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Transmission Line Design Manual Farr 1980 PDF
Transmission Line Design Manual Farr 1980 PDF
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TK 3231 .F3
FARR, HOLLAND H.
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN
MANUAL /
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Water and Power Resources Service
Denver, Colorado
1980
Transmission Line
Design Manual
by
Holland H. Farr
Reference Services
NOV 0 91981
Detroit Edison
n
SI METRIC
DENVER: 1980
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC 20402,
and the Water and Power Resources Service, Engineering and Research Center, Attn D-922,
P O Box 25007, Denver Federal Center, Denver CO 80225,
Stock Number 024-003-00135-0
PREFACE
The purpose of this manual is to outline the various requirements for, and the procedures to be
followed in the design of power transmission lines by the Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department
of the Interior. Numerous design studies, which have been made on specific aspects of transmission
line design, are included with explanations of their applications. Information is presented concerning
such aspects as selection of type of construction, conductor sags and tensions, insulation, lightning
protection, clearance patterns, galloping conductors, structure limitation and guying charts, and
structure spotting. Structure design examples are limited to wood-pole construction. Interpretations
of the National Electrical Safety Code and other codes are made as required. Some of the example
problems were developed when the sixth edition of NESC was current, and are so noted; however,
most examples use the 1977 edition of NESC.
The transmission line network of the Bureau, while considered sparce by some s t a n d a r d s ,
encompasses some 16 000 circuit miles of lines having voltages up to and including 500 kilo volts.
In addition, to properly distribute this power, Bureau engineers have also designed and built some
300 substations and switchyards. This total transmission system represents an installed transformer
capacity of approximately 22 million kilovolt amperes. In many areas, a Bureau line is the only source
of electricity and, if an outage occurs, an area may be completely without power. The vast land area
covered by Bureau lines offers almost every conceivable type of climatic condition, and because a
large percentage of lines are in remote areas—maintenance is both difficult and time consuming.
Therefore, the line designs shown in this manual are more conservative than designs which might
ordinarily be considered.
The Bureau of Reclamation recognized the need for this manual and consequently initiated its
preparation. With the advent of the Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy in
October of 1977, many of the electrical power features of the Bureau, including most transmission
lines, were transferred to the jurisdiction of Energy. However, it was deemed prudent to have the
Bureau complete the manual so that the design expertise gained through years of practical experience
would be readily available to other organizations as well as being a technical guide for Bureau
engineers designing new lines and maintaining the remaining facilities.
This manual contains the engineering tools and concepts that have proven to be successful over
many years of transmission line design by the Bureau. The manual is not a textbook, but a useful
reference and guide for Bureau designers. In keeping with the Metric Conversion Act of 1975, SI
metric units have been shown throughout the manual in addition to U.S. customary units.
There are occasional references to proprietary materials or products in this publication. These must
not be construed in any way as an endorsement, as we cannot endorse proprietary products or
processes of manufacturers or the services of commercial firms for advertising, publicity, sales, or
other purposes.
The author, Mr. Holland H. Farr, has more than 30 years of transmission line design experience
as an electrical engineer with the Bureau of Reclamation. He gratefully acknowledges the many
contributions to this manual by the personnel of both the Bureau of Reclamation and the Western
Area Power Administration. Special recognition is given to F. F. Priest for his encouragement,
suggestions, and consultation; to H. J. Kientz for his computer treatment of the concepts; and to
R. D. Mohr who provided the technical continuity. This manual was prepared and published by the
Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of the Interior, Engineering and Research Center, Denver,
Colorado.
Ill
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
IV
CONTENTS
Preface iii
Abbreviations and symbols iv
C H A P T E R I. BASIC D A T A
Section Page
1 Field data 1
2 Safety codes 2
3 Cost estimates 2
4 Selection of type of construction 4
(a) Single wood-pole structures 4
(b) H-frame, wood-pole structures 4
(c) Single-circuit steel structures 5
(d) Double-circuit steel structures 6
(e) Structures for special conditions 6
(f) Transpositions 6
(g) Special long-span construction 7
5 Normal, ruling, and effective spans 7
6 Selection of conductors 9
7 Stress-strain curves 10
8 The parabola and the catenary 14
9 Design instructions 21
10 Transmission line data summary form 23
C H A P T E R II. C O N D U C T O R SAGS A N D T E N S I O N S
11 General information 25
12 Sag and tension calculations using Copperweld sag calculating
charts 29
13 Preparation of sag template 32
14 Inclined spans 38
15 Galloping conductors 50
16 Broken conductors 56
17 Insulator effect on sag and tension in short spans 77
18 Spans with concentrated loads 99
C H A P T E R III. I N S U L A T I O N , L I G H T N I N G P R O T E C T I O N ,
A N D CLEARANCE P A T T E R N S
v
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Section Page
C H A P T E R IV. S T R U C T U R E L I M I T A T I O N A N D
GUYING CHARTS
22 General 127
23 Components of charts 127
24 Preparation of charts 127
C H A P T E R V. A D D I T I O N A L D A T A
Bibliography 303
APPENDIXES
Index 479
CONTENTS vii
FIGURES
Figure Page
103 29-ni type HSB 230-kV structure with class 1 Douglas fir
poles (two X-braces) 243
104 Free body diagram of pole above plane of inflection and to the
crosstie (metric example 3) 245
105 Free body diagram of pole between planes of inflection (metric
example 3) 247
106 95-ft type HSB 230-kV structure with class 1 Douglas fir poles
(two X-braces) 255
107 Free body diagram of pole above plane of inflection and to the
crosstie (U.S. customary example 3) 257
108 Free body diagram of pole between planes of inflection (U.S.
customary example 3) 259
109 Typical sag template (plastic) used for spotting structures 267
110 Typical plan and profile drawing with conductor sag template
superimposed 269
111 Typical plan and profile drawing showing use of sag template
in determining uplift 271
112 Schematic of vibration waves in a conductor 284
113 Corona loss curves for (A) fair weather, (B) rainfall,
(C) hoarfrost, and (D) snow 287
114 Average values of corona loss under fair weather with different
conductor bundles 288
115 Corona loss curves for different voltages 290
116 Conductor tensions when using free running stringing sheaves . . . 293
117 Dimensions required for calculating insulator offset and sag
correction data during stringing operations 293
118 Sag and tension calculation form for example problem on
insulator offset and sag correction (metric) 297
119 Sag and tension calculation form for example problem on
insulator offset and sag correction (U.S. customary) 297
120 Profile of spans for example problem on insulator offset and
sag correction 298
121 Stationing equation for common point on a transmission line
survey, assumption No. 1 301
122 Stationing equation for common point on a transmission line
survey, assumption No. 2 301
123 Station designations when station back is greater than station
ahead 302
124 Station designations when station ahead is greater than station
hack 302
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
TABLES
Table Page
Table ''age
F I G U R E S IN A P P E N D I X E S
Figure Page
Table Page
BASIC D A T A
The information from a., b., and c , is used to determine the most economic conductor size. The
other information is used mainly to establish the required mechanical and structural requirements
for the line.
To prepare specifications and designs, the following additional information is required:
h. Whether the line will be constructed by contract or Government forces.
i. Date delivery of power is required.
j . Delivery points for Government-furnished materials, and the proportion of each item of
material required at each point.
k. Key map, plan and profile sheets, and special crossing drawings.
1. Drill logs and a summary of footing conditions for steel tower lines or special steel structures.
1
2 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
3 . Cost Estimates.—Two general types of cost estimates are made, a preliminary and a final
engineers' estimate. Preliminary estimates are used to determine the economic feasibility of a
transmission line, and also to determine the amount of funds to be requested in the budget for
construction. They are also used to compare the cost of construction on alternate routes, and to
compare costs of various types of line construction. For example, these comparisons would be used
when making system studies in which the economy and feasibility of different voltages and alternate
types of construction are to be determined. This is especially true at voltages of 230 kV and above.
A final Engineers Cost Estimate, based on the cost of all items involved in the construction of
the line, is prepared for each construction specification. Both the preliminary and final estimates are
based on past cost and bid data and on current prices of materials as quoted by manufacturers.
The obove criteria opply to conductors and overhead ground wires of any type and
material with the exception as noted in footnote 3.
California Heavy Loading applies to all oreas above 914-m (3000-ft) elevation}
USBR uses NESC Medium Loading in northern California.
'National Electrical Safety Code.
e
Generol Order No. 95, Colifornio Public Utilities Commission.
3
Extra -high-strength overhead ground wire should be limited to maximum of
20 percent of ultimate strength at temperature indicated.
Figure 1.-Conductor and overhead ground wire catenary design criteria for USBR transmission lines. 104-D-1046.
From Dwg. 40-D-5169.
4 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
4 . Selection of Type of Construction.—When selecting the type of construction to be used on
a transmission line, it is necessary to consider the voltage of the line, size and type of conductors
to be used, desired or necessary span lengths, costs of construction, and the availability of materials
to be used in the structures. The structures used in a transmission line are divided into three classes
according to function: (1) tangent, (2) angle, and (3) tension. Usually, 80 to 90 percent of the
structures in a transmission line are of the tangent class. Standard wood-pole structures, hardware,
and methods of installation have been designed and established as standard design drawings for general
use on transmission lines for various voltage ratings. These drawings are to be used for all transmission
lines, except where special conditions require special structural designs. All standard design drawings
are given 40-D- numbers. Design data drawings, such as sag templates, limitation charts, and sag
tables, are usually developed for specific transmission lines and are given 104-D- or project numbers.
All original drawings are on file in the Bureau's Denver office, and reproducible prints of applicable
drawings are supplied to design units associated with various field offices.
Since the conductor and loading conditions for transmission lines are often different, span lengths
and structure heights and types are varied to maintain efficient and economical use of the standard
structures. Brief discussions on the basic types of structures are presented in the following paragraphs.
(a) Single Wood-Pole Structures .—The Bureau usually uses single wood-pole structures for voltages
from 2.3 through 46 kV. In addition, where right-of-way is severely restricted, it is sometimes
necessary to use single wood-pole construction for 69- and 115-kV lines. For lines up to and including
69 kV, two types of single-pole structures are used which, with reference to the arrangement of the
conductors, are designated flattop and triangular. In the flattop type of construction, the three
conductors are supported by a single crossarm and are arranged in the same horizontal plane. In the
triangular type, the middle conductor is supported at the top of the pole and the two outside
conductors are supported by a crossarm below the top of the pole. Pin-type insulators are used in
b o t h single-pole and H-frame construction. For 69-kV lines, a type of single-pole triangular
construction is used; however, suspension insulators with two conductors suspended from the upper
crossarm are used. For 115-kV lines, a single wishbone-type structure is used. The common, basic
types of single-pole, single-circuit structures and their nomenclature are:
(b) H-Frame Wood-Pole Structures .—The Bureau usually uses H-frame, wood-pole structures for
voltages from 69 through 161 kV. The H-frame designation originates from the appearance of the
tangent structure which has a double-plank crossarm. Occasionally, this type of construction must
be used for lower voltages where long spans cannot be avoided; however, it is sometimes used for
230-kV lines. The use of X-braces between the poles is standard on H-frame structures to permit
the use of longer spans and heavier conductors, and to support the structures under transverse loading.
The use of wood poles longer than 27 m (90 ft) is not recommended, except for very special cases,
because they are not economical and are difficult to obtain. For normal wood-pole construction, it
is preferred that the majority of poles on lines with overhead ground wires should not exceed 19.8 m
CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA 5
(65 ft) in length; and on lines without overhead ground wires, the majority of poles should not exceed
18.3 m (60 ft).
Although we normally use wood-pole structures for all lines up to 161 kV, occasional situations
arise (other than to obtain high clearance for crossings) where it is necessary to use steel towers. For
example, it is our policy not to guy any structure within 183 m (600 ft) of a substation; therefore,
self-supporting steel structures are used in these locations to permit large line angles, where required,
and to permit reduced tensions on conductors and overhead ground wires in the approach spans to
the substation.
The basic types of structures for H-frame construction and their nomenclature are:
(c) Single-Circuit Steel Structures .—Normally, steel construction is used for all voltages above
161 kV. Steel structures are also used for lower voltages under special conditions such as crossings
over navigable streams where high clearance and long spans are required, for approach spans into
substations and switchyards, and for extra-heavy loadings.
Steel transmission line structures are usually of the self-supporting type and are designed in three
general types: (1) tangent, (2) angle, and (3) dead end, according to their function in the line. For
many years steel structures were designated by a nomenclature system in which identifying letters
were used:
S = Suspension L = Light
T = Tension M = Medium
A = Angle H = Heavy
D = Double Circuit TR = Transposition
T h u s , an SAL-type structure was a single-circuit, suspension, angle structure designed for light
climatic loading.
In 1975, the system was changed, and a two-digit number is now used as a basic designation for
a set of structures designed for a specific voltage and for specific loadings. The first digit indicates
the voltage; for example, a 2 indicates 230 kV. The second digit is a design designator for a particular
series of towers. This system permits the steel structure designers to immediately identify the basic
set of structures used for any given line. The following letters are added to the two-digit number to
designate the function of the structure:
S = Suspension
X = Heavier suspension with small line angle ( 0 ° t o 5 ° ) capability
ST = Heavier suspension type, no line angle capability, outside phases in suspension, center
phase dead-ended
A = Angle (insulators in suspension)
T = Tension with small line angle ( 0 ° t o 5 ° ) capability
Y = Tension with large line angle (5° to 3 0 ° ) capability
D = Dead end with variable line angle capability
R = Transposition
6 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Thus, a type 30S structure would be a 345-kV suspension structure with a design designation of zero.
The limitations of a given set of structures will depend upon conductor size, maximum tension
in the conductors and overhead ground wires, and the loading area where the structures are to be
used.
(d) Double-Circuit Steel Structures .-Double-circuit steel structures may be used where it is
necessary to place two transmission lines on a restricted right-of-way, or if it is desired to reduce the
cost of two lines along the same route. On double-circuit structures, the conductors for each circuit
are arranged vertically on one side of the structure. In areas where snow and ice loading are not
expected, the conductors may be located directly above one another; however, where snow and ice
loading are expected, it is desirable to offset the center conductor to minimize the possibility of any
contact between the conductors. Contact can be caused by galloping conductors or uneven snow and
ice loading on the conductors. For example, if the three conductors are located directly above one
another and covered with ice, one of the lower conductors may drop its ice and spring up into the
conductor above. Double-circuit steel structures are constructed in the same general types as the
single-circuit structures.
(e) Structures for Special Conditions .-Special conditions frequently arise in the designing of
transmission lines which necessitate the use of special structures. Special structures are required
where: (1) a lower voltage line is carried on the same structure below a higher voltage line, (2) a branch
line takes off from a main line, (3) switches are required in a line, and (4) long spans, such as those
for a river or lake crossing, require higher than normal structures to maintain navigational clearances
or wider spacings between conductors. Where navigational clearances over rivers or lakes are required,
it is usually necessary to use steel structures to obtain sufficient height.
(f) Transpositions .—To maintain balanced conditions of reactance and capacitance on the three
phases of a transmission line, at least one transposition barrel should be placed between major
terminals. However, it has been determined that for less than 161 km (100 mi) between terminals,
the unbalance is not sufficient to affect the operation of the transmission line or the protective relays.
The term barrel, as used by the Bureau of Reclamation, refers to a section of a three-phase power
transmission line of uniform configuration that is divided into three parts of approximately equal
length by two transpositions arranged so that each conductor occupies each phase position for
one-third the length of the section. Specific instructions regarding transpositions should be given in
the design instructions for each transmission line.
The distances between conductors in a transposition must be studied to determine if adequate
minimum electrical clearances will be obtained in a given case. If possible, it is helpful to set up a
model of the transposition. A model will give good results and will also present the whole problem
in perspective. A problem area in a transposition may be difficult to locate correctly without a
thorough analysis. A model eliminates the possibility of selecting the wrong area. The model, of course,
must be made to scale. A large sheet of plywood for a base, dowels to support the conductors, screws
to hold the dowels in the desired locations, and adequate string to represent the conductors provide
an inexpensive way of duplicating various questionable line situations such as clearances between
conductors, between conductors and structures, or between conductors and guys.
Another method t h a t may be used to determine these clearances is by applying descriptive
geometry to the problem. This method should be used after an analysis of the whole system has been
made and the problem areas determined. The formulas derived on figure 2 may be applied to many
transposition problems.
CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA 7
Span (S)
V= k S - ^ = k D v ^ = -2DH2 + 2k(Dv2+DH2)
D 2 = k2 D v 2 + ( D H - k D H ) 2 (D/+D/)
D = k " D / +D H ^ - 2 k D /2+^l T2 D
n
H
2 , DH2 DV2 + D H 4 -2D H 4 + D H 4
DV2*DH2
2 2 2 2 2 2
D =DH -2kDH + k (Dv +DH
DHDy
\D v 2 ^D H 2 y ^(D V22 +D
+ n H 2 t2
(g) Special Long-Span Construction .—To take advantage of topographic conditions in areas of
rough terrain, it is often necessary to use spans longer t h a n are normal for the voltage under
consideration. To obtain the required spacing between conductors for long spans, longer crossarms
may be used on single wood-pole structures, and greater pole spacing may be used on H-frame
structures. For steel construction, the structures can be designed for any required conductor spacing.
5. Normal, Ruling, and Effective Spans.—The normal span is used to determine and compare
the span lengths obtainable by using different structure heights. The normal span may be defined
8 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
as the maximum span attainable with a given structure height and a given conductor clearance above
level ground. The usefulness of the normal span is limited because the transmission line profile is
seldom level, and the actual spans will vary considerably from the normal span. The normal span
can be calculated from the following formula:
yhere:
Normal span in meters (feet)
-¥F
P = height of conductor support for which the normal span is to be calculated, m (ft)
L = conductor clearance above level ground, m (ft)
C = ruling span, m (ft)
D = conductor sag for ruling span C, m (ft)
The ruling span may be defined as that span length in which the tension in the conductor, under
changes in temperature and loading, will most nearly agree with the average tension in a series of
spans of varying lengths between dead ends. A more common definition is that the ruling span is
the span length used as a basis for calculating the conductor sags and tensions, constructing the sag
template, and preparing the stringing tables. The ruling span for any section of transmission line
having n spans of lengths Z l 9 Z 2 , L3...Ln between dead ends may be calculated from the following
equation:
/V+Z23+Z33 +...Ln3
ryuling span
Lx +L2+L3 + ...Ln
To use this equation, the structure locations must be known. However, because the ruling span
is used as a basis for calculating the sag template, the ruling span must be estimated before the
structures are located. It is always good practice to locate structures for a transmission line so that
the span lengths are as uniform as possible. The maximum span length is limited by the strength of
the structure and conductor clearance requirements. Therefore, the ruling span can be estimated with
sufficient accuracy before the structures are located. One ruling span should usually be selected for
the entire line except for certain sections where long and short spans cannot be avoided because of
exceptionally rough profile. When this is the case, a longer or shorter ruling span should be used.
The conductor must be dead-ended at the point where a change in ruling span occurs because the
horizontal tensions in sections of line with different ruling spans do not vary by the same amounts
due to variations in temperature and loading. Unbalanced tensions result between sections of different
ruling spans. In isolated long spans, such as river crossings or over canyons which are dead-ended
at each end, the ruling span is made equal to the actual span.
Effective span is the term used to designate the portion of the conductor which is supported by
a structure. If the supports for the conductor at each end of a span are at the same elevation, the
low point of the conductor is at the middle of the span and each structure will support one-half of
the conductor. In this case, the effective span is equal to the actual span. If one support is higher
than the other, the low point of the conductor will be closer to the lower support and each structure
will then support that portion of the conductor between the structure and the low point. In effect,
CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA 9
considering the conductor load on one side of the structure only, each structure supports one-half
the equivalent of a level span equal in length to twice the distance between the structure and the
low point of the conductor. This hypothetical span is called the effective span.
To determine the total conductor length supported by any one structure, it is necessary to consider
the spans on each side of a structure. The supported length is equal to one-half the sum of the adjacent
effective spans; or the sum of the adjacent effective spans for any given structure is equal to twice
the distance between low points of the spans on either side of the structure.
of the conductor which, in turn, results in greater sag and reduced clearances above the ground. The
voltage drop in the line must be limited to about 10 percent; however, this can be controlled by the
use of reactors, capacitors, and synchronous condensers to control the vars (reactive volt amperes)
transmitted over the line. Usually, the value of power losses in a transmission line is sufficient to justify
a larger conductor size than is required to limit heating and voltage drop. A balance must be obtained
between the value of losses in the conductor and the fixed charges on the investment in the
transmission line such that minimum annual cost will result. Comparison must be made between the
various available types of conductors as well as determining the most economical size of any one type
of conductor.
Since 1945, ACSR (aluminum conductor, steel reinforced) conductor, because of its lower price,
has proved more economical than other conductors, such as copper or Copperweld-copper. Prior to
1945, copper prices were such that copper conductor was more economical than ACSR. Records show
that aluminum conductors are now being specified for nearly all new transmission lines, and for about
90 percent of distribution lines.
It is occasionally necessary to consider the availability of the different types of conductors because
it may be necessary to complete the transmission line in a short time without regard to the most
economical conductor.
Once the route and length of a transmission or distribution line have been determined, and a
conductor type and size selected to carry safely and economically the system voltage, current, and
power, several mechanical considerations remain which may influence the choice of conductor and
will definitely influence the installation methods. The designer must consider such factors as structure
heights and locations, span lengths, conductor sags and tensions, and ground clearances. Thus, the
designer must have detailed knowledge of conductor sag and tension as a function of span length,
temperature, and weight loading. Most of this information is supplied by conductor manufacturers
in the form of tables and graphs; however, the designer will usually have to prepare additional aids
such as forms, charts, diagrams, and templates, that are related to a specific installation. Figures 3
and 4 show a standard form that USBR designers use for conductor calculations. This form is a
variation of a form designed by the Copperweld Steel Co. of Glassport, Pa. [6]. Figure 3 shows metric
calculations for the conductor previously mentioned, and figure 4 shows the U.S. customary
calculations for the same conductor. A detailed description of this calculation form is given in section
12, chapter II.
7. Stress-Strain Curves.-Most of the mechanical properties required for sag and tension
calculations are determined by tensile testing. Wires used in the manufacture of transmission line
conductors are tested in full section. The loads determined in a tension test are reported as unit
stresses based on an area of the original section:
Load
Stress =
Area
Elongation is measured as the increase in length of a gage-marked length on a test specimen. The
elongation is then determined as
DCm-578 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
TE
LOADING o y i UNSTRESSED LENGTH jg I y I SAG FACTOR i SAG, mm SW,N TENSION, N
SPAN LENGTH(S) <2/J, JE.
^A
Os21Lte*P*mr«(W")yjf\0.qi?9 /c An .ADD 223 7I O. J7S2\O.OSLI <f9\ ^ 9 3 1 JTPVjT k j j6>2 Jnitia)
Permanent Set & Creep
•™ \Ci9f9 W/ \6'O00 '*S £ Q'Q?7t o-n/4 /&, uM i /?// \/1 7^Q z/i/fa/
No Ice, No Wind ( W )
mm I r e SPAN LENGTH(S) m
kPa Wind ( W " ) I ! |
Permanent Set & Creep i
-18
-1
No Ice. No Wind ( W ) 15.5
32
49
SPAN I FNGTHm m
kPa Wind IW) I
Permanent Set & Creep '
-18
-1
No Ice. No Wind ( W ) 15.5
32
49
DC-576 (3-78)
FINAL*1" SAG C A L C U L A T I 0 N S
l/jl
LOAOING
,nrh im.
[ T 0 p P - 1 UNSTRESSED LENGTHI
a
SPAN LENGTH(S)__£2£
y I SAG FACTOR |
FEET
SAG, ft f SIM, lb T TENSION, lb
O . Q<}<? 10/ O- GOV /Jf £* Q ,097/ Q-OIA /6\ 8.S/ 430. IS VV-29 Trtlfi'a/
30
No Ice. No Wind (W) 60
90
120
Stress-strain curves are prepared from the data obtained from these tests. As the test specimen
is slowly loaded, readings of elongation are made so that the initial curve may be plotted. As the
specimen is unloaded, elongation readings are again taken so that the final curve may be plotted.
A typical, stress-strain curve for a wire has a straight line segment, which in the deformation is
proportional to the applied load. The unit stress (load divided by original area) is proportional to
the unit strain (deformation divided by original gage length). The numerical value of this ratio
(stress/strain), usually expressed in gigapascals (pounds per square inch), is the modulus of elasticity.
For an ACSR conductor, there is no straight line segment on the initial curve, so a straight line average
of the portion of the curve under use is used for determination of the modulus of elasticity. The final
curve is always a straight line and has the same slope regardless of the maximum load applied, provided
the yield strength is not exceeded. The slope of this line is the final modulus of the conductor.
Other characteristics of the test specimen may be determined from the stress-strain test. The
proportional limit is the stress value at which the deformation ceases to be proportional to the applied
load. The maximum stress which can be applied without causing permanent deformation upon release
of the load is the elastic limit The yield strength is the stress at which the deformation ceases to be
proportional to the applied load by a specified percent of elongation (usually 0.2 percent).
Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum tensile stress which a material is capable of sustaining.
Tensile strength is calculated from the maximum load during a tension test which is carried to rupture
with the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. All metals have lower ultimate strength values
when subjected to a fluctuating stress. The amount of decrease will depend upon the range of the
fluctuating stress and the number of repetitions. Alcoa (Aluminum Co. of America) states [7] that
research and experience in transmission line design indicates that if the limits of variation in tensile
stress are approximately 10 percent, the maximum value of the fluctuating stress necessary to produce
fracture will be approximately 70 percent of the ultimate strength. This stress is referred to as the
working limit
Creep is the plastic deformation that occurs in metal at stresses below its yield strength. Metal
that is stressed below the yield point will normally return to its original shape and size when unloaded
because of its elasticity. However, if the metal is held under stress for a long period of time, permanent
deformation will occur. This deformation is in addition to the expected increase in length resulting
from the stress-strain characteristics of the metal.
Figure 5 shows a stress-strain curve that illustrates the origin of values used in conductor sag and
tension calculations for transmission lines. An explanation of figure 5 is:
• ADFG represents the initial loading curve plotted from test data taken during the loading of
a specimen in a stress-strain test.
• The average slope of curve AFhas been extended and labeled "Average slope of initial from
zero to full load." The slope of this line is used for the initial modulus in calculations. The value
in this example is 40 GPa (5.8 x 10 6 lb/in 2 ).
• CG is the final loading curve plotted from test data during the unloading on the test specimen.
The slope of this line is the final modulus.
• The conductor represented by the curves is to have a maximum stress of 69 MPa (10 000 lb/in 2 )
under full load conditions.
• BFis drawn parallel to the final curve CGand between the points for full load and zero load.
• AB is the permanent elongation and is called the permanent set
• The 10-year creep line is drawn from previously computed values. The creep value DEis read
horizontally between a point on the initial curve and a point on the creep curve at the same
stress value.
14 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
30 000
0.2
JL "
^-Permanent Set
UNIT STRAIN, percent elongation
Figure 5.-Stress-strain and creep curves illustrating origin of values used in sag and tension calculations.
104-D-1048.
•DE represents the creep value over a 10-year period. We assume that the average conductor
tension over a period of 10 years will be at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F) under no load conditions. The USBR
limits conductor stress to 18 percent of the ultimate strength at these conditions. The creep
values used for our calculations reflect all of these conditions.
Figure 6 shows stress-strain and creep curves for an ACSR, 2 6 / 7 (26 aluminum strands and 7 steel
strands) conductor as furnished by the Aluminum Association.
8. The Parabola and the Catenary .-Two curves, the parabola and the catenary, are generally
used in the calculations for conductor sags on transmission lines. The parabola, an approximate curve,
is often used because it simplifies the calculations. When a wire or cable is assumed to conform to
the curve of the parabola, the mass of the wire or cable is assumed to be uniformly distributed along
its horizontal projection (the horizontal span length). For the parabolic solution, it is safe to assume
that the sag will vary as the square of the span length for spans that are at least double the length
of the ruling span.
CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA 15
35 000
Figure 6 .-Stress-strain and creep curves for an ACSR, 2 6 / 7 conductor as furnished by the Aluminum Association.
104-D-1049.
The second curve to be considered is the catenary. Any perfectly flexible material of uniform mass
will hang in the shape of a catenary when suspended between two supports. Although commercially
available wires and cables are not truly flexible, they will, in very short spans, conform closer to a
catenary than to any other curve. In longer spans, the conductors may be considered as truly flexible
since they will sag in the shape of a catenary curve. For the catenary, the mass of the conductor
is assumed to be uniformly distributed along the arc of the conductor.
The sag calculations obtained for a level, reasonably short span with no unusually large sag will
be very similar when using either the catenary or the parabola. However, the difference between a
catenary and parabolic curve can be appreciable in heavy loading areas with comparatively low
tensions in long spans. This difference becomes even more pronounced if the spans are inclined. This
is easily understood by realizing that the conductor in an inclined span is actually a small portion
of an imaginary long, level span.
Figures 7 and 8 show the parabolic and catenary curves, respectively, and also the commonly used
equations for each. Figures 9 and 10 show the metric and U.S. customary sag and tension calculations
needed for the following example problems.
16 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Parabola
P
Directrix •
x2
y = f ( e Q + e a ) = a cosh -J-
DCm-578 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
SW SW
LOADING ! ^ o ^ 1 ' U N S T R E S S E D LENGTH | AE T SAG FACTOR SAG, mm SW, N TENSION, N
Figure 9.-Sag and tension calculation form for example problems on parabolic and catenary curves (metric).
DC-576 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR 79S ktrr?// flC5/? *V7 LOADING JAe-av 9h
Code Name Prate Weight Factors:
Rated Breaking Load 31 ±>OCD lb Deadweight (W) /• Of ^O . lb/ft Permanent Set 0 0 0 0 ^ 7 ^ ^
Diameter /-/Of? inch + 'Ll^. Ice ( W ) °2> Q<?*/^ . lb/ft Creep O . O C n / 4 ^ ^
Tension Limitations: ^ L _ l b Wind & '?°2-7 .lb/ft Total O . O O O X J E L Z
Initial, - VO°F 33T % /g SOO lb Resultant: ( W " ) ^ ? . tToVq _ lb/ft
Final. ZJ103* -21- % 7 ??f lb Area (A) £LJ?£kJ— in2 Modulus. (E) F i n a l / l ' 7 < k x 106 Ib/in2
Loaded. *> °F 50 *3 /& S7<P lb Temo. Coeff. of Linear Exp.: I n i t i a l ^ , )8't? x 1Q6 ib/in2
Final. 60 °F /# % S 6> 7O Ih Final AE 7 VIZ (tit* lb
0.000 Q / f ? ^ per°F Initial AE S <f 43 J$7S lb
Computed by Date
TEMP..J
LOADING UNSTRESSED LENGTH!
a ? SAG FACTOR SAG, ft SW, lb TENSION, lb
^_ib/ft2wmd(W-)i o \j,goz lVi\O'0QQ SQt>S[ o>acl / 0-039 H\ 4$<77 3o/Q'U\ IQ QQQ Jni't
Permanent Set & Creep friflfltf $42
0
\/>nn3 Qa<q\c>. OQQ I(P2 ° Q. £V 1 O.natn %s 41-23. 3/r2> %\ y A10 Final
60
{<QC3 3&/\<?,6>na /£,f o a-dm V n, 03ft 32 45< <jti JJLLIJL 4 3U-
No Ice, No Wind (W) 7.aa3 loUU\cptooa /4>?<?\a.3/3 3 \C,03<) IS J7>tf /3/J> $ i i?e
J. Q03 ^81 \Q,rtan /A8 o/?. dZ3 9 VP-aJ! 13 \ 4f.3<e JJ-UL-2- 4 023
120
\/,ar\4 21(e\e*<?ci4 ihti <?\ 2> 334 Z \a-a4i4i\ f<?>f2 (313 8\ 3 1<L%
Figure lO.-Sag and tension calculation form for example problems on parabolic and c a t e n a r y curves (U.S. customary).
CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA 19
SagRs Sag,
2
(RS) (Span,)2
where:
(SagRS){Span,)2
8i = = ( pan
—iRsy ' -*
SagRS 14.556 _ _
^-(^F-(366^-10866x10 m
100 1 1087
200 4 4 346
300 9 9 780
400 16 17 386
500 25 27 166
600 36 39 119
700 49 53 245
800 64 69 544
900 81 88 017
1000 100 108 663
SagRS_ Sag,
(RS)2'(Span,)2
where:
(SagRS)(Span,)2
81 =
(RS)2 (Span, f
SagRS 47.69 c ,
K 3 3118x10
-lR§f =(T5ooK - ""-
z
x =p/2 - 111 span,
cosh — - 1
Sag a (cosh- - 1 J,
a Q
ft ft
100 0.026 439 0.000 349 531 1.322
200 0.052 878 0.001 398 367 5.289
300 0.079 317 0.003 147 243 11.904
400 0.105 756 0.005 597 738 21.172
500 0.132 195 0.008 750 491
600 0.158 634 0.012 608 781
33.097
700 0.185 073 0.017 174 947 47.690
800 0.211512 0.022 452 180 64.961
900 0.237 951 0.028 444 171 84.921
1000 0.264 390 0.035 155 107 107.584
1100 0.290 829 0.042 589 680 132.967
1200 0.317 268 0.050 753 087 161.087
1300 0.343 707 0.059 651 036 191.963
1400 0.370 146 0.069 289 745 225.618
1500 0.396 585 0.079 675 954
262.074
301.358
Figure 11 is a catenary curve showing the percentage relationship between sag and span length.
This relationship may be particularly useful in determining a clearance at any point in a span.
Parabolic and catenary curves are discussed further in chapter II.
30 40 50 60 70 00
PERCENT SPAN LENGTH
Figure ll.-Catenary curve showing percentage relationship between sag and span length. 104-D-1052.
a. Design data.
(1 Length of line
(2 Voltage of line
(3 Number of circuits
(4 Type of structures
(5 Ruling span
(6 Insulators: number, size, and type
(7 Conductors and overhead ground wires: number, size, and type
(8. Maximum tension under loaded conditions for conductors and overhead ground wires
(9 Final tension at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) with no wind for conductors and overhead ground
wires
(10) For steel towers, the horizontal and vertical spacing between conductors and overhead
ground wires
CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA 23
(11) For steel towers, the conductor clearances to tower steel
(12) Final sag at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F) and 49 ° C (120 ° F ) with no load for conductors and
overhead ground wires
(13) Midspan clearance at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) between the conductors and overhead ground
wires
(14) The annual isoceraunic level and the probable number of power outages due to lighting.
This number is calculated either per 100 kilometers or per 100 miles of transmission
line length; the numerical coefficent for the "per-100-miles" value is 1.6 times the
"per-100-kilometers" value.
b. Design loading conditions.
c. Minimum clearances, other than those given in a.
d. Drawings and characteristics of structures to be used.
e. Number and locations of transpositions.
f. Design data drawings including sag templates, structure limitation charts, steel tower clearance
diagrams, and conductor height tables for wood-pole structures.
10. Transmission Line Data Summary Form.—A Transmission Line Data Summary form, as
shown on figure 12, should be prepared for each transmission line designed. This form should contain
all pertinent data concerning the line so that a compact, ready reference is available.
