effect sizes

Effect size:

R2 =0,087

R2adj =0,057

R=0,295

Coefficients

15
The VIF is 1,278

The Durbin-Watson is 0,215

Outliers

3 outliers which exceeded the threshold of +- 3,29 was removed in order to proceed
with the analysis

Z scores

To access the full table, you must click twice to the table

ZExtraversion ZSelf_Esteem ZAlcohol_Conspution

-0,75732 -0,27933
-0,09622 0,64074
1,66672 -0,89271
1,88709 1,25412 -1,43151
1,44635 0,8452 -1,43151
-0,75732 0,33405 -1,43151
-0,09622 -0,27933 -1,43151

SPSS Analysis

Descriptives

16
Descriptive Statistics
Minim Maxim Std.
N um um Mean Deviation Skewness Kurtosis
Statisti Statisti Statisti Statisti Statisti Std. Statisti Std.
c c c c Statistic c Error c Error
Extraversion 71 10 33 23,44 4,538 -,186 ,285 ,196 ,563
Self_Esteem 71 47 98 75,73 9,782 -,599 ,285 ,684 ,563
Alcohol_Con 65 0 18 5,71 3,987 ,607 ,297 ,228 ,586
spution
Valid N 65
(listwise)

Explore

Case Processing Summary

Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Alcohol_Conspution 65 91,5% 6 8,5% 71 100,0%
Self_Esteem 65 91,5% 6 8,5% 71 100,0%
Extraversion 65 91,5% 6 8,5% 71 100,0%

Descriptives
Statistic Std. Error
Alcohol_Conspution Mean 5,71 ,495
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 4,72
Mean Upper Bound 6,70
5% Trimmed Mean 5,50
Median 6,00
Variance 15,898
Std. Deviation 3,987
Minimum 0

17
 Maximum 18
Range 18
Interquartile Range 7
Skewness ,607 ,297
Kurtosis ,228 ,586
Self_Esteem Mean 75,51 1,242
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 73,03
Mean Upper Bound 77,99
5% Trimmed Mean 75,73
Median 77,00
Variance 100,316
Std. Deviation 10,016
Minimum 47
Maximum 98
Range 51
Interquartile Range 10
Skewness -,557 ,297
Kurtosis ,593 ,586
Extraversion Mean 23,23 ,554
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 22,12
Mean Upper Bound 24,34
5% Trimmed Mean 23,35
Median 23,00
Variance 19,962
Std. Deviation 4,468
Minimum 10
Maximum 32
Range 22
Interquartile Range 7
Skewness -,300 ,297
Kurtosis ,181 ,586

Extreme Values
Case Number Value
Alcohol_Conspution Highest 1 68 18
2 67 15
3 66 13
4 64 12
5 65 12

18
 Lowest 1 8 0
2 7 0
3 6 0
4 5 0
5 4 0
Self_Esteem Highest 1 17 98
2 25 94
3 12 93
4 34 91
5 4 88a
Lowest 1 40 47
2 63 54
3 33 55
4 11 56
5 8 58
Extraversion Highest 1 4 32
2 12 32
3 5 30
4 43 30
5 65 30
Lowest 1 21 10
2 11 13
3 22 15
4 52 17
5 44 18b
a. Only a partial list of cases with the value 88 are shown in the table of upper
extremes.
b. Only a partial list of cases with the value 18 are shown in the table of lower
extremes.

Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Alcohol_Conspution ,132 65 ,007 ,948 65 ,009
Self_Esteem ,148 65 ,001 ,956 65 ,022
Extraversion ,102 65 ,093 ,977 65 ,282
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

19
Alcohol_Conspution

20
Self_Esteem

21
22
Extraversion

23
24
25
Frequencies

Statistics
Alcohol_Conspu
Extraversion Self_Esteem tion
N Valid 71 71 65
Missing 0 0 6
Std. Deviation 4,538 9,782 3,987
Skewness -,186 -,599 ,607
Std. Error of Skewness ,285 ,285 ,297
Kurtosis ,196 ,684 ,228
Std. Error of Kurtosis ,563 ,563 ,586

Frequency Table

Extraversion
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 10 1 1,4 1,4 1,4
13 1 1,4 1,4 2,8
15 1 1,4 1,4 4,2
17 1 1,4 1,4 5,6
18 3 4,2 4,2 9,9