Initial entries on the summary form should be made when the design work is assigned. Additional
entries should be made as data are obtained, and by the time the transmission line is put into service,
the form should be completely filled out. The completed form should be placed in a looseleaf
notebook, along with summary sheets for other lines, for easy reference. Nothing is better than good
records—if they are kept. The summary sheet is simple in layout, easy to fill out, contains all data
normally required, has room for any additional data t h a t might be useful, and is an excellent
information source.
24 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Region:
Project: Specifications No.
Name of Line: Voltage:
Length: km In service:
Elevation, min.-max.: Data by:
NESC loading: mm ice, kPa wind, +K(0. ) , at °C
in ice, lb/ft 2 wind, +K(0. ) , at °F
Type of construction: Contractor:
Insulators -
Size: mm ( in) Conductor to ground clearance
Strength: _N (_ _lb) at 15.5 °C (60 °F) _™n_
Number per string:
Key map:
Plan-profile drawings:
Sag template: Structure Limitation Chart:
Stringing sag tables -
Conductor:
Overhead ground wire:
C O N D U C T O R SAGS A N D T E N S I O N S
25
26 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
conductor has been under stress. These three categories are referred to as: (1) initial loading condition,
(2) final loading condition, and (3) final loading condition with creep.
(1) The initial loading condition applies to conductors which have not been stressed beyond
a small percentage of the stress value selected as the maximum operating stress. Sags based on
this condition are used as stringing data for unstressed conductors, and as basic data for
preparing sag templates, which are used to determine uplift forces on structures. Tensions are
used to determine maximum stress conditions.
(2) The final loading condition applies to conductors which have been stressed to the value
selected as the maximum operating stress, but where the conductor has been under this stress
for only a short time. Sags and tensions based on this condition are used to determine the full-load
sag and tension, and stringing data for prestressed conductors. Tensions are used to determine
maximum stress conditions.
(3) The final loading condition with creep applies to conductors which have been in place
for several years. Creep values are generally based on a 10-year period, since about 95 percent
of the creep has been removed from the conductor over this length of time. Sags based on this
loading condition are used for preparing sag templates that can be used for spotting structures
on plan-profile drawings. Corresponding tensions are used in broken conductor calculations.
Sag and tension values for a given span length and conductor will vary according to the loading
conditions, that is, the sag for the final loading condition with creep will be greater than the sag for
the final loading condition, and the sag for the final loading condition will be greater than the sag
for the initial loading condition. The difference in the sag between final loading with creep and the
final loading conditions is obviously due to creep. The value of this creep is dependent on the
magnitude of the average tension and the length of time the tension has been applied. The difference
in the sag between final and initial loading conditions is due to permanent set. The value of the
permanent set is dependent upon the magnitude of the maximum stress attained by the conductor.
To compute sags and tensions based on initial loading conditions, the initial modulus of elasticity
for the conductor under study must be determined and used in formulas involving the modulus.
Likewise, the final modulus of elasticity must be determined and used in order to compute sags and
tensions based on either the final loading condition or the final loading condition with creep.
To relate initial conditions, final conditions, and final conditions with creep, values of creep and
permanent set must be determined. To determine these values, the initial modulus may be taken as
the slope of a straight line which most closely approximates the initial loading curve between the
point of maximum stress and the point of zero stress. The final modulus is the slope of the unloading
line. The permanent set may be taken as the difference in elongation at zero stress between the initial
loading curve and the unloading line. In the case where the initial modulus is represented by a line
approximating the initial loading curve, the p e r m a n e n t set may be taken as the difference in
elongation at zero stress between the initial modulus line and the unloading line.
Whenever electrical conductors or overhead ground wires are strung above ground, they are
subjected to the effects of wind, temperature, and ice, all of which add load to the wires. Standard
loading conditions and recommendations for conductor tensions are set forth in NESC. These NESC
rules have been adopted as the basic standard code requirements by all of the 17 Western States that
the Bureau of Reclamation serves, except California. California has established its own code, which
is published as the Rules for Overhead Line Constructional].1
Loading
Heavy Medium Light
The State of California specifies heavy loading conditions of 13-mm (0.5-in) radial thickness of
ice and 0.29 kPa (6 l b / f t 2 ) of wind pressure on the projected area of cylindrical surfaces at
minus 18 ° C (0 ° F ) for all parts of the State where the elevation exceeds 914 m (3000 ft) above sea
level. Unlike the N E S C , the California code does not require the addition of conductor loading
constants. California light loading conditions of no ice and 0.38-kPa (8-lb/ft 2 ) wind pressure on the
projected area of cylindrical surfaces at minus 4 ° C (25 ° F ) are specified for all areas of the State
where the elevation above sea level is 914 m or less. However, our experience has shown that ice and
snow are likely to occur at elevations below 914 m in northern California; therefore, some Bureau
lines in this part of the State are designed for NESC medium loading conditions. This loading is more
practical for the expected weather conditions and exceeds the requirements of the California code.
In Montana and Wyoming, NESC medium loading is specified for most of the area covering these
States. However, extremely low temperatures have been encountered in these states during the winter
so we have revised, for Bureau use, these loading areas to NESC heavy loading as shown on figure
1 in section 2.
Both the NESC and California codes recommend that conductors and overhead ground wires be
strung at tensions such that the final unloaded tension at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F) will not exceed 25 percent
of the ultimate strength, and the initial unloaded tension at 15.5 ° C will not exceed 35 percent of
the ultimate strength. The NESC permits tensions under load that do not exceed 60 percent of the
ultimate strength under maximum assumed loading. The California code limits maximum load to 50
percent of the ultimate strength under maximum assumed loading.
For ACSR conductors, the Aluminum Company of America recommends that the tension shall
not exceed 50 percent of the ultimate strength under maximum loading conditions; and that the final
unloaded tension shall not exceed 25 percent of the ultimate strength at minus 18 ° C (0 ° F) in NESC
and California heavy loading districts, at minus 9.4 ° C (15 ° F ) in NESC medium loading districts,
28 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
and at minus 1 ° C (30 ° F ) in NESC light loading districts. These tensions are substantially less than
those recommended by the codes and result in considerably less damage to the conductor from
vibration.
Several years ago, we installed steel overhead ground wires at a final unloaded tension of 25 percent
of the ultimate strength at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) . Numerous breaks due to vibration occurred in one or
more wires of the seven-wire strand at the supporting suspension clamps. Vibration problems also
occurred with some of the conductors, so we now design for a maximum final unloaded tension of
25 percent of the ultimate strength of both high-strength steel overhead ground wires and conductors
at the following temperatures:
District Temperature
°C (°F)
When extra-high-strength steel is used for overhead ground wires, we design for a maximum final
unloaded tension of 20 percent of the ultimate strength at the temperatures shown above for the
different loading districts.
Bureau design criteria for conductors and overhead ground wires should be in accordance with
the data shown on figure 1; note that there are four limiting conditions shown.
Although the ice and wind loadings prescribed by the codes are generally applicable for determining
the loading conditions to be used in the design of a transmission line, specific climatic and weather
conditions should be studied for each transmission line or group of lines. For example, on our North
and South Dakota transmission lines, the crossarms were designed to support a vertical load due to
38 mm (1.5 in) of ice on the conductors, but no extra wind load for the excess ice above 13 mm (0.5 in)
was considered as it did n o t seem p r o b a b l e t h a t h e a v y icing and high winds would o c c u r
simultaneously.
Certain limitations regarding allowable sags, tensions, and span lengths are set forth in NESC and
in various local safety codes. These codes or regulations should be reviewed to determine the
applicable limitations which should not be exceeded, except by written permission from the proper
authorities. In the following paragraphs, a general discussion is given concerning the various types
of spans, and special span combinations, for which sag and tension data are likely to be required.
References are given to various methods which are in general use for computing sags and tensions
in such spans.
A perfectly level (symmetrical) span is infrequently found in practice since almost all spans are
inclined (asymmetrical) to some degree. However, the level span problem lends itself to comparatively
simple treatment by either the parabolic or catenary relations. Numerous methods have been derived
for computing sags and tensions in level spans, the majority of which are based on catenary relations
in the form of dimensionless ratios. Four of these methods are described in references [4, 5, 6, 7].
Reference [6] offers the greatest facility in most problems and is discussed further in the following
section. Before using any method, a careful study should be made to determine the limitations of
the method, and then care should be given to the application of the method within these limits.
As might be expected, the computation of sags and tensions for inclined spans is complicated by
their asymmetry. Most inclined spans are supported by suspension or pin-type insulators at both ends,
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 29
or by suspension or pin-type insulators at one end and by dead-end-type insulators at the other end.
A few inclined spans may be dead-ended at both ends. Usually, the suspended type of inclined span
can be designed by modifying or correcting the data computed for symmetrical spans. For structure
spotting purposes, the ruling span sag template based on symmetrical spans usually may be used
without correction. For extremely steep hillside spans, special calculations, such as extending the
catenary curves to theoretical points of support at the same elevation as the upper support and then
solving each sag condition as an individual level span, should be made to provide sag curves which
can be used for determining proper conductor clearances to ground and to obstructions. Inclined
spans dead-ended at both ends also require special treatment. A method which applies to this case
is given as reference [5], Inclined spans are further discussed in section 14.
The determination of sags and tensions in spans adjacent to a broken conductor is important in
design work from the standpoint of assuring compliance under this condition with clearance
requirements over railroad, highway, waterway, communication line, and powerline crossings; and
from the standpoint of determining the unbalanced loads on the structures. The computation of sags
and tensions under this condition is quite involved, due mainly to the many variables introduced.
A method which applies directly to this problem is given as reference [8]. In addition to this published
solution, an unpublished method was devised by Mr. G. R. Wiszneauckas, former Bureau engineer,
that offers a margin of facility over other methods. This method has been included in this manual
as appendix A, and an example problem using this method is shown in section 16.
In a series of suspension spans, where relatively short spans occur adjacent to a relatively long
span, it is desirable to determine the changes in sags and tensions which would result from temperature
and loading changes and from unbalanced loadings. In some cases, such changes or unbalances will
produce dangerous loads on the structures; in others, clearances may be reduced below the required
values. T h e nature of this problem is very similar to t h a t of the broken c o n d u c t o r problem;
consequently, most of the methods for handling the broken conductor problem can be applied to
this problem with slight modification. An example problem on unbalanced conditions is presented
in section 16.
Problems relating to spans with concentrated loads are relatively few and are confined mainly to
substation or switchyard approach spans in which taps or tie-down arrangements are used. Such
problems are complicated by the elastic effects of the tie-down in addition to the dead load applied.
No published method is known which adequately treats this problem; however, a method was devised
by the Bureau that handles this problem with facility, see section 18.
Another problem similar to spans with concentrated loads appears in the use of extremely short
dead-ended spans with long insulator strings. This problem may be handled by use of the methods
in references [5, 10, 11]. Problems where the concentrated load consists of dead load only can be
handled by one of the methods given in reference [12].
1 2 . Sag and Tension Calculations Using Copperweld Sag Calculating Charts.-Martin's Sag
Calculating Tables [4] were first made public by Mr. James S. Martin in a paper he presented to the
Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania in November 1922. In 1931, the tables were first
published in book form by the Copperweld Steel Co. That first edition, and several editions since
then, have been in constant use by engineers designing overhead transmission lines. Calculations of
sags and tensions by Martin's Tables consist of filling out a calculation form by reading tables,
interpolating, and computing values. There is a trial-and-error method required in the use of these
tables.
30 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
The "Graphic Method for Sag-Tension Calculations", developed by Alcoa, is a system employing
a series of correlated graphs to determine the sag and tension characteristics of an overhead
conductor. Graphical methods are very satisfactory but require considerable time in preparing curves,
superimposing graph upon graph, and reading values for various conditions.
The Copperweld Sag Calculating Charts [6] were developed to simplify the calculation of sags and
tensions for overhead lines. The charts are based on the functions of the catenary as given in Martin's
Tables. The general procedure for solving sag and tension problems using these charts is the same
as with Martin's Tables. However, the charts provide a graphical relationship between unstressed
length factors, elongation factors, and factors of SWI T(span length times the vertical force of the
conductor divided by the tension) which eliminates the interpolating and the trial-and-error methods
required when using the tables. The range of the charts covers most types of construction but, on
occasion, it may be necessary to revert to Martin's Tables for part of the solution.
Designers using the charts and tables should be aware that all wire is elastic to some extent. When
tension is applied to a wire, as is done when a conductor is strung between two supports, the wire
stretches. If the tension in the wire increases, the length of the wire increases. With different amounts
of load on a suspended wire, the elongation (stretch) and the tension in the wire will change.
A temperature change in the wire also changes its length. If the temperature changes while the
wire is unstressed (at zero tension) and the wire is free to change its length, the length changes but
there is no change in tension. When the wire is suspended in tension and the temperature changes,
the change in length is affected by both the temperature change and the elastic characteristics of
the wire. All changes due to ice, wind, and temperature are taken into consideration when computing
sags and tensions in conductors by this method of charts and tables.
The conductor sag and tension calculation form is shown on figure 13. During t h e metric
changeover period, we have both a metric and a U.S. customary form for our use. Figure 13 shows
the metric form to which we have added item numbers to help explain the form:
Item Explanation
Item Explanation
(14) Final modulus E, GPa (lb/in 2 ) Slope of final (unloading) curve of stress-strain
diagram1
(15) Initial modulus E, GPa (lb/in 2 ) Slope of initial loading curve of stress-strain
diagram1 (average slope between maximum
loading and point where entire conductor
starts to assume loading)
(16) Final AE, N (lb) Product of conductor area (12) and final
modulus (14)
(17) Initial AE,N (lb) Product of conductor area (12) and initial
modulus (15)
(18) Span length, m (ft) Length of span for which computations are
to be made
(19) Thickness of ice, mm (in); and For full-load condition
force of wind, kPa (lb/ft 2 )
(20) Temperature, °C (°F) For full-load condition
(21) Tension, N (lb), initial Expected or desired tension at full-load con-
ditions (Must not exceed 50 percent of
ultimate strength of conductor. May be
limited by 33-1/3 percent of ultimate
strength of conductor for no-load initial
conditions, or 25 percent of conductor
ultimate strength for no-load final conditions.
At temperatures indicated on fig. 1).
(22) SW, N (lb) (two decimal places) Span length (18) times resultant force per
unit length of conductor (11)
(23) SW/T (four decimal places) SW (22) divided by full-load tension (21)
(24) SW/AE (seven decimal places) SW (22) divided by initial AE (17)
(25) Unstressed length (six decimal From Copperweld charts [6] at intersection of
places) SW/T (23) and SW/AE (24) values
(26) Permanent set and creep1 (six
decimal places)
(27) Unstressed length at -18 °C If value of unstressed length is for initial con-
(0 °F)(six decimal places) dition, then only a change for temperature,
number of degrees change times temperature
coefficient of linear expansion (13), need be
made. However, if the value for unstressed
length is to be for the final condition, then
it will also be necessary to add the permanent
set and creep to the value of unstressed length
(25)
(28) - (31) Unstressed length (six decimal Change in value is equal to the degrees of tem-
places) perature change times temperature coeffi-
cient of linear expansion (13)
32 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Item Explanation
(32) SW, N (lb) (two decimal Span length (18) times unloaded conductor
places) force per unit length of conductor (8)
(33) SW/AE (seven decimal places) SW (32) divided by final AE (\6)
(34) - (38) SW/T (four decimal places) From Copperweld charts [6] at intersections
of unstressed length values (27) - (31) and
SW/AE (33)
(39) - (44) Sag factors (interpolate to From table at back of Copperweld charts book
five decimal places) [6], sag factor for each value of SW/T (23)
and (34)-(38)
(45) - (50) Sags, mm (ft) (two decimal Span length (18) times sag factors (39) - (44)
places , if in feet)
(51) - (55) Tensions, N (lb) SW (22) and (32) divided by SW/T (23) and
(34) - (38), respectively
DCm-578 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR . (i) LOADWi i (Z)
Code Name (2) Linear Force Factor:
Rated Breaking Strength _ (3) Dead Load Force ( W ) . J8L . N/m Permanent Set 0.00
Diameter, (4) _ mm J3L.. mm Ice ( W ) (9) . N/m Creep 0.00
Tension Limitations: (6) kPa Wind (10) . N/m Total 0.00_
(26)
Initial. <
fc,_33JL_% Resultant: ( W " ) JUL N/m
Final °C, 25 % Area (A)_ (12) im2 Modulus. (E) Final (14) GPa
L oaded °C. 50 % Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.: Initial 05) .GPa
Final. 15.5 <b % 0.000 0 03) per°C Final AE (16) N
Computed by Date Initial AE 07) N
TCUD I I SW SW
LOADING 0c "1 UNSTRESSED LENGTH
A! SAG FACTOR SAG, mm SW, N TENSION, N
T
(19)- SPAN LENGTH(S) 18) m
kPaWind ( W " ) 1(20)1 (25) (24) 1 (23) (39) (45) (22) (21)
Permanent Set & Creep (26)
(27)
(28)
HE
33)
34L
35)
140L
(41)
146T
(47)
32T
32L
5!L
52)
No Ice, No Wind (W) (29) (33) (36) (42) (48) (32) (53)
(30) (33) (37) (43) (49) (32) (54)
(31) (33) (38) (44) (50) J32L (55)
mm Ice
SPAN LENG TH(S) m
kPa Wind ( W " )
Permanent Set & Creep
-18
-1
No Ice, No Wind (W) 15.5
32
49
mm l r « SPAN LENGTH(S) m
kPa Wind (W)
Permanent Set & Creep
-18
-1
No Ice, No Wind (W) 15.5
32
49
36.6 m
(120ft)
-40°C(-40° Yp^
244 m
(80ft)
R\ \
\ .
^
^ Cut away this area -^
15.5 °C(60 °f ]
~x
12.2m
(40 ft)
^^-Clearance 8754mm
(28.72 f t )
and they would no longer be good for this specific job. The 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) "final no-load" curve
and the minimum temperature "initial no-load" curve are plotted in the center of the template, and
the plastic material between these two curves should be cut away. The 15.5 ° C final no-load curve
is used for plotting the conductor location on plan and profile drawings because this is the temperature
used as a basis for NESC clearances. Clearance curves, which are identical to the 15.5 ° C curve,
are drawn below the 15.5 ° C final no-load curve. The amount of clearance is determined from the
following requirements of NESC:
For lines in California, a 54 ° C (130 ° F ) final no-load curve should be used for the sag template
and for locating the structures instead of the 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) final no-load curve. Clearances should
be in accordance with reference [1].
The sag template shown on figure 14 was made from the data indicated on the sag and tension
calculation sheets, figures 15 and 16:
15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) , final, no-load sag for 213.4-m (700-ft) ruling span = 4874 mm (15.99 ft)
Minus 40 ° C (-40 ° F ) initial, no-load sag for 213.4-m ruling span = 2243 mm (7.36 ft)
36 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN M A N U A L
DCm-576 (3-73)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR 3-J2. MM* ACS R ^/j LOADING.
Flicker
Code Name .
*&-
Linear Force Factor:
Rated Breaking Strength 7b SO*? N Dead Load Force (W) i 7 , f <6 SO N/m Permanent Set 0.00<2L_ y/a
Diameter c^Zi_4r_^__ mm 13 mm Ice ( W ) ^ A / tf £ d N/m Creep 0.00£_ ^ _
Tension Limitations: * , # / £ a kPa Wind / . 979& Total O.OOCL. _£&2_
In.tiai-Vgy. 33t -JtS SCO N N/m
Resultant: ( W 1 ) £ 7 , ^ 9 3TO N/m
Final. -V0°c, 25 %/f / £ f N Area (A) r ? ? / ^ mm2 Modulus. (E) Final 73 • ^ ^ GPa
DC-578 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR y/7 kcni'I /)c^R x LOADING _z4
/e<?^
^
Code Name _ Weight Factors:
Rated Breaking Load / 7 r£D O lb Deadweight (W) O. £ / j/S~ . lb/ft Permanent Set 0.00i2_ 4i±_
Diameter men •'Am. ice (W) A /^/,7 . lb/ft
.lb/ft
Creep 0.00<O_
Total
4U-
0.00<2_ _ ^ 2 _
Tension Limitations: _^L_ib Wind O. L/S3
I n i t i a l - V<9°F 331 % _f733 lb Resultant: ( W " ) /. / / A / .lb/ft
Final. -JO °F 25 % V3OO lb Area (A) O- ^£32 in2 Modulus. (E) F i n a l A 2 - ^ j L x 106 Ib/in2
Loaded, O °F 50 % $&<><? lb TemD. Coeff. of Linear Exp.: Initial tf./)fjx 1Q6 lb/ir»2
Final. __SQ__°F J j _ % A O^^ lb Final AE V V ^ ^f^> lb
0.000 0 /G # per °F Initial AE >3 ^33 /P$& lb
Computed by Date
Figure 16.-Sag and tension calculation form for example problem on sag template (U.S. customary).
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 37
SagRS Sag,
2
(RS) (Span,)2
where,
SagR* 4.874 m
For 15.5ocfinal: 7 ^ 7 = ,01~Q, , = 1.0707 x 10" 4 m~ 1 = K,
(RS)2 (213.36 m) 2 1
SagRS 15.99 ft
60°Ffi„al: ^ = ( - ^ j . 3.2633 X 1 0 - f t - - JC.
SagR<; 2.243 m
For - 40 °C initial: - ^2 = „ . - - , , 2 = 4.9272 x 10" ' m ' 1 = K22
(RS) (213.36 m)
SagRS 7.36 ft
- 4 0 ° F i n i t i a l : -^gf- - (7Q() ft)2 = 1.502 x l O ^ f f 1 = K2
Assume values for span lengths (*), square these (x2), and multiply by the l v a l u e s to obtain the
sags as shown in table 2.
Span length (Span length) 2 15.5 °C (60 °F) Sag - 4 0 °C (-40 °F) Sag
X x2 K,x2 K2x2
m ft m2 ft 2 m mm ft m mm ft
60.96 200 3 716.12 0.4 x l O 5 0.398 398 1.31 0.183 183 0.60
121.92 400 14 864.49 1.6 x l O 5 1.592 1592 5.22 0.732 732 2.40
243.84 800 59 457.95 6.4 x 10 5 6.366 6 366 20.89 2.930 2 930 9.61
365.76 1200 133 780.38 14.4 x 1 0 5 14.324 14 324 46.99 6.592 6 592 21.63
487.68 1600 237 831.78 25.6 x 10 5 25.464 25 464 83.54 11.718 11 718 38.45
609.60 2000 371612.16 40.0 x 1 0 5 39.788 39 788 130.53 18.310 18 310 60.08
Using the same scales as those used on the plan-profile sheets (25.4 mm = 61 m or 1 in = 200 ft
horizontally, and 25.4 mm = 12.2 m or 1 in = 40 ft vertically), plot the sag values on the sag
template for the span lengths shown in table 2. The curves should be expanded far enough on the
sag template to permit its use on an entire transmission line, with the possible exception of an
extremely steep span where a special catenary curve should be used.
38 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Draw a vertical line at the center of the template (zero span length) for a reference line. This line
must be kept perfectly vertical when the template is being used for laying out a transmission line.
Clearance (conductor to earth) curves should be located at the specified NESC distances below
the 15.5 C (60 ° F) final sag curve. The clearance curves will be identical to the final sag curve
but will be offset vertically from it by the values of clearance required.
All curves should be identified on the sag template. The conductor size and type, the ruling span,
maximum conductor tension, NESC loading, and the horizontal and vertical scales used should also
be noted on the template.
If the span is long, or if there is a relatively large difference in elevation of the end supports, some
correction should be made in the calculations. Calculations based on the catenary are preferred over
those based on the parabola because the conductor conforms to a catenary curve when suspended
between supports—the steeper the span, the greater the difference between the comparable portion
of a catenary and a parabola. In computing the sag, there is some error in assuming Dto be the same
as the sag for a level span of the same horizontal distance between supports. However, this can be
minimized by using an equivalent level span. This method, although an approximation, gives results
which are as accurate as can ordinarily be used in the field and within field limitations.
The equivalent span is taken as the slope span plus the difference between the slope span and the
level span. Thus, the equivalent span equals S' + (S'—S) = 2S—S. The sag D for the equivalent
span is then calculated in the usual manner. This method may be used with less than 1 percent error
for spans with an incline up to 20 percent.
Another method, which gives good results, uses an average tension in the span and has a corrected
sag value. Using the notation shown on figure 18:
I , =^L2 +H2
Tt - T2=wH
_ T, + T2 2Tl - wH
T
av ~ j ~ 2
T
/ '
1
Q
f
Use Tav and length L\ to calculate sags and tensions for various conditions using Copperweld,
Alcoa, or other acceptable methods. Correct the calculated sag by the relationship D = SL\/L.
A method originally intended for calculating sags and tensions in steeply inclined spans, but which
is applicable to spans of any incline, was developed by Mr. D. O. Ehrenburg while he was a member
of the Bureau of Reclamation staff. For a full discussion of his method, including derivations of
formulas, see reference [5]. A brief version of this method follows showing nonmenclature, formulas,
procedure, and a sample calculation. Since the method is based on a parameter Z, the functions of
Z a r e included as table 3.
Metric U.S.
customary
Table 3.—Functions of Z
The loading conditions, conductor size, and maximum tension are determined by previous studies.
All other conductor data required may be obtained from tables shown in appendix C or from
manufacturers' catalogs. The horizontal and vertical spacing of supports can be determined from the
plan-profile drawings.
Procedure steps:
1. Determine c from c2 = a2 + b2
2. Determine b' from b' = b(w + v)/w'
3. Determine a' from a' = \lc2 - ib')2
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 43
4. Determine coth Z from
A
coth Z =
1 +0.167
( # & )
where:
_ 7Y(max) - 0.5 w'b'
0.5 w'c
JK
c 12c3
9. Prepare graph:
a. Plot the tensions for the assumed values of Z against the slack S-c. This will give four
curves: 7\' and TJ for full load, and Tx and Te for no load
b. Plot sag d against slack S-c on the same graph
c. Find the maximum average tension at full-load conditions by drawing a vertical line
from the point of maximum tension on the full-load curve 77 down to the full-load curve
T'
1
e
d. Starting at the maximum average tension point found in step 9.c, draw temperature
lines down to the no-load Te curve. The slope of these lines was determined in step 7.e., and
their horizontal spacing was found in step 8.b.
e. Determine the sag at every 5.5 °C from minus 7 to 48 °C or at every 10 °F from 20 to
120 °F by drawing vertical lines from the points where the temperature lines intersect the
no-load Te curve down to the sag curve
f. Label all parts of graph
Figure 19 shows the inclined span used for the following example calculations:
-Support
a = 545.59 m (1790 f t )
b= 207.26 m (680 f t )
C = 583.69 m (1915 f t )
INSULATOR STRING
SWING DUE TO
WIND FORCE
Example
Metric
b =
H^7") = 2 0 7 - 2 6 V 5^4~ J = 187.36 m
Results of these metric calculations are shown on figure 20 along with initial sags for temperatures
from minus 9.5 to 48 ° C .
U.S. Customary
Temp. Sag
(°C) (m)
-9.5 24.8
-7.0 25.0
-1.5 25.35
100 000
4.0 25.65
9.5 25.95
15.0 26.2
20.5 26.5
90 000
26.0 26.8
c
o
80 000
+-
CD
O
CO
70 000
60 000
50 000
SLACK (S-c),meters
Figure 20.-Results of example problem on an inclined span using parameter Z method (metric).
104-D-1056.
48 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Z = 0.17875
1+
o,^xi)^o, 67 (^y( 3 -^)
/(Z) = 0.005 336
•A „2 A2
S . c ^ f ( Z ) + ^ l z* = a 7 9 ^ ( 0 . o o 5 3 3 6 ) + ^ ? ^ 3 ^ (0.17875)-
72c 1915 72(1915)
= 8.9280 + 0.002 99 = 8.9310
S0 =(S-c) + c = 8.9310+ 1915 = 1923.93
AE/S0 =7100
Results of these calculations are shown on figure 21 along with initial sags for temperatures from
15 to 120 ° F .
22 000
20 000
8 000
9 10 II
SLACK (S-c),feet
Figure 21.-Results of example problem on an inclined span using parameter Zmethod (U.S. customary). 104-D-1057.
50 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
1 5 . Galloping Conductors.-A galloping conductor is a phenomenon usually caused by a
relatively light wind of about 48 to 56 k m / h (30 to 35 mi/h) blowing on an iced conductor. The ice
may be in the form of either rime or glaze. A few cases of galloping conductors without the presence
of ice have been noted, but these cases are extremely rare.
In 1930, Mr. A. E. Davison of the Hydroelectric Power Commission of Ontario, Canada presented
the results of his pioneer work on galloping conductors, and has published several articles on the
subject since that time. Mr. Davison suggested that galloping is the result of the aerodynamic lift
produced by the reaction of wind and glaze, and a periodic twisting of the conductor which controls
the lifting force.
In 1932, Mr. J. P. Den Hartog, noted research engineer with Westinghouse Electric Co. and
instructor at Harvard Engineering School, presented a theory that galloping was the result of a glaze
formation which, with the conductor, has an airfoil cross section capable of causing a certain type
of aerodynamic stability. An airfoil cross section may easily be formed at a freezing-thawing
temperature of about 0 ° C (32 °F) when the sun is shining and a light wind is blowing. The sun
will melt a portion of the radial ice, the water will run down and around the conductor, and then
the water will be blown back by the light wind into the shade at the bottom of the conductor where
it will again freeze. As this process continues, the airfoil takes shape and the possibility of galloping
conductors becomes very real.
Based on numerous observations and on several motion pictures of galloping conductors, Davison
developed an empirical method for determining the conductor oscillation path. This method is based
on the stabilized sag of the conductor at 0 °C (32 °F), with 13 mm (1/2 in) of ice 2 and a wind velocity
of 48.3 k m / h (30 mi/h) or a wind pressure of 0.096 kPa (2 lb/ft 2 ). This approximates the loading
condition under which most cases of galloping have occurred. The path of conductor oscillation
approximates a loop of elliptical shape. The major axis of the ellipse is slightly larger (the Bureau
uses a 6 percent increase) than the resultant conductor sag under the loading condition described
above, and is inclined from the vertical in a direction opposite the direction of the conductor sideswing
by an angle equal to the angle of sideswing. In level spans, the highest point of the full ellipse is only
a small distance above the normal level of the points of attachment of the conductor to the insulator
string. As long as the ellipses for all conductors and overhead ground wires of a transmission line do
not overlap, galloping will not cause the conductors to come in contact with each other or with the
overhead ground wires. Contact would result in outages and possible damage to the conductors.
Observations of lines with long spans and heavy conductors indicate that the conductors may dance
in two loops in which the magnitude of oscillation, or size of ellipse, is approximately half size; that
is, the major axis of the ellipse is approximately one-half of the total conductor sag in the span.
Application of this method to several existing lines, in regions subject to sleet conditions, has shown
that those lines with sufficient spacing between conductors and between conductors and overhead
ground wires to prevent overlap of the ellipses, had no outages under the sleet conditions. The lines
that showed an overlap of the ellipses had a record of many outages under sleet conditions. There
have also been observations where iced conductors have galloped in a manner similar to a skip rope
being turned, with the midpoint rising as far above the points of support as it hangs below those points
when at rest. This sort of galloping is rare, fortunately, because clearance limits are indicated which
a designer cannot economically be expected to meet.
There is no definite length of span where galloping will change from full-sag ellipses to half-sag
ellipses. However, our experience indicates that for our line locations and conditions, we should use
2
For NKSC heavy loading area.
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 51
full-sag ellipses in spans up to 183 m (600 ft) in length. In longer spans, the conductors are likely
to gallop in two or more loops, so one-half size ellipses, with the major axis equal to 53 percent of
the sag, should be used. If these ellipses do not overlap, the probability of contact between conductors
and overhead ground wires, as a result of galloping, is greatly reduced.
Experience has shown that it is good practice to examine all hardware and very carefully check
the ends of the clamps in any part of a line where galloping is known to have occurred. If galloping
has created a weak spot in a conductor or excessive wear in the hardware, wind vibrations, ordinarily
slow in producing a failure, concentrate on the weakened spot and can cause failure in relatively
moderate weather and possibly in a short period of time.
To determine the spacing required between conductors and between conductors and overhead
ground wires to prevent contact, for a particular loading condition and span length with given
conductors and overhead ground wires, or to determine the maximum permissible span for a given
structure with given conductors and overhead ground wires, proceed as follows:
1. For loading conditions of 13 mm (1/2 in) of ice, 3 0.096-kPa (2-lb/ft 2 ) wind pressure, and
a temperature of minus 1 C (30 F), determine the conductor and overhead ground wire sags
for the given span length. Assume a 289.5-m (950-ft) span based on a 213.4-m (700-ft) ruling span.
a. Figures 22 and 23 show the sag calculations for a 242 mm 2 (477 kcmil) ACSR 2 4 / 7
conductor, and figures 24 and 25 show the sag calculations for a 10-mm (3/8-in) high-strength
steel, 7-wire overhead ground wire.
b. From the calculations on these figures, for a 2I3.4-m (700-ft) ruling span, and for
conditions conducive to galloping, the sags are:
Sag
mm (ft)
Conductor 5255 (17.24)
Overhead ground wire 4386 (14.39)
For a 289.5-m (950-ft) span, based on the 213.4-m ruling span, the sags are:
Sag
mm (ft)
Conductor 9675 (31.75)
Overhead ground wire 8075 (26.50)
2. Determine 0, the angle of sideswing, for the conductors and overhead ground wires for the
loading conditions given in 1., and using the force triangles shown on figures 22, 23, 24, and 25.
3
For NESC heavy loading area.
52 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN M A N U A L
fcupl T SW
LOADING
§1 SAG FACTOR SAG, mm SW, N TENSION, N
0c "; UNSTRESSED LENGTH | AE T
SPAN LENGTH(S) £13* 3 ' £ _
^1_ .m
OJVf&kP* W i n d ( W " ) j -/8\o.<Jf4 jc/ \p.A/on Ji9^j\ n. /TS2 n.a&i 1f\ V^j?J • W 5 > g ^ 3LA Jnit
Permanent Set & Creep ; Q-QGl CQ3
18 ; / . /7/9/9 / / ? / ;<3.£<3.3 £?9^ 4?' 0< OHG.,/383 Jj 31QQ / ? / 3 . V/ /3 832 Final
J , /, £r?^ 1*L$ \0.aQQ qyt* £ a on O. JS-/S" 7& iJLLL. /p3,1/ \i2 ;y?
No Ice, No Wind (W) 1
5-5 j./)no 7S2 '/). *s>n a<iSn £ c, /7S9 0,011 $?, j713 t?/3. jl )o 277
/.p/)/ CI/* fl.Dnn Q9L 5 <P, /i3j a.gjtf 3/1 f/X7 IV'3. 1/ t *?3
49 \i.no/ ^Ofi fo.gga n9C s\ o.aioo <?,cte U\ f&27 11*3.1/ 1 U£^
SPAN LENGTH(S) <2/3>3L>
_kPa Wind ( W " ) o-noj m Alo9 IV&1I Ul A3$ J-nit
Permanent Set & Creep
0./ftS3 f<Pd
No Ice, W W i n d (W) 15.5 \o.nl2 V7I I7<f1
A 000 7^2 C OOP tOk 2*\ _^IJJ13- U'ef-32 // 7^2 Fintl
32
49
13 lce SPAN L E N G T H f S ) , , ? ^ ^ ^ m
^O?^ kPaWind(W"-)|./ I / pep J/I#\g OOP J33 j\ n. /9Sf U.n^ t>3 53L5Z ULZD.SI>\A3 S3Z final
Permanent Set & Creep
-18
49
Figure 22.-Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example problem on galloping conductors (metric).
CHAPTER l l - C O N D U C T O R SAGS A N D TENSIONS 53
DC-576 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR y?7 kctnil flfi.S/? a^7 LOADING Hejvj /.^sn\ 6:1/4S?'
Code Name . Flick e.r Weight Factors: a.l.f£
Rated Breaking Load 77 JLCD _lb Deadweight (W) <3, 6> /j/S .lb/ft Permanent Set 0 . 0 0 £ _ J S j 2 ^ _ i ! 2 _
Diameter dX inch + i 4 i n . Ice ( W ) y. ^ ^ 7 . lb/ft Creep O.OOrt ^ffi
Tension Limitations: X l b Wind 0, /g/S3 . lb/ft Total 0.00/ <?*3
Initial.zjfalf 33T % ^ T 7 ^ J 2 lb Resultant: (W") I . #J&7 _ lb/ft
Final. ~ "/o °F 25 % 43GO lb Area (A) ^ . V ? . ? ^ in2 Modulus, (E) Final /O.S3 x 106 Ib/in2
Loaded. ^ °F _5Q_ % $(e(M lb Temo. Coeff. of Linear Exp.: Initial 2.&?l x 1Q6 Ib/in2
Final. 60 °F / ^ % 3o9L> ih Final AE V jSL J2.9L lb
0.000 0/0 ff per°F Initial AE ^ V2*/ /// lb
Computed by Date
LOADING
T
a p P , , | UNSTRESSED LENGTHJ
8 ? SAG FACTOR | SAG, ft SW. lb TENSION, lb
30
ce. ' Wind (W) J. QQQ 7SX n, 000 lou 2. o< nM MQZkH 7 AS 7** ^73,27 J4>1S Final
90
Figure 2 3 . - C o n d u c t o r sag and tension calculation form for example p r o b l e m on galloping c o n d u c t o r s (U.S.
customary).
DCm-578 (3-78)
13- ™>7? / c f l .
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
/// 777
CONDUCTOR /Q-/nm M9 Sted. l-wir LOADING //cavy
Code Name . Linear Force Factor:
Rated Breaking Strength V ? &jO N Dead Load Force ( W ) . . N/m Permanent Set n nn o V7<7
Diameter, mm A3 mm Ice » w ) / A777 . N/m Creep O.OOo <?£?o
Tension Limitations OJJ1S2. kPa Wind ^* ^ / ^ . N/m Total 0.00<2_ -£££-
Initial -</Q°C 3 3 t % IL 013 'N Resultant: ( W 1 ) //7.tf8h£~' N/m
F i n a l . -J/O°C 25 % IX O/O N Area ( A ) _ _ = ^ Z _ _ m m 2 Modulus. (E) Final /77, 2X3 G P a
LoadedrJS^C. _ 5 p % £ * f Mo N Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.: Initial ISX.5 7? ftPa
Final. 15.5 9c. J9 % J? ^ V 7 N 0.000 0 / / j * i f per°C Final AE y ^ ? y^y N
DC-576 (3-78)
2 lb/ft*ti/ind
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
0.P07
r.nMmirrnfr 3 /^ //3 ^£ee/. 7-mire. LOADING
teav^ a */s° yz'
Code Name . Weight Factors:
Rated Breaking Load //7 tfOO lb Deadweight (W) f). 3 7*5 .lb/ft Permanent Set 0 . 0 0 £ _ _ 4 L Z 2 -
Diameter O..%j>O inch • i i i n . Ice (W) ^ . ^/?7 . lb/ft Creep 0.00C &ZL<2_
Tension Limitations: X-^ wind ^. y ^ i .lb/ft Total 0.000—^-2$—
Initial - y / 7 ° F _33T_ %^2AOjO_\b Resultant: ( W " ) / , ^ « 2 ^ .lb/ft
Final. ^ 2 _ ° F 25 % 270 0 lb Area (A) r ^ , ^ 7 ^ / / in2 Modulus. (E) F i n a l c ^ S l i L x 106 lb/in2
Loaded. 0 _°F 50 % ^y<?<? lb Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.: InitialJZ^. O x 106 Ib/in2
Final. _fiQ_ _ ° F ^ _ % / ^ y y ih Final AE o? ^ V ^ 5 ^ ^ lb
0.000 OOiz £ L _ per °F Initial AE / 93.Q 4/Q lb
Computed by - Date
TEMP..
UNSTRESSED LENGTH 5W SAG FACTOR | SAG, ft TENSION, lb
LOADING SW, lb
120
\a*fff 7*&- \fLJLOJl Of J f a* il<>7 /p.o/j l>& / ^ A3 ,/f/, / JA3J_
\fl,9ff WL Q- Qan g?J € OilZtil n,g/4 / J I / / r ^ /y/> / /j!f
SPAN LENfiTHfSl 7 / 7 Q _FEET
YJ Inch Ice.
_^ lb/ft2 Wind(W'")|j^ \n.999 373 O.OOO JfJ S\ O. ILZ2 -ULSX- SM-t 3S2L F/n*l
Permanent Set & Creep
Figure 25.-Overhead ground wire sag and tension calculation form for example problem on galloping conductors
(U.S. customary).
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS A N D TENSIONS 55
16. Broken Conductors.—The determination of sags and tensions in spans adjacent to a broken
conductor is important in design work from the standpoint of assuring compliance under this
condition with clearance requirements over railroad, highway, waterway, communication line, and
powerline crossings; and also from the standpoint of determining the unbalanced loads on the
structures. The computation of sags and tensions under this condition is somewhat complex due to
the nature of the variables.
Using a technique by G. R. Wiszneauckas shown in appendix A, a broken conductor problem is
given in this section for a 345-kV transmission line span over I n t e r s t a t e H i g h w a y N o . 25
(Sta. 789 + 95 and 790 + 83) and the Colorado and Southern Railroad crossing (Sta. 795 + 48), both
located in Colorado. Figure 27 shows the profile portion of the plan and profile drawing for this
example problem. Please note that this figure is predominately in U.S. customary units; therefore,
references to this figure, such as stationing, are also in those units. The conductor has been assumed
as 644 mm 2 (1272 kcmil), ACSR, 4 5 / 7 stranding, with a full-load (NESC heavy) tension of 61 385 N
(13 800 lb). Assuming a broken conductor in the span on the northwest side of the steel structure
at Sta. 797 + 30, the ruling span for the three remaining spans to a dead-end structure is calculated
to be 320.95 m (1053 ft). At 49 ° C (120 ° F ) final conditions, the tension for this ruling span is
24 310 N (5465 lb), with a corresponding sag of 11 211 mm (36.78 ft).
The calculations, tables, nomenclature, and broken conductor curves in this example problem are
all in accordance with the broken conductor thesis shown in appendix A.
The basic nomenclature used in this section is:
The resulting values indicated by the curves show the suspension insulator string on the structure
at Sta. 797 + 30 will deflect 2110 mm (83 in), and the insulator string on the structure at Sta. 787 + 00
will deflect about 955 mm (37.5 in). This will result in a new span length of 312.789 m (1026.21 ft)
[313.944 - 2.110 + 0.955 = 312.789 m, or 1030 - 6.92 + 3.13 = 1026.21 ft]. The 24 310-N
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 59
(5465-lb) tension (from figs. 28 and 29) is used to compute the corresponding sag in this span with
the conductor broken in the adjacent span. The calculated sag is 15 736 mm (51.64 ft) which is
expanded to make the sag curve for plotting on the plan-profile. The sag in the crossing span has
been shown as a dashed curve on figure 27 to indicate the expected result of a conductor break in
the adjacent span.
+ S2* + S 3 3 +
3
/2 V V
Ruling span =
s sx + s2 + s3 +
Metric
S,m S\m3
Ruling span
-V s 8 923 716.,,, n s s
959.693 " 3 2 1 - 0 5 8 m
U.S. Customary
S, ft S3, ft3
3 4 9 3 4 6 0 8 7 7
Ruling span
•v 3148.6
=1053.34 ft
60 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
DCm-576 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
SW SW
LOADING T
0 c P , , | UNSTRESSED LENGTH AE
SAG FACTOR ; SAG, mm SW, N TENSION, N
T
SPAN LENGTH(S) 3 5 0 , ~5~& m
Jd-
OJ1/5& KPa Wind ( W ' ) | - / g 1/ 0S)n ?^{Q\ o.nno 4X1 Q\ O.ZSOL\ \/53S3.W\ 6) J/15 JT
Permanent Set & Creep
not QtS
-^ \j. nm 7/ tf y |
Q. mm Ice
SPAN LENGTH(S) 350, 52* m
0 _ k P a Wind ( W " ) -y*> / OOO £%L i335.5*\jis foy i
Permanent Set & Creep
-yo / (DO) 30*f Conn ILS 1 a. Z205- 7A3S.5$ 3* 3L2 f
-1
No Ice, No Wind (W) 15.5
32
49
SPAN LENGTH(S) 3SO.S± m
J3
O./q/SJL kPa Wind ( W " ) Zll. l<OQ) 7J,4\<?.C>QQ Wu »?| a Mio\otQ3Z &$\ / / JOT \t5df3j7\jr} 4o3 F
Permanent Set & Creep
-18 A OO) ?£>i\o.nna IL5 / <?r 1HQ4 a,Q3Q 3d IP 4>£l 73355X\>3<? 5i*l F
No Ice. No Wind (W) 15.5
Figure 28.-Sag and tension calculation form for broken conductor problem (metric).
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 61
DC-576 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR / * 7 a Kr.mil AC£R js/j LOADING /-IcZVLf
Code Name Bittern Weight Factors: * K =0.3> # /?77 /V£*«5C K = <o.3o
Rated Breaking Load 3 y ZOO lb Deadweight (W) /, '/S^O . lb/ft Permanent Set O.OOiL
Diameter/ J^/S inch ^^2_in. Ice ( W ) JZ.Sf tin . lb/ft Creep 0.000 ttj /_
Tension Limitations: _^_lb Wind . lb/ft Total nnnl 0/2 3
Initial °F 33J »/„_ .lb Resultant: (W") ^> OQ73 _ lb/ft
Final. °F 25 % . . lb Area (A) / • O le2 in2 Modulus, (E) Final 4. 35 x 106 lb/ir>2
Loaded °F 50 , % . .lb Temo. Coeff. of Linear Exp.: Initial &. 7,2. x 106 ib/in2
Final, 60 Jb Final AE ? <jj?f &2£. lb
% . 0.000 0 / / S per °F
Computed by . . Date . Initial AE J J76> ^tP lb
LOADING
TE
o £ P " | UNSTRESSED LENGTH sw SAG FACTOR SAG, ft SW, lb TENSION, lb
Calculate the 49 ° C (120 ° F) sag and tension on sag calculation forms (figs. 28 and 29).
Then HQ = T'— sw , where H0 is the horizontal tension, Tis the full line tension, s is the sag,
and w is the linear force factor.
//and PCurves:
Tabulate the data for the / / a n d Pcurves (tables 4, 5, 6, and 7). The / / f o r c e is the horizontal
component of tension acting in the conductor. The P force is
T
p=.
i cos 9
and is the horizontal force which resists the movement of an insulator string of length i from the
vertical to any angle 6 while a vertical load Wjis acting.
Plot the / / a n d Pcurves (figs. 30 and 31) from the data in tables 4, 5, 6, and 7.
WTd
P - .. *
I COS 9
1
WT = 1095 N i = 2286 mm
Wy has been used in this section for clarity; it is shown as Win appendix A.
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 63
r _ e
i cos
1
wT-= 1595 1b i =7.5 ft = 90 in
Table 6. —H curve computations for example problem No. 1-broken conductor (metric)
iSinh_o)/1±^3
0 = Z un - — I s i n h " 1
w #1
„ • , wL
0 , #0-^1 (4) 2HX
(6) (7)
0=
tf0srnh— 1 - - ^ - (2) (3)
N sinh- 1 ^) ~w LQ- (8),
m
12 000 3369 .803 431 0.999 728 3368.886 844 0.280 741 0.277 178 1146.8054 317.869 227 3.130 77
13 000 3369 .803 431 .999 751 3368.964 350 .259 151 .256 335 1242.3725 318.463 555 2.536 45
14 000 3369 .803 431 .999 773 3369.038 486 .240 646 .238 382 1337.9397 318.940 742 2.059 26
16 000 3369 803 431 .999 818 3369.190 127 .210 574 .209 048 1529.0739 319.649 841 1.350 16
18 000 3369 .803 431 .999 863 3369.341 768 .187 186 .186 110 1720.2081 320.147 930 0.852 07
20 000 3369 .803 431 .999 908 3369.493 409 .168 475 .167 688 1911.3424 320.509 184 .490 82
22 000 3369 .803 431 .999 953 3369.645 050 .153 166 .152 573 2102.4766 320.781 162 .218 84
24 075 3369 .803 431 1.000 000 3369.803 431 .139 971 .139 518 2300.7784 321.000 001 .000 00
Table 1 .—H curve computations for example problem No. 1—broken conductor (U.S. Customary)
wL{ HQ- Hx
HQ sinh
Ln- ismh 2Hf AE
2700 757.452 311 0.999 728 757.246 284 0.280 462 0.276 910 3765 5904 1042.7573 10.24 122.88
2900 757.452 311 .999 748 757.261 433 .261 125 .258 245 4044 6304 1044.5056 8.49 101.88
3200 757.452 311 .999 778 757.284 157 .236 651 .234 496 4463 .0404 1046.5651 6.43 77.16
3500 757.452 311 .999 809 757.307 638 .216 374 .214 720 4881 .4505 1048.1451 4.85 58.20
4000 757.452 311 .999 859 757.345 510 .189 336 .188 223 5578.8006 1050.0586 2.94 35.28
4500 757.452 311 .999 909 757.383 383 .168 307 .167 522 6276 .1506 1051.3933 1.61 19.32
5000 757.452 311 .999 959 757.421 256 .151 484 .150911 6973 .5007 1052.3780 0.62 7.44
5412 757.452 311 1.000 000 757.452 311 .139 958 .139 505 7548 .1172 1053.0001 0.00 0.00
R e a d t h e h o r i z o n t a l t e n s i o n (figs. 3 0 a n d 3 1 ) in t h e c o n d u c t o r a t t h e first s u s p e n s i o n p o i n t
(Sta. 797 + 30). Use this value of tension, 16 640 N (3740 lb), a n d figures 28 a n d 29 t o c o m p u t e t h e
corresponding 49 ° C (120 ° F ) sag. T h e h o r i z o n t a l c o m p o n e n t of tension in t h e c o n d u c t o r m a y n o w
b e c o r r e c t e d t o t h e line tension, if desired:
Metric
Span, (Span)2, 2
Sag----(K) (Span) ,
m m 2 x 10 4 m
48 0.2304 0.370
96 0.9216 1.480
144 2.0736 3.331
192 3.6864 5.921
240 5.7600 9.252
288 8.2944 13.322
366 11.2896 18.133
3000
d, d2 d3
2500
Ld=2IIOmm
H Curve —
\V 4
-P Curve
E f
- •= 2000
E e H
3 ^ Vu
l\\\
X
\ ' \ \ \
z \ ' \ \\
K O I 500
o H
z
UJ o \ 1 \ \ \
-J UJ \ 1 \ \ \
-J
z u.
< Q
UJ V \ u
£L
</) Q. 1000
z N\j\ \ \
o
1-
UJ
< ^d=955mm
e> - J
z ^
CHA
INS
500
16640 N-
U.S. Customary
51.64
= Sag/Span2 ~- = 4.9056 x 10"5 ft" l
' (1026) 2
120
100
\
dAd4
^P Curve
/d = 83 in H Curve- 7
- C <D
80
\ \
H
H2 3 ^
z
i—
UJ (3 60
-« UJ
< UJ
a. a
en
z o
40 v >Sv \
e> 3
z </> ^-d=375 in
X —
>A i \ \
o vW1 ^
20
\ \ r \
3740 Ibx
19.2
£ 14.4
O
< 9.6
CO
4.8
600
SPAN, f t
Figure 32.-Sag template for reduced tension due to broken conductor. 104-D-1062.
The broken conductor curve plotted on figure 27 indicates there would be conductor clearances
to the highway of 9754 mm (32 ft) at Sta. 789 + 95 and 7925 mm (26 ft) at Sta. 790 + 83. The
clearance to the railroad would be 14 326 mm (47 ft). These clearances all meet NESC and State
requirements.
Any number of real or imaginary problems may be studied by use of the broken conductor thesis
shown in appendix A. A hypothetical situation has been assumed to illustrate the use of a more
involved solution using the basic broken conductor concept:
68 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
A transmission line with a bundle of two 644 mm 2 (1272 kcmil), ACSR, 45/7 conductors,
and a series of 350.5-m (1150-ft) spans has been assumed for this study of an unbalanced load
situation. All spans, except one, have no ice and no wind load at minus 18 ° C (0 F). The
excepted span is loaded under NESC heavy loading conditions of 13-mm (1/2-in) ice, 0.19-kPa
(4-lb/ft 2 ) wind, plus constant at minus 18 ° C (0 ° F ) . Figure 33 shows the conditions for
equilibrium before and after the unbalanced condition exists.
FINAL CONDITIONS
(After unbalance due to ice)
Figure 33.-Conditions for equilibrium before and after unbalanced condition. 104-D-1063.
Conductor data and data for plotting the Pand //curves are shown in tables 8 through 15,
and the graphical solution is shown on figures 34 and 35.
The procedure for the graphical solution is:
1. Lay out the graph axes using millimeters (inches) for the ordinate values of change
in span length (J> and insulator deflection d Use newtons (pounds) for the abscissa values of
horizontal force. Allow room on the graph for the development of curves in both the first
and fourth quadrants.
2. Plot the Pi curve by plotting d versus P\ using table 10 or 11.
3. Plot the PL curve by plotting d versus P2 using table 10 or 11.
4. Plot the PL + L 2 curve by plotting dversus (Pi + P?)/^ using table 10 or 11. To
simplify calculations, this is taken as the average P force in the series of spans being
computed.
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 69
Conductor vertical force, 350.5-m 20.9277 N/m (no load) x 2 cond. 14 670.3 N
span (w 2 ) 43.889 N/m (full load) x 2 cond. 30 766.2 N
0 ° F , no load 0 ° F , 1/2-inice,
4-lb/ft 2 wind
Conductor weight, 1150-ft span 1.4340 lb/ft (no load) x 2 cond. 3 298.2 lb
(w2) 3.0073 lb/ft (full load) x 2 cond. 6 916.8 lb
wTd
t -
i cos 9
WT = 15 248.6 N (no load), 31 344.5 N (full load) i= 3734 m m
#0 #i
H0 sinh 1±-
2Hl 2Hf y4£
0 = Z,0 sinh"
u tf,
w
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
31500 7 715.007 734 .999 429 7 710.602 465 .244 781 .242 400 1435.4394
36 000 7 715.007 734 .999 530 7 711.381 680 .214 205 .212 600 1640.5022
40 500 7 715.007 734 .999 631 7 712.160 896 .190 424 .189 292 1845.5649
45 000 7 715.007 734 .999 733 7 712.947 827 .171 399 .170 571 2050.6277
50 000 7 715.007 734 .999 845 7 713.811908 .154 276 .153 670 2278.4752
56 882 7 715.007 734 1.000 000 7 715.007 734 .135 632 .135 220 2592.0846
60 000 7 715.007 734 1.000 070 7 715.547 785 .128 592 .128 240 2734.1703
65 000 7 715.007 734 1.000 183 7 716.419 580 .118 714 .118 437 2962.0178
70 000 7 715.007 734 1.000 295 7 717.283 661 .110 247 .110 025 3189.8653
75 000 7 715.007 734 1.000 408 7 718.155 457 .102 909 .102 728 3417.7129
80 000 7 715.007 734 1.000 520 7 719.019 538 .096 488 .096 339 3645.5604
85 000 7 715.007 734 1.000 633 7 719.891 334 .090 822 .090 698 3873.4079
90 000 7 715.007 734 1.000 746 7 720.763 130 .085 786 .085 681 4101.2554
95 000 7 715.007 734 1.000 858 7 721.627 211 .081 280 .081 191 4329.1030
100 000 7 715.007 734 1.000 971 7 722.499 007 .077 225 .077 148 4556.9505
105 000 7 715.007 734 1.001083 7 723.363 087 .073 556 .073 490 4784.7980
110 000 7 715.007 734 1.001 196 7 724.234 883 .070 220 .070 162 5012.6455
113 764 7 715.007 734 1.001 281 7 724.890 659 .067 902 .067 850 5184.1692
115 000 7 715.007 734 1.001 308 7 725.098 964 .067 175 .067 125 5240.4931
120 000 7 715.007 734 1.001421 7 725.970 760 .064 383 .064 339 5468.3406
CN VO rt 00 O rt 00 O 00 CN
T-H ON rt VO 00
CO H ON T-H CN
rt p vo oq co
II CO O t- O f-
-e- rt 00 VO CO WO
VO rt CO CN T-H o o rt co H
I T-H T-H CN CN CO CO CO
I I I I I
d co wo r^ ON
r t -* •*• •* «a-
i i i I i
<3
CN
P-- CN «sO ON °° rt ON CN T-H C O T-H CO CN ON W0 r- O N o O N T-H
St ^ ON ^ VO CN rt ON t^ CN V O O CO VO 00 T-H CO W-) 0 0 ON T-H
^ O N ON O r-^ n ' t \o r> 00 O N ON d CN CN CN CN CO
•2 ON O T—' CO CO "3" "* rt rt "*
T-H T-H
rt rt wo wo wo
^ O T-H i—I T-H T-H
wo wo wo wo wo
Si ^
o
CN CO WO ON C O r-» T-H rt oo C N vo r- rt c-- T-H W0 ON CO V© O rt 00 CN VO CO
o W0 ON CO T-H O oo r- wo co C N oo r- r- CN c- CN o O N c-» vo rfr
VO
CN T-H ON
T-H VO O
C-
rt
rt V© ON -a- ON CO 00 CO 00 CO CN t-^ T-H VO T-H
CO CO rt rt WO wo O N vo c-; r^ O T-H T-H CN ON
wo r^ d wo d 0O OO ON ON 0
wo O wo d wo T-H VO T-H VO t^
ON CN VO CN ON WO CN 0 0 W 0 T-H d co d ^o d indoor CO ON VO CN O
ON C O VO C O ON VO C O ON V O C O OOOnr-Tf O l> CO O VO VO CN ON VO O
r-H CN CN CO CO ON w o CO ON V£> CO ON V© CO ON
rt WO W 0 V O t-- rt wo wo vo r-
r- oo ON ON o T-H T-H CN CO CO
St
o
o WO 0 0 WO C O 0 0 © © T-H T-H 00 W0 T-H 0Q C- 00 o r» oo oo p-
T-H CN T-H C O O r- rt r- ^ o CO CO ON O CN O N vo T-H r- vo CO T-H 00 O W0
St wo oo r- o o T-HO Tf W0 O 00 rt CN rt 0O
O CN WO rt CN
3 ON VO O O WO W0 W0 T-H CN !>• 0 0 CN CN V O W 0 OO W0 CN ON r»
Tt W0 CO WO 00 T-H V O T-H V O CN
45 rt r- CN rt oo rt T-H O N r-~ wo rt CO CN T-H O r- t> r^ vo vo
O ON ON 00 00
.s W0 -rj- Tt C O CN
d
( N N H H H T-H O O O O o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o r- o o o o o o o o O O O O rt
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o r-
O wo O O O o o o o o O 00 O O O o o o o o
* a CO CO rt wo vo
O f- O O O O O O O wo
o o o o o CN CN rt WO vo
C-*- OO ON O T-H
Table 14. —H curve computations for example problem No. 2-unbalanced no-load condition (me
wL H0 Hx
1±-
2ff, AE
0 = Z,0O - sinh
w H,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
13 500 3 676.546 478 0.999 622 3 675.156 743 0.272 234 0.268 979 1 290.156 1
15 750 3 676.546 478 .999 673 3 675.344 247 .233 355 .231 287 1 505.182 1
18 000 3 676.546 478 .999 723 3 675.528 075 .204 196 .202 803 1 720.208 1
21000 3 676.546 478 .999 791 3 675.778 080 .175 037 .174 155 2 006.909 5
25 000 3 676.546 478 .999 881 3 676.108 969 .147 044 .146 519 2 389.178 0
30 292 3 676.546 478 1.000 000 3 676.546 478 .121 370 .121074 2 894.919 2
31500 3 676.546 478 1.000 027 3 676.645 745 .116 719 .116 456 3 010.364 3
36 000 3 676.546 478 1.000 129 3 677.020 752 .102 139 .101 962 3 440.416 3
40 500 3 676.546 478 1.000 230 3 677.392 084 .090 800 .090 676 3 870.468 3
45 000 3 676.546 478 1.000 331 3 677.763 415 .081 728 .081 637 4 300.520 4
49 500 3 676.546 478 1.000432 3 678.134 746 .074 306 .074 238 4 730.572 4
54 000 3 676.546 478 1.000 534 3 678.509 754 .068 121 .068 068 5 160.624 4
58 500 3 676.546 478 1.000 635 3 678.881 085 .062 887 .062 846 5 590.676 5
60 584 3 676.546 478 1.000 682 3 679.053 883 .060 726 .060 689 5 789.838 3
63 000 3 676.546 478 1.000 736 3 679.252 416 .058 401 .058 368 6 020.728 5
67 500 3 676.546 478 1.000 838 3 679.627 424 .054 513 .054 486 6 450.780 5
72 000 3 676.546 478 1.000 939 3 679.998 755 .051 111 .051 089 6 880.832 6
76 500 3 676.546 478 1.001040 3 680.370 086 .048 109 .048 090 7 310.884 6
81000 3 676.546 478 1.001 142 3 680.745 094 .045 441 .045 425 7 740.936 7
85 500 3 676.546 478 1.001 243 3 681.116 425 .043 054 .043 041 8 170.988 7
90 000 3 676.546 478 1.001 344 3 681.487 756 .040 905 .040 894 8 601.040 7
94 500 3 676.546 478 1.001446 3 681.862 764 .038 962 .038 952 9 031.092 8
99 000 3 676.546 478 1.001 547 3 682.234 095 .037 194 .037 185 9 461.144 8
103 500 3 676.546 478 1.001 648 3 682.605 427 .035 581 .035 573 9 891.196 8
108 000 3 676.546 478 1.001 749 3 682.976 758 .034 102 .034 095 10 321.248 9
112 500 3 676.546 478 1.001 851 3 683.351 766 .032 741 .032 735 10 751.300 9
2H,
• ^ - -
sinh H
l J
# 0 = 68101b i 0 = 1150ft w= 1.434 lb/ft AE = 9 985 800 lb
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 000 826.564 130 0.999 618 826.248 383 0.275 416 0.272 048 4 184.100 4 1138.28 11.72 140.64
3 500 826.564 130 .999 685 826.303 762 .236 087 .233 947 4 881.450 5 1142.00 8.00 96.00
4 000 826.564 130 .999 719 826.331 866 .206 583 .205 141 5 578.800 5 1144.44 5.56 66.72
5 000 826.564 130 .999 819 826.414 522 .165 283 .164 540 6 973.500 7 1147.42 2.58 30.96
6 000 826.564 130 .999 919 826.497 178 .137 750 .137 318 8 368.200 8 1149.10 0.90 10.80
6 810 826.564 130 1.000 000 826.564 130 .121 375 .121079 9 497.908 0 1149.9972 0.00 0.00
7 000 826.564 130 1.000 019 826.579 835 .118 083 .117 810 9 762.9010 1150.17 -0.17 -2.04
8 000 826.564 130 1.000 119 826.662 491 .103 333 .103 150 11 157.601 1 1150.91 -0.91 -10.92
9 000 826.564 130 1.000 219 826.745 148 .091 861 .091 732 12 552.301 3 1151.45 -1.45 -17.40
10 000 826.564 130 1.000 319 826.827 804 .082 683 .082 589 13 947.0014 1151.87 -1.87 -22.44
11000 826.564 130 1.000 420 826.911287 .075 174 .075 103 15 341.7015 1152.21 -2.21 -26.52
12 000 826.564 130 1.000 520 826.993 943 .068 916 .068 862 16 736.401 7 1152.50 -2.50 -30.00
13 000 826.564 130 1.000 620 827.076 600 .063 621 .063 578 18 131.1018 1152.74 -2.74 -32.88
13 620 826.564 130 1.000 682 827.127 847 .060 729 .060 692 18 995.815 9 1152.89 -2.89 -34.68
14 000 826.564 130 1.000 720 827.159 256 .059 083 .059 049 19 525.802 0 1152.98 -2.98 -35.76
15 000 826.564 130 1.000 820 827.241 913 .055 149 .055 121 20 920.502 1 1153.16 -3.16 -37.92
16 000 826.564 130 1.000 920 827.324 569 .051708 .051685 22 315.202 2 1153.36 -3.36 -40.32
17 000 826.564 130 1.001020 827.407 225 .048 671 .048 652 23 709.902 4 1153.53 -3.53 -42.36
18 000 826.564 130 1.001 121 827.490 708 .045 972 .045 956 25 104.602 5 1153.71 -3.71 -44.52
19 000 826.564 130 1.001 221 827.573 365 .043 556 .043 542 26 499.302 7 1153.83 -3.83 -45.96
20 000 826.564 130 1.001 321 827.656 021 .041 383 .041 371 27 894.002 8 1154.00 -4.00 -48.00
21000 826.564 130 1.001421 827.738 678 .039 416 .039 406 29 288.702 9 1154.15 -4.15 -49.80
22 000 826.564 130 1.001521 827.821 334 .037 628 .037 619 30 683.403 1 1154.28 -4.28 -51.36
23 000 826.564 130 1.001 621 827.903 990 .035 996 .035 988 32 078.103 2 1154.43 -4.43 -53.16
24 000 826.564 130 1.001 721 827.986 647 .034 499 .034 492 33 472.803 3 1154.54 -4.54 -54.48
2500 C' r H i - 2 H L 2 - P L , H L2 \
-2HL2
Z? 2000 IV P
" L 2
O
o
1500
O ^ - H L l ( N o load)
I \
< 1000
3
Z
500
E S S ^ 2 H L , (Full load)
E
HL 2
-500
2 ^-H2=d
-1000
< — - H3 = d
X
H, = 2H L2 - P L , + L 2 )
o (Reflec:tion) // ~^-d2=2
-H4= d
-1500
' H5=d
d 6 =2H L | -H 6 - - ^H 6 =d
d5=2HL|- H 5 - — \ , r—d3=2
1 d4=2
-2000.
10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000 70 000 80 000 90 000 100 000 no
HORIZONTAL FORCE, N
>
GO
GO
m
a
m
a
>
c
>
The d curves converge quite rapidly, so that the d^ curve gives a satisfactory degree of
accuracy for this problem; however, if more accuracy is desired, the plotting of Hand dcurves
may continue until two successive d curves are essentially the same curve. If desired, an
approximation of the dn curve may be computed as indicated on figure 16 of the broken
conductor thesis in appendix A, and then plotted for a final value.
Draw a reflection of the Hx = 2HL^ - PLi + L^ c u r v e i n t h e fourtn quadrant. The
intersection of the reflected curve with the d& curve is taken as an acceptable answer to the
problem. The horizontal tension in the conductor at the structure between the full-load span
and the adjacent no-load span is indicated as about 74 800 N (16 800 lb). The insulator string
deflection at that structure is about 1090 mm (42.8 in).
17. Insulator Effect on Sag and Tension in Short Spans.-In short, dead-ended spans, such
as approach spans to switchyards and substations, the insulator strings may have considerable effect
on the sag and tension in the conductors. This is especially true when the conductors are strung at
reduced tensions. Based on the same maximum tension at full-load conditions (ice and wind loading
in accordance with applicable electrical safety codes), the tension at no-load conditions (no ice and
78 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
C = 2M
.X2
T ** '
Hm
/ i <*' ,
s < ^
Figure 36.-Nomenclature for determining insulator effect on sag and tension in short spans.
104-D-1066.
N o m e n c l a t u r e description:
Step 7.—Calculate Lu, the unstressed arc length of L, for the required loading condition by
using the following equations:
a2X
Xt = , for this equation assume X = (M - RS) (1.0005) (3)
Assumption of an appropriate value for X at this point greatly simplifies the calculation of
a more accurate value of X. The calculated value of X could be substituted in equation (3) and
calculations repeated to obtain a still more accurate value; however, subsequent repetitive
calculations increase the accuracy very little.
SP = a2 sinh— (4)
RSP = RS + SP (5)
X2 = a2 sinh" ! (6)
a2
X3=X2-X, (7)
X = M-X3 (8)
X
L = a, sinh — (9)
T T ^.(O2 /X M . u X UX\
Lu = L — ( — +sinh—cosh— (10)
2AE V^i flj A, '
80 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Step J?.-With a range of tensions (assume H = T) a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g unstressed arc lengths
Lu, d e t e r m i n e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s for which t h e c o n d u c t o r would h a v e these arc lengths:
Let:
£o — t e m p e r a t u r e at k n o w n conditions
LUQ = unstressed c o n d u c t o r arc length at k n o w n conditions
f i , t2, . • . tn = t e m p e r a t u r e s at new conditions
La i, Lu 2, • • • Lun = unstressed c o n d u c t o r arc lengths at new conditions
D2 =a2 ( c o s h - i - 1] (13)
D3 =ax f c o s h ^ - 1) (14)
Example
Assume: 4 8 3 m m 2 (954 k c m i l ) , A C S R , 4 5 / 7 c o n d u c t o r with m a x i m u m tension of 17 7 9 3 N
(4000 lb) u n d e r N E S C heavy loading of 13-mm ( 1 / 2 - i n ) ice, 0 . 1 9 - k P a ( 4 - l b / f t 2 ) wind,
plus c o n s t a n t at m i n u s 18 ° C (0 ° F ) . Use a 4 5 . 7 2 - m (150-ft) s p a n w i t h 1 5 - u n i t
tension insulator strings.
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS A N D TENSIONS 81
Insulator string data Le>ngth Mass
m (in) kg (lb)
Metric
Figure 37 shows the metric sag and tension calculations.
DCm-576 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
SW SW
LOADING I T E o J ; P " : UNSTRESSED LENGTH I AE T SAG FACTOR i SAG, mm SW, N TENSION, N
Figure 37.-Sag and tension calculation form for insulator effect problem (metric).
a
H _ 17 772.94
>=w, 36.931
= 481.2472 m
82 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
H 17 772.94 ,, ,,-.