26
 19 6 8,5 8,5 18,3
20 6 8,5 8,5 26,8
21 7 9,9 9,9 36,6
22 5 7,0 7,0 43,7
23 7 9,9 9,9 53,5
24 5 7,0 7,0 60,6
25 2 2,8 2,8 63,4
26 7 9,9 9,9 73,2
27 6 8,5 8,5 81,7
28 3 4,2 4,2 85,9
29 3 4,2 4,2 90,1
30 3 4,2 4,2 94,4
31 1 1,4 1,4 95,8
32 2 2,8 2,8 98,6
33 1 1,4 1,4 100,0
Total 71 100,0 100,0

Self_Esteem
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 47 1 1,4 1,4 1,4
54 1 1,4 1,4 2,8
55 1 1,4 1,4 4,2
56 1 1,4 1,4 5,6
58 1 1,4 1,4 7,0
60 2 2,8 2,8 9,9
61 1 1,4 1,4 11,3
62 2 2,8 2,8 14,1
63 1 1,4 1,4 15,5
67 2 2,8 2,8 18,3
70 1 1,4 1,4 19,7
71 1 1,4 1,4 21,1

27
 72 3 4,2 4,2 25,4
73 5 7,0 7,0 32,4
74 3 4,2 4,2 36,6
75 3 4,2 4,2 40,8
76 4 5,6 5,6 46,5
77 5 7,0 7,0 53,5
78 6 8,5 8,5 62,0
79 3 4,2 4,2 66,2
80 3 4,2 4,2 70,4
81 2 2,8 2,8 73,2
82 5 7,0 7,0 80,3
83 3 4,2 4,2 84,5
84 2 2,8 2,8 87,3
86 1 1,4 1,4 88,7
87 1 1,4 1,4 90,1
88 3 4,2 4,2 94,4
91 1 1,4 1,4 95,8
93 1 1,4 1,4 97,2
94 1 1,4 1,4 98,6
98 1 1,4 1,4 100,0
Total 71 100,0 100,0

Alcohol_Conspution
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 0 5 7,0 7,7 7,7
1 5 7,0 7,7 15,4
2 10 14,1 15,4 30,8
3 2 2,8 3,1 33,8
4 2 2,8 3,1 36,9
5 6 8,5 9,2 46,2
6 13 18,3 20,0 66,2

28
 7 1 1,4 1,5 67,7
8 5 7,0 7,7 75,4
9 5 7,0 7,7 83,1
10 4 5,6 6,2 89,2
11 2 2,8 3,1 92,3
12 2 2,8 3,1 95,4
13 1 1,4 1,5 96,9
15 1 1,4 1,5 98,5
18 1 1,4 1,5 100,0
Total 65 91,5 100,0
Missing 19 2 2,8
20 1 1,4
25 1 1,4
30 1 1,4
31 1 1,4
Total 6 8,5
Total 71 100,0

29
Correlations

30
 Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
Extraversion 23,44 4,538 71
Self_Esteem 75,73 9,782 71
Alcohol_Conspution 5,71 3,987 65

Correlations
Alcohol_Consputio
Extraversion Self_Esteem n
Extraversion Pearson Correlation 1 ,444** -,045
Sig. (2-tailed) ,000 ,720
N 71 71 65
Self_Esteem Pearson Correlation ,444** 1 -,279*
Sig. (2-tailed) ,000 ,025
N 71 71 65
Alcohol_Conspution Pearson Correlation -,045 -,279* 1
Sig. (2-tailed) ,720 ,025
N 65 65 65
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Regression

Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
Alcohol_Conspution 5,71 3,987 65
Extraversion 23,23 4,468 65
Self_Esteem 75,51 10,016 65

Correlations
Alcohol_Consputio
n Extraversion Self_Esteem

31
Pearson Correlation Alcohol_Conspution 1,000 -,045 -,279
Extraversion -,045 1,000 ,467
Self_Esteem -,279 ,467 1,000
Sig. (1-tailed) Alcohol_Conspution . ,360 ,012
Extraversion ,360 . ,000
Self_Esteem ,012 ,000 .
N Alcohol_Conspution 65 65 65
Extraversion 65 65 65
Self_Esteem 65 65 65

Variables Entered/Removeda
Variables
Model Variables Entered Removed Method
1 Self_Esteem, . Enter
Extraversionb
a. Dependent Variable: Alcohol_Conspution
b. All requested variables entered.

Model Summaryb
Std. Error of the
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Estimate Durbin-Watson
1 ,295a ,087 ,057 3,871 ,215
a. Predictors: (Constant), Self_Esteem, Extraversion
b. Dependent Variable: Alcohol_Conspution

ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 88,388 2 44,194 2,949 ,060b
Residual 929,058 62 14,985
Total 1017,446 64
a. Dependent Variable: Alcohol_Conspution
b. Predictors: (Constant), Self_Esteem, Extraversion

32
 Coefficientsa
Standardize
Unstandardized d Collinearity
Coefficients Coefficients Correlations Statistics
Zero- Toleranc
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig. order Partial Part e VIF
1 (Constant) 13,359 3,793 3,522 ,001
Extraversio ,097 ,122 ,108 ,790 ,433 -,045 ,100 ,096 ,782 1,278
n
Self_Estee -,131 ,055 -,329 -2,400 ,019 -,279 -,292 -,291 ,782 1,278
m
a. Dependent Variable: Alcohol_Conspution

Collinearity Diagnosticsa
Variance Proportions
Model Dimension Eigenvalue Condition Index (Constant) Extraversion Self_Esteem
1 1 2,973 1,000 ,00 ,00 ,00
2 ,019 12,489 ,23 ,94 ,06
3 ,008 18,969 ,77 ,06 ,94
a. Dependent Variable: Alcohol_Conspution

Residuals Statisticsa
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N
Predicted Value 3,22 9,04 5,71 1,175 65
Residual -8,077 10,447 ,000 3,810 65
Std. Predicted Value -2,116 2,832 ,000 1,000 65
Std. Residual -2,087 2,699 ,000 ,984 65
a. Dependent Variable: Alcohol_Conspution

33
34
Raw Data
To access the full data you must click twice in the table

Φυλλο Age Extraversion Self Esteem Alcohol Consumption

Α 23 21 88 5
Γ 24 27 79 7
Γ 26 28 73 4
Α 23 28 77 10
Γ 24 23 91 6
Γ 23 24 76 8
Γ 20 20 73 31
Γ 29 32 88 0
Α 19 21 60 12

English ethics

Ethics Form

Participant information sheet

Research Title:

35
Personality traits and alcohol consumption

Researchers:+

Mouratidis Themistoklis

Stefanogianni Olga

Michail Giorgos

Sapountzis Alexandros

Sinis Christos

What is this research about?

The following research is about self esteemand extraversionin accordance with

alcohol consumption.

Is everyone able to participate?

People under the influence of alcohol or drugs can not participate in this
research. Also, people with mental issues(personality disorders) will be
excludedby the time that lack of their mental stability couldeffect the study’s
results.

What am I going to do?

You will have to fill in a briefing form. If you wish to participate you will have to
fill in a consent form and then fill in three questionnaires about extraversion,
self esteemand the frequency of your alcohol consumption. The alcohol
consumption questionnaire includes questions about the frequency of your
alcohol consumption and your habits concerning alcohol consumption. You will
then receive a recovery form as well as the copies of all the forms you have
already filled.

What are the pros and cons?

36
You will have the opportunity to participate in a psychological experiment and
the experience it entails. You will be possibly taking part in significant results
concerning psychological research.

This experiment will not cause any physical or mental damage to the
participants.

Can I change my mind?

At any given time you are free to withdraw from this research if you will.
Participating is optional.

Will the information be published?

The information that you will provide during this research including your name
are confidential.

What kind of information am i going to provide?

You will have to provide your gender, age and nationality.

Will I have to sign any papers?

You will. In case you wish to participate in this research you will have to fill in a
briefing form. This form is informing you about the procedure this research
follows, shows that you have read and understand it. You are free to withdraw
at any given time after signing.

In case you have any questions you may contactany member of the research
team using the following mails: tmouratides@medcollege.edu.gr
g.michail@medcollege.edu.gr
a.sapountzis@medcollege.edu.gr
o.stefanogianni@medcollege.edu.gr
c.sinis@medcollege.edu.gr

You may also contact the supervisor of the research N. Tzouma through this
mail: n.tzouma@medcollege.edu.gr

Please keep this leaflet in your possession for any information.

37
 Consent form

Title research:Personality traits and alcohol consumption

Researchers:

MouratidisThemistoklis

Stefanogianni Olga

Michail Giorgos

Sapountzis Alexandros

Sinis Christos

I have already read and agree with the briefing form I received and I have
discussed about the research with the researchers who adequately explained
the procedure. I wish to participate in this research. I understand that I am free
to withdraw at any given time if I wish without having to give a reason for it. This
is not going to affect the way the researchers treat me or pay attention to me.