= 6 L 6 6 2 5 m
°> W 28^2292
• , x_i.^ „ „ • , 2.5553
SP = a2 sinh— = 61.6625 sinh 7 7 - 7 7 7 = 2.5560 m
a, 61.6625
WM1)1 (x+ . hx ,x
= 19.9342 m
Temperature = - 18 °C = t0
Assume T= 13 345 N
"-RTiilr 8 5 0 - 6 5 0 2 ™
«>=£=sl!!r 4 " 000m
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 83
X\ 1 0855
SP = a2 sinh — = 46.3000 sinh A' °'JT. = 1.0856 m
a2 46.3000
pep 4 0130
X.2 =2 a2 sinh"l ^ - = 46.3000 sinh"l 7" , J " = 4.0080 m
a. 46.3000
Y 19 9375
L = a, sinh — = 850.6502 sinh 0 / ' / ' - = 19.9393 m
= 19.9313 m
H 12 010 _ , . _ . „
a =
> W~ 15^88 = 7 6 5 - 5 5 3 3 m
# 12 010 ..,,M
a 2 = = = 41
? 2^2^2 -6682m
X\ 1 0855
SP = a22 sinh—L = 41.6682 sinh . ; ° _,, = 1.0856 m
a2 41.6682
X3 =X 2 - X, = 4 . 0 0 6 8 - 1.0855= 2.9213 m
X = M- X3 = 2 2 . 8 6 - 2.9213= 19.9387m
X 19 93R7
Z = a, sinh — = 765.5533 sinh ';J / / ' = 19.9410 m
a, 765.5533
fMa,) 2- / —
* . , A- , X
Iw, = L TTTT + sinh — cosh —
2
2AE \al
= 19.9338 m
Similar calculations were made for five additional assumed tensions, and the resulting
temperatures were:
10 675 t3 =-11.94
9 341 r4 = -2.23
8 007 ts = 11.58
6 672 t6 = 33.13
6 227 tn = 43.31
The resulting temperatures are plotted against the assumed tensions on figure 38. Using this
figure, determine the tensions for the desired temperatures and proceed in finding the total sag
of the line.
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 85
IHUUU
13 000
12 000
II 000
o
CO
z
10000
9 000
8 000
7 000
znnn
-25 -5 0 +5 +15 + 25 •35 M5
T E M P E R A T U R E , °C
At-18°C, T= 11 800 N
H 11 800 „ „ - , - -
a i =
^ 1^688 = 7 5 2 - 1 6 7 3 m
H 11 800
= 40.9396 m
W 288.2292
86 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
D CD 4 013
J
X22 = a2
2 sinh"» ^ - = 40.9396 sinh" ' _ . , = 4.0066 m
a, 40.9396
X 3 =X 2 - ^ = 4 . 0 0 6 6 - 1.0855-2.9211 m
x
i , \ _ — . / . 1-0855
£>! = a2 (cosh — - 1) = 40.9396 (cosh ' - 1J = 0.0144 m = 14 mm
A t - 1°C, T = 9 2 2 0 N
n _H 9220 <Qnn,nA
fll =
-^ lT688=587-7104m
H 9220
m
''•w 288^555 = 3 , ' 9 8 8 4 m
=
a„22 V(M
J
- ^£S) (1.0005) _ 31.9884 (22.86 - 2.9274)M(1.0005)
, V x . w w , = ^.^w-rV^.»^^. ..«^/= 1
_ 0 8 5 5 m
1 /7. 587.7104 "
^1 1 0855
SP = a2 sinh — = 31.9884 sinh ' ° = 1.0857 m
* a2 31.9884
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 87
RSP = RS + SP = 2.921 A + 1.0857 = 4.0131 m
D CD 4 0131
X22 =2a. sinh" l ^^- = 31.9884 sinh"» 0 1 0 0 0 . = 4.0026 m
a2 31.9884
X3 = X2 - X1 = 4 . 0 0 2 6 - 1.0855 = 2.9176 m
X = M- X3 = 2 2 . 8 6 - 2.9176= 19.9424 m
H 7740
a =
* W= 2-883291 = 26
-8536m
x
i 1 0855
SP = a, sinh — = 26.8536 sinh ' ___, = 1.0858 m
a2 26.8536
RSP = RS + SP= 2.9274 + 1.0858 = 4.0132 m
D CD 4 01 32
X22 =2 a2 sinh"» ^ ^ = 26.8536 sinh"» . ; " / , " , = 3.9984 m
a, 26.8536
88 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
X3 = X2 - Xl = 3 . 9 9 8 4 - 1.0855 = 2.9129 m
X = M- X3 = 2 2 . 8 6 - 2.9129= 19.9471m
/ X* \ / 3 9984 \
D2 = a 2 ( c o s h — - 1) =26.8536 cosh— 1 -——- 1 = 0.2982 m = 298 mm
2 2
\ a2 J \ 26.8536 /
/ X \ ( 19.9471 \
D3 = f l , (cosh — - 1) = 493.3707 (cosh T ^ T T ^ " l) = 0.4033 m = 403 mm
At32°C, T=6760N
_H 6760 -,.„<
fla
"F= 288.2292 = 2 3 4 5 3 6 m
X = M- X3 = 2 2 . 8 6 - 2.9085= 19.9515 m
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 89
X. \ ( 3.9940
£ , =a, (cosh-r 1 - 1) = 23.4536 (cosh 2 g 4 - 1] = 0.3409 m = 341 mm
At43°C, T=6260N
H 6260 .......
a i = = = 3
^ lT688 "-0311m
H 6260 „„ 0 0
a = =21 7188m
>=W 288^292 '
RVP 4 01 3 4
X2 = a2 sinh"1 ^ - = 21.7188 sinh'' ^ ' po = 3.9909 m
#2 2 1 . / 1 oo
8
Di =a2 (cosh^i- l U 21.7188 (cosh ^ O ^ - l\ = 0.0271m = 27 mm
90 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
( X \
c o s h - ^ - 1 = 21.7188 (cosh
/ 3 9909
' _,
\
- 1 = 0.3677 m = 368
mm
&2 I V 2 1 . 7 1 OO /
( x
\ I 19 9546
1 = 0.4990 m = 499 mm
c o s h - - l j =399.0311 ^ c o s h 3 9 9 Q 3 1 1
D4 =D3 +D2 - D, = 4 9 9 + 3 6 8 - 2 7 = 840 mm
U.S. Customary
Figure 39 shows the U.S. customary sag and tension computations.
DC-576 (3-78)
FINAL 1 SAG C A L C U L A T , 0 N S
LOADING
TE
a p P " | UNSTRESSED LENGTH
IE ¥ SAG FACTOR SAG, ft SW, lb TENSION, lb
Figure 39.-Sag and tension calculation form for insulator effect problem (U.S. customary).
H 3995.5393 ,„fioonif.
a = = = 1578 8901ft
' ^ T53bT- -
H 3995.5393 „ „ „„ro .
a =
* W= 19.75 =202
-3058ft
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS
X = M- X3 = 7 5 - 9.5788 = 65.4212 ft
I — + sinh — cosh — }
= 65.4050 ft
Temperature = 0 °F = t0
t-t^i-™""*
H 3000
a
* ?T[9^? = 1 5 L 8 9 8 7 f t
=
X = M - X3 = 7 5 - 9.5839 = 65.4161 ft
=L WlC^) 2 M+ sji.n•hU X c o s h X
^• -"zi^U a
i ^ a
u
= 65.3959 ft
H 2700
a = =
' ^ fb75 = 2511 6279ft
-
TJ 9700
= = 136
^^ 19?75 -7089ft
X = M- X3 = 7 5 - 9.5802 = 65.4198 ft
W/,(fll)» / j . y X
Lw, = L - - . „ I — + sinh — cosh —
2AE \a1 al al
= ^ A-yi-i 1-075 (2511.6279) 2 / 65.4198 . 65.4198 65.4198 \
Smh C0Sh
w.42/3- 2(7 490 285) \2511.6279 2511.6279 2511.6279,1
= 65.4037 ft
Similar calculations were made for five additional assumed tensions, and the resulting
temperatures were:
The resulting temperatures are plotted against the assumed tensions on figure 40. Using this
figure, determine the tensions for the desired temperatures and proceed in finding the total sag
of the line.
A t O ° F , T = 2 6 4 5 lb
OUUUI
2800
2600
2400
;Q 2200
z
o
CO
z
LU
,_ 2000
1800
1600
1400
ionn
-20 •20 +40 +60 +80 •100 -120
T E M P E R A T U R E , °F
Figure 40.-Tension-temperature curve for insulator effect problem (U.S. customary). 104-D-1068.
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 95
H 2645
2 = 133.9241 ft
W 19.75
SP = a 22 s i n h — = 133.9241 s i n h ^ l 5 ^ , =3.5619 ft
a, 133.9241
X = M- X3 = 7 5 - 9.5793 = 65.4207 ft
A t 3 0 ° F , T= 2075 lb
'•'i:2jws"9io-2326(t
H_= 2075
a2 = — = ^ 7 7 = 105.0633 ft
W 19.75
X = M- X3 = 7 5 - 9.5665 = 65.4335 ft
x
i A , „ . _ _ / , 3.5615
Dl =a2[ cosh •71- 1) = 105.0633 (cosh ^ n / „ - 1) = 0.0604 ft
105.0633
X
2 , \ , „ , ^ „ „ / , 13.1280
Z>2 =a a ^ c o s h - - l j = 105.0633 ^cosh ^ ^ - i j = 0.8213 ft
At 60 ° F , r = 1733 1b
IT 1 7"2^
X =M - X, = 75 - 9.5521 = 65.4479 ft
A t 9 0 ° F , r = 1513 1b
"• = l=rli = 7 6 - 6 0 7 6 f t
_a2(M- RS) (1.0005) _ 76.6076 ( 7 5 - 9.60) (1.0005) __ „ , _ _
X, , .._ . ., , 3.5615 it
1
al 1407.4419
R SIP 13 1628
X22 = a2 sinh" 1 ^ - = 76.6076 sinh" 1 -J,*, = 13.0989 ft
a, 76.6076
X = M ~ X 3 = 7 5 - 9.5314 = 65.4626 ft
x
i \ „ , „„J , 3.5615
D, = a22 ( c o s h - ^ - 1) = 76.6076 (cosh ^ 7 ^ 7 " ] ) = 0.0828 ft
\ a, I y 76.6076
13.0989
D,,2 -=a,
« 2 (cosh
i c o s n—
— - i)
l) = 76.6076
/ o . o u /(cosh
o j c o~'7
s nnZ
^ ^ ^ ~ U = 11306 ft
At 110°F, T= 1405 1b
fl = = = 1306 9767 ft
« I rol -
H _ 1405
a2 =T7 = 7 7 ^ 7 = 71.1392 ft
W 19.75
X = M- X3 = 7 5 - 9.5275 = 65.4725 ft
3
£>, =a2 fcosh — - l j = 71.1392 (cosh " 5 6 1 5 - l) = 0.0892 ft
CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS 99
13.0890
D2 = a 2 (cosh — - l ) = 71.1392 (cosh ^ -1 = 1.2075 ft
1392
D3 =a 1 (cosh~-
1 1) = 1306.9767 (cosh ^Ifll* - l) = 1.6403 ft
at / \ 1306.9767 '
18. Spans With Concentrated Loads.-Problems relating to spans with concentrated loads are
infrequent and are confined mainly to substation or switchyard spans in which taps or tie-down
arrangements are used. Such problems are complicated by the elastic effects of the tap or tie-down
in addition to the dead force applied. A method which adequately treats this problem is shown on
figure 41.
Probably a better approach to this problem than the method shown on figure 41 would be to sag
the conductors to the calculated normal sag for a given temperature and then add a calculated length
of conductor to the span to compensate for the force of the tie-down, see figure 42. The required
additional length of conductor may be determined by the following procedure which was developed
by a former Bureau engineer, F. F. Priest:
The difference between the length of the insulator string as it will lay in the near horizontal position
in the originally sagged span and its calculated horizontal reflected length after the tie-down is made,
indicates the additional amount of conductor required to give the final tied-down span about the
same characteristics as the originally sagged span without the tie-down.
Example
Calculate sags and tensions for the conductor, without tie-down, for a range of temperatures that
might be applicable during installation. If the insulator force will be appreciable in a comparatively
short span, such as in the example used here, the original sags should be determined by considering
the insulator effect (see sec. 16).
100 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
H—
Level Span
Inclined Span
2PL+ wL
S=
8H
Level Span
inclined Span
L.L, (2P + wL)
S=
2LH
LOAD AT ANY POINT ON SPAN
Figure 42.-Graphical method for determining additional length of conductor required for
concentrated load problem. 104-D-1070.
Assume the following sag and tension values have been obtained by previous calculations:
= 62.57° = 62.57°
= 1623.37 mm = 5.33 ft
The A i value is the additional amount of conductor to be added to the span after the initial sagging.
Considering 6 constant for setting the spring tension at other temperatures, the following tabulation
can be made:
2 0 . Lightning Protection .-In 1930, C. L. Fortescue, a consulting transmission line engineer with
Westinghouse, wrote a series of articles on lightning investigations that were published in Electrical
Journal He advanced the theory that high-voltage transmission lines should be protected from direct
strokes of lightning. Previous t o t h a t t i m e , transmission lines were designed on t h e basis of
CHAPTER MI-INSULATION. LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS 107
Table 16. —Insulation selection for 345 kV
Switching surge Power
impulse, frequency,
positive critical 60-Hz wet
Total withstand multiplying factor (at sea level). Product of (a) through (h) 6.48 2.78
Total withstand multiplying factor (at sea level) times normal line to
neutral voltage 1291 kV 554 kV
Factor for nonstandard air density (altitude) 1585/1291 = 1.23 690/554 = 1.25
From table B-10 in appendix B, permissible elevation limit 2154 m (7068 ft) 2362 m (7750 ft)
induced-stroke assumption; namely, that a charge cloud in the vicinity of the transmission line, with
its accompanying gradient of voltage to ground, would bind a charge on the line. The discharge of
the cloud to any object other than a transmission line, would release this bound charge, which was
then free to travel along the line seeking a path to ground. However, induced voltage gradients
appearing on transmission lines during nearby lightning discharges have proved to be too low to
account for the damage to the lines. T h e direct-stroke theory is now generally accepted for
high-voltage lines. Complete protection against direct strokes requires a shield to prevent lightning
from striking the electrical conductors, together with adequate insulation of the structures and
a d e q u a t e drainage facilities so t h a t the discharge can drain to ground without affecting the
conductors. The shielding method does not allow the formation of an arc from the line conductor
to ground. An alternative nonshielding method of protection by auxiliary devices, such as protector
tubes or ground fault neutralizers, does allowT an arc to form between the ground structure and the
conductors but provides a means for quenching the arc without interrupting the line circuit. The
four basic requirements for the design of a line based on the direct-stroke theory are:
(1) Ground wires with sufficient mechanical strength must be locatd to adequately shield
the line conductors from direct strokes.
(2) Adequate clearance from the line conductor to the tower or ground must be maintained
so that the full effectiveness of the insulating structure can be obtained.
(3) Adequate clearances from overhead ground wires to conductors must be maintained,
especially at midspan, to prevent flashover to the conductors for voltages up to the protective
voltage level used in the line design.
108 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Table 17.—Insulation selection for 230 kV
Switching surge Power
impulse, frequency,
positive critical 60-Hz wet
Total withstand multiplying factor (at sea level). Product of (a) through (h) 6.76 2.78
Total withstand multiplying factor (at sea level) times normal line to
neutral voltage 898 kV 369 kV
Factor for nonstandard air density (altitude) 1105/898 = 1.23 490/369 = 1.32
From table B-10 in appendix B, permissible elevation limit 2154 m (7068 ft) 3139 m (10 299 ft)
A switching surge value of 2.8 is a more realistic value for 115-kV lines than the 2.5 value used for 230- and 345-kV lines.
wood-pole lines, and less than 20 ° for steel tower lines. These angles would be between a line through
the overhead ground wire and the outside conductor, and a line perpendicular to the surface of the
earth.
If steel towers exceed 38.1 m ( 1 2 5 ft) in height, the angle or protection should be reduced as
indicated on figure 4 3 .
T o maintain adequate clearance between the structure and the conductors, the air-gap distance
between any conductor and the structure should be sufficient to coordinate the impulse flashover
voltages of the air gap and the insulation used on the structures, under the conditions at which
lightning is likely to occur. Almost all electrical storms occur at temperatures between minus 1 and
32 ° C (30 and 90 ° F), and are not likely to occur simultaneously with high winds. Therefore, Bureau
designs are based on coordination of the impulse insulation value of the insulators with the minimum
air gap b e t w e e n the c o n d u c t o r and the structure with a wind pressure of 0.19 k P a (4 l b / f t 2 ) at
15.5 ° C (60 ° F). On wood-pole structures having ground wires running down the pole, the clearance
is measured b e t w e e n the c o n d u c t o r and the pole ground wire. On steel structures, the impulse
insulation and the air-gap clearance to the structure are coordinated for the sideswing angle of the
suspension insulator strings caused by a 0.19-kPa wind pressure on the conductors at 15.5 ° C or for
a sideswing of 3 0 ° , w h i c h e v e r is greater. For c o m p l e t e c o o r d i n a t i o n , the clearance at midspan
between the overhead ground wires and the conductors must be made great enough so that flashover
between the ground wires and the conductors will not occur before flashover occurs at the structure.
110 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
ou
CO
20
—I
o
<
10
Q
CO
n
(50) (70) (90) (110) (130) (150) (170) (190) (feet)
15.2 21.3 27.4 33.5 39.6 45.7 51.8 579 (meters)
TOWER HEIGHT, meters (feet)
Figure 43.-Reduction of angle of protection against lightning according to structure height. 104-D-I071.
Because of the impedance of the overhead ground wires, the separation at midspan must be greater
than at the structure. The amount of separation required depends on the desired protection level,
length of span, and the structure footing resistance. Assuming a 15-ohm structure footing resistance
and an outage probability of 1 or less per 161 km (100 mi) of line per year, the following tabulation
shows the minimum midspan clearances between overhead ground wires and conductors for various
span lengths.
Line voltages have very little relationship to the required midspan clearances, so the preceding
tabulation is satisfactory for voltages from 115 to 500 kV. For spans longer than those shown in the
tabulation, the sag in the overhead ground wire at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F) no load, should be equal to about
80 percent of the sag of the conductor at this temperature.
CHAPTER MI-INSULATION, LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS 111
Lightning performance is dependent on the surge resistance of the tower footing, rather than the
60-Hz value usually measured. For footing resistances up to about 15 ohms, the surge resistance is
slightly less than the 60-Hz value, but for higher values of resistance, the surge resistance measures
considerably less. For footing resistances above 15 ohms, the surge resistance should be estimated,
based on the best available data.
All structures in transmission lines having overhead ground wires should be adequately grounded
because the effectiveness of these ground wires for lightning protection depends on a low impedance
path to ground. Where there are two overhead ground wires, they should be tied together at the top
of each structure to reduce the impedance to ground. On wood-pole structures, a ground wire of No. 2
AWG Copperweld wire is connected to the overhead ground wires, carried down the face of the pole,
passed under the butt of the pole, and wrapped five complete spiral turns around the butt of the
pole. The ground wire is fastened to the pole by means of Copperweld staples. At all 2- and 3-pole
structures, an underground connection placed 457 to 610 mm (18 to 24 in) below the ground surface
is made between the ground wires on each pole. On steel structures, grounding is usually accomplished
through the concrete footings by welding stub angles to reinforcing bars and welding the reinforcing
bars to each other. In areas of high resistivity (such as in rocky, mountainous terrain or in sandy,
desert areas) a radial counterpoise or a double continuous counterpoise is used when a high level of
lightning protection is desired. The two counterpoise wires are placed at least 7.6 m (25 ft) from the
centerline of the transmission line, one on each side, and brought into each structure and attached.
The counterpoise wires are buried 305 to 457 mm (12 to 18 in) below the earth surface. Figure B-5
in appendix B shows ground resistivity values in ohm-meters for the United States.
An AIEE Committee Report published in 1950 [13] 1 was updated and expanded by Clayton and
Young in 1964 [14]. The method presented in these reports consists of groups of curves that are based
on typical horizontal and vertical conductor and overhead ground wire configurations, a range of
span lengths, insulator quantities, and footing resistances. The curves cover a voltage range from 115
to 700 kV. Combinations of insulator quantities and footing resistances for a desired performance
can be determined from the curves. When using these curves, use surge resistance values as previously
discussed.
For studying the anticipated lightning outages on transmission lines of 345 kV and above, it is
suggested that reference [15] be used.
2 1 . Conductor Clearance Patterns .-Before a designer can design steel towers for a transmission
line, the following data must be known:
• Type of towers required (single or double circuit)
• Loading area where the line is to be constructed
• Minimum conductor spacing
• Angle of protection (against lightning) that the ground wires must afford the conductors
• Longitudinal, vertical, and transverse loading under full-load conditions for conductors and
ground wires at each attachment point
• Maximum line deflection angle
• Ruling span length
• Maximum sum of adjacent spans, and the maximum distance between low points of the
adjacent spans
• Insulation coordination
1
Numbers in brackets refer to items in the Bibliography.
112 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
It is the responsibility of the transmission line designer to provide all of the above data. Most of
the required data can be calculated or approximated. The angle of protection is discussed in section
20; and insulation coordination, the basis for the construction of conductor clearance patterns, is
discussed in section 19.
To maintain adequate clearance between the structure and conductors, the air-gap distance
between any conductor and the structure should be sufficient to coordinate the air gap and the
structure insulation considering each of the three types of voltage stress (lightning impulse, switching
surge, and power frequency) under the condition at which each is likely to govern. The clearances
required for the three voltage stresses are, in general, described by the three superimposed patterns
indicted on figure 44.
Bureau designs for wood-pole structures are based on coordination of the impulse insulation value
of the insulators with the minimum air gap between the conductor and structure, and a wind pressure
of 0.19 kPa (4 lb/ft 2 ) at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) . On steel structures, the impulse insulation of the insulator
string and the air-gap clearance to the structure are coordinated for the sideswing angle of the
suspension insulator strings caused by a 0.19-kPa wind pressure at 15.5 ° C on the conductors or
for a sideswing angle of 30 ° , whichever is greater. In the normal or vertical position of the insulator
string, 10 percent is added to the impulse value of the insulator string and an equivalent air gap is
used for clearance to the structure. For the power frequency clearance, the maximum wind, usually
0.43 to 0.48 kPa (9 to 10 lb/ft 2 ), in the area where the line is to be located, is used to define the
swing of the insulator string. An air gap equivalent to the wet 60-Hz flashover value of the insulator
string is used for the clearance envelope.
An example problem on constructing the clearance patterns follows.
Example Problem
Assume a 345-kV transmission line with:
644 mm 2 (1272 kcmil), ACSR, 45/7 duplex conductor. The following data is also assumed:
CHAPTER HI-INSULATION, LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS 113
Loaded . - 7 ^ . 50 ^77 3j/ N Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.: Initial fa • SL2. GPa
Final. 1 5 . 5 ^ , 1$ ^ 7 ^y^N 0.000 a2-<0 7 ppr°r. Final AE V^ ^lj /In0 N
Computed by Date Initial A F .?^2 f)#3. 4>/S N
TEMP * SW SW
LOADING ! o c "UNSTRESSED L E N G T H I
I SAG FACTOR I SAG, mm SW. N TENSION, N
AE T
^2_ SPAN LENGTH(S) 3£Vt
0, / f 15£ kPa Wind (W") - /$ '/, QQ/ fi./PZl, 3S, /Z 731 15 33/. ? | S3 37? J
Permanent Set & Creep
Q-naG 931
-™ /- QQA 793 \0. coo j&s I n. Afll V.03£6a\ /2 jW 7 3nS-3\*& o38 F
7. A*>3 /32 p.nao J/~5 I Q. ZWI f'QTil &J\ /3 Qt8 7J1S.i\j.S <f//
No Ice, No Wind (W) 15.5 ! / , , ) „ 3 493p./)AO MS J 0> 3QU7 \o nzz n ,
t /3 <><za7 33f, 3 A3 ?/£
\/0n3 $2$ \Q,M0 1&5 J ti.JltiS W njo Mil /</ Itf 7 33 f. a 13 QZ7
iOQJ /73 VlQOQ IhS / n .33DO to.g*/ <?3 i /V m 7335x3 *A 23°
_Q_ SPAN LENGTH(S) 3 SO, 5
Qi WISH kPa Wind W")\/jr.s\ I 003 V*3 \/).*a/> na o P.3Q7& o.fitfoa\ /3 LL*\?L15.) j-2V <]8£ F
Permanent Set & Creep
No l c e t / ^ W i n d (W) 15.5 y. ns?a ys3 0,OOOn2C?/ 1 A< 3//3S- \0>03?J7 13 79? \9fit.& Jti ti%3 F
49
Figure 45.-Sag and tension calculation form for clearance pattern problem (metric)*
114 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
/)/o ice.
DC-576 (3-78)
INITIAL SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL /.yjv
1.431
CONDUCTOR A 2 / . 2 M^mtl ACSR *% LOADING Haxv^
Code Name sQ/ZULrtf Weight Factors: /0*'
Rated Breaking Load J?*/ /DO Deadweight (W) /, ^J3^Q . lb/ft Permanent Set 0 nfk? J<F3
Diameter inch + ; 4 , n . Ice (W) g?> $2it? . lb/ft Creep 0 . 0 0 £ _ ^ £ ^ _
Tension Limitations: 4L\b wind ^7> 72/7 .lb/ft Total O.OQl f J 7
I n i t i a l , - ^27 °F 33T % // &LL lb Resultant: ( W " ) «?* ^ f 7 - ^ .lb/ft
Final. ->/D °F 25 % 2 S2S lb Area (A) / ^ ^ 2 in2 Modulus. (E) Final Q> 35 x 106 Ib/in2
Loaded. O °F $0 %/7 ^ < ? lb TemD. Coeff. of Linear Exp.: Initial ^ . 753x 1Q6 lb/in2
Final. 60 ^ A?/ lb Final AE ,f f / ^ Ift? lb
0.000 n / / sf" per °F Initial AE / o?/~2 ^ V lb
Computed by - . Date .
TEMP. SW
LOADING I °F
UNSTRESSED LENGTH)
I? T
SAG FACTOR j SAG, ft SW, ib TENSION, Ib
'3L Inch Ice. SPAN LENGTH(S) / I4TQ FEET
£ lb/ft2wind(W-)i D \t.OQj j?Si>\0./)00 4714 Q,J2?Z 0tQ&L 3S\ AL&L MM-IO] IA OOP J
Permanent Set & Creep
0
\0<QQQ ?37\
\/,aaj 79J \/7. nga MS / Q,J2 7/ Vj.fiZS
JtnM,'Q\ 43\ 40,42 f tift F
30 L/)n3 '38 o.noa us / a.JZ<Mfw*rt37 Aj\ j/&t8 /M?,/G\ S /«eO
No Ice, No Wind (W) \/.Qo3 4 23 #, OOP US / 0.3QL7 W.A3* 22 M>7i >Uj%iQ\ 3 .177
9Q V,ao3 222 \n. o/in /£<r / Or 3' 26 W.H* 43 4i»</<? /H9>fo J '77
™\/<oH //3 Qx a an usr '\ o< 33 oa la HI ft? JLLZL >W%tn\ if 717
Jl Inch Ice. SPAN LENGTH(S) '/f<? FEET
_lb/ft 2 Wind(W" ) <JQ /. oo3 ^23 o.ooo J73 A o.doif* U./ffi 00
Permanent Set & Creep H'&X '7a7*7b\ J*6>7 £
?-'6/#* 30
/.no3 V23 jfUU/LSL -4&JZ £o'J>t3n b y?y £i
No Ice, -Ne Wind (W) \O.QQQ Jo! 9
raoz
Figure 46.-Sag and tension calculation form for clearance pattern problem (U.S. customary).
Metric
A 0.191 52-kPa wind per meter of conductor = i3-^) (o.191 52) (1000) = 6.542 N/m
K
\1000 /
A 0.430 92-kPa wind per meter of conductor = ( ,nnn ) (0.430 92) (1000) = 14.722 N/m
1000
U.S. Customary
1.345
A 9-lb/ft2 wind per foot of conductor = (9)= 1.0088 lb/ft
12
The vertical load due to conductor low-point distance equal to one-third the sum of adjacent spans
plus one-half the insulator weight per conductor:
Metric
For duplex conductor line: ( 3 5 0 p ^ (20.928) + 1 5 0 0 - 8 = 4890.2 + 375.2 = 5265.4 N
CHAPTER lll-INSULATION, LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS 115
U.S. Customary
(1150)(2) 337 4
For duplex conductor line: v 3 (1.434) + ££
^ 2 = 1099.4 + 84.3 = 1183.7 lb
0 = tan 2293
~ ' 7^77~7 = tan
~ 1
°-435 48 =
23°32', for one conductor of duplex
jzoj.4
2293
6 - tan" * = tan" * 0.406 52 = 22°07', for single conductor
JO4U.O
= tan 1
1 ioo n = tan 1
0-435 54 = 23° 32', for one conductor of duplex
= tan 1
" TTT^T = tan
~ * °-406 55 = 22°07', for single conductor
1 zoo.I
0 = tan
" ' T^TTT = tan" ! 0.979 99 = 44°25', for one conductor of duplex
F
5265.4
0 = tan l = tan
~ cuA^r " * 0.914 81 = 42°27', for single conductor
116 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
2
U.S. Customary (9-lb/ft wind, 0 ° line angle)
6 = tan
"1 i i o o -7 = tan
"' °-980 08
= 44°25', for one conductor of duplex
1183.7
e
= tan" * ^77rr= t a n ' 1 0.914 85 = 42°27', for single conductor
Izoo.l
469 09
0 = tan - 1 , = tan" » 0.396 29 = 21°37', for one conductor of duplex
469 09
6 = tan" » Tl'o. = tan" » 0.369 91 = 20° 18', for single conductor
126o. 1
2179 69 + 2293
0 = tan" * ' = tan" * 0.849 45 = 40° 20', for one conductor of duplex
2179 69 + 2293
e = tan
~' JT7rT7 = tan" l 0.792 95 = 38°24\ for single conductor
5640.6
CHAPTER MI-INSULATION, LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS 117
6 = tan" l 49a
^ 0 t , 5 - 1 5 5 5 = tan"' 0.849 52 = 40°20', for one conductor of duplex
1 183.7
49
6 = tan"» °'?L + o 5 , 1 5 ' 5 5 = tan" * 0.792 98 = 38°24', for single conductor
1268.1
566 5 4
6 = tan"» ' 1 ^01!60'12 = tan"» 1.3616 = 53°42', for single
x conductor
126o.l
0=tan
" 1 c ^ c A = tan"* 1.1858 = 49 0 51', for one conductor of duplex
JZOJ.4
0
=tan~ * ^ y j = tan"* 1.1069 =47° 54', for single conductor
JO4U.O
118 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
U.S. Customary (No wind, 15° line angle)
6 = tan 1403 72
~* n o o ' i = tan
~' 1 • 1858 = 49° 51', for one conductor of duplex
1 lo3.7
6 = tan 1403 72
" 1 T ^ T " = tan"* 1.1069 = 47° 54', for single conductor
lZOo.l
1466 3 7
6 = tan"» ' 1 1 g 3 5 ^ 5 ' 5 5 = tan"» 1.6743 = 59° 09", for one conductor of duplex
1466,3 7 5 555
6 = tan"» 1 268 j = tan"» 1.5629 = 57°23', for single conductor
, 7540.20 + 5160.06
? = tan » • g 2 6 5 4 = tan" * 2.4119 = 67°29', for one conductor of duplex
6 = tan"J 1695 3 2
1 1 0t!
16
°'12 = tan"1 2.4123 = 6 7 ° 2 9 \ for one conductor of duplex
1 lo3.7
1695
6 = tan" • - 3 2 + 1160.12 = t^_, 2251 ? = 66 o 0 3 ^for single c o n d u c t o r
lzoo.l
2179 6 9 - 2293
6 = tan"1 -—•'_ = tan"1 -0.021 52 = -1°14', for one conductor of duplex
2179 69 - 2293
0
= tan~ ' c^n/ = tan
~* -0.020 09 = -1°09', for single conductor
J04U.O
6 = tan
" * 4 9 ° ' 0 1 3 1 3 3 5 7 5 ' 5 5 = tan" * "0.021 56 = -1° 14', for one conductor of duplex
49
0 = tan"» °'°?~e5}5'55 = tan"» -0.020 12 = -1°09', for single conductor
6 = tan"1 2519
' ? * ~ * 1 6 0 0 6 = tan" x -0.501 44 = -26°38', for one conductor of duplex
5265.4
. 2519.75- 5160.06
6 = tan"x ct.nJ = tan"l -0.468 09 = -25°05 , for single conductor
564U.O
6 = tan"1 566 5
' 4
1 "0
ll60A2
= tan"1 -0.501 46 = -26°38', for one conductor of duplex
1183.7
6 = tan"l 5665
1
4
" 1 ! 6 0 1 2 = tan"J - 0.468 09 = -25°05', for single conductor
1268.1
120 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Metric (-0.191 52-kPa wind, 15° line angle)
e = tan
"* 7^771, = tan"1 0.803 28 = 38°46', for one conductor of duplex
5o4U.O
1466 3 7
6 = tan"» ' 1 " 5!5'55 = tan"1 0.749 80 = 3 6 ° 5 1 \ for single conductor
IZOO.I
754a2 0 5 60>06
0 = tan"* c "r ! = tan"' 0.452 03 = 24° 19', for one conductor of duplex
5265.4
Determine the critical positive impulse flashover value and the 60-Hz wet flashover value of the
insulator string to be used. Determine the lengths of air gaps that are electrically equivalent to the
critical positive impulse flashover, equivalent to the impulse flashover plus 10 percent, and equivalent
to the 60-Hz wet flashover. These values may be obtained from catalog data or from the tables in
appendix B.
For example:
1. For 18 insulator units, the critical positive impulse flashover is 1585 kV (table B-7,
app. B).
2. 1585 kV plus 10 percent equals 1744 kV.
3. The 60-Hz wet flashover for 18 units is 690 kV (table B-7, app. B).
4. The equivalent air gaps for 1., 2., and 3. are 2642, 2921, and 2083 mm (104, 115, and
82 in), respectively (table B-8, app. B).
CHAPTER MI-INSULATION, LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS 121
1524 mm (5-0')
-Bottom of crossarm
Tower hanger
Insulator string
Figure 47.-Assumed dimensions for side view of structure at conductor elevation. 104-D-1073.
Figure 47 shows the assumed dimensions of the side view of the tower at the conductor elevation.
Clearance patterns for two structure types, a tangent structure and an angle structure capable of
taking line angles between 5 ° and 15 ° , have been constructed for two cases: (1) for duplex conductor,
and (2) a single conductor. These clearance patterns are shown on figures 48, 49, 50, and 51.
The clearance pattern shown on figure 48 has been noted to illustrate the following discussion on
construction of the clearance pattern. After selecting a scale, begin constructing the pattern by
striking a 180 ° arc with a radius equal to the length of the insulator string as it hangs normally;
the center of the arc represents the attachment point of the insulator string at the tower. By looking
at a side view of the tower (fig. 47), it can be seen that the electrical clearance between the conductor
and steel will be most critical at the edge of the tower because of the sag in the conductor. To account
for this, draw a second arc parallel to the first, but with the radius increased by the amount of the
conductor sag at the edge of the tower. These arcs represent the possible locations of the conductor
(short radius at the centerline of the tower, and long radius at the edge of the tower) at the end of
the insulator string, or the centerline between conductors if duplex conductors are used. Draw radii
representing the insulator string as it hangs normally and at its positions with the different wind
122 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
pressures and line angles, as applicable. Locate the points showing the conductor locations at the
edge of the tower (fig. 47) for the applicable conditions. From these adjusted conductor locations,
strike arcs t o form an envelope around the conductor points. T h e radii for these arcs are the equivalent
air gaps previously determined. From the "no-wind" position of the conductor, the arc has a radius
equal t o the air gap equivalent of the insulator impulse value plus 10 percent. T h e radius of the arc
drawn from the 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) "wind" position is the air gap equivalent of the insulator impulse
8662 mm (28-5")
4331 mm (14-2?) 4331 mm (14-2* )
-Clearance for upslope /~ nsulator string
flashover value, and the arc radius from the 0.43-kPa (9-lb/ft 2 ) wind position is the air gap equivalent
of the 60-Hz wet flashover value of the insulator string. The angles of insulator swing, with their
corresponding wind and line angle values, are shown on figures 48, 49, 50, and 51 for ready reference.