After completing this form all participates will receive a personal code number.
This number represents your participation in the experiment.

Name:

............................................................................................................................

Signature:

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Date:

………………………………………………………………………………………….

Your personal code is the first two letters of your surname written in capital
letters and the last two digits of your cell phone number.

Personal code:

...............................

38
 Debrief

Thank you for taking the time to participate in this research.

The purpose of this research was about extraversion and self esteemand their effect on
alcohol consumption.

Your participation is valuable. If you wish to withdraw your data from this research
you are free to do it with any justification needed. The data withdrawal has to occur
within two weeks from your participation.

Date of participation: ___________________________

Data withdrawal due date: _______________________

You may withdraw your data by contacting any of the researchers using the following
contact information. You have two weeks in order to decide if you wish for your data
to be withdrawn. You will have to use your personal code. Reminder: your personal
code is the first two letters of your surname written in capital letters and the last two
digits of your cell phone number.

Personal code: ________________________________

In case you have any questions you may contact any member of the research team using
the following mails: tmouratides@medcollege.edu.gr
g.michail@medcollege.edu.gr
a.sapountzis@medcollege.edu.gr
o.stefanogianni@medcollege.edu.gr
c.sinis@medcollege.edu.gr

You may also contact the supervisor of the research N. Tzouma through this mail:
n.tzouma@medcollege.edu.gr

Thank you for the participation.

Questionnaires

39
 STATE SELF-ESTEEM SCALE
Reference:

Heatherton, T. F. &Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring

state selfesteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 895-910.

This is a questionnaire designed to measure what you are thinking at this moment.
There is of course, no right answer for any statement. The best answer is what you
feel is true of yourself at the moment. Be sure to answer all of the items, even if you
are not certain of the best answer. Again, answer these questions as they are true for
you RIGHT NOW.

1. I feel confident about my abilities.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat Very Much Extremely

2. I am worried about whether I am regarded as a success or failure.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat Very Much Extremely

3. I feel satisfied with the way my body looks right now.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat Very Much Extremely

4. I feel frustrated or rattled about my performance .

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat Very Much Extremely

5. I feel that I am having trouble understanding things that I read.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat Very Much Extremely

6. I feel that others respect and admire me.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat Very Much Extremely

7. I am dissatisfied with my weight.

1 2 3 4 5

40
 Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat VeryMuch Extremely

8. I feel self-conscious.
1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat VeryMuch Extremely

9. I feel as smart as others.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat VeryMuch Extremely

10. I feel displeased with myself.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat VeryMuch Extremely

11. I feel good about myself.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat VeryMuch Extremely

12. I am pleased with my appearance right now.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat VeryMuch Extremely

13. I am worried about what other people think of me.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat VeryMuch Extremely

14. I feel confident that I understand things.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat VeryMuch Extremely

15. I feel inferior to others at this moment.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat VeryMuch Extremely

16. I feel unattractive.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat VeryMuch Extremely

17. I feel concerned about the impression I am making.

1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat VeryMuch Extremely

18. I feel that I have less scholastic ability right now than others.
1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat Very Much Extremely

19. I feel like I'm not doing well.

41
 1 2 3 4 5
Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat Very Much Extremely

20. I am worried about looking foolish.

1 2 3 4 5

Not At All A Little Bit Somewhat Very Much Extremely

Scoring:

Items 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 are reverse-scored.

Sum scores from all items and keep scale as a continuous measure of state self esteem.

The subcomponents are scored as follows:

Performance Self-esteem items: 1, 4, 5, 9, 14, 18, 19.

Social Self-esteem items: 2, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20.

Appearance Self-esteem items: 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16.

SAAD Questionnaire

Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire (SADD) INSTRUCTIONS: The following questions

cover a wide range of topics to do with drinking. Please read each question carefully but do
not think too much about its exact meaning. Think about your MOST RECENT drinking habits
and answer each question by placing a tick (´) under the MOST APPROPRIATE heading. If you
have any difficulties, ASK
FOR HELP.

1 . Do your rind difficulty in getting the thought of drinking out of your mind?

Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always

42
 0 1 2 3

2. Is getting drunk more important than your next meal?

Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

3. Do you plan your day around when and where you can drink?
Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

4. Do you drink in the morning, afternoon and evening?

Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

5. Do you drink for the effect of alcohol without caring what the
drink is?
Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

6. Do you drink as much as you want irrespective of what you are

doing the next day?
Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

7. Given that many problems might be caused by alcohol do you

still drink too much?
Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

8. Do you know that you won't be able to stop drinking once you
start?
Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

9. Do you try to control your drinking by giving it up completely for

days or weeks at a time?

43
 Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

10. The morning after a heavy drinking session doyou need your first
drink to get yourself going?
Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

11. The morning after a heavy drinking session do you wake up with
a definite shakiness of your hands?
Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

12. After a heavy drinking session do you wake up and retch or

vomit?
Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

13. The morning after a heavy drinking session do you go out of your
way to avoid people?
Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

14. After a heavy drinking session do you see frightening things that
later you realize were imaginary?
Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

15. Do you go drinking and the next day find you have forgotten
what happened the night before?
Never Sometimes Often Nearly Always
0 1 2 3

44
Extraversion Questionnaire
Please answer all the questions
depending on how accurately that
trait describes you, using the
following rating scale:
1 Very inaccurate
2 Inaccurate
3 Neutral
4 Accurate
5 Very accurate

1. Talkative

1 2 3 4 5

2. Shy

1 2 3 4 5

3. Extraverted

1 2 3 4 5

4. Bold

1 2 3 4 5

5. Quiet

1 2 3 4 5

6. Bashful

1 2 3 4 5

45
 7. Withdrawn
1 2 3 4 5

Ethics in Greek
Φόρμα ενημέρωσης

Τίτλος έρευνας:

Personality traits and alcohol consumption

Ερευνητές:

Μουρατίδης Θεμιστοκλής

Στεφανογιάννη Όλγα

Μιχαήλ Γιώργος

Σαπουντζης Αλέξανδρος

Σίνης Χρήστος

Τι αφορά η συγκεκριμένη έρευνα;

Η παρακάτω έρευνα αφορά την αυτοπεποίθηση και εξωστρέφεια σε συνάρτηση με

την κατανάλωση αλκοόλ.

Δύνανται να λάβουν όλοι μέρος;

Δεν δύνανται να λάβουν μέρος άτομα τα οποία είναι υπό την επήρεια αλκοόλ άλλων
ναρκωτικών ουσιών, κατά το διάστημα διεξαγωγής της έρευνας, καθώς και άτομα
με νοητική προβλήματα (Άτομα με διαταραχές όπως η σχιζοφρένεια ,διαταραχές
προσωπικότητας,) , καθώς μπορούν να επηρεαστούν τα ευρήματα της ερευνάς

Τι θα πρέπει να κάνω;

46
Θα σας ζητηθεί να συμπληρώσετε μια φόρμα ενημέρωσης στην αρχή, στην συνέχεια
αν επιθυμείτε να συμμετέχετέ θα πρέπει να συμπληρώσετε την φόρμα
συγκατάθεσης ,έπειτα θα συμπληρώσετε τρία ερωτηματολόγια για την εξωστρέφεια
την αυτοπεποίθηση και ένα για το αλκοόλ το οποίο περιέχει ερωτήσεις σχετικά με
την συχνότητα κατανάλωσης αλκοόλ , τις συνήθειες σχετικά τις οποίες ακολουθείτε
σχετικά με την κατανάλωση αλκοόλ. Στον τέλος της ερευνάς θα σας δοθεί η φόρμα
αποδελτίωσης μαζί με τα αντίγραφα από όλες τις φόρμες που έχετε συμπληρώσει.

Ποια είναι τα πλεονεκτήματα και ποια τα μειονεκτήματα;

Η συμμετοχή σε αυτή τη διαδικασία δίνει την ευκαιρία να βιώσετε την εμπειρία

διεξαγωγής ενός ψυχολογικού πειράματος και ενδεχομένως τη γνώση πως θα
αποτελέσετε βάση για την εξαγωγή σημαντικών συμπερασμάτων στον τομέα της
ψυχολογίας.

Το πείραμα δεν εμπεριέχει καμία πρόκληση βλάβης σωματικό-ψυχολογική για τον

συμμετέχοντα.

Μπορώ να αλλάξω γνώμη;

Εάν σε οποιοδήποτε σημείο και για τον οποιοδήποτε λόγο επιθυμείτε να

αποχωρήσετε από την έρευνα είστε ελεύθεροι να το πράξετε. Η συμμετοχή δεν είναι
δεσμευτική.