No part of a steel structure is allowed to encroach upon a clearance pattern envelope.
9398 mm Qo'-io")
4699 mm (15- 5") 4699 mm (15-5")
8992 mm (29-6")
3505 mm (11-6 ) 5487 mm (18-0 )
2
a -25° 05', -0.43092-kPa ( - 9 - l b / f t ) wind, 5° ine angle
2
b -01° 09',- •0.19152-kPa (-4-lb/ft ) wind, 5° ine angle
c 20° 18', no wind, 5° ine angle
2
d 22° 52', •0.43092-kPa (-9-lb/ft ) wind, 15° ine angle
2
e 36°5I',- •0.19152-kPa (-4-lb/ft ) wind, 15° ine angle
f 38° 24', 0.19152-kPa ( 4 - l b / f t 2 ) wind, 5° ine angle
g 47° 54', no wind, 15° ine angle
2
h 53° 42', 0.43092-kPa ( 9 - l b / f t ) wind, 5° ine angle
57° 23', 0.19152-kPa ( 4 - l b / f t 2 ) wind, 15° ine angle
66° 03', 0.43092-kPa ( 9 - l b / f t 2 ) wind, 15° ine angle
Figure 50.-Clearance pattern for a 30A angle structure with single conductor. 104-D-1076.
CHAPTER lll-INSULATION. LIGHTNING PROTECTION. CLEARANCE PATTERNS 125
9652 mm (31-8 )
II
Figure 51.-Clearance pattern for a 30A angle structure with duplex conductor. 104-D-1077.
«Chapter IV
2 3 . Components of Charts.—The structure limitation and guying chart consists of the following
items:
• A suspension-type structure limitation chart that determines the type of suspension structure
required for a given location. The chart also determines the amount of mass (between low
points) which must be provided by the conductor to limit insulator sideswing. If the conditions
for a particular location are outside the limits of any suspension-type structure, it will be
necessary to use a dead-end-type structure. The type of structure required at any location
is dependent on the magnitude of the line angle, lengths of the adjacent actual spans, distance
between conductor low points in the adjacent spans, and the required conductor clearances
at the structure.
• A guy chart t h a t determines the number of angle guys required (dependent upon the
m a g n i t u d e of t h e line angle a n d t h e l e n g t h s of t h e a d j a c e n t a c t u a l s p a n s ) . W h e n
self-supporting steel structures are to be used for a transmission line, the guy chart and all
references to guys are omitted.
• A summary of guying data for tension structures.
• A table summarizing the structure types, their span limits, and their allowable line angles.
• Notes covering the construction materials, and the conditions on which the chart is based.
Paragraph 1.
In order to establish a basis for preparing these c h a r t s , the following standards have been
established:
a. For steel structures, the permissible sideswing of each insulator string on a suspension-type
structure is determined from the clearance pattern established for the design of the towers. The
clearance pattern depends on the size and type of conductor and loading conditions for which the
127
128 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
transmission line is being designed. Calculations for determining the strength limits of insulator strings
shall be based on full-load conditions and the following minimum factors of safety:
The maximum sum of adjacent spans, the maximum distance between low points of adjacent spans,
and the maximum line deflection angle are established as required for the transmission line and the
steel towers are designed to fit these structure requirements.
b. Except in California, the design of all wood-pole transmission lines for 69-kV and higher
voltages and for important lines of lower voltages shall be in accordance with grade B construction
as shown in the latest edition of NESC. Loading conditions and conductor and overhead ground wire
tensions shall also be in accordance with the latest edition of the code, except as modified by figure
1 or by specific heavier loading conditions than those prescribed for the general area for which a
line is being designed.
The recommended maximum design tensions (full-load tensions based on 33-1/3 percent of the
conductor ultimate strength at minus 18 ° C (0 ° F ) under initial conditions) for typical conductors
used on transmission lines with H-frame, wood-pole structures are shown in the following tabulation:
Maximum full-load conductor tension on standard USBR H-frame, wood-pole structures should
not exceed 44 482 N (10 000 lb).
Strength calculations for determining permissible span lengths, distance between low points,
guying, and requirements for double insulator strings shall be based on the full-load conditions shown
in paragraph 2 and the minimum factors of safety shown in table 19.
Selection of the proper type of suspension structure for any location shall be based on a loading
condition of 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) wind pressure on the bare conductor at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) in all loading
zones. The three axes of the structure limitation chart shall be calibrated to correspond to the values
of this loading condition. Table 20 shows the minimum clearance from the conductor to the pole
ground wire or to the surface of the crossarm; these clearances shall be maintained under the loading
condition above.
If a pole ground wire is not used, the clearances specified to the pole ground wire in table 20 shall
be maintained to the centerline of the poles. The limits for permissible insulator swing on the different
types of structures are shown for the various voltage classes in table 2 1 . Drawings of some of the
different types of wood structures are shown later in this section.
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 129
USBR standard.
69 965 (38)
115 1397 (55)
138 1524 (60)
161 1676 (66)
230 1956 (77)
1
USBR standard.
In areas where conductors and overhead ground wires are subject to ice loading, the maximum
l e n g t h of a single span s h o u l d be limited t o p r e v e n t c o n t a c t b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s or b e t w e e n
conductors and overhead ground wires due to galloping conductors. For span lengths up to 183 m
( 6 0 0 ft), full-sag ellipses should be used t o determine the required clearances. For longer spans,
one-half-sag ellipses may be used.
c. In California, the design of wood-pole transmission lines shall be in accordance with grade B
construction as shown in General Order N o . 95 of the California Public Utilities Commission [ l ] , 1
except that grade A construction is required for crossings over railroads and major communication
lines.
Loading conditions and conductor and overhead ground wire tensions shall also be in accordance
with General Order N o . 9 5 , except as modified by figure 1.
The recommended maximum design tensions (full-load tensions based on 3 3 - 1 / 3 percent of the
conductor ultimate strength at minus 18 ° C (0 ° F ) under initial conditions) for typical conductors
used on transmission lines in California with H-frame, wood-pole structures are shown in the following
tabulation:
1
Numbers in brackets refer to items in the Bibliography.
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 131
Table 22.-Minimum factors of safety for
wood-pole construction in California1
Grade A Grade B
Wood poles 4.0 3.0
2 2
Crossarms 4.0 4.0
Guys, except in light loading
rural areas 2.0 2.0
Guys in light loading rural areas 2.0 1.5
Insulator strings (suspension) 3.0 25
Insulator strings (tension)
2
3.0 I3.0
2
2
'
Insulator pins (bending) 3.0 3.0
Conductor 2.0 2.0
1
Factors of safety are based on ultimate strengths of the different materials
to which they are applicable.
2
USBR standard.
Selection of the proper type of suspension structure for any location shall be based on conditions
at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) with a 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) wind pressure in all loading areas. The three axes of
the structure limitation chart shall be calibrated to correspond to the values at the above conditions.
Table 23 shows the minimum clearance from the conductor to the pole ground wire or to the surface
of the crossarm; these clearances shall be maintained under the above loading condition.
If a pole ground wire is not used, the clearances specified to the pole ground wire in table 23 shall
be maintained to the centerline of the poles.
The limits for permissible insulator swing in California are the same as shown in table 2 1 .
The following minimum clearance between conductor and guy wire shall be maintained at all
conductor positions:
In areas of California where conductors and overhead ground wires are subject to ice loading, the
maximum length of a single span should be limited to prevent contact between conductors or between
conductors and overhead ground wires due to galloping conductors. For span lengths up to 183 m
(600 ft), full-sag ellipses should be used to determine the required clearance. For longer spans,
one-half-sag ellipses may be used.
Paragraph 2.
Full-load conditions are as follows:
1
Extreme wind loading as shown on NESC figure 250-2 in reference [3] should be used if resultant loading is greater.
Paragraph 3.
The data required for construction of a structure limitation chart for the design of a steel structure
transmission line are discussed at the beginning of section 2 1 , which covers conductor clearance
patterns. The clearance patterns themselves are important because they indicate the maximum design
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 133
swing of the suspension insulator strings on the various types of structures; these swing angles become
limitation lines on the low-point portion of the structure limitation chart. The balance of the data
previously discussed are basically tabled data, although the maximum low-point distance and the
maximum sum of adjacent spans limitations are drawn on the chart. An example problem follows
that shows the procedure for obtaining the data for the steel structure limitation chart.
Drawings of the different types of steel structures are not shown in this manual because new designs
are usually made for each transmission line. Steel tower designations and types are:
Metric
U.S. Customary
Calculations for the strength requirements of insulator strings for the various types of Steel towers
are as follows:
The conductor force values are shown on figures 52 and 53. The force values shown above for
a 0.38-kPa wind are simply twice the values shown on these figures for a 0.19-kPa wind.
DCm-578 (3-78)
o./f-kPa uf'tna
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR £>*[4 m*f JCSR </s/? LOADM
Code Name sfl/fcr/1 Linear Force Factor: *fr 7K f\ -l- S^-ll
I X
Rated Breaking Strength J/T/ £#4 N Dead Load Force (W) £Qtf£? , N/m Permanent Set 0.00<2.
D iameter \-iy mm mm Ice ( W ) ^?' &?(?> . N/m Creep ono/7 S£*/ J
T
ension Limitations: QjJ$j£l*Pa Wind //, y/i# . N/m Total n m/ 0^0 &
Initial °r. 3 3 ^ H. Resultant: ( W " ) t/3.f?f N/m
Final °C, 25 % Area (A)_ .mm2 Modulus. (E) Final t>*/.^{,i» QPa
Loaded °C. 50 % Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.: Initial j//e< &/£ GPa
Final. 15.5<h % _ 0.000 0£*£JL per°C Final AE 4/A/ 4J9 /?/*£" N
Computed by Date.
**/f77 WfSC Mz 4.37*4. Initial AE 3/ f<// ffiT N
SPANLENGTH(S).
.mm Ice
OJ11S& kPaWindCW")
Permanent Set & Creep
-18
Figure 52.-Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example problem on steel structure limitation chart
(metric).
136 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
8
TE
LOADING oy-| UNSTRESSED LENGTH! SAG FACTOR ! SAG, ft SW. lb TENSION, Ib
l
/JL Inr.h Ice.
SPAN 1 PMRTWtt J/S'O .FEET
/ lb/ft 2 WindtW" 3 £-.31
io A 00ft J30 n*/ttQ 1Q 1jfg, V / V JLOO I
Permanent Set & Creep
0<QQ/ *>*/>
/, 00/ 5?/ /). nan //~5 J Q*Al2l \Q.fiAH Jtfl 33, 63 TAMZL 1 J 05 F
30 A A0J 9'b n,/ian jt>5 / Q,j47l 0./73J /£ 35.* 3 lkn^L
No Ice. No Wind (W) 60
i-nnX £4>! o,000 /js / CHU Y),Q31 19\ 37-13 41 1
lkH> L3t>
AA0A <k&L O.Ooa Jti5 / 0, J 77*6 \>.a*»l 7/ Jl.qz 5§ I
/Mft d oo5
120 /<0QZ fat O.cjoa Ms iXfi.JSnL \n.n3L tf\ 41.25 I61f< I /T 734
.Inch Ice,
SPAN LENGTH(S) J t£~Q FEET
_ / J 2 _ l b / f t 2 Wind(W"
Permanent Set & Creep
10 tytf* 30
No Ice, MvWind (W) 60 I-Q02 Ml Q<0QQ ,&>? 6 33, ?7 \J093. Q
0,21*7 <? O. 031 JO 7'**'^
90
120
O Inch Ire SPAN LENGTH'^ J/SO FEET
_ _ ^ _ lb/ft 2 Wind(W")
Permanent Set & Creep
0
V /i/ft* 30
No Ice. Mo Wind (W) 60 1. O02 3LI 0. nnn n3 o.ZLa^ a AAA J6 32. JO 1727.3 L5 93 F
90
120
Figure 53.-Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example problem on steel structure limitation chart (U.S.
customary).
Metric
A sketch of a center phase V-string attachment for the 30S tower is shown on figure 5 4 .
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 137
a b_
sin A sin B
145 028 b
sin 80° sin 50°
».™«8(0.766 04)=1128,0,85N
U.S. Customary
a b
sin A sin B
32 603 b
sin 80° sin 50°
b
__ 32 603 (0.766 04) _
098481 25 360.571b
Metric
U.S. Customary
Metric
U.S. Customary
Metric
U.S. Customary
Metric
U.S. Customary
Metric
U.S. Customary
Make the following calculations (paragraphs 3.a. through 3.g.) to obtain data for use in the
construction of the steel structure limitation chart:
a. Calculate the conductor tensions to be used for the loading conditions shown in the following
tabulation. The calculations are shown on figures 52 and 53. From these figures, the tensions are
as follows:
13-mm (1/2-in) ice, 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) wind, - 1 8 °C (0 °F) 63 165 (14 200)
No ice, 0.19-kPa wind, 15.5 °C (60 °F) 29 289 (6 583)
No ice, 0.48-kPa (10-lb/ft 2 ) wind, 15.5 °C 34 791 (7 821)
No ice, no wind, 15.5 °C 28 083 (6 314)
b. Assume a scale to be used for the distance between conductor low points (vertical scale below
the point of origin), and compute the scale factor:
Metric
c. Compute the vertical force of the insulator string and convert one-half the insulator force per
phase or one-fourth the insulator force per conductor to millimeters (inches) using the low-point scale
factor:
Metric
U.S. Customary
d. Compute line deflection angle scale (horizontal axis to the right of the origin) with the degree
calibration equal to the resultant tension at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) final with 0.48-kPa (10-lb/ft 2 ) wind
pressure in one conductor due to the line angle:
Fa = 2 T ( s i n a / 2 )
T = 34 791 N (7821 lb)
2T= 69 582 N (15 642 1b)
Assume line angles and compute resultant tensions and their scale values. The scale factor must
be the same as that computed in paragraph 3.b.
e. Assume scale to be used for the sum of adjacent spans portion of the chart (vertical scale above
the point of origin):
142 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Metric
Let
1 mm = 6 m of wind span = one-half the sum of adjacent spans.
Note: This scale will be doubled in marking the chart; that is, 1 mm will equal 12 m so that the
sum of adjacent spans may be read directly instead of reading one-half the sum of adjacent spans.
0.48-kPa wind on conductor = 16.357 N/m (from force triangle, fig. 52)
Then, 1 mm = (6) (16.357) = 98.142 N, and
1 N = 1/98.142 = 0.010 189 318 mm (scale factor).
U.S. Customary
Let
1 in = 5 0 0 ft of wind span = one-half the sum of adjacent spans.
Note: This scale will be doubled in marking the chart; that is, 1 inch will equal 1000 feet so that
the sum of adjacent spans may be read directly instead of reading one-half the sum of adjacent
spans.
10-lb/ft2 wind on the conductor = 1.121 lb/ft (from force triangle, fig. 53)
Then, 1 in = (500) (1.121) = 560.5 lb, and
1 lb = 1/560.5 = 0.001 784 12 in (scale factor).
f. Calculate angle of bias lines to be drawn right and left of the deflection angle calibrations. These
bias lines are used to automatically add or subtract the wind pressure to or from the resultant tension
due to a line deflection angle. Because the scale factor used for the deflection angle scale must be
the same as that used for the low-point scale, the slope of the bias lines may be determined by
n
d=tm
. _, 0.010 189 318 ^ - ! Lj 5„3 5„3
=tan
c*occ/
= 56
*^
0.006 636 58 ° 5 5 <metnc)
e = tan
~ l !U.UUl
' ! ! ! Ifo !c = t a n " l 1-5351 = 56°55' (U.S. customary)
l o z ZJ
g. Calculate the maximum insulator swing angles in each direction by using maximum positive
wind with maximum permitted line angle, and maximum negative wind with minimum permitted line
angle for each type of suspension tower:
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 143
Vertical load due to conductor low-point distance equal to one-third the sum of adjacent spans
plus one-fourth the insulator force per conductor:
(35
For one conductor, ° 3 5 ) ( 2 - > (20.928) + ^ p = 5297.2 N, or
Metric
For 0.48-kPa wind, 0 ° line angle (30S tower with positive wind)
For —0.48-kPa wind, 0 ° line angle (30S and 30X towers with negative wind)
- 5 7 3 3 13
fl^tan-1 J ^ f y = tan- 1 -1.0823 =-47*15'
For 0.48-kPa wind, 5 ° line angle (30X tower with positive wind)
For —0.48-kPa wind, 5 ° line angle (30A tower with negative wind)
0 = t a n _ 1 3 0 3 5 . 1 7 - 5733.13 = t a r l - 0 . 5 0 9 32 = - 2 6 * 5 9 '
For 0.48-kPa wind, 15° line angle (30A tower with positive wind)
9 = t a n - 9 0 8 Z a + S733.13 = t a » - 2 . 7 9 6 8 - W W
144 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
U.S. Customary
For 10-lb/ft 2 wind, 0 ° line angle (30S tower with positive wind)
For -10-lb/ft 2 wind, 0 ° line angle (30S and 30X towers with negative wind)
, -1289.15
g=tan-' n 9 0 9 =tan- 1 - 1.0825 = -47°16'
For 10-lb/ft 2 wind, 5 ° line angle (30X tower with positive wind)
For -10-lb/ft 2 wind, 5 ° line angle (30A tower with negative wind)
682 3
8 = tan"» - n " 9 0 2 9 8 9 1 5 = tan-» -0.509 32 = -27°00'
For 10-lb/ft 2 wind, 15° line angle (30A tower with positive wind)
204L7
,.^-t ^ + 9 0 2 9 8 9 - 1 5 = tan-^ 2.7970 = 70019'
The permissible insulator swing angle for the 30S steel tower will be limited by the V-string on
the center phase. It is desirable to keep approximately 890 N (200 lb) of extra vertical force on
the bottom of the V-string at all times to prevent one leg of the V from becoming slack, which
would cause wearing of the metal-to-metal contacts in the string. We use a 100 ° V-string to permit
greater use in this respect. With a 50° insulator swing:
Metric
This means the low point for the V-string must be at least 252.9/(2)(350.5) = 0.36, or 36
percent of the sum of adjacent spans. Therefore, for a V-string with a 0.48-kPa wind and 0 °
line angle,
9
• «•»-' (350.5)(2)(0 7 3 3 6H20.928),407 " t m " ' ' ° 0 7 87
" 4 5 ° 1 3 ''
U.S. Customary
This means the low point for the V-string must be at least 830.2/(2)(1150) = 0.36, or 36
percent of the sum of adjacent spans. Therefore, for a V-string with a 10-lb/ft 2 wind and a 0 °
line angle,
1289 15
9=,m
" ' ( 1 150)(2)(0.36H1.434) + 9 1 . 5 ° t a n " "WW-WW.
Paragraph 4.
To construct the structure limitation chart for steel structures, proceed:
a. Lay out the axes using the same scale factor for the horizontal scale and the lower part of the
vertical scale (see pars. 3.b. and 3.d.). A different scale may be used for the sum of adjacent spans
provided the deflection angle bias lines are adjusted accordingly.
b. Calibrate the horizontal axis to the right of the origin in degrees of line angle deflection with
the degree calibration equal to the resultant tension at 15.5 ° C (60 °F) with 0.48-kPa (10-lb/ft 2 )
wind pressure on one conductor due to the line deflection angle (par.3.d.).
146 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
c. Calibrate the vertical axis above the origin in meters (feet) for the sum of adjacent spans. The
calibrations should be at a distance above the origin equal to the wind pressure at 0.48 kPa (10 l b / f t 2 )
on a bare conductor of length equal to one-half the sum of adjacent spans (par. 3.e.).
d. Calibrate the vertical axis below the origin in meters (feet) for the distance between low points
of the bare (no ice) conductor equal to the vertical force of the conductor. The zero point should
be displaced below the origin by a distance equal to one-half the vertical force of the insulator string
(pars. 3.b. and 3 . c ) .
e. With a protractor, lay out the radial angles of insulator swing and draw in heavy boundary
lines for the insulator swing limits for each type of structure (par. 3.g.).
f. Lay out the deflection angle bias lines at the computed angle, dependent upon scale factors
used for the sum of adjacent spans scale and the distance between low points scale (par. 3.f.). These
bias lines are used to automatically add or subtract the wind pressure to or from the resultant tension
due to a line deflection angle.
g. Draw in heavy limitation lines (sum of adjacent spans, low-point distance, and line deflection
angle) for each type of structure.
Paragraph 5.
An example problem follows that shows the procedure for obtaining the data required to prepare
the wood-pole structure limitation and guying charts.
NOTES
This chart is based on the f o l l o w i n g :
Conductor size 644 mm2, ACSR, 45/7 (bundle of t
Conductor loading NESC Heavy, maximum wind at 15.
Conductor tensions 63 165 N maximum per conductor,
34 790 N per conductor with 0.4
Ruling span 350.5 m
Insulators 20 Units (146 by 267 mm)
-10 0 10
Insulator Swing Angle (degrees)
STRUCTURE DATA
Tower Type 30S 30X 30A 30T 30D
Line Angle 0# 0-5# 5-15* 0-5* 0-30*
Moximum Single Spon ( f t )
Minimum Line Angle 1300 1600 1600 1600
Maximum Line Angle 1300 1300 1300 1600 2100
Max Sum of Adjocent Spans (ft)
Minimum Line Angle 2600 3200 3200 3600
Maximum Line Angle 2600 2600 2600 3200 4200
Max. Low Point Oistance (ft)
Conductor DO
Minimum Line Angle 2400 3200 3200 4200 >
Maximum Line Angle 2400 2600 2600 4200 4500
Overhead Ground Wire c/>
Minimum Line Angle 2800 3400 3400 5000
Maximum Line Angle 2800 2800 2800 5000 4800 c/>
Maximum Uplift (lb) en
Conductor
Minimum Line Angle 1000
Maximum Line Angle 700 1000
Overhead Ground Wire
Minimum Line Angle 1300
Maximum Line Angle 833 1300 m
O
NOTES rn
This chart is based on the following: c/>
Conductor size 1272 kcmil, ACSR, 45/7 (bundle of two, 18-in spocing) CD
Conductor loading NESC Heavy, moximum wind at 60*F-I0 l b / f t 2
Conductor tensions 14 200 lb maximum per conductor, initial conditions
7820 lb. per conductor with t o - l b / f t * wind at 60'F
Ruling span 1150 ft.
Insulators 20 Units ( 5 j by \0j in.)
c
>
Design for a minimum low-point distance equal to one-third the sum of adjacent spans.
HS = tangent, suspension
HSB = tangent, suspension, large vertical load
3AC = small line angle, suspension
3A = large line angle, suspension
3AB = large line angle, suspension
3TA = tangent to 9 0 ° line angle, dead end
Paragraphs 5.a. through 5.u. describe the procedure for making the calculations required for the
charts.
a. Calculate the conductor tensions for the loading conditions shown in the following tabulation.
Conductor data and calculations are shown on figures 57 and 58.
b. Assume a scale to be used for the distance between conductor low points (vertical scale below
the point of origin), and compute the scale factor:
Metric
Let
1 mm = 6 m of bare conductor vertical force.
Vertical force of conductor = 8.968 N / m .
Then, 1 mm = (6)(8.968) = 53.808 N , and
1 N = 1/53.808 = 0.018 585 mm (scale factor).
U.S. Customary
Let
1 in = 500 feet of bare conductor weight.
Weight of conductor = 0.6145 lb/ft.
Then, 1 in = (500)(0.6145) = 307.25 lb, and
1 lb = 1/307.25 = 0.003 254 7 in (scale factor).
150 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
No IceAl*»Wind (W) ™>5b.aaa fsL Q-Qfin fOie A €. j^JL 0CJi2$Q 4*<?/ \Z/0S-Z2 It 1JS
32
49
SPAN LENGTH(S) JL/3.36 u
J£. _mm Ice
^2^£2^.kPaWind(W")|-y Vnoo 431 1 a.aoo *32J I a. /4S<? \o./i^Ll -5-3S3 \JLM.SJ\23 SSL F
Permanent Set & Creep
-18
Figure 57.-Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example problem on wood-structure limitation chart
(metric).
c. Compute the vertical force (weight) of the insulator string and convert one-half the insulator
force t o millimeters (inches) using the low-point scale factor:
FINAL1" SAG C A L C U L A T , 0 N S
CONDUCTOR / / /
Code Name.
k&mij AC&RJ1//7 LOADING
Weight Factors:
lbH&IV^ _ 0. zfk
Rated Breaking Load )7 cZOo Dead Weight (W')_ . lb/ft Permanent Set 0.003. &2_
Diameter CL. inch • i i i n . Ice (W) /, j 6 ? 7 . lb/ft Creep 0.00i2_
Tension Limitations: X i b Wind 0. 6/S3 .lb/ft Total 0.00 <7 fjg
Initial °r 33Y % Jb Resultant: (W") l> f%(o7 .lb/ft
Final, °F 25 %. .lb Area (A) O.faSJL "2 Modulus, (E) F i n a l / ^ . ^ 3 x 106 |p/in2
Loaded, _°F _ 5 Q _ % . .lb Temo. Coeff. of Linear Exp.: f t K-O.Zl Initial / . tl3 x 1Q6 Ib/in2
Final, 60 °F Jb Final AE jS ^SA 2-fA lb
% . n nnn n JO 8 per°F ^r/^77 / / £ ^ d
Computed b y . . Date. Initial AE 3 4AZ tiJLI lb
30
Ml/ft* 60
No l c e , J * Wind (W) ttQao £SA 0.000 IQL & C• iff* o./)2H />A IS. ys 473 21 ^JLMJ-
•90
Figure 58.-Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example problem on wood-structure limitation chart (U.S.
customary).
d. Compute deflection angle $cale (horizontal axis to the right of the origin) with the degree
calibration equal to the resultant tension at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) final with 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) wind
pressure, in one conductor due to the line angle:
Fa = 2 71(sin a / 2 )
T = 11 748 N (2641 lb)
2 T = 23 496 N (5282 lb)
Assume line angles and compute resultant tensions and their scale values. The scale factor must
be the same as that computed in paragraph 5.b.
152 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
e. Assume scale to be used for the sum of adjacent spans portion of the chart (vertical scale above
the point of origin):
Let
1 mm = 6 m of wind span = one-half the sum of adjacent spans, or
1 inch = 500 ft of wind span = one-half the sum of adjacent spans.
Note: This scale will be doubled when marking the chart, that is, 1 mm will equal 12 m, or 1 inch
will equal 1000 ft, so that the sum of adjacent spans may be read directly instead of reading one-half
the sum of adjacent spans.
Metric
0.19-kPa wind on conductor = 4.116 N / m
Then, 1 mm = (6)(4.116) = 24.696 N, and
1 N = 1/24.696 = 0.040 492 mm (scale factor).
U.S. Customary
4-lb/ft 2 wind on conductor = 0.282 lb/ft
Then, 1 in = (500)(0.282) = 141 lb, and
1 lb = 1/141 '= 0.007 092 in (scale factor).
f. Calculate angle of bias lines to be drawn right and left of the deflection angle calibrations. These
bias lines are used to automatically add or subtract the wind pressure to or from the resultant tension
due to a line deflection angle. Because the scale factor used for the deflection angle scale must be
the same as that used for the low-point scale, the slope of the bias lines may be determined by
where 0 is the angle formed by the bias lines with the horizontal axis. The slope of the bias lines
will vary depending upon the choice of scale factors previously determined in paragraphs 5.b. and
5.e.
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 153
0 040 492
6 = tan_1 = tan_1 2 1 7 8 ? = 65
o 018 585 °20' (metric)
0 007 092
6 = tan_1
0 0 0 3 255 = tan_1 2 1 7 8 8 = 65
°20' (U>S
- customar
y)
g. Compute maximum low-point distance for the type HS structure shown on figure 59:
fbd*_(51 021)(67)(241) 2 _
-6L~ (6) (1829) (1000) " 1 8 0 5 1 N o r
At no load,
force of conductor = 8.968 N/m (0.6145 lb/ft)
36 104
factor of safety = = IU« = 9.45
426(8.968) (1397) (0.6145)
h. Compute maximum low-point distance for type HSB structure shown on figure 60:
Using 18 905 N (4250 lb), based on test data, for metal fittings on knee braces at 4 5 ° slope:
154 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
TYPE HS STRUCTURE
13 367 3005
= 630.94 m = 2070 ft
21.186 1.4517
Compute maximum low-point distance for type 3AC structure shown on figure 61:
2(5415) 2(1217)
= 1676 ft
-2TT86-- 511m 1.4517
j . Compute the effects of various sizes of hold downs that may be attached to the bottom of the
insulator string to increase the effective conductor low-point distance in adjacent spans, and also
to prevent excessive insulator side swing. The first value shown below is the low-point scale factor.
k. Compute the maximum allowable sum of adjacent spans on a type HS structure (fig. 59) by
determining the wind loading on the structure:
Assume 18 288-mm (60-ft), class 2 western red cedar poles (western red cedar data are used for
this example because this is the lowest strength wood permitted by USBR specifications). The
different classes of poles are a function of the pole circumference, see table B-3 in appendix B. The
formula for computing the wind force on a pole may be derived using figure 62:
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 157
-Structure
ground wires-
y-yx x - x x
General form of equation:
y2 - yi x2 - x
y - H x - d2
For pole,
0 - H dx- d2
Let the force of wind on dy *x be F in kilopascals (pounds per square foot). T h e n , t h e total
moment of the wind force on a pole above ground is:
/ Fx dyyx + Fx dyy2 + ..
dyy
y[(y-H)k + d2]dy
Fl (ky2 - kHy+d2y)dy
A)
^g)-^)©-^]
["(</, -d^H* (d -d,)H' d2H>~\
= F +
L — 3 — + — — — J
-F^i-
. rf,)/f'-3(d. -d,)H*
¥1
d,
F +
" r~6— —J
•"[——+—J
-|j(^H]
=F
FHz(d1 +2d2)
in lb «ft if diameters are in feet, or
Metric
FH2(d1 + 2d2)
Mp = where Mp = moment
6000
US. Customary
The maximum allowable SAS (sum of adjacent spans) L can now be found by statics. Assume two
10-mm (3/8-in) high strength steel, 7-strand overhead ground wires with a maximum full-load tension
of 21 418-N (4815-lb) initial condition. Sag and tension calculations for the ground wire are shown
on figures 63 and 64.
di_
No Ice, No Wind ( W ) 15.5
32
49
Figure 63.-Overhead ground wire sag and tension calculation form for example problem on wood-structure limitation
chart (metric).
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 161
30
No Ice. No Wind (W) 60
90
120
Figure 64.-Overhead ground wire sag and tension calculation form for example problem on wood-structure limitation
chart (U.S. customary).
E
\o ^CO
o O
Using the sketch shown on figure 65, and taking moments about the
u/ base:
1
1
f
1 (2 OGW) (wind force on iced OGW) (moment arm) (1/2 SAS) + (3
no
i
<4_
CO ^0—m^
L_ cond.) (wind force on iced cond.) (moment arm) (1/2 SAS) = [(max.
^"-" -•-
«4- o allowable moment on pole) (2 poles)/(safety factor of 2)] - [(wind
3
E lO o> XJ force on pole) (2 poles)]
ro
CO
m c
A o
o. oo
*^ E TD
4- fs«. O ^o
O
*2i CO 3
E ro
^-Gro
Figure 65.-Single-line
<3"
CVJ
\' 1
sketch of one pole of
i a type HS wood-pole
structure.
162 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Metric
(2) (13.222) (15.70) (1/2) + (3) (17.96) (13.87) (L/2) = ( 2 5 ° 5 _ S5) ( 2 ) - (2) (12 970)
^/ 2 = , 1162.379
2 2 6
1 l ,lo
=193 24
-
L = 386.48 m
U.S. Customary
(2) (0.9066) (51.5) (L/2) + (3) (1.231) (45.5) (1/2) = ( 1 8 4 ^ 0 0 ) ( 2 ) - (2) (9566)
9 3 . 3 8 0 1 / 2 + 1 6 8 . 0 3 1 1 / 2 = 184 8 0 0 - 19 132
W-sHlT-*"-"
L= 1267 ft
1. Compute the allowable maximum sum of adjacent spans on a type HS structure with X-brace
(fig. 59) for various line angles:
Metric
U.S. Customary
Using the sketch shown on figure 66, and taking moments about the
base:
Figure 66.—Single-line
sketch of top portion
of a type HS wood-
pole structure with
X-brace.
Metric
(2) (42 836) (sin a / 2 ) (3.35) + (2) (13.222) (3.35) (L/2) + (3) (66 724) (sin a / 2 ) (1.52)
+ (3) (17.96)(1.52)(Z>/2) = (56 870) (2)/2 - (2) (512)
287 001 (sin a / 2 ) + 88.587 L/2 + 305 062 (sin a / 2 ) + 82.113 L/2 = 56 870 - 1021
592 063 (sin a / 2 ) + 170.700 L/2= 55 849
592 063 (sin a / 2 ) + 85.35 L = 55 849
6936.88 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 654.35
Assume values for L and solve for a:
654.35 0 0 0
300 0.051 08 2°55' 5°50'
0 0.094 33 5°24' 10°48'
A line representing these tabulated values should be drawn on the sum of adjacent spans chart.
U.S. Customary
(2) (9630) (sin a / 2 ) (11) + (2) (0.9066) (11) {L/2) + (3) (15 000) (sin a / 2 ) (5)
+ (3) (1.231) (5) (L/2) = (41 945) (2)/2 - (2) (376.6)
2144.86 0 0 0
1000 0.050 33 2°53' 5°46'
0 0.094 29 5°24' 10°48'
Assuming a working fiber stress, at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F) with no wind load, of 6.895 MPa (1000 lb/in 2 )
for western red cedar:
With a 15.5 ° C (60 °F) no wind tension of 10 872 N (2444 lb) on the conductor, and 8205 N
(1844 lb) on the overhead ground wire, the moment equation would be:
(2 OGW) (2 Tsui a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (3 cond.) (2 Tsui a/2) (moment arm) = (max. allowable
moment on wood pole) (2 poles)/(safety factor of 5.6)
Metric
(2) (16 410) (sin a / 2 ) (3.35) + (3) (21 744) (sin a /2) (1.524) = (56 870) (2)/5.6
109 947 ( s i n a / 2 ) + 99 413.57 ( s i n a / 2 ) = 20 310.71
209 360.57 ( s i n a / 2 ) = 20 310.71
sin a / 2 = 0.097 0 1 , a / 2 = 5 ° 3 4 '
a = 11°08'
U.S. Customary
(2) (3688) (sin a / 2 ) (11) + (3) (4888) (sin a / 2 ) (5) = (41 945) (2)/5.6
sin a / 2 = 0.096 99, a / 2 = 5 ° 3 4 '
a = 11°08'
If this angle had been less than the largest angle computed previously, then a vertical line would
be drawn on the sum of adjacent spans chart at 11 ° 08 ' from 0 to the intersection with the line drawn
using the previously tabulated angles. This means that the original line would be cut off at 11 ° 08 !
m. Compute the allowable sum of adjacent spans due to bolt shear on a type 3AC structure (fig.