Που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν οι πληροφορίες;

Οι πληροφορίες που θα συλλεχθούν για εσάς μέσω της ερευνητικής διαδικασίας,

συμπεριλαμβανομένου του ονόματος σας, θα παραμείνουν εμπιστευτικές.

Τι πληροφορίες θα χρειαστεί να παρέχω;

Δημογραφικά στοιχεία που αφορούν το φύλο την ηλικία και την εθνικότητα σας

Θα χρειαστεί να υπογράψω οτιδήποτε;

Ναι, σε περίπτωση που επιθυμείτε να συμμετάσχετε στη έρευνα θα σας ζητηθεί να

υπογράψετε μία Φόρμα Συγκατάθεσης. Η φόρμα αυτή δείχνει πως έχετε καταλάβει
τη διαδικασία διεξαγωγής της έρευνας και έχετε διαβάσει την Φόρμα Ενημέρωσης.

47
Ακόμη και μετά την υπογραφή της φόρμας μπορείτε να αποσυρθείτε οποιαδήποτε
στιγμή.

Σε περίπτωση που είτε έχετε οποιαδήποτε απορία, είτε χρειάζεστε περαιτέρω

διευκρινήσεις, μπορείτε να επικοινωνήστε με οποιοδήποτε μέλος της ομάδας

στα εξής e-mail: tmouratides@medcollege.edu.gr

g.michail@medcollege.edu.gr

a.sapountzis@medcollege.edu.gr

o.stefanogianni@medcollege.edu.gr

c.sinis@medcollege.edu.gr

Επίσης, μπορείτε να επικοινωνήσετε με την επιβλέπουσα της έρευνάς Ν.Τζούμα στο

e-mail: n.tzouma@medcollege.edu.gr

Παρακαλώ να κρατήσετε το παρόν φυλλάδιο προς ενημέρωση σας

Φόρμα συγκατάθεσης

Τίτλος Έρευνας: Επιρροή αυτοπεποίθησης και εξωστρέφειας στην κατανάλωση αλκοόλ.

Ερευνητές: Μουρατίδης Θεμιστοκλής

Σαπουντζής Αλέξανδρος

Μιχαήλ Γιώργος

Στεφανογιάννη Όλγα

Σίνης Χρήστος

Έχω διαβάσει την φόρμα ενημέρωσης που μου χορηγήθηκε και μου έχει απαντηθεί κάθε
τυχόν απορία σχετικά με την έρευνα και τη διαδικασία διεξαγωγής της. Είμαι πρόθυμος να
συμμετάσχω στην έρευνα, έχοντας κατανοήσει πως είμαι ικανός να αποχωρίσω οποιαδήποτε
στιγμή, χωρίς να χρειαστεί να δώσω κάποια εξήγηση και χωρίς αυτό να επηρεάσει τον τρόπο
αντιμετώπισης μου ή την προσοχή που θα λάβω.

Έπειτα από την συμπλήρωση αυτής της φόρμας, ο κάθε συμμετέχοντας θα λάβει έναν
προσωπικό κωδικό αριθμό, ο οποίος θα αντιπροσωπεύει τη συμμετοχή του.

Όνομα:

48
............................................................................................................................

Υπογραφή:

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Ημερομηνία:

………………………………………………………………………………………….

Ο προσωπικός σας κωδικός θα αποτελείται από τα πρώτα δύο γράμματα του επιθέτου σας
γραμμένα με κεφαλαία γράμματα και από τα δύο τελευταία ψηφία του κινητού σας αριθμού.

Προσωπικός κωδικός:

...............................

Φόρμα Αποδελτίωσης
Σας ευχαριστώ πολύ που πήρατε το χρόνο να συμμετάσχετε σε αυτή τη μελέτη.

Ο σκοπός αυτής της μελέτης ήταν για να δούμε αν η εξωστρέφεια και η αυτοπεποίθηση
ενός ατόμου μπορεί να προβλέψει την κατανάλωση αλκοόλ.

Η συμμετοχή σας εκτιμάται πολύ, αλλά αν αποφασίσετε ότι θα επιθυμούσατε να

αποσύρετε τα δεδομένα σας από τη μελέτη, τότε μπορείτε να το κάνετε χωρίς να χρειάζεται
να δώσετε κάποιο λόγο. Λάβετε υπόψη ότι αυτή η ανάκληση πρέπει να γίνει εντός δύο
εβδομάδων από τη συμμετοχή σας.