61) for various line angles. Assume conductor on inside of angle is guyed to top of middle pole, and
the two outside conductors are guyed from pole on outside of angle.
(2 cond.) ( 2 r m a x sin a / 2 ) + (2 cond.) (wind force on iced cond.) (1/2 SAS) = (allowable bolt
shear)
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 165
Metric
(2) (2) (33 362) (sin a / 2 ) + (2) (17.959) {LI2) = (10 831.37) (0.75)*
133 448 (sin a / 2 ) + 17.959 L = 8123.53
7430.70 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 452.34
Assume values for L and solve for a:
L,m sin a/2 a/2 a
452.34 0 0 0
200 0.033 96 1°56' 3°52'
0 0.060 87 3°29' 6°58'
U.S. Customary
1507.92 0 0 0
1000 0.020 83 1°11' 2°22'
0 0.061 85 3°32' 7°04'
Metric
* and ** D a t a from National Design Specifications for Stress-Grade Lumber and Its Fastenings, 1973 Edition,
National Forest Products Association, Washington D.C.
* Part VI Bolted Joints:
Paragraph 600-K-3.-The tabulated loads (table 12 for double shear) shall be used for a main member which
is twice the thickness of the thinnest side members (2-5/8 in x 2 = 5-1/4 i n ) . Permissible load = 2435 lb =
10 831.37 N.
Paragraph 600-G-2.-When joints are to be exposed to weather, .75 percent of the tabulated loads apply.
** Part V Timber Connector Joints:
Paragraph 500-B-2.—An assembly with two connector units of the same size used in contact faces with the
connectors concentric with the same bolt axis, the total allowable connector load shall be the sum of the allowable
connector loads given for each connector unit used (table 9).
166 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
U.S. Customary
To be practical, assume the same maximum sum of adjacent spans (upper limit) for type 3AC as
for type HS structure.
A 6 0 ° line angle on chart (as computed under par. 5.d.) = 218 mm (8.6 in)
0006 544 6 m m l lb
Then, 1 N =33—
362^ = \(
=
^75UU
MT= °- 001 146 7
te)
Using a safety factor of 2.5 on 88 964-N (20 000-lb) insulator units gives a working maximum of
35 585 N (8000 lb). Force of iced conductor = 21.186 N / m (1.4517 lb/ft).
Let H be the horizontal force due to the line angle, and V be the conductor force between low
points in adjacent spans.
Then,
Metric
Low point, V, V2 H,
m N N mm
0 0 0 35 585 233
200 4 237.2 17 953 864 35 332 231
400 8 474.4 71 815 455 34 561 226
600 12 711.4 161 584 775 33 237 218
800 16 948.8 287 261 821 31289 205
1000 21 186.0 448 846 596 28 591 187
U.S. Customary
Low point, V, V2 H,
ft lb lb in
0 0 0 8000 9.17
500 725.85 526 858 7967 9.14
1000 1451.70 2 107 433 7867 9.02
1500 2177.55 4 741 724 7698 8.83
2000 2903.40 8 429 732 7455 8.55
2500 3629.25 13 171 456 7129 8.17
3000 4355.10 18 966 896 6711 7.70
Since angle structures with suspension insulators are limited to a maximum line angle of 60 ° , the
preceding limitation will not have much bearing. To show the effect of such calculations, assume
66 723-N (15 000-lb) insulator units are to be considered. Then, with a 2.5 safety factor, we would
have a working tension of 26 689 N (6000 lb) and,
Metric
Low point, v V2 H,
m N9 N mm
0 0 0 26 689 175
200 4 237.2 17 953 864 26 350 172
400 8 474.4 71 815 455 25 308 166
600 12 711.6 161 584 775 23 467 154
800 16 948.8 287 261 821 20 617 135
1000 21 186.0 448 846 596 16 231 106
168 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
U.S. Customary
Low point, V, V2 H,
ft lb lb in
0 0 0 6000 6.88
500 725.85 526 858 5956 6.83
1000 1451.70 2 107 433 5822 6.68
1500 2177.55 4 741 724 5591 6.41
2000 2903.25 8 429 732 5251 6.02
2500 3629.25 13 171 456 4778 5.48
3000 4355.10 18 966 896 4127 4.73
o. Determine angle of bias lines to be drawn on the sum of adjacent spans chart for reading the
limitation of single insulator strings under various combinations of loadings:
Metric
U.S. Customary-
p. C o m p u t e conductor guying for H-frame type structures with n o guys on the overhead ground
wires:
Figure 6 9 . - F o r c e
triangle showing
resultant conductor
force due to line angle.
Example :
H = 2T(sin a/2) + (wind force) (L/2)
Metric
U.S. Customary
Using 11-mm ( 7 / 1 6 - i n ) , 7-wire, high-strength steel guy wire with a breaking strength of 6 4 5 0 0 N
(14 5 0 0 lb), a safety factor of 2.67, and set at an angle of 4 5 ° t o the pole:
170 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Metric
64 500
(0.7071) = 17 080 N of horizontal pull per guy wire
2.67
U.S. Customary
14 500
(0.7071) = 3840 lb of horizontal pull per guy wire
2.67
Then, guying of the horizontal forces of the conductors and overhead ground wires on H-frame
structures is determined by the moment equation:
(2 OGW) (2 T max sin a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (2 OGW) (wind force on OGW) (moment arm)
(1/2 SAS) + (3 cond.) (2 Tmax sin a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (3 cond.) (wind force on cond.)
(moment arm) (1/2 SAS)= (allowable horizontal load on guy) (moment arm) — (wind on
poles)
(2) (2) (21 418) (sin a / 2 ) (15.697) + (2) (13.231) (15.697) (L/2)
+ (3) (2) (33 362) (sin a / 2 ) (13.868) + (3) (17.961) (13.868) (L/2)
= (17 080) (12.040) - 25 939.51
309.107 0 0 0
150 0.022 45 1°17' 2°34'
0 .043 61 2°30' 5°00'
For two guys:
4 120 778.68 (sin a / 2 ) + 581.364 L = (2) (17 080) ( 1 2 . 0 4 0 ) - 2 5 939.51 = 385 346.89
7088.12 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 662.832
Assume values for L and solve for a:
662.83 0 0 0
300 0.046 96 2*41' 5° 22'
0 .093 51 5<*22' 10°44'
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 171
991 890 (sin a / 2 ) + 93.318 L/2 + 2 047 500 (sin a / 2 ) + 168.032 L/2 = 132 548
3 039 390 (sin a / 2 ) + 261.35 L/2 = 132 548
3 039 390 (sin a / 2 ) + 130.67 L = 132 548
23 260.044 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 1014.372
Assume values for L and solve for a:
1014.372 0 0 0
500 0.022 11 1°16' 2°32'
0 .043 61 2°30' 5°00'
2175.159 0 0 0
1000 0.050 52 2°53' 5°46'
0 .093 51 5°22' 10°44'
q. Compute conductor and overhead ground wire guying for a type 3AC structure (fig. 61).
Assume conductor on inside of angle is guyed to top of center pole, and two outside conductors are
guyed from the outside pole. Two conductors will be guyed off together, and one conductor and two
overhead ground wires will be guyed off together.
(2) (2) (33 362) (sin a / 2 ) (13.868) + (2) (17.961) (13.868) (L/2)
= (17 080) ( 1 3 . 5 6 4 ) - ( 2 ) (12 969.75)
U.S. Customary
(2) (2) (7500) (sin a / 2 ) (45.5) + (2) (1.231) (45.5) ( 7 / 2 ) = (3840) (44.5) - (2) (9566)
1 365 000 (sin a / 2 ) + 112.021 7 / 2 = 170 8 8 0 - 1 9 132
1 365 000 (sin a / 2 ) + 56.01 L = 151 748
24 370.648 (sin a / 2 ) + 7 = 2709.302
Assume values for L and solve for a :
U.S. Customary
For one conductor and two overhead ground wires, one guy:
Metric
(1) (2) (33 362) (sin a / 2 ) (14.326) + (1) (17.961) (14.326) (L/2)
+ (2) (2) (21 418) (sin a / 2 ) (14.326) + (2) (13.2318) (14.326) (L/2)
= (17 080) (14.326) - (12 969.75)
For one conductor and two overhead ground wires, two guys:
Metric
2 183 225.096 (sin a / 2 ) + 318.213 L = (2) (17 080) (14.326).- (12 969.75)
6860.882 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 1497.131
Assume values for L and solve for a:
As the guy attachment for one conductor and two overhead ground wires is separated by only
762 mm (2.5 ft) from t h e guy a t t a c h m e n t for t h e o t h e r two c o n d u c t o r s and b e c a u s e t h e
two-conductor load is located between the two guy attachment points, it is satisfactory to consider
a total load (three conductors and two overhead ground wires) guyed from an imaginary point halfway
between the two attachment points. The required number of guys (as calculated) could then be split
between the two guy attachment points with very little load transferred through the pole between
these attachment points.
Example
For two guys (one at each attachment point):
(2 cond.) (2 Tmax sin a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (2 cond.) (wind force on cond.) (moment arm) (1/2
SAS ) + (1 cond.) (2 Tmax sin a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (1 cond.) (wind force on cond.) (moment
arm) (1/2 SAS) + (2 OGW) (2 Tmax sin a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (2 OGW) (wind force on OGW)
(moment arm) (1/2 SAS) = (2 guys) (allowable horizontal load per guy) (moment arm) — (wind
on poles)
Metric
(2) (2) (33 362) (sin a / 2 ) (13.868) + (2) (17.961) (13.868) (L/2)
+ (1) (2) (33 362) (sin a / 2 ) (14.326) + (1) (17.961) (14.326) (L/2)
+ (2) (2) (21 418) (sin a / 2 ) (14.326) + (2) (13.2318) (14.326) (L/2)
= (2) (17 080) (13.945) - (3) (12 969.75)
For three guys (two at upper guy attachment and one at lower):
Metric
U.S. Customary
r. Compute conductor guying for structure types 3A (fig. 70) and 3AB (fig. 71).
For one guy at each conductor:
Metric
U.S. Customary
TYPE 3A STRUCTURE
US. Customary,!
Voltage, Metric, mm ft-in 1
kV A Z B A z B
69 3048 3963 965 10-0 13-0 3-2
115 3048 5487 1397 10-0 18-0 4-7
138 3048 7011 1524 10-0 23-0 5-0
161 3048 7315 1676 10-0 24-0 5-6
230 3048 7620 1956 .10-0 25-0 6-5
TYPE 3AB
STRUCTURE
US. Custom a ry,l
Voltage, Metric, mm f t - in 1
kV A Z B A z B
69 3048 4420 965 10-0 14-6 3-2
115 3048 5182 1397 10-0 17-0 4-7
138 3048 7315 1524 10-0 24-0 5-0
l6l
1 _ 3048 7620 1676 10-0 25-0 5-6
I , ft sin a / 2 a/2 a
U.S. Customary
s. Compute overhead ground wire guying for structure types 3A, 3AB, and 3TA (figs. 70, 71, and
72, respectively).
(2) (2) (21 418) (sin a / 2 ) + [ (34.544/1000) (0.383 04) (1000)] (2) ( L / 2 ) = 17 080
85 672 (sin a / 2 ) + 26.4634 L / 2 = 17 080
85 672 (sin a / 2 ) + 13.2317 L = 17 080
6474.754 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 1290;839
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Structure ground
wires
U.S. Customary
U.S. Customary
(OGW) (wind force on iced OGW) (moment arm) (1/2 SAS) + (cond.) (wind force on iced cond.)
(moment arm) (1/2 SAS) = [(max. allowable moment on wood pole)/(safety'-factor of 2)] — (wind
force on pole)
Metric
U.S. Customary
(OGW) (wind force on iced OGW) (moment arm) (1/2 SAS) + (cond.) (wind force on iced cond.)
(moment arm) (1/2 SAS) = [(max. allowable moment on wood pole)/(safety factor of 2)] — (wind
force on pole)
Metric
The National Electrical Safety Code does not require angle guys if line guys are used at tension
structures; however, we use one single guy for each conductor on tension structures for line angles
up to 60 . These angle guys will keep the structure from leaning into the angle. Guying requirements
for the 3TA overhead ground wires were computed in paragraph 5.s.
For loading conditions of 13-mm (1/2-in) ice, 0.10-kPa (2-lb/ft 2 ) wind pressure, and at minus 1 ° C
(30 ° F), determine the conductor and overhead ground wire sags for the given span length:
Conductor:
242 mm 2 (477 kcmil), ACSR, 2 4 / 7 , NESC heavy loading
Ruling span = 213.36 m (700 ft)
184 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Sag and tension calculation forms for this example were shown previously on figures 57, 58, 63,
and 64.
Determine the angle of sideswing (6) for the conductors and overhead ground wires:
The conductor has a force of 21.186 N / m (1.4517 lb/ft) with 13-mm (1/2-in) ice. A 0.10-kPa
(2-lb/ft 2 ) wind on the iced conductor equals 4.4898 N / m (0.3077 lb/ft). Therefore,
The overhead ground wire has a force of 11.773 N / m (0.807 lb/ft) with 13-mm (1/2-in) ice. A
0.10-kPa (2-lb/ft 2 ) wind on the iced overhead ground wire equals 3.3079 N / m (0.227 l b / f t ) .
Therefore,
/0.227\
6 = tan" J yp^: or ( H ^ r )= = tan"l 0.280 88 = 15°42'.
\0.807/
11.777
Construct ellipses:
First, the locations of attachment points for the conductors and the overhead ground wires are
drawn to scale to give an accurate configuration. Lines are then drawn from the attachment points
at the respective angles of sideswing for the conductors and overhead ground wires. For tension
structures, the conductors and overhead ground wires are located on these lines at their respective
sag values below the attachment points. For suspension structures, the sag points must be extended
the length of the suspension hardware for the overhead ground wires, and extended the length of
the suspension insulator string for the conductors.
A line which will be the location of the major axis of an ellipse is then drawn through each sag
point at an angle of 20 from the line representing the conductor or overhead ground wire sideswing.
The major axis of the ellipse is equal to the sag for full-sag ellipses, or one-half the sag for half-sag
ellipses, plus 6 percent. The minor axis is equal to one-half of the major axis.
The ends and center of the major axis are marked with one end being placed a distance below
the sag point equal to 3 percent of the applicable sag or half-sag value. The minor axis is marked
perpendicular to the major axis at its center point. The ellipses may then be drawn by any acceptable
method. There is no definite length of span where galloping will change from full-sag ellipses to
half-sag ellipses. However, our experience has shown that, for our line locations and conditions, we
should use full-sag ellipses in spans up to 183 in (600 ft) in length. In longer spans, the conductors
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 185
are likely to gallop in two or more loops so one-half size ellipses, with the major axis equal to 53
percent of the sag, should be used. If these ellipses do not overlap, the probability of contact between
conductors or between conductors and overhead ground wires as a result of galloping is greatly
reduced (see sec. 15). Full-sag ellipses for the maximum 183-m (600-ft) spans and the half-sag ellipses
for the longer span limits should be made for each type of structure and case. Each of these limitations
must be satisfied by the dimensions of the conductor and overhead ground wire configuration. Ellipses
for the different structure types and cases to be considered for the structure limitation chart are shown
on figures 73 through 87.
Paragraph 6.
To construct the structure limitation chart for wood structures:
a. Lay out the axes using the same scale factor for the horizontal scale and the lower part of the
vertical scale (see pars. 5.b. and 5.d.). A different scale factor may be used for the sum of adjacent
spans provided the deflection angle bias lines are adjusted accordingly.
b. Calibrate the horizontal axis to the right of the origin in degrees of line angle deflection with
the degree calibration equal to the resultant tension at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) with 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) wind
pressure in one conductor due to the line deflection angle (par. 5.d.).
c. Calibrate the vertical axis above the origin in meters (feet) for the sum of adjacent spans. The
calibrations should be at a distance above the origin equal to the wind pressure at 0.19 kPa (4 lb/ft 2 )
on a bare conductor of length equal to one-half the sum of the adjacent spans (par. 5.e.).
d. Calibrate the vertical axis below the origin in meters (feet) for the distance between low points
of the bare (no ice) conductor equal to the vertical force of the conductor. The zero point should
be displaced below the origin by a distance equal to one-half the vertical force of the insulator string
(pars. 5.b. and 5.c).
e. With a protractor, lay out the radial angles of insulator swing, and draw in heavy boundary
lines for the insulator swing limits for each type of structure (see table 2 1 , par. I.e.).
f. Lay out the deflection angle bias lines at the computed angle (dependent upon scale factors
used for the sum of adjacent spans scale and the distance between low points scale, see par. 5.f.).
These bias lines are used to automatically add or subtract the wind pressure to or from the resultant
tension due to a line deflection angle.
g. Layout lines showing the maximum permissible sum of adjacent spans for class 2 poles for all
types of suspension structures (pars. 5.k., 5.1., and 5.m.), and maximum low point distance lines as
calculated from the strength of the structures (pars. 5.g., 5.h., and 5.i.).
h. Draw lines to show the conductor low point limits permissible by the addition of various sizes
of holddowns to the bottom of the insulator strings (par. 5.j.). A line for each size of insulator
holddown is drawn parallel to the insulator string swing limit line for the type HS and HSB structures.
These lines are offset vertically from the insulator string swing limit line by values obtained by
multiplying the vertical force of each holddown by the low point scale factor (par. 5.j.).
186 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
i. Plot the single insulator string limit line at the resultant load on the insulator string equal to
35 585 N ( 8 0 0 0 lb) for 88 9 6 5 - N (20 000-lb) units under maximum loading conditions (par. 5.n.).
j . Add the bias lines for determining the limitation of single insulator strings to the sum of adjacent
spans chart (par. 5.o.).
T h e structure limitation charts for wood structures are shown on figures 88 through 9 1 .
Paragraph 7.
T o construct the angle guying chart for suspension wood structures:
a. Use the same line deflection angle horizontal axis as used for the structure limitation chart.
b. Superimpose the guying chart on the deflection angle bias lines, or repeat the vertical axis
calibration (sum of adjacent spans) using the same scale used for the structure limitation chart..
c. From the calculations for the number of angle guys required for the various types of structures
under full-load c o n d i t i o n s (pars. 5.p., q., r., and s.), plot lines separating the zones for different
quantities of guys. Some of the limitations calculated may be unnecessary because some of the limit
lines may be very close to each other if they are all plotted. Some of these limitations may be combined
with others t o keep the chart clean, but care must be taken t o eliminate the right lines so that all
guying requirements are satisfied. Standard guying drawings must be checked for the number of guys
required by various guy arrangements, and the required quantities coordinated with the number of
guys required t o satisfy the c a l c u l a t e d guy requirements. T h e c o o r d i n a t e d quantities should be
indicated on the structure guying chart. N o guying is required for a line angle up to 1 ° , but at least
one angle guy per suspension structure should be used for all line deflection angles greater than 1 ° .
A vertical line at the 1 ° mark should be drawn and labeled to indicate the area on the chart where
an angle guy is not required. Guying charts are shown on figures 9 2 and 9 3 . A typical standard guying
arrangement drawing for the type 3 T A structure has been included as figure 9 4 .
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 187
Type HS Structure Conductor: 242 mm (477 kcmil) ACSR. 24/7
289.5 -m (950-ft) Span mm (ft)
Based on 213.4-m (700-ft) Sag 9674 (31.74)
ruling span Half sag 4837 (15.87)
3658-mm (12-ft) Pole spacing +6% 290 ( 0.95)
NESC Heavy Loading Major axis 5127 (16.82)
Conductor full-load tension Minor axis 2563 (8.41)
= 33 362 N (7500 lb) e=il°58'
OGW full-load tension 06W: io-mm ( | - i n ) H.S. Steel
= 21 418 N (4815 lb) mm (ft)
Half-sag ellipses Sag 8016 (26.30)
Half sag 4008 (13.15)
+ 6% 240 (0.79)
Major axis 4248 (13.94)
Minor axis 2124 (6.97)
6 = 15° 42'
4023 mm
Figure 73.-Half- and full-sag ellipses for type HS wood-pole structure (Sheet 1 of 2). 104-D-1086-1.
188 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
4023 mm
Figure 73.-Half- and full-sag ellipses for type HS wood-pole structure (Sheet 2 of 2). 104-D-1086-2.
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION A N D GUYING CHARTS 189
Figure 74.-Half- and full-sag ellipses for type HSB wood-pole structure (Sheet 1 of 2). 104-D-1087-1.
190 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
4023 mm
Figure 74.-Half- and full-sag ellipses for type HSB wood-pole structure (Sheet 2 of 2). 104-D-1087-2.
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 191
Type 3AC Structure Conductor: 242 mm2 (477 kcmil) ACSR, 24/7
10° Line Angle mm (ft)
304.8-m (1000-ft) Span Sag 10 717 (35.16)
Based on 213.4 -m (700-ft) Half-sag 5 359 (17.58)
ruling span +6% 321 ( 1.05)
4267-mm (14-ft) Pole spacing Major axis 5 680 (18.63)
NESC Heavy Loading Minor axis 2 840 ( 9.32)
Conductor full-load tension e = il°58'
= 33 362 N (7500 lb) OGW: io-mm (|-i n) H.s. Steel
OGW full-load tension mm (ft)
= 21 418 N (4815 lb) Sag 8882 (29.14)
Half-sag ellipses Half-sag 4441 (14.57)
+6% 266 ( 0.87)
Major axis 4707 (15.44)
Minor axis 2353 ( 7.72)
e = i5°42'
8 4251 mm
- & ^
O © -
Insulator position ^ ^J 5
X «•• o
a. o o
2T sin /2 + wind_i ro «
a
= 40° 19'
Figure 75.-Half- and full-sag ellipses for type 3AC wood-pole structure (Sheet 1 of 2). 104-D-1088-1.
192 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Type 3AC Structure Conductor: 242 mm2 (477 kcmil) ACSR, 24/7
10° Line Angle mm (Lt)
183-m (600-ft) Span Sag 3852 (12.64)
Based on 213.4-m (700-ft) +6% 231 ( 0.76)
ruling span Major axis 4083 (13.40)
4267-mm (14-ft) Pole spacing Minor axis 2042 ( 6.70)
NESC Heavy Loading e=li°58'
Conductor full-load tension OGW: io-mm ( | - i n) H.S. Steel
= 33 362 N (7500 lb) mm (ft)
06W full-load tension Sag 3197 (10.49)
= 21 418 N (4815 lb) +6% 192 ( 0.63)
Full-sag ellipses Major axis 3389 (11.12)
Minor axis 1695 ( 5.56)
9 = 15° 42'
4251 mm
2T sin tyz+wind
2(23 586) Sin 5
183(4.4898)
$5303) Sin 5° -
600(0.3077)]
6=tan^ &
= 51° 50'
Figure 75.-Half- and full-sag ellipses for type 3AC wood-pole structure (Sheet 2 of 2). 104-D-1088-2.
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 193
8534 mm
Figure 76.-Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, tangent, 4267-mm (14-ft) pole spacing.
104-D-1089.
194 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
2
Conductor 242 mm (477 kcmil)ACSR, 2 4 / 7 Type 3TA Structure
mm (ft) Tangent, OGW in tension
Sag 12 966 (42.54) 335-m (llOO-ft) Span
Half sag 6483 (21.27) 4267-mm(14-ft) Pole spacing
+ 6% 389 (1.27) NESC Heavy loading
Major axis 6872 (22.54) Conductor full-load tension
Minor axis 3436 (11.27) = 33 362 N (7500 lb)
6 = 11° 58' OGW full-load tension
06W : 10-mm (!-in) = 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Ha If-sag ellipses
Sag
Half sag
+ 6%
Major axis
Minor axis
9 = 15° 42'
Figure 77.-Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, tangent, 4267-mm (14-ft) pole spacing. 104-D-1090.
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 195
Type 3TA Structure Conductor : 242 mm2 (477 kcmil) ACSR, 24/7
90° Line angle, OGW in tension mm (ft)
Without post insulator for jumper Sag 4526 (14.86)
198-m (650-f t) Span +6% 272 (0.89)
II 278-mm (37-ft) Pole spacing Major axis 4798 (15.75)
NESC Heavy loading Minor axis 2399 (7.88)
Conductor full-load tension e=ir58'
»33 362 N(7500 lb) OGW: jo-mm (f-in) H.S. Steel
OGW full-load tension mm (ft)
=21 418 N (4815 lb) Sag 3751 (12.31)
Full-sag ellipses +6% 225 (0.74)
Only one OGW and two conductors Major axis 3976 (13.05)
are shown Minor axis 1988 (6.53)
e = 15° 42'
15 951 mm
(52.33 f t )
7976 mm 7976 mm
(26.17 f t ) (26.17 f t )
Figure 78.-Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 90° line angle, 11 278-mm (37-ft) pole
spacing. 104-D-1091.
196 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
15 951 mm
(52.33 f t )
Type 3TA Structure
90° Line Angle
Conductor: 242 mm 2 (477 kcmil), ACSR,24/7
320-m (1050-ft) Span
mm (ft) M 278-mm (37-ft) Pole spacing
Sag II 817 (38.77) NESC Heavy Loading
Half-sag 5 909 (19.39) Conductor full-load tension
*6% 355 ( U6) = 33 362 N (7500 lb)
Major axis (20.55) OGW f u l l - l o a d tension
6 264
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Minor axis 3 132 (10.28) Half-sag ellipses
e = n°58' Only one OGW and two conductors
OGW: 10-mm C in), shown
7976 mm
Sag 726.17ft)
Half-sag
+ 6%
Major axis
Minor axis
e=l5°42'
Figure 79.-Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 90° line angle, 11 278-mm (37-ft) pole spacing.
104-D-1092.
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 197
7366 mm
Figure 80.-Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 6 0 ° line angle, 4267-mm (14-ft) pole
spacing. 104-D-1093.
198 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
14 249 mm
(46.75 f t )
7125 mm 7125 mm
(23.38 f t ) (23.38 f t )
Figure 81.-Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 60° line angle, 8230-mm (27-ft) pole spacing.
104-D-1094.
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 199
Conductor: 242 mm2 (477 kcmil)ACSR, 2 4 / 7 Type 3TA Structure
mm (t+) 60° Line angle, OGW in tension
Sag 12 966 (42.54) 335-m (1100-ft) Span
Half-sag 6483 (21.27) 4 2 6 7 - m m ( i 4 - f t ) Pole spacing
+ 6% 389 (1.27) NESC Heavy loading
Major axis 6872 (22.54) Conductor full-load tension
Minor axis 3436 (M.27) = 33 362 N (7500 lb)
0 = 11° 58' OGW full-load tension
06W 10-mm (f-in) H.S. Steel = 21 418 N (4815 lb)
mm (f±) Half-sag ellipses
Sag 10 747 (35.26) 7366 mm
Half-sag 5374 (17.63)
+6 % 322 (1.06)
Major axis 5696 (18.69)
Minor axis 2848 (9.35)
0 = I5°42'
Figure 82.-Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 60° line angle, 4267-mm (14-ft) pole spacing.
104-D-1095.
200 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Figure 83,-Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 60° line angle, 8230-mm (27-ft) pole spacing
104-D-1096.
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 201
278 mm
Figure 84.-Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 45 ° line angle, 6096-mm (20-ft) pole
spacing. 104-D-1097.
202 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Figure 85.-Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 45° line angle, 6096-mm (20-ft) pole spacing.
104-D-1098.
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 203
8840 mm
Figure 86.-Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 3 0 ° line angle, 4572-mm (15-ft) pole
spacing. 104-D-1099.
204 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Figure 87.—Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 30° line angle, 4572-mm (15-ft) pole spacing,
104-D-1100.
SOS SldVHD 9NIADD QNV NOUVIIWII a a n i D f l H l S - A I y g i d V H D
206 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
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NOTES
STRUCTURE DATA
Voltage. _i 15 kv
M Loading.
Moi. Distonco Lino -NESC Heavy: i 3 - m m ( f i n ) ice, 0.19-kPa ( 4 - l b / f t 2 ) wind
Allewoblt Botwoen Low Moil mum Polo pressure plus constant atH8 # C(0 # F)
Structure of Anglos
Single Spans Point* In Spocina Design wind on structures.
Typo Actual Spans _0.38 kPa (8 l b / f t 2 )
Adjocont Spans From To II Roles -Class 2 western red cedar
motors foot motors foot motors foot *4» foot 1
motors Ultimate fiber stress, _38.6I2 MPa(5600 l b / i n 2 )
HS 289 950 425 1395 578 1900 0 chart s< 3.6 12 Crossarms_ -Douglas f i r
HSB 305 1000 630 2070 610 2000 0 chart s 3.6 12 Ultimate fiber stress. -51.023 MP0 (7400 lb/in 2 )
3A 305 1000 chart chart 610 2000 chart 60 s 5.5 18 Insulators -146 by 254 mm (5J by 10 in), 88 964-N (20 000-lb)
3AB 305 1000 chart chart 610 2000 chart 60 s 5.2 17 standard suspension units
3AC 305 KX>0 510 1675 610 2000 chort chort s 4.3 14 Conductor _242 mm 2 (477 kcmil), ACSR. 24/7, Flicker
3TA' 0-213 0-700 426 1400 0 0 SorT 4.3 14 Ultimate strength _76 509 N(I7 200 lb)
- -
213-335 700-1100 670 2200 0 0 SorT 4.3 14 Maximum design tension. _33 362 N(7500 lb) under full load conditions
- - Overhead ground wire
0-213 0-700 - - 426 1400 0 60 SorT 4.3 14 JO-mm ( | - m ) high strength steel, 7 wire
670 2200 0 60 SorT 4.3 14 Ultimate strength. _48 040 N(IO 800 lb)
2 1 3 - 3 3 5 700-1100 - -
0-213 0-700 426 1400 0 30 T 4.6 15 Maximum design tension. -21 418 N (4815 lb) under full load conditions
- - Guy wire_
2 1 3 - 3 3 5 700-MOO - - 670 2200 0 30 T 4.6 15 -ll-mm (]J-in) high strength steel, 7 wire
0-213 0-700 426 1400 30 45 T 6.1 20 Conductor clearance
- - to pole ground wire or
2 1 3 - 3 3 5 700-1100 - - 670 2200 30 45 T 6.1 20
0-213 0-700 426 1400 45 60 T 8.2 27 to center line of pole. .1092 mm(43 in)
- - to crossarm _889 mm(35 in)
2 1 3 - 3 3 5 700-1100 - - 670 2200 45 60 T 8.2 27
396 1300 60 90 T 11.3 37 to guy wire- -1397 mm (55 in)
0-198 0-650 - -
640 2100 60 90 T 11.3 37 Lightning protective angle. _30 degrees
198-320 650-1050 - - Span length limits _by half sag ellipse method for suspension structures
See figure 94 for standard guying arrangement
2 Safety factors . w i t h 13-mm (£-in) ice, 0.38-kPa ( 8 - l b / f t ) wind
S - suspension, T - tension
Line guys Poles _2.0
Conductor (tension) .One line double guy per conductor. Total for s t r u c t u r e Crossorms .4.0
would be t h r e e line double guys each way (3-LDGEW). Insulators
T m o x .= 33 3 6 2 N ( 7 5 0 0 1 b ) , I single guy = 22 8 0 0 N (51251b) suspension .
tension
h o r i z o n t a l pull.
Conductor
06w (tension)_ .One line double guy per OGW. Total for structure would Overhead ground wire 2.0
be two line double guys each way (2-iDGEW). Guy wire
- #
O f f s e t OGW line guys 30 from conductor <L for o«-10 line line guys 2.0
angles. 2 2 8 0 0 N (51251b) t i m e s COS 3 0 ° - l 9 745 N (4438 Itx) transverse 2.67
# #
OGW (suspension), _Omit OGW line guys for OGW in suspension ( 0 - 6 0 line angles).
Angle guys. . O m i t angle guys for o * - r and 6 0 * - 9 0 * line angles.
Conductor .Use 3-ASG for conductors on line angles up to 60* to keep the The appropriate (metric or U.S. customary) data from
structure from leaning into the angle. this figure should be placed on the structure
OGW. _For OGW in suspension ( r - 6 0 * line angles) or tension (10*-60* limitation chart to make a complete chart.
line angles), read guying requirements on suspension guying
chart.
Figure 91.-Additional data required for the wood-structure limitation chart. 104-D-1104.
CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS 209
NOTES
The required number of guys noted on this chart should be coordinated with
the number of guys required by the standard guying arrangement
drawing for the structure type used. The coordinated number
of guys should then be shown on the final guying chart.
The line shown for b. may be omitted because of the small area defined.
The H-frame (x-braced) limit and the i-ADG limit for conductors are
about identical, so only one line is shown at f
The line shown for g. may be omitted because it falls outside the
structure limit ; use structure limit for guy limit.
Use the same maximum sum of adjacent spans limit for Type 3AC as
used for the type HS structures.
ASG = Angle single guy
AD6 = Angle double guy
NOTES
The required number of guys noted on this chart should be coordinated
with the number of guys required by the standard guying arrangement
drawing for the structure type used. The coordinated number of
guys should then be shown on ttie final guying chart.
The line shown for b. may be omitted because of the small area
defined.
The H-frame (x-braced) limit and the i-ADG limit for conductors are about
identical, so only one line is shown at f.
The line shown for g. may be omitted because it falls outside the structure
limit; use structure limit for guy limit.
Use the same maximum sum of adjacent spans limit for Type 3AC as
used for the Type HS structures.
ASG =•= Angle single guy
ADG - Angle double guy
Figure 93.-Example guying chart for wood-pole structures (U.S. customary). 104-D-1106.
NOTES
OGW - Overhead ground wire
COND - Conductor
ASG - Angle single guy
ADG - Angle double guy
LSGEW - Line single guy each way
LDGEW - Line double guy each way
* - OGW & conductor
O Anchor identification refere
Offset OGw line guy 30° from conduct
line angles
Omit OWG line guys for OGW in suspens
60° to 90° is always in tension
Omit all angle guys for 0° to 1° and 60
Rake poles as required in table below. Po
of {-inch for each foot of pole abo
be against the strain.
ANGLE GUYING
WNDUCTORGL IYS OGW GUYS FIGURE
\3ASG \lADG 132
\3ASG \2ADG 132
FIGURE I FIGURE 2.
CONDUCTOR ANGLE GUYING (10*-GOV ANGLE GUYING (KT-60*) WITH OGW IN TENSION POLE RAKE
ANGLE GUYING (i*-GO*) WITH OGW IN SUSPENSION OGW LINE A
(See Note 3) SUSPENSION 0" TO
SUSPENSION 5° TO
TENSION 0° TO
TENSION 10" TO
Figure 94.-Standard guying arrangement for type 3TA structure. From Dwg. 40-D-6313. 104-D-1139.
«Chapter V
ADDITIONAL DATA
2 5 . S t r e s s e s i n W o o d - P o l e S t r u c t u r e s . — T h e r e is a limit t o t h e a m o u n t of l o a d i n g t h a t t h e
H-frame t y p e s t r u c t u r e will w i t h s t a n d w h e n large c o n d u c t o r s a n d long spans are used. T h i s l i m i t a t i o n
b e c o m e s even m o r e p r o n o u n c e d w h e n s t r o n g winds a n d h e a v y ice loadings are also p r e s e n t . S a m p l e
a n a l y s e s h a v e b e e n m a d e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e pole s t r e n g t h in c o l u m n l o a d i n g for small d e f l e c t i o n s .
C a l c u l a t i o n s of stresses h a v e b e e n m a d e for t h e following H-frame s t r u c t u r e s :
T h e calculations assume:
• T h e load in a s t r u c t u r e m e m b e r is positive if it is in t e n s i o n , a n d n e g a t i v e if it is in c o m p r e s s i o n
• Clockwise b e n d i n g m o m e n t s are positive
• Poles are uniformly t a p e r e d w i t h m i n i m u m A N S I (American N a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d s I n s t i t u t e )
dimensions
• All b o l t e d j o i n t s are rigid
213
214 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
CVJ
Figure 95.-29-m type HS 230-kV structure with class 2 Douglas fir poles (one X-brace). 104-D-1107.
Vc = (27.26)(LP) Vg = (11.79)(LP)
Hc = (20.07)(SAS/2) H. = ( 1 3 . 2 3 ) ( S A S / 2 )
yx = 1 2 . 6 4 9 - 3.662 = 8.987 m
3(20 .07)(l^)O3,416) + 2^
V =
« 6.706
= 49 037.60 N
The uplift force in the windward pole is Vu minus one-half the vertical force of structure,
conductor, and overhead ground wire.
The downward force in the leeward pole is Vu plus one-half the vertical force of structure,
conductor, and overhead ground wire.
The force in the X-brace is 0.5 Vu /sin 6 .
For braces installed at 45 ° , 0.5 Vu 0.707 = 0.707 Vu
Pole bending moments are:
,0.383(25.451)'[421.9+ (2) ( 2 0 2 . 2 ) ] . ^ n 4 N . m
6
Crossarm strength: 1
For a 79- by 267-mm laminated arm, the ultimate fiber stress S = 13.79 MPa:
w = ^
v
6L
where:
For the given conductor, the vertical force is 27.26 N / m (with 13-mm radial ice).
U.S. Customary
Figure 96 shows the structure outline and other data.
Vc = (1.8682)(LP) Vg = (0.8079)(LP)
Hc = (1.3754)(SAS/2) He = (0.9066)(SAS
1
Standard Specifications for Structural Glued Laminated Douglas Fir (Coast Region) Timber (West Coast Lumbermen's
Association), table II, combination E, shows this ultimate fiber stress is 2000 lb/in 2 (13.79 MPa) for a 3-1/8- by 10-1/2-in
(79- by 267-mm) laminated crossarm.
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 217
M—
lO
o f
G F cConductor: 795 kcmil, ACSR, 45/7
j ; [ Diameter - 1.063 in
'Oft | . 10ft
x
o
OGW - 0.9066 lb/ft
Vertical force with {-in radial
t r ice = 0.8079 l b / f t
lO
i I ik
/ \
o
r
Pole
1
P 0 ] 1
Position Circumference, Pr.
Jl
in lb-ft
41.5 ft
> • *
B or D 28.26 44 100
K or L 31.52 61 059
2^
M or N 38.69 113 244
p or 0 45.20 180421
R or s 52.19 277 731
' r /^Ground
i r l
R S
^W/^l^/^/^ Douglas Fir
4^/w/i
"•5f^
2 2 f t
Working stress = 7400 lb/in 2
. r-
' f
Figure 96.-95-ft type HS 230-kV structure with class 2 Douglas fir poles (one X-brace). 104-D-1108.
For transverse loads Hc and H , a plane of inflection PQ exists. The location of the plane is found
by:
yy =41.5-12.02 = 29.48 ft
The uplift force in the windward pole is Vu minus one-half the weight of structure, conductor,
and overhead ground wire.
T h e downward force in the leeward pole is Vu plus one-half the weight of structure, conductor,
and overhead ground wire.
The force in the X-brace is 0.5 Vu / s i n 6 .
For braces installed at 4 5 ° , 0.5 Vu/0.101 = 0.707 V„
Pole bending moments are:
= 31 799 lb-ft
= 34 087 lb-ft
= 95 231 lb-ft
Crossarm strength:
For a 3 - 1 / 8 - by 1 0 - 1 / 2 - i n laminated arm, the ultimate fiber stress S= 2000 lb/in2.
w = ^
v
6L
where:
Wv = ultimate vertical load, lb
b = horizontal thickness of arm, in
d = vertical thickness of arm, in
L = length of arm to load (lever arm), in
Example 2.-Stress analysis for a 29-m (95-ft) type HSB 230-kV structure with class 2 wood poles:
Metric
Figure 97 shows the structure outline and other data. Using the nomenclature from example 1,
Douglas Fir
Working Stress - 51.02 MPa
Figure 97.-29-m type HSB 230-kV structure with class 2 Douglas fir poles (one X-brace). 104-D-1109.
220 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Vc = (27.26)(LP) Vg = (11.79)(LP)
Hc = (20.07)(SAS/2) Hg = (13.23)(SAS/2)
UH' - Uj> = UK' = UL' = UM' = UN' = UP' = UQ' = UR' = Us' = 1.5FC + Vg
For transverse loads Hc and H , a plane of inflection ///exists. The location of this plane is found
by:
When position of zero moment is known, the structure may be separated into parts and each part
considered separately.
Horizontal wind forces on conductors and overhead ground wires are resisted equally by each pole
at the points of zero moment.
R = R = R = R =
H j' P Q " 1 5#c ' H
g
Axial reaction at /caused by horizontal wind force is found by taking moments about / / a n d
dividing by the moment arm (pole spacing).
u/' = -uH"
Taking moments about .Sin the pole above the plane of inflection (fig. 98), gives the forceFQ":
E
CO
O
ro
C),
-, H
G 9
Figure 98.-Free body diagram of pole above plane of inflection and
e to the crosstie (metric example 2).
591
CVJ
FB"
l.277m
3 ' 1H
1.5 H c + H g
The outside braces, AG and EF', carry 10 percent of FQ" and FH" while the inside braces, CG and
CF, carry 90 percent. Load on the inner braces CG and CFis:
r "=- T "
L L
CF CG
222 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
The load in the outer braces AG and EFis:
L L
EF ~ AG
= 1.165Hc + lA48Hg
L COSa
AB" =-(LAG" +Hc) = - ( 0 . 0 9 3 4 # c + Q.20AHg) (0.7913) - Hc
= -\.014Hc- 0.\6\Hg
T "=- T "
MB"=MD"
For the portion of the pole between the planes of inflection, the moment at K and L is:
ML"=MK"
The area of the pole at A^and Z , excluding the 23.8-mm-diameter hole for mounting the X-brace
is:
=![
AK f - - 23.8D = ~ ( 2 5 4 . 8 4 ) 2 - 23.8(254.84) = 51 0 0 6 - 6065 = 4 4 941 mm 2
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 223
The section modulus at K and L is:
= 1 367 201 m m 3
Z
L ~ZK
RlPp" -R=R
n Q —l.5Hc-Hg
3HC + 2HS
Un" = rn^ (12.139) + 0 . 5 7 1 / / , + 1.244//,, = 6 . 0 0 2 / / r + 4.864//,,
^ 6.706 * *
uF" = -uQ'
The force at AT can be found by taking moments about point M(fig. 99):
H—L5 H
c +H
g
CD
C£)
Figure 99.—Free body diagram of pole between planes of inflection
(metric example 2).
M M
CM
CO
CD
P
- 1 . 5 Hc + H g
V= F
M"
224 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
L =
™" -{ dn~45^ ) =-3-840^-2.564^
T "=-T "
The net area of the pole (less the X-brace mounting hole) at M a n d /Vis:
Z = i
M Tr -^f^- =^(312.80)3 - ^ (312.80) 2 - 3 004 6 9 3 - 388 114
51 o 51 o
= 2 616 579 m m 3
MM"=MN"
By superposition, the values of the forces and bending moments computed separately for vertical
and horizontal loading can be combined for total loading. The strength of each member can be divided
by its respective total load and safety factors tabulated.
Stress in the poles is:
At point L :
s -L+K
Sl
AL+'ZL
where:
UL'=l.SVc + Vg
AL = 4 4 941 mm 2
ZL = 1 367 201 mm 3
s = n.5K c -t-K^3.286// e +3.057Jy g /2.657/Z, + 1.77U/A /IQQQ mm \"| /lOOO2 mm A + l000= kPa
L
|_ 44 941 mm2 +
\ 1 367 201 mm3 / \ m )j\ m2 / '
At point N:
UN MN
SN= ±
A~ Y~
where:
UN'=l.5Vc + Vg
AN = 69 401 mm 2
ZN = 2 616 579 mm 3
Vc = 9977 N
F =4315N
/£=3673N
# g = 2421N
KC = 14 938N
Vg = 6 461 N
# c = 5 499N
^ = 3 625N
305-m Spans, LP = 610 m 27 188 571.70 + 821.53 = 1393 28 581 N
Vc = 16 629 N
Vg= 7 192N
Hc= 6 121N
/^= 4 035N
335-m Spans, LP = 670 m 29 862 627.93 + 902.36 = 1530 31 392 N
F C =18 264N
Vg = 7 899 N
# c = 6 723N
//^= 4 432N
Vc = 19 954 N
Vg= 8 630N
Hc= 7 346N
#^ = 4 842N
396-m Spans, LP = 792 m 35 300 742.34+1066.66=1809 37 109 N
Vc = 21 590 N
Vg= 9 338N
Hc= 7 948N
i/ g = 5 239N
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 227
A d j u s t a b l e b r a c e s AG and EF —Continued
Vc = 23 280 N
^ = 1 0 069N
Hc= 8 570N
Hg= 5 649N
N o n a d j u s t a b l e b r a c e s GC a n d FC :
Crosstie GF:
Crossarrns AB a n d DE (compressive):
Spans, L
LP, LAB=-l294VCf AB =-1-074 # - 0 . 1 6 1 i / L
AB ~ LAB + L
AB,
m m N N *' N
183 366 -12910 -3944.80-389.78 = -4 335 -17 245
213 426 - 1 5 027 -4591.35-453.70 = -5 045 -20 072
244 488 - 1 7 214 -5259.38-519.71 = -5 779 -22 993
274 548 - 1 9 330 -5905.93-583.63 = -6 490 -25 820
305 610 -21518 -6573.95-649.64 = -7 224 -28 742
335 670 - 2 3 634 -7220.50-713.55 = -7 934 -31 568
366 732 -25 820 -7889.60-779.56 = -8 669 -34 489
396 792 -27 937 -8536.15-843.48 = -9 380 -37 317
427 854 - 3 0 124 -9204.18-909.49 = -10 114 -40 238
228 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Crossarms BC a n d CD (compressive):
X - b r a c e s KN and LM
Spans, LP, L
KN =
~ 3 ' 8 4 0 Hc " 2 * 5 6 4 H
2
m m N
Poles (at p o i n t L ):
Table 2 4 shows a summary of loads in the structure members for various span lengths and low
point distances.
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 231
SAS/2, m
183 213 244 274 305 335 366 396 427
Member Position
LP, m
Adjustable braces, N AG&EF 17 148 19 960 22 865 25 676 28 581 31 392 34 297 37 109 40 014
Nonadjustable braces, N GC&FC 15 685 18 257 20 914 23 485 26 143 28 713 31 371 33 943 36 599
Crosstie, N GF 6 455 7 514 8 607 9 665 10 759 11 817 12 910 13 969 15 062
Crossarm (compressive), N AB&DE 17 245 20 072 22 993 25 820 28 742 31568 34 489 37 317 40 238
Crossarm (compressive), N BC&CD 20 695 24 088 27 593 30 985 34 492 37 884 41 389 44 782 48 287
X-brace,N KN&LM 20 311 23 641 27 012 30 407 33 851 37 180 40 624 43 953 47 393
Pole, kPa L 11 136 12 962 14 848 16 673 18 559 20 385 22 273 24 098 25 984
Pole, kPa N 11864 13 809 15 818 17 763 19 772 21 716 23 728 25 673 27 682
U.S. Customary
Figure 100 shows the structure outline and other data.
Vc = (1.8682)(LP) Vg = (0.8079)(LP)
Hc = (1.3754)(SAS/2) He = (0.9066)(SAS/2)
L
GC=LFC = 0.5 F c / s i n a = 0.818 Vc
L
BC = LDC = ~ *V t a n a = -1-294F c
LJnGF
n>'- -L Ad
^AG cos a - LGC
r„r cos a = 0.647 F
232 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
1 .0.5ft
» (\ F Conductor: 795 kcmil, ACSR 4 5 / 7
. JOft_
, —, Diameter = 1.063 in
8-lb/ft 2 wind on iced U - i n radial)
00, A,/ \ B ^ ^ / D N.E
C conductor = 1.3754 l b / f t
joft.
X
X ' H J Vertical force with £-in radial
r x , K L ice-1.8682 l b / f t
Jk OGW: | - i n , H.S. Steel, 7-wire
Diameter - 0.360 in
8-lb/ft. 2 wind on iced U-in radial)
22 ft
OGW- 0.9066 l b / f t
Vertical force with £-in radial
r ice = 0.8079 l b / f t
<1 \ M N
95 ft
o
Pole
Position Circumference, P
P
'f P Q in lb-ft
41.5 ft
I
>-* i
B or D 28.26 44 100
K or L 31.52 61 059
M or N 38.69 113244
^
R or s 52.19 277 731
1
' r - 22ft „
tan a » ^ 5 « 07727
sin a - 0.6114
cos CK - 0.7913
a - 37°4I'
Figure 100.-95-ft type HSB 230-kV structure with class 2 Douglas fir poles (one X-brace). 104-D-lllO.
UH' = U/ = UK' = UL' = UM' = UN' = UP' = UQ' = UR' = US,= 1.5VC + Vg
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 233
For transverse loads Hc and H , a plane of inflection HJexists. The location of this plane is found
by:
x(PrB) _ io ( 44 100)
0
PrK+PrB 61059 + 44 100
y(prM~) = 4 1 . 5 ( 1 1 3 244)
J'O = n T^— = ^nn'n^ • *< n * A A = 12-02 ft
PrR+PrM 277 731 + 113 244
When position of zero moment is known, the structure may be separated into parts and each part
considered separately.
Horizontal wind forces on conductors and overhead ground wires are resisted equally by each pole
at the points of zero moment.
R =R =R = R =
H j' P Q " l - 5 # c " Hg
Axial reaction at / c a u s e d by horizontal wind force is found by taking moments about Hand
dividing by the moment arm (pole spacing).
(3flc)(4.19) + 2flr(13.69)
=
U/ = 22~—^ °-57lHc + 1-244^
Uj" = ~ UH"
Taking moments about .Bin the pole above the plane of inflection (fig. 101), gives the forceFQ":
FG" = - y fj-1 £
J = -0.739# C - 1.611/7,
FF"=FG"
The outside braces, ^4Gand EF, carry 10 percent of i^"and FJJ" while the inside braces, CG and
CF, carry 90 percent. Load on the inner braces CG and CF is:
L
^CF CG
234 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
»ng
u->
CO
Figure 101.-Free body diagram of pole above plane of inflection and to the
la-FB" crosstie (U.S. customary example 2).
22
*1 —1.5 H c + H q
LT
EF " = - LTAG '
= IA65HC + lA48Hg
L L
BC CD
L cos a +
AB = - (^4G" #c> = " ( 0 . 0 9 3 4 # c + 0 . 2 0 4 ^ ) (0.7913) - Hc
= -1.074Hc- 0A6lHg
L L
AB DE
MB"=MD»
For the portion of pole between the planes of inflection, the moment at K and L is:
ML"=MK"
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 235
The area of the pole at Kand L, excluding the 15/16-inch-diameter hole for mounting the X-brace
2
77 (10.03) = 79.06- 9.40 = 69.66 in2
AK = ^ 4 - 7167 ^ = T4( 1 0 . 0 3 ) - 16
•A-L ~^K
TtD3 \5D2/16 *
ZK = ^ ( 1 0 . 0 3 ) 3 - 0.15625 (10.03) 2 = 9 9 . 0 6 - 15.72 = 83.34 in3
~ 32
Z
L ~^K
Rp"=RQ" = -l.5Hc- Hg
(3H„ + 2Hl
Un"„_i~~c
= — g (39.83) + 0.57177„ + 1.24477,, = 6.00277,, + 4.86477
F
22
UP" = -UQ"
The force at K can be found by taking moments about point M(fig. 102):
FK" = - FM"
1.5 H c + H g
00]
CM
CSJ
r ' Figure 102.-Free body diagram of pole between planes of inflection (U.S.
CVJ customary example 2).
O
-l.5H c -rHg
236 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
L =
™ ~ \ ^ 4 5 * -) = -3M0Hc ~ 2 564H
- i
The net area of the pole, less the X-brace mounting hole, at M and TV is:
AM = ^ - \^D= 1 1 9 . 1 2 - 1 1 . 5 4 = 107.58 in 2
4 16'
AM ~AN
MM"=MN"
By superposition, the values of the forces and bending moments computed separately for vertical
and horizontal loading can be combined for total loading. The strength of each member can be divided
by its respective total load and safety factors tabulated.
Stress in the poles is:
At point L :
*L A±Z
L
AL ZL
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 237
where:
UL'=1.5Ve + Vg
AL = 69.66 in2
M{ = 8.715^ + 5 . 8 1 ^ lb- ft
ZL =83.34 in3
At point TV:
9 = +•
^ /4 7
where:
t y = 6.002#c + 4.864^
AN = 107.58 in2
ZN = 159.66 in3
_
1.5 f,c + Vg + 6.002#c + 4.864#g /18.1 \HC + 12.02ffA / 1 2 in\ _
3
N 107.58 in2 +
\ 159.66 in3 / \1T/ = l b / i r
238 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
A d j u s t a b l e b r a c e s AG and EF:
a
LAG 1-635 F c LAG = 0.Q934Hc + 0.2036Hg LAG=LAG+LAG
Vc = 2242 lb
V = 9701b
ITC= 825 1b
H = 544 1b
Kc = 2616 1b
K = 1131 lb
/£ = 963 1b
Hg= 6351b
Vc = 2989 lb
V = 1293 lb
7 ^ = 1100 lb
^ = 725 1b
Vc = 3363 lb
Vg = 1454 lb
^ = 1 2 3 8 lb
Hg = 8161b
F c = 3 7 3 7 1b
V = 1616 lb
^ = 1 3 7 5 lb
Hg= 907 1b
Kc = 41101b
V = 1777 lb
# ; = 1 5 1 3 1b
Hg = 997 lb
V = 4484 lb
V = 1939 lb
^ = 1 6 5 0 lb
Hg = 1088 lb
Vc = 4857 lb
F =2101 lb
Kc = 1788 lb
Hg=M9 lb
Fc = 52311b
V = 2262 lb
^ = 1926 lb
H = 1269 lb
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 239
Nonadjustable braces GC and FC :
L =
Spans, LP, Z,^'= 0.818FC GC 0-841//c + 1.832# L
GC~LGC +L
GC,
ft ft lb lb •• lb
600 1200 1834 694+ 996 = 1690 3524
700 1400 2140 810 + 1163 = 1973 4113
800 1600 2445 925 + 1328 = 2253 4698
900 1800 2751 1041 + 1495=2536 5287
1000 2000 3057 1156+1661 = 2817 5874
1100 2200 3362 1272 + 1826 = 3098 6460
1200 2400 3668 1388+1993 = 3381 7049
1300 2600 3973 1504 + 2160 = 3664 7637
1400 2800 4279 1620 + 2324 = 3944 8223
Crosstie GF:
Spans, L
LP, ^ ' = -1.294^ CD= -L165# c - 1.448^ L
CD = L
CD + L
CD,
ft ft lb lb lb
600 12D0 -2901 -961- 788 = -1749 -4 650
700 1400 -3385 -1122- 919 = -2041 -5 426
800 1600 -3868 -1282-1050 = -2332 -6 200
900 1800 -4352 -1442-1182 = -2624 -6 976
1000 2000 -4836 -1602-1313 =-2915 -7 751
1100 2200 -5318 -1763-1444 = -3207 -8 525
1200 2400 -5802 -1922- 1575 =-3497 -9 299
1300 2600 -6285 -2083- 1707 =-3790 -10 075
1400 2800 -6769 -2244-1838 = -4082 -10 851
240 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
X-braces KN and LM :
1.5 (2616) + 1131 + 3.286(963) + 3.057 (635) /8.715 (963) + 5.81 (635 A A A *
ST = — ~ ~ + ( )( —) =1886 lb/in2
L
69.66 \ 83.34 / \ 1 /
1.5 (3737) + 1616 + 6.002 (1375) + 4.865 (907) /l8.11 (1375) + 12.02 (907)\/l2\
S m
N= 107.58 V 5iS AT7 ™****
242 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
1100-ft spans, 2200-ft LP
1.5 (4484) + 1939 + 6.002 (1650) + 4.865 (1088) /18.11 (1650) + 12.02(108 8 ) \ / l 2 \ 7
SAT= +I jl— J =3451 lb/in2
N
107.58 \ 159.66 / \ l /
Table 25 shows a summary of loads in the structure members for various span lengths and low
point distances.
600
600 700 800 900
900 1000 1 100 1200 1300 1400
Member Position
LP, ft
Adjustable braces, lb AG & EF 3 854 4 496 5 137 5 781 6 423 7 064 7 707 8 348 8 991
Nonadjustable braces, lb GC & FC 3 524 4113 4 698 5 287 5 874 6 460 7 049 7 637 8 223
Crosstie, lb GF 1451 1693 1934 2 176 2 418 2 659 2 901 3 142 3 384
3 875 4 521 5 166 5 813 6 459 7 104 7 749 8 395 9 042
Crossarm (compressive), lb AB & DE 8 525 9 299 10 075 10 851
4 650 5 426 6 200 6 976 7 751
Crossarm (compressive), lb BC & CD 4 563 5 326 6 083 6 846 7 606 8 366 9 126 9 889 10 650
X-brace, lb KN & LM 1615 1 886 2 154 2 424 2 693 2 961 3 231 3 501 3 770
Pole, lb/in2 L 1725 2 013 2 300 2 589 2 876 3 163 3 451 3 739 4 027
Pole, lb/in2 N
Example 3.-Stress analysis for a 29-m (95-ft) type H S B 230-kV structure with class 1 wood poles
and double X-brace:
Metric
Figure 103 shows the structure outline and other data. Using the nomenclature from example 1,
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 243
Figure 103.-29-m type HSB 230-kV structure with class 1 Douglas fir poles (two X-braces). 104-D-llll.
Vc = (27.26)(LP) Vg = (11.79)(LP)
Hc = (20.07)(SAS/2) Hg = (13.23)(SAS/2)
= L
W EF = vdsin a
= 1-635FC
L =L
GC FC = 0.5 F c /sin a = 0.818 Vc
"H = UJ =UK' = UL' = UM' = UN' - Up1 = UQ' = UR' = Us' = \.5VC + Vg
For transverse loads Hc and / / _ , a plane of inflection HJexists. The location of this plane is found
by:
x P
( rB) _ 3.048(74 208) = - 9R<-
X P l Z6:>m
° rK+PrB 101754 + 74 208 '
R =R =R
H J p" = RQ =
" 1 5HC - Hg
Axial reaction at / c a u s e d by horizontal wind force is found by taking moments about Hand
dividing by the moment arm (pole spacing):
Uj" = ~UH"
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 245
Taking moments about B in the pole above the plane of inflection (fig. 104) gives force FQ":
E
9
o
OJ
- y "9
FF"=FG"
The outside braces, y^Gand EF] carry 10 percent of FG"and FH" while the inside braces, CG and
CF\ carry 90 percent. Load on the inner braces CG and CFis:
L L
CF CG
L
^ F AG
L = cosa +
BC (~ W > °-5Hc = -(.-0.846Hc - 1.8367^)(0.7913) + 0.5HC
= 1.1697/c + 1 . 4 5 3 ^
Lr " - _ T "
BC ~ ^CD
246 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
MB"=MD"
For the portion of pole between the planes of inflection, the moment at K and L is:
ML"=MK"
The area of the pole at K and L, excluding the 23.8-mm-diameter hole for mounting the X-brace
is:
nD2 „ n
AK =—- 23.8£>=-(272.8) 2 - 23.8(272.8) = 58 449 - 6493 = 51 956 mm2
Z =Z
L K
R = R =
p" Q" " ! -5Hc " Hg
3HC + 2/7^
6
t/ e " = (17.898) + 0.575/7c + L241Hg = 8.581#c + 6.585/^
UP" = -UQ"
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 247
The force at K can be found by taking moments about point M (fig. 105):
1.5 H c t H q
£
ro
IT
CO
00
fO*
CO
CO
Figure 105.-Free body diagram of pole between planes of inflection
cJ M (metric example 3).
M
— 1.5 H c + H g
+
V'="[
1 5 . 6 3 2 ( 1 . 5 ^ . +He) + 2.266(\.5H( "P] _ 4 . 0 0 3 # c - 2.669^
6.706
FK=-FM"
Since the division of load between X-braces KU and LT and X-braces FTVand WM depends upon
the installation, assume that all load is taken by one set of braces. The force in X-braces KU, LT,
VN, and WM is:
/4.003#c+2.669i/F\
L £
™ " - \ 5 ^ ;-5.662iyc-3.775J5rf
The net area of the pole (less the X-brace mounting hole) at M and TV is:
-nD2 IT
1L
AM = ^- 2 3 . 8 Z > = ^ ( 3 9 6 . 8 0 ) 2 - 2 3 . 8 ( 3 9 6 . 8 0 ) = 123 6 6 1 - 9 4 4 4 = 114 217 mm 2
A
M ~AN
= 5 509 039 mm 3
Z Z
M " N
248 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Taking moments about point M(fig. 105):
MM" = MN"
By superposition, the values of the forces and bending moments computed separately for vertical
and horizontal loading can be combined for total loading. The strength of each member can be divided
by its respective total load and safety factors tabulated.
Stress in the poles is:
At point L :
L
A Z
U, Mr
where:
U
L" = UJ" + 0J01LLT" and UL = UL' + UL"
UL'=l.5Vc + Vg
AL=5l 956mm 2
ZL = 1 697 920 mm 3
At point N:
SN= ±
T ~Z~
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 249
where:
UN" = UQ" and UN = UN' + UN"
UN'=l.5Vc + Vg
UN" = 8.581HC + 6 . 5 8 5 ^
U = U
N N' + UN"= 1.5^ c + Vag + 8 . 5 8 1 ^ + 6.585#,g
AN = 114 217 mm 2
L = l 6 5V L =
AG -* c AG 0-0940//c + 0.204//^. L
AG ~ ZXG + Z
y4G
Vc = 14 938 N
F = 6 461N
ITC= 5 499N
H = 3 625N
250 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Vc = 19 954 N
F = 8 630N
/£ = 7 346N
Hg= 4 842N
Vc = 23 280 N
Vs = 10 069 N
i £ = 8 570N
H = 5 649N
L
Spans, LP, Z GC ' = 0.818KC> GC= 0.846# c + 1.836# L
GC " LGC + L
GC,
m m N N N
183 366 8 161 3107+ 4 445= 7 552 15 713
213 426 9 499 3617+ 5 174= 8 791 18 290
244 488 10 882 4128+ 5 927=10 055 20 937
274 548 12 219 4652+ 6 656=11308 23 572
305 610 13 603 5178+ 7 408 = 12 586 26 189
335 670 14 940 5688+ 8 137 = 13 825 28 765
366 732 16 322 6215+ 8 890=15 105 31427
396 792 17 661 6724+ 9 619 = 16 343 34 004
427 854 19 043 7250 + 10 372=17 622 36 665
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 251
Crosstie GF:
m m N CD ~ LCD +L
CD,
N *' N
183 366 -12 910 -4 294-3518= -7 812 -20 722
213 426 -15 027 -4 997-4095= -9 092 -24 119
244 488 -17 214 -5 725-4690 = -10 415 -27 629
274 548 -19 330 -6 428-5267 = -11 695 -31 025
305 610 -21518 -7 155-5863 ="13 018 -34 536
335 670 -23 634 -7 859 - 6440 = -14 299 -37 933
366 732 -25 820 -8 587-7035 =-15 622 -41 442
396 792 -27 937 -9 291-7612 = -16 903 -44 840
427 854 -30 124 •10 018-8208 = -18 226 -48 350
X-brace:
L
Spans, LP, vih -5.662tf. -3.775//
m m
L
__ ["1.5 (19 954) + 8630 + 4.578(7346) + 3.916(4842) 2.645(7346) + 1.763(4842)
" L 51956 +
1697.92
-1 (1000) = 18 225 kPa
fl.5 (11 613) + 5023 + 8.581 (4275) + 6.585 (2818) 3.399(4275) + 2.266(2818)1
SN = + (1000) = 4477 kPa
N
L 114 217 5509.039 J
Tl.5 (14 938) + 6461 + 8.581 (5499) + 6.585 (3625) 3.399(5499) + 2.266(3625)1
SN = + (1000) = 5759 kPa
yv
L 114 217 5509.039 J
fl.5 (16 629) + 7192 + 8.581 (6121) + 6.585 (4035) + 3.399(6121) + 2.266(4035)1
. (1000)
s = = 6 4 1 0 kPa
N
L H4 217 5509.039 J
[ 1.5 (18 264) + 7899 + 8.581 (6723) + 6.585 (4432) 3.399(6723) + 2.266(4432)1
114 217
+
5509.039 J
(1000) = 7040 kPa
Table 26 shows a summary of loads in the structure members for various span lengths and low
point distances.
Adjustable braces, N AG & EF 17 151 19 964 22 869 25 680 28 587 31 398 34 303 37 116 40 021
Nonadjustable braces, N GC & FC 15 713 18 290 20 937 23 572 26 189 28 765 31427 34 004 36 665
Crosstie, N GF 6 455 7 514 8 607 9 665 10 759 11817 12 910 13 969 15 062
Crossarm (compressive), N AB & DE 17 245 20 072 22 993 25 820 28 742 31569 34 490 37 316 40 237
Crossarm (compressive), N BC & CD 20 722 24 119 27 629 31025 34 536 37 933 41442 44 840 48 350
X-brace, N KN & LM 29 935 34 843 39 913 44 819 49 889 54 797 59 872 64 779 69 848
Pole,kPa L 9 113 10 607 12 150 13 644 15 187 16 681 18 225 19 719 21262
Pole, kPa N 3 846 4 477 5 128 5 759 6 410 7 040 7 693 8 323 8 974
U.S. Customary
Figure 106 shows the structure outline and other data.
Vc = (1.8682)(LP) Vg = (0.8079)(LP)
Hc = ( 1 . 3 7 5 4 ) ( S A S / 2 ) Hg = (0.9066)(SAS/2)
L
AG = LEF = V s i n
<* = 1-635K C
W = W = - *£/tana = -1.294Fc
Load in nonadjustable braces GC and FC:
Pole
Position Circumference, Pr>
in lb- f t
B or D 30.37 54 730
K or L 33.74 75 047
M or N 49.08 230 976
R or s 55.15 328 655
Douglas Fir
Working stress » 7400 l b / i n 2
Figure 106.-95-ft type HSB 230-kV structure with class 1 Douglas fir poles (two X-braces). 104-D-1112.
UH' = Uj' = UK' = UL' = UM' = UN' = UP' = UQ' = UR' = Us' = l.SVe + Vg
For transverse loads Hc and H , a plane of inflection HJexists. The location of this plane is found
by:
When position of zero moment is known, the structure may be separated into parts and each part
considered separately.
Horizontal wind forces on conductors and overhead ground wires are resisted equally by each pole
at the points of zero moment:
R = R = R = R =
H j P Q ~ 1 -5Hc ' H
g
Axial reaction at / c a u s e d by horizontal wind force is found by taking moments about Hand
dividing by the moment arm (pole spacing):
TT
U " = - 11
U "
J H
Taking moments about B in the pole above the plane of inflection (fig. 107) gives force FQ":
[4.22(1.5Hc+He) + 9.5Hg~\
FG" = - [ ^ £J=-0.745#C- 1.614^
FF"=FG"
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 257
H,»
10
CO
—1.5 Hc + H ,
T " = - LT "
^CF CG
L L
EF AG
\M0Hc + \A53Hg
LT " = - LT "
BC CD
L
AB = ~ (LAG" cosa+Hc) = - (0.0941# c + 0 . 2 0 4 # p (0.7913) - Hc
= -l.074Hc- 0A6lHg
r "=- r "
L L
AB DE
258 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
MB"=MD"
For the portion of pole hetween the planes of inflection, the moment at K and L is:
ML"=MK"
The area of the pole at A^and Z , excluding the 15/16-inch-diameter hole for mounting the X-brace
A AK = ^ - j | - Z ) = ^ ( 1 0 . 7 4 ) 2 - J | ( 1 0 . 7 4 ) = 9 0 . 5 9 - 10.07 = 80.52 in 2
4 16 4 16
A
L ~AK
ZK = l5L>2 16
^2~~ J = ^ ( 1 0 . 7 4 ) 3 - 0.15625 (10.74) 2 = 1 2 1 . 6 2 - 18.02 = 103.6 in 3
R
P" ~RQ" " " 1 5 ^ c " Hg
The force at /L can be found by taking moments about point M (fig. 108):
1.5 H c ^ H q
ST 1 1H
«43 1
4^5
f0 1 1P
.5 H c • Kg
Since the division of load between X-braces KUand LTand X-braces VNand WMdepends upon
installation, assume that all load is taken by one set of braces. The force in X-braces KU, LT', VN,
and WMis:
4.003#c + 2 . 6 6 9 ^
= -5.662Hc- 3.11 SHg
The net area of the pole (less the X-brace mounting hole) at M a n d TV is:
AM ~AN
15£>2 16
Z•"M
A/r=^- J = 0 . 0 9 8 ( 1 5 . 6 2 ) 3 - 0.15625(15.62) 2 = 3 7 3 . 4 8 - 38.21 = 335.36 in 3
32
Z Z
M ~ N
MM"=MN"
260 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
By superposition, t h e values of t h e forces a n d b e n d i n g m o m e n t s c o m p u t e d separately for vertical
and horizontal loading c a n be c o m b i n e d for t o t a l loading. T h e s t r e n g t h of each m e m b e r c a n be divided
by its respective t o t a l load a n d safety factors t a b u l a t e d .
Stress in t h e poles is:
At p o i n t L :
1
A Z
U, Mr
1
AL zL
where:
U
L" = UJ" + 0.707 LLT" and UL = UL' + UL"
UL'=L5VC + Vg
AL = 80.52 in2
ZL = 103.60 in3
UN MN
SN= ±
T Y'
where:
AN = 176.98 in2
ZN = 335.36 in3
Vc = 2242 lb
F = 9701b
ffc= 825 1b
Hg = 5441b
F c = 26161b
K =1131 lb
Ifc= 963 1b
Hg= 635 1b
Vc = 2989 lb
Vg = 1293 lb
# £ = 1 1 0 0 lb
Hg = 725 1b
Vc = 3363 lb
Vz = 1454 lb
# ; = 1238 1b
Hg = 8161b
Kc = 3737 1b
K = 1616 lb
^ = 1375 lb
H = 907 1b
262 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Kc = 41101b
V = 1777 lb
^ = 1 5 1 3 lb
Hg= 997 1b
Vc = 4484 lb
F = 1939 lb
tfc = 1650 lb
Hg = 1088 lb
V£ = 4857 lb
J^ = 21011b
^ , = 1788 lb
Hg = 1179 lb
F = 5231 lb
V2 = 2262 lb
ITC = 1926 lb
Hg=\269 lb
N o n a d j u s t a b l e b r a c e s GC a n d FC :
i n
Spans, LP, Z , ^ ' = 0.818 F c LrJ = 0.847/T, + 1.836# a L
GC~LGC +L
GC,
0 0
ft ft lb lbC *' lb
Crosstie GF:
Crossarm BC a n d CD( c o m p r e s s i v e ) :
f tr
Spans, LP, LCD' =-1.294V LCD" = -1.U0H -1.453/7 Lr T
CD ~ LCD
T
+ L
CD
8
ft ft lb lb > lb
X-brace:
8
1.5 (2242) + 970 + 4.578(825) + 3.921 (544)
Y/8.67(825)
^ + 5.78 (544)^
1320 lb/in2
*L =
80.52
+
103.60 'XT)
264 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Table 27 shows a summary of loads in the structure members for various span lengths and low
point distances.