Ημερομηνία συμμετοχής: ___________________________

Τελευταία ημερομηνία απόσυρσης: _______________________

Μπορείτε να αποσύρετε τα δεδομένα σας επικοινωνώντας με οποιονδήποτε από τους

ερευνητές χρησιμοποιώντας τα παρακάτω στοιχεία επικοινωνίας. Έχετε στη διάθεση σας 2
εβδομάδες για να αποφασίσετε αν θέλετε να αποσυρθούν τα δεδομένα σας. Θα χρειαστεί
να δώσετε τον μοναδικό κωδικό σας. ως υπενθύμιση, αυτό αποτελείται από τα δύο πρώτα
γράμματα του επωνύμου σας και τα δύο τελευταία ψηφία του αριθμού τηλεφώνου σας.

Μοναδικός κωδικός: ________________________________

Σε περίπτωση που είτε έχετε οποιαδήποτε απορία, είτε χρειάζεστε περαιτέρω διευκρινήσεις,
μπορείτε να επικοινωνήστε με οποιοδήποτε μέλος της ομάδας

στα εξής e-mail: tmouratides@medcollege.edu.gr

g.michail@medcollege.edu.gr

a.sapountzis@medcollege.edu.gr

49
o.stefanogianni@medcollege.edu.gr

c.sinis@medcolle ge.edu.gr

Επίσης, μπορείτε να επικοινωνήσετε με την επιβλέπουσα της έρευνάς Ν. Τζούμα στο e-mail:
n.tzouma@medcollege.edu.gr

Σας ευχαριστούμε και πάλι για τη συμμετοχή σας.

Questionnaires in Greek

Ερωτηματολόγιο για την Εξωστρέφεια

Παρακαλώ απαντήστε σε όλες τις ερωτήσεις αναλόγως με το πόσο σας

εκφράζουν τα παρακάτω χαρακτηριστικά με βάση την παρακάτω κλίμακα:
1 Πολύ ανακριβή
2 Ανακριβή
3 Ουδέτερο
4 Ακριβή
5 Πολύ ακριβή

1. Ομιλητικός/ή

1 2 3 4 5

2. Ντροπαλός/ή

1 2 3 4 5

3. Εξωστρεφής

1 2 3 4 5

4. Τολμηρός/ή

1 2 3 4 5

5. Ήσυχος/η

50
 1 2 3 4 5

6. Συνεσταλμένος/η

1 2 3 4 5

7. Αποτραβηγμένος/η

1 2 3 4 5

Ερωτηματολόγιο Αυτοπεποίθησης
Αυτό είναι ένα ερωτηματολόγιο για την μέτρηση της σκέψης σας αυτή τη στιγμή.
Ασφαλώς δεν υπάρχουν σωστές απαντήσεις για οποιαδήποτε από τις παρακάτω
δηλώσεις. Η καλύτερη απάντηση είναι αυτό που νιώθετε ισχύει την συγκεκριμένη
στιγμή για τον εαυτό σας. Σιγουρευτείτε πως απαντήσατε όλες τις ερωτήσεις ακόμη
και αν δεν είστε σίγουροι για την ακριβής απάντηση. Γι’ άλλη μια φορά, απαντήστε
ανάλογα με το τι ισχύει για τον εαυτό σας ΤΩΡΑ.
1.Νιώθω πως έχω αυτοπεποίθηση για τις δεξιότητές μου.

1 2 3 4 5

Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

2.Ανησυχώ για το αν με θεωρούν επιτυχημένη/ο ή αποτυχημένη/ο.

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3.Είμαι ευχαριστημένη/ος με το σώμα μου.

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 Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

4.Νιώθω απογοητευμένη/ος ή εκνευρισμένη/ος από την επίδοσή μου.

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Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

5. Νιώθω πως μου είναι δύσκολο να καταλάβω αυτά που διαβάζω.

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Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

6. Νιώθω πως οι άλλοι με σέβονται και με θαυμάζουν.

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7.Είμαι δυσαρεστημένη/ος με το βάρος μου.

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Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

8.Νιώθω νευρική/ος.

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9.Νιώθω εξίσου έξυπνη/ος με τους

υπόλοιπους.

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Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

10.Είμαι δυσαρεστημένη/ος με τον εαυτό

μου.

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Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

11.Νιώθω ωραία με τον εαυτό μου.

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Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

12.Μου αρέσει η εμφάνισή μου

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13.Ανησυχώ για το τι σκέφτονται οι άλλοι για εμένα.

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Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

14.Νιώθω πως καταλαβαίνω πολλά.

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15.Νιώθω κατώτερη/ος από τους άλλους.

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 1 2 3 4 5

Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

16.Νιώθω ευάλωτη/ος.

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Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

17.Ανησυχώ για την εντύπωση που δίνω στους άλλους.

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Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

18.Νιώθω πως δεν μπορώ να είμαι όσο σχολαστική/ος όσο οι άλλοι.

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Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

19.Νιώθω πως δεν τα πηγαίνω καλά.

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Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

20.Ανησυχώ μήπως δείχνω ανόητη/ος.

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Καθόλου Λίγο Αδιαφορώ Πολύ Πάρα πολύ

Αποτελέσματα:

Οι απαντήσεις 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 έχουν αντίστροφη βαθμολογία.

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Αθροίστε όλες τις απαντήσεις και κρατήστε το αποτέλεσμα ως συνολική αυτοπεποίθηση.

Οι υποκατηγορίες είναι οι εξής:

Αξιολόγηση απόδοσης: 1, 4, 5, 9, 14, 18, 19.

Αξιολόγηση κοινωνικής αυτοπεποίθησης: 2, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20.

Αξιολόγηση εμφάνισης: 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16.

Ερωτηματολόγιο Αλκοόλ

ΟΔΗΓΙΕΣ για το ερωτηματολόγιο εξάρτησης στο αλκοόλ: Οι ακόλουθες ερωτήσεις

καλύπτουν ένα ευρύ φάσμα θεμάτων σχετικά με το ποτό. Παρακαλούμε να διαβάσετε
προσεκτικά την κάθε ερώτηση αλλά μην σκεφτείτε πολύ για το πραγματικό τους νόημα.
Σκεφτείτε τις ΠΙΟ ΠΡΟΣΦΑΤΕΣ σας συνήθειες σχετικά με το ποτό και απαντήστε
τοποθετώντας ένα κύκλο στην ΠΙΟ ΑΝΤΙΠΡΟΣΩΠΕΥΤΙΚΗ απάντηση. Αν υπάρχουν
οποιεσδήποτε δυσκολίες ΖΗΤΗΣΤΕ ΒΟΗΘΕΙΑ.

1.Το βρίσκεις δύσκολο να βγάλεις από το μυαλό σου τη σκέψη του αλκοόλ?

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2.Είναι πιο σημαντικό το να μεθύσεις από το επόμενό σου γεύμα?

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3.Φτιάχνεις το ημερήσιό σου πρόγραμμα σύμφωνα με το πότε και που μπορείς να πιείς?

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4.Πίνεις το πρωί, μεσημέρι και απόγευμα?

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5.Πίνεις για την επίδραση του αλκοόλ χωρίς να σε ενδιαφέρει τι ποτό καταναλώνεις?

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6.Καταναλώνεις όσο ποτό θέλεις άσχετα χωρίς ενδιαφέρον για το τι έχεις να κάνεις την
επόμενη μέρα?

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7.Υποθέτοντας πως πολλά προβλήματα προκύπτουν από το αλκοόλ, θα συνέχιζες να

καταναλώνεις την ίδια ποσότητα?

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8.Γνωρίζεις ότι δεν θα μπορείς να σταματήσεις αν ξεκινήσεις να πίνεις?

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9.Προσπαθείς να ελέγξεις την κατανάλωση αλκοόλ σταματώντας να πίνεις εντελώς για

μέρες ή εβδομάδες?

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10.Το επόμενο πρωινό μετά από πολύ κατανάλωση αλκοόλ σου χρειάζεται πρώτα ένα
ποτό για να συνέλθεις?

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11.Το επόμενο πρωινό μετά από πολύ κατανάλωση αλκοόλ ξυπνάς με τρέμουλο στα
χέρια?

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12.Μετά από πολύ ποτό ξυπνάς έχοντας την τάση για εμετό.

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13.Τεπόμενο πρωινό μετά από πολύ ποτό προσπαθείς λίγο περισσότερο να αποφύγεις
του άλλους ανθρώπους?

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14.Μετά από πολύ ποτό βλέπεις τρομακτικά πράγματα που εκ των υστέρων
συνειδητοποιείς πως ήταν στη φαντασία σου?

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15.Πηγαίνεις για ποτό και συνειδητοποιείς την επόμενη μέρα ότι έχεις ξεχάσει τι συνέβη
την προηγούμενη νύχτα?

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