(b) Process of Spotting.-Figure 109 shows the details of the sag template, and figure 110 is a typical
plan and profile drawing with the sag template superimposed showing the method of using it for
spotting structures. Figure 110 also shows the method of using the 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) curve of the
template to determine the proper conductor and structure heights. The curve labeled "15.5 ° C
(60 ° F ) Final" represents the conductor position. The lower two curves, marked rp 8.2-m (27-ft)
clearance" and "8.8-m (29-ft) clearance" are exactly the same curves as the 15.5 ° C final curve, but
displaced vertically 8.2 and 8.8 m, respectively. Therefore, any point on the final curve is 8.2 m above
the corresponding point on the 8.2-m clearance curve or 8.8 m above the corresponding point on
the 8.8-m clearance curve. Referring again to figure 110, the 8.8-m clearance curve just touches the
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 267
ground line of the profile. Therefore, the conductor is 8.8 m above the ground at the point where
the 8.8-m clearance line touches the ground line.
Figure 109.-Typical sag template (plastic) used for spotting structures. 104-D-1113.
The process of spotting usually progresses from left to right on the profile. The structure at Sta.
2083 + 50 on figure 110, and the spans to the left of it are spotted before the template is placed in
the position described above. Please note that the station numbering referred to in this section are
in U.S. customary units. After the required position of the conductor has been determined for the
span to the right of the structure at Sta. 2083 + 50, the location and height of the next structure
is selected, either by scaling or by use of a pole template. For convenience, the pole template for
the various types of structures is marked on the margin of the template. For the span under discussion,
the structure location selected is at Sta. 2090 + 20, the structure is a type HS with 18.3-m (60-ft)
poles, and the span length is 204 m (670 ft). This information should be recorded on the drawing.
The template is then moved to the right and the next span and structure located by repeating the
process.
268 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Although the process of spotting structures usually progresses from left to right, it is best t o examine
the profile for several spans ahead because there may be conditions such as line angle points, highway
or railroad crossings, powerline or communication line crossings, and high or low points in the profile
which will require special consideration and affect the location of the structure. Such conditions often
fix the location of a transmission line structure, and it is usually a matter of determining the most
desirable arrangement of the structures between these fixed locations. Sometimes it is desirable to
move ahead to one of the fixed structure locations and work backward. In the sections of line where
there is a choice of structure locations, it may be desirable to make more than one layout in order
to determine the best arrangement. The most desirable layout is t o have spans of nearly uniform length
that are equal to or slightly less than the ruling span, a smooth conductor profile, and structures
of equal heights. The smooth conductor profile is a sign of good design. The conductor attachment
points at each of the structures should lie in a smooth flowing curve to equalize structure loading
as m u c h as possible. This is called grading the line and is an i m p o r t a n t part of t h e design of a
transmission line.
(d) Insulator Sideswing.-Suspension insulators are subject to sideswing caused by horizontal wind
pressure. Conductor clearance to the structure is reduced by insulator sideswing, so it is necessary
to limit the sideswing in order to maintain proper conductor insulation. The horizontal wind pressure
that tends to swing an insulator suspended on a structure is equal to one-half the total wind pressure
on the conductor in the two adjacent spans. The vertical force that tends to keep the insulator string
from swinging is equal to the force of the conductor supported by the insulator string plus one-half
the force of the insulator string. The length of conductor supported by the insulator string is equal
to the distance between the conductor low points of the adjacent spans. On rough terrain where each
of the adjacent spans fall rapidly away from the structure, the conductor low points, as indicated
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 269
K
^
te#fe
2006 + 00
ftgnoe — -f — '•+ ;" "H
H*j-- f— - J -r TpuH-ifatea —
2070 + 00
mo + do
4— Afefe^ewf
*fc 4H--r-4
35 34
Section *22
-I+-4I
T 144 N, R89W
by the conductor template, may fall outside of the adjacent spans. However, the distance between
the low points is still the length of conductor to be considered as acting vertically to hold the insulator
from swinging. T o o much low-point distance can cause a failure in the insulators, the hardware, or
the structure. T o determine whether the sideswing of the insulators is within allowable limits, the
distance between the low points of the adjacent spans is measured on the plan-profile. This value
is then checked against the sum of adjacent spans on the suspension structure limitation chart. If
the point so defined falls within the area in which the specified structure type may be used, the value
of insulator sideswing will be within the prescribed limits. If the point falls outside this area, the
insulator sideswing will be greater than allowable, and some correction is necessary. Structure heights
might be adjusted to provide more low-point distance, weights could be added at the bottom of the
insulator strings, or another type of structure could be used.
(e) General Instructions.—Instructions regarding span lengths and structure heights are given in
the design instructions for each transmission line.
On all wood-pole lines, class 3 poles are normally used for pole lengths of 13.7 m (45 ft) or less;
class 2 poles are normally used for lengths of 15.2 m (50 ft) and over. Class 1 poles are used for extra
long spans, for extra tall structures, or where additional strength is needed for any reason.
T h e proper type of structure, as indicated by the structure limitation chart, should be used at a
line angle in a transmission line. The correct number of guys, as shown on the guying charts, should
be used for wood-pole structures.
In California, all crossings over railroads, major highways, major communication circuits, and
major powerlines should be provided with sufficient clearance to maintain the clearance required
b y a broken conductor in either of the spans adjacent to the crossing span. Other states are governed
b y t h e N E S C r u l e s w h i c h , in t h e l a t e s t e d i t i o n ( 1 9 7 7 ) , d o n o t r e q u i r e b r o k e n c o n d u c t o r
considerations.
It is our p o l i c y t o provide N E S C required clearance over railroads, major h i g h w a y s , major
powerlines, and major communication lines for broken conductor conditions on transmission lines
of 2 3 0 kV and above.
When strain- or pin-type structures are used on both sides of a crossing, it is not necessary to allow
extra clearance for broken conductors. For lower voltages, when suspension-type structures are used
on both sides of a crossing, the increased sag in the crossing span due to a broken conductor in an
adjacent span is not enough to seriously decrease the clearance in most cases.
River or lake crossings involving special structures or long spans are to be handled as special studies.
When it is necessary to use spans longer than approximately 1.7 times the ruling span or shorter
than one-half the ruling span, the conductors should be dead-ended at both ends of the span and
sagged to a special ruling span.
W h e n e v e r the terrain slopes across the right-of-way, sufficient clearance should be maintained
under the outside conductor on the high side to meet all requirements.
T h e maximum tension in conductors and overhead ground wires under full load should normally
be r e d u c e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 p e r c e n t in the span terminating on the s u b s t a t i o n or s w i t c h y a r d
structure. Other policies regarding substations and switchyards are:
1. It is Bureau policy to install self-supporting structures (no guys) within 183 m (600 ft) of
a substation or switchyard. In general, this means that the structure adjacent to the substation
274 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
or switchyard will be a steel structure capable of accepting the unbalanced tensions in the
conductor and overhead ground wire due to the slack span into the yard.
2. When the overhead ground wire tension is reduced in a span where the conductor tension
is not reduced, sufficient midspan clearance between the conductors and overhead ground wires
should be maintained. The amount of reduction of conductor and overhead ground wire tensions
may be varied to meet the requirements of the structural design of the substation or switchyard
and any special crossing requirements such as railroads, roads, and power or communication lines.
The method of approach to the substation or switchyard should be discussed with the design group
that is designing the steel structures before proceeding with the final design of the transmission
line.
3. The deflection angle in the transmission line at the substation or switchyard structure should
be made as small as possible. It is preferred that this angle be less than 10° because a larger
deflection angle reduces the clearance and imposes additional transverse load on the substation
or switchyard structure.
On wood-pole lines where sandy soil or other soil with poor bearing characteristics is encountered,
all guyed structures should have a separate anchorplate for each guy strand.
Minimum
Ruling Basic Increase Increase for horizontal
kV Conductor span, clearance, for elevation, clearance
ft ft voltage, ft to buildings,
ft ft
1 . / k V + 5% et\(0A\
Th*
2
At 3300-ft elevation and at 60 °F with a 9-lb/ft2 wind.
Table 30.-Right-of-way values—NESC light loading (metric)
69 through 161 kV are H-frame wood-pole construction; 230 and 345 kV are steel tower construction.
Maximum conductor tensions are limited by:
a
18 percent ultimate strength at 60 °F final, no load.
b
25 percent ultimate strength at 0 °F final, no load.
3
At 3300-ft elevation, and at 60 °F with a 9-lb/ft2 wind.
At 3300-ft elevation, and rounded off to next highest 5 feet.
Table 32.-Right-of-way values—NESC medium loading (metric)
Maximum Conductor Insulator Conductor swing Outside Minimum
Ruling conductor sag at string 0.43-kPa wind phase to horizontal Right-of-way,4
1 tension,
kV Conductor span, 15.5 °C, length, 1/3 low point structure clearance m
m newtons per mm mm Degrees m centerline, to buildings,
conductor m m
a
69 84 mm2 ACSR 6/1 213 15 500 4 033 869 65°19' 4.4542 3.048 3.048 22
b
305 17 300 7 527 869 65°19 7.6291 3.048 3.048 28
a
115 135 mm2 ACSR 26/7 213 19 100 3 777 1219 63°02 4.4531 3.658 3.249 23
b
305 21 300 6 947 1219 63°02' 7.2785 3.658 3.249 29
a
138 242 mm2 ACSR 24/7 213 26 700 4 111 1372 57°09' 4.6062 4.267 3.389 25
h
305 28 500 7 655 1372 57°09 7.5835 4.267 3.389 31
a
161 242 mm2 ACSR 24/7 213 26 700 4 111 1676 57°09 4.8616 5.182 3.532 28
b
305 28 500 7 655 1676 57°09' 7.8389 5.182 3.532 34
b
230 483 mm2 ACSR 45/7 305 37 400 8 948 2286 50° 38' 8.6859 7.620 3.956 41
b
366 36 900 12 827 2286 50°38' 11.6850 7.620 3.956 47
b
427 36 400 17 525 2286 50° 38' 15.3174 7.620 3.956 54
b
345 483 mm2 ACSR 45/7 305 37 400 8 948 3658 50° 38' 9.7467 9.144 4.666 48
b
duplex 366 36 900 12 827 3658 50° 38' 12.7458 9.144 4.666 54
b
427 36 400 17 525 3658 50° 38' 16.3782 9.144 4.666 61
1
69 through 161 kV are H-frame wood-pole construction; 230 and 345 kV are steel tower construction.
2
Maximum conductor tensions are limited by:
a
25 percent ultimate strength at -29 °C final, no load.
b
18 percent ultimate strength at 15.5 °C final, no load.
3
At 1006-m elevation, and at 15.5 °C with a 0.43-kPa wind.
4
At 1006-m elevation, and rounded off to next highest meter.
Table 33.-Right-of-way values-NESC medium loading (U.S. customary)
69 through 161 kV are H-frame wood-pole construction; 230 and 345 kV are steel tower construction.
2
Maximum conductor tensions are limited by:
a
25 percent ultimate strength at -20 °F final, no load.
b
18 percent ultimate strength at 60 °F final, no load.
3
At 3300-ft elevation, and at 60 °F with a 9-lb/ft2 wind._
4
At 3300-ft elevation, and rounded off to next highest 5 feet.
Table 34.-Right-of-way values—NESC heavy loading (metric)
2 8 . Armor Rods and Vibration Dampers.-All conductors are subject to aeolian and other types
of vibrations produced by the wind, which induces repeated bending stresses in the conductor and
may well result in its failure. Aeolian vibrations are those of the natural frequencies which are
stimulated by very steady winds of 1 to 48 k m / h (1 to 30 mi/h). It is the periodically varying eddy
turbulence on the leeward side of the conductor that produces the excitation. The frequencies range
from 1 to possibly 100 hertz, and the amplitudes normally range from a few millimeters to 200
millimeters (a fraction of an inch to several inches), or more. The frequencies and amplitudes of
aeolian vibrations are functions of the wind velocity, span length, distance between nodes, tension
in the conductor, diameter of the conductor, and the conductor force per unit length. On short spans,
the vibration is of extremely small amplitude and is evident only by the humming sound produced—like
the singing of telephone lines on a clear, cold morning.
Steel reinforced aluminum conductor is comparatively light and is usually strung to fairly high
tensions, so it is quite susceptible to vibration. Therefore, this type of conductor requires special
protection by the use of armor rods, vibration dampers, or both.
Armor rods have some damping effect on vibration and reduce the amplitude from 10 to 20 percent;
however, their greatest protective value is through the reinforcing of the conductor at the point of
maximum stress. In addition to offering some protection to the conductor against vibration, the armor
rods protect the conductor from burns due to flashovers. Armor rods for aluminum conductors are
made of aluminum and consist of a spiral layer of short, round rods surrounding the conductor. The
attachment of the conductor to its support is made in the middle of the armored length. This makes
the conductor equivalent to a stranded cable of larger diameter-thereby strengthening it at the
support, which is in the region of maximum bending stress.
A set of 7 to 13 rods, depending on conductor size, is required to armor a conductor. The size
and length of the rods vary with the size of the conductor. Generally, because of the ease of
application, and removal if necessary, preformed armor rods are used for all sizes of ACSR conductors
and for both steel and Alumoweld overhead ground wires. Formed rods are manufactured with a spiral
shape to fit the diameter of the conductor on which they are to be used. The ends of each rod are
rounded or parrot-billed to reduce the chance of abraiding the conductor and the tendency for corona
discharge at these points. Clips or clamps are not required on this type of armor rod. Older types
of armor rods, now seldom used by the Bureau, include the straight rod and the tapered-rod types.
Straight armor rods, having a constant diameter for their full length, are used for ACSR conductor
sizes of 15 to 62 mm 2 (No. 6 AWG to No. 1/0 AWG), inclusive. Tapered armor rods are straight rods
with long tapered ends and are used for 79 mm 2 (No. 2/0 AWG) and larger conductors. Both the
straight and tapered types of rods are furnished straight and the spiral is formed around the conductor
at the time of installation using special armor rod wrenches. These types of rods are held in place
on the conductor by the installation of armor rod clips or clamps at each end after the spiral has
been formed. Normally, armor rod clamps are used on transmission lines for voltages of 115 kilovolts
and higher, and armor rod clips are used for voltages of 69 kilovolts and lower. This choice is due
mostly to the possibility of corona loss off the sharper edges of the clips.
Through experience, the Bureau has found the Stockbridge-type vibration damper to be a very
effective device against vibration and, when properly installed, the latest models of this type of
damper will greatly reduce vibration.
We use both armor rods and vibration dampers on our transmission lines. Armor rods at conductor
suspension points may be eliminated if sized clamps are used for the conductor. These clamps must
be an almost perfect fit, with extremely small tolerance, to provide the desired protection against
strand breakage at this stress point.
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 283
Each construction contractor is required to furnish the manufacturer's recommendations for size,
application, and location of the vibration dampers that are t o be furnished and installed on the
transmission line. The data are checked and, if found satisfactory, are transmitted t o the appropriate
field office as the criteria to use for installation of the vibration dampers. The dampers are installed
at a prescribed distance from the centerline of the conductor suspension clamp or from the mouth
of a strain clamp or compression dead end.
If all conductors vibrated at the same frequency regardless of size, span length, tension, and wind
velocity, the vibration problem could be handled quite simply. A vibration damper could be placed
in the middle of the loop formed in the conductor and the problem would be solved. However, the
number of possible frequencies is almost unlimited so the problem becomes more complex. A damper,
to be most effective, should be located at the midpoint of a loop created in the conductor by the
wind; however, the midpoint could be a node point for another frequency, and the damper would
have absolutely no effect (see fig. 112).
A damper must be located in the middle third of a loop to be effective. Studies should be made
so that a damper installed at the chosen location will be effective on as many probable frequencies
as possible. Numerous laboratory studies have been made by manufacturers of dampers over the years.
T h e n e w , more sophisticated dampers have been developed through these laboratory studies and
should be applied as recommended by the manufacturer. Formulas for computing the frequency and
loop length and the basic theory of vibration can be found in most physics books. T w o such formulas
are:
kV_
/ d
where / = frequency Hz Hz
k = a constant (for air) 51.4534 3.26
V = velocity of wind km/h mi/h
d = outside diameter of
conductor mm in
A standing wave, such as the vibration loop, is the result of t w o traveling waves equal in magnitude
but of opposite direction of motion.
Reduction of span length and tension reduces the severity of vibration.
284 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
/--Midpoint of loop
Node point
2 9 . Corona.—Corona loss on a transmission line is the result of the ionization process which takes
place on the surface of conductors when the electric stress (or voltage gradient) exceeds a certain
value. Corona occurs when the potential of a conductor in air is raised to such a value that the
dielectric strength of the surrounding air is exceeded. Corona is visible as bluish tufts or streamers
around the conductor; the visible discharge is accompanied by a hissing sound and the odor of ozone.
In the presence of moisture, nitrous acid is produced and, if the corona is heavy enough, corrosion
of the conductors will result. There is always a power loss with corona.
When and where will corona occur on a given transmission line? How much power loss will there
be? What can be done to reduce or eliminate it? These are some of the questions t h a t many
investigators have studied over the years. Three methods of calculation by Peek [15], Carroll and
Rockwell [16], and Peterson [17] are in general use in this country. The Carroll-Rockwell and
Peterson formulas have been the most accurate in the low-loss region, below 3.1 kilowatt per phase
kilometer (5 kilowatt per phase mile). Recent work has been directed toward corona loss in the
extra-high-voltage range, and the latest available information for this range should be explored and
used for calculating the expected corona loss for these higher voltages. Actually, the best method
of obtaining good data is to take the data from the line being studied after it has been constructed.
This is especially true of the extra-high-voltage lines, so care must be exercised to select test data
and the method of calculation from a published study based on transmission line data very similar
to that which you propose using.
In fair weather, corona is small up to a voltage near the disruptive voltage for a particular
conductor. The calculated disruptive voltage is an indicator of corona performance. The closer the
surface of a given conductor approaches a smooth cylinder, the higher the critical disruptive voltage.
For the same diameter, a stranded conductor is good for about 80 to 85 percent of the voltage of
a smooth conductor. Any distortion to the surface of the conductor (raised strands, burrs, scratches)
will increase corona-and the higher the line voltage, the more critical these rough spots become. The
size of the conductors and their spacings also have considerable effect on corona loss. Fair weather,
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 285
rain, snow, hoarfrost, atmospheric pressure, and temperature must be considered w h e n studying
corona loss. Rain probably affects corona loss more than any other single factor. The presence of
rain produces corona loss on a conductor at voltages as low as 65 percent of the voltage at which
the same loss is observed during fair weather. The peak value of corona loss to be expected in a
transmission line is very difficult, if not impossible, to determine. T o do so, it would be necessary
to know all of the rates of rainfall that could exist simultaneously along an entire transmission line.
In earlier years of high-voltage transmission, corona was avoided—strictly because of energy loss.
In more recent years, the radio influence aspect of corona has probably become more important.
W h e n abnormally high v o l t a g e s (lightning, switching) are p r e s e n t , corona can affect s y s t e m
behavior. Corona can reduce overvoltage on long open-circuited lines, and it will attenuate b o t h
lightning voltage and switching surge.
Following is a procedure for calculating the e x p e c t e d corona loss on a transmission line. This
procedure and related figures were taken from reference [ 1 8 ] . This reference used centimeters as a
dimension instead of the preferred SI metric dimension of millimeters. T o ensure c o m p a t i b i l i t y
between text and illustrations, we have chosen to present the procedure in centimeters:
Nomenclature:
Pk = corona loss, k W / k m at 50 Hz (per phase)
Pc = corona loss, k W / m i at 60 Hz (per 3-phase)
E = average surface voltage gradient
EQ= critical visual corona gradient
e = line to ground voltage, kV
F = line frequency, Hz
S = air density factor
n = number of conductors in bundle
r = conductor radius, cm
s = spacing of conductors in bundle, cm
D = equivalent phase spacing, cm
g = mean between average and maximum surface gradient, k V / c m
g — surface voltage gradient at which corona starts, k V / c m
m = conductor surface factor (assumed 0.88, average weathered conductor)
Assume:
The basic formula for reading the corona loss from the curves shown on figures 113 and 114 is:
286 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
,._H)
(2r)log e -^
y/W
e
8 =
'togeT
v -T„.,~, 205.65 . A A e ., T l
8 = = = 14
(2)(L48)1 1005.84 l4^T -45 k V / c m
°^V(rife
Calculateg0 fromg0 = 21.1 m 51/2 (l + ^ ^ J
Results from a high-altitude test project at Leadville, Colo. [19] concluded that the correction
for air density 8 varies as the one-half power in lieu of the first power as suggested by Peek [15] or
the two-thirds power as indicated by Peterson's investigations [17].
Calculate g/g and read corresponding value for Pfc/n2r2 at 50 Hz from figure 113:
Z 14 45
go 20.72
= 0.04
n2 r2
iot J inf
A V L/f [ t 1 IUUI
8b —=5 H 8F I /I/J-\-\-\1 80F
/ nU A / Anl P
-A 1 T | / t 1 &+\ T l
NP 1 f\
L-L J at \1 [ - -l4"XI
4r
J ^M 1 \y\ 1 40l_
M xJI_ 2 1 ^ 44-] 20F-
K
2
E J F
it
T 3 'E 4+1 'Or
TLTTM
1 / 1 11 1
0.8F 3 0.8F 8 >
ncL
U.DT
J
1
neL-
U.OT
4-H
I I I
h
1
f 1 1 1 1 1
OJ
2 2
4-
n v 0.1 F J 0.1 E
o.oet
noRf
d 008b /
-rn
f 1 H1 1 OBH
ir
AfiU-
4=F* ^
Jv
N
i O.Uor / | | \ VADr- _n
—t—i/h u J_LJJ
004F d O04fc m -H-l 04F ——m-
j OO2E
iff
i\
/ 1 npL A
0021 -9\—\-
1 ;
1
TT7 ! I |
OjOOlfc JO.OOIE +-H OLlU JJz
0D08F H0.008FTT -H/ 4 - N 0.08E- -Jr
1 r»(Va r
/
VJlUv/Or ~|U.UUO|~ f / —Hd
1/
0.004F H0004F
"FH Q04
h/ fl- _/L
>
0002 L JQ002L -LU Q02^
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.3 G5 07 0.9 0 3 0.4 0 5 0 6 0.7 0.8 0 9 1.0 I.I 1.2 1.3
90
Figure 113.-Corona loss curves for (A) fair weather, (B) rainfall, (C) hoarfrost, and (D) snow. 104-D-1116. From [18].
As read from figures 113 and 114, P^ is in kilowatts per kilometer for each phase from a 50-Hz
test. Because the corona loss factor is in direct proportion to frequency, the value read from the chart
should be multiplied by 6 0 / 5 0 for a 60-Hz system. The kilometer may be changed to mile by
multiplying by 1.6093, and if the loss is desired for all three phases, the answer should be multiplied
by three. Combining the three factors, the figure value should be multiplied by 5.79 to obtain a loss
value in kilowatts per mile for three phases for 60-Hz systems:
When rainfall is to be considered, the corona loss due to rain must be read from figure 113 using
curve B. Similarly, for hoarfrost or snow, losses are obtained from curves Cor Z>, respectively. Then,
the two, three, or four (whichever is applicable) values for corona loss must be apportioned to make
100 percent. Taking the assigned percentages times the corresponding losses and summing these will
give the expected corona loss for the line in question.
288 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
1"71
/ /
/, /
/
/ / -51f
i-
f
it
/i , /
/ M\
,7 //
/
/ /
1.0
1
0.8 (•'/
/ } /t
//
0.6
—-
0.4 F
$
f
2 2
i$
nr 0.2 r" i
i
It /
\L-3
0.1
0.08 w
hV
hp
M
0.06
0.04
/
0.03 /jf
V
J
0.02 Ah
tit
fit
k
it/
0.01
0.5
ff0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 I.
it—
Figure I14.-Average values of corona loss under fair weather with different
conductor bundles. (1) single conductor (2) two-conductor bundle
(3) three-conductor bundle (4) four-conductor bundle (5) average curve.
104-D-1117. From [18].
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 289
Example:
Assume that the line previously used is located such that 85 percent of the time the weather
is fair, 5 percent of the time it rains, and 10 percent of the time it snows-all during a period
of a year.
Corona loss curves for different voltages are shown on figure 115. Curves are shown for different
elevations and ACSR conductor sizes—from which may be determined the estimated corona loss as
computed by the Carroll-Rockwell method for fair weather at 25 ° C (77 ° F).
to
SO
o
//5 -i(rV FL4T SPACING 3.66 m (12ft) 161-kV FLAT SPACING 5.18m (17 ft ) NOTES
7 0
J i i T 1 T 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 U 11 I 111 1 l |\i 1 1 1 l 111 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 | 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
! ~r All cur ve s computed by Carroll-
Rockwell method for fair weather
A
at 25 °C (77°F).
A FM
A \ \\ \\\\
H\ M --
CURVE INDEX
A \\\
coM I \\
\\ \\\ N \ Curve f / e v at ion
A r\ \ \\\ \\\ \ \ \ No. m ft
---
A 0 Sea level
Ui A
n \ X\ \ r 1 305 1 000
r\ \ \ \ M r 2 610 2 000
ID
A V A >
U\ \\ \J \\ \ \m - 3 914 3 000
- s A • o \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ - 4 1219 4 000
</>2-5 A 5 1524 5 000
-z.
0.
< \ A
r\ \ X N N N - 6 1829 6 000
CO
• _ *V A
\-\ \\ \\\\ 1 \\\\ - 7 2134 7 000
M\\\\\ \\m N - 8 2438 8 000
en
UJ
^v. il
A \ GO
-\ 9 2743 9 000
kPv M\
\ M\ \\\ \© \l \\ r-
10 3048 10 000
s\ A
t- II 3658 12 000
\ fir 1 A
^ A
l \ K \ K^ \ NJ \\\
o
i (9 r \ \ iVvl\J \ \ N i
A M \ f\L i\ \ N \ \\\ \\~
*Lj J5i_ A m
z 3 \ N. tvJ N iv ~
7) °k l \
A
r\ NJ(T)\^)\ NJ |\j IV N, \ ~"
(/) (6 A lis. 1\J r \ N NJ ^J is. [V iv ~ a
o m
S ^ k j \ | p) f\| | \ l pvPTV P\, isj |N1 -
CO
T ^ P l v M i v l x IN. pv rv PSv is] 1>- CD
-1
- K (2nN. rsJ l x T x iSJ ]M TvJ Pvl Irv ~
tr
A " 0 p r ^ r x T ^ / N i rNv[>.J>V!>_ jvl fvl rs
o
A KArvMvlisJNv iSvjS^Jr^jrvJ l i v J r J ~
y
3 ^ h,s
[-TNTPJ^W IrsTpsJ ~
A r IrsjTJrJivtTsJ^^ Tr V n (=
^ r rpjfsrNjsTvj J FN [ t v K i ^ j K >
^ °r T rv i ^ Z r ^ i r i i ^ J ^ t r s x H ^
1 1 Ir^iTnt^fu^Kti
1 ij M^Tj^+^L^fctPi
5
- r 1 n r S r ^ T ^ S
i i i 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 I l l .1 1 ,1 i 1 i_ X T.EC5 0 0 h 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4-
i i
0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 o.e 0.9 1.
1.0 (inches)
L_ 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , (millimeters)
Figure 115.-Corona loss curves for different voltages (sheet 1 of 2). 104-D-l 118-1. From Dwg. 104-D-75.
CORONA LOSS CURVES
69-kV FLAT SPACING 3.05m (10 ft) 230-kV FLAT SPACING 6.70m (22ft)
Figure 115.-Corona loss curves for different voltages (sheet 2 of 2). 104-D-l 118-2. From Dwg. 104-D-75.
292 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
3 0 . Stringing Sag Data.-(a) Sag Tables.-Stringing sag data are extremely important. If the
sag data furnished for stringing the conductors and overhead ground wires are not based directly on
the sag and tension data used for the design of the line, the complete design including line loading
studies, determination of structure sizes and strengths, calculations for final sags and tensions, and
electrical clearances is wrong. None of the calculations will be exactly right, and if the stringing sags
are too far off—the results may be disastrous.
For field installation of conductors and overhead ground wires, it is necessary to furnish sag tables
prepared for suspension spans which cover the entire range of span lengths based on the ruling span.
Dead-ended spans are computed separately based upon the individual length of each span. Stringing
data for approach spans to a substation are also based on exact span lengths, but generally at a lower
tension than that used on the rest of the transmission line. The basic data required for the preparation
of a stringing sag table for approximately level suspension spans are the unloaded sag and tension
values at the ruling span for the conductor. These values are based on initial loading conditions if
the conductor to be installed is unstressed, and on final loading conditions if the conductor is
prestressed. Stringing sag values are usually listed in table form for convenience in field use and are
expanded to such an extent as to cover a temperature range from 0 to 120 ° F in 10° increments,
and to cover a range of span lengths from about 50 percent below to 50 percent above the ruling
span length in 10-ft increments. For metric units, the tables should range from —18 to 49 ° C in 5 °
increments, and span lengths in 5-m increments.
(b) Sag and Insulator Offset Data for Inclined Spa/is.-When conductor supports on adjacent
structures are not at the same elevation, conductors hanging in stringing sheaves tend to run downhill
from the high spans into the low spans. If the terrain is not very steep, this problem can be handled
without much concern; however, if the terrain is quite steep, the proper sagging of the conductors
may become complex.
On free running sheaves, conductor tensions T\ and T2 must be equal; see figure 116. For the
suspension insulator strings to hang vertically after the conductor is clipped in, slack must be taken
from the lower span and put into the upper span in such a way that the horizontal components of
the conductor tension Hi and H2 are equal. Whenever the amount of slack in a given span is changed,
the amount of sag in that span is also changed—so it is necessary to change the sag while the conductor
is in the sheaves to obtain the correct sag after the conductor has been clipped in. Calculations for
offsets are made in a series of spans between dead ends, either permanent or temporary, since the
entire length of conductor between dead ends must be sagged in one operation. Where the distance
between dead ends is too great to permit sagging the conductor in one operation, it is necessary to
establish intermediate temporary dead ends. For purposes of calculation, the temporary dead end
shall be the last structure in the section of line being sagged where the suspension clamp will be clipped
to the conductor. There should be at least one structure ahead, between the dead end and the point
where the conductor is snubbed, to maintain tension during the clip-in operation. The selection of
these temporary dead ends, to isolate the steep from the comparatively level sections of line, should
be such as to minimize sag and offset calculations. The insulator string of the last previous temporary
dead end (the last structure clipped in) must be held in a vertical position while the next section of
line is brought to the proper sag.
The tension in the conductor while in the stringing sheaves may be higher or lower than the tension
after the suspension clamp is clipped to the conductor, so the last suspension insulator string clipped
in may swing towards or away from the new section of line being brought to sag if the insulator is
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 293
T,
not properly held in a vertical position. If the insulator is not held vertical, a serious error in the
sagging and clipping in of the conductor in the new section could occur. After the conductor is brought
to sheave sag by checking the corrected sag (stringing chart sag plus correction) of several spans,
a reference mark should be placed on the conductor directly under the point where each insulator
string is supported. Clipping in is then started at any structure by placing the center of the suspension
clamp at the proper offset distance and direction from the reference mark. An explanation of a method
for calculating offset and sag correction data is given in the following paragraphs.
Procedure
The tension at any point in a conductor of uniform cross section suspended in the form of a catenary
is equal to the length of the ordinate of the curve at the given point times the unit force of the
conductor.
l L
Directrix 2 -
Figure 117.-Dimensions required for calculating insulator offset and sag correction data during
stringing operations. 104-D-1119.
294 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Tx = WYA in span 1
T2 - Tx = W(Y2 - Yx)
where:
This value shows the change in slack in a span corresponding to a one-newton (one-pound) change
in tension. T h e sum of the values in this column gives the total change in slack per newton (or
slack per pound) change in the tension for the complete section of line being considered.
Column 8: Trial offset, (col. 6) (col. 7 ) , in millimeters (inches). This value shows the change
in slack for each span corresponding t o the unbalanced tensions. T h e algebraic sum of the values
in this column is the overall change of slack for the complete section of line, based on the assumed
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 295
tensions. This sum should be zero if the correct tension has been assumed in each span. If the
sum is a positive value, that amount of slack must be subtracted from the complete section of
the line. If the sum is negative, that amount must be added to the complete section of the line.
The sum of column 8 divided by the sum of column 7 is the total correction in tension which
must be applied to the complete section of line.
Column 9: H0— / / c o r r e c t e d , column 6 — ( 2 col. 8 / 2 col. 7), in newtons (pounds).
Column 10: Corrected offset, (col. 7) (col. 9), in millimeters (inches).
Column 11: Modulus correction in millimeters (inches)
1000L(col.9) 12Z(col. 9 ) .
mm or T-= m
AE AE
where:
Columns 9, 10, 11, and 12 are used to make corrections in the offsets. The modulus correction
(col. 11) is the change in length of the conductor with change in tension. The sum of the values
in columns 10 and 11 should equal zero. If there is a remainder in either of these columns,
corrections proportional to the span length must be made in column 12 to offset these remainders.
Column 13: Final offset, (col. 10 + col. 11 + col. 12), in millimeters (inches). This value shows
the amount of offset required in each span.
Column 14: Sum of offsets, (running sum of col. 13), in millimeters (inches). This value shows
the amount necessary to offset each insulator string from the vertical. This offset is the summation
of the offsets in the individual spans.
Column 15: Sag correction while in sheaves in millimeters (feet)
m m
(2W0(col. 2) °r (2H0(col.2) (1/12)ft
This column shows the amount that will be necessary to correct the sag in each span while the
conductors are in the stringing sheaves to obtain the correct sag after the conductor is clipped
in.
The offset and sag correction data as computed in such a table should be sufficiently accurate as
long as the individual offset for one span is not in excess of 381 mm (15 in). For installations on very
rough terrain where the offset in any one span in a section of line may exceed 381 mm, a more detailed
and accurate computer program should be used instead of this simplified method. It is usually
296 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
unnecessary to consider the offset and sag correction data if, in a section of line that is being sagged
in one operation, the corrections calculated are within all three of the following limits:
The same procedure as described for calculating the offset and sag correction data for line
conductors should be used to calculate similar data for the overhead ground wires.
A sample problem has been worked out in both metric and U.S. customary units to illustrate this
procedure:
Example
Conductor: 644 mm 2 (1272 kcmil), ACSR, 45/7 (Bittern)
Full load conditions: 13-mm (1/2-in) radial ice with a 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) wind at - 1 8 ° C (0 °F)
Maximum tension under full load conditions = 5 3 3 78 N (12 000 lb)
Initial tension at 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) is 26 040 N (5854 lb) with a corresponding sag of 12 485 mm
(40.96 ft).
Area of conductor A = 689 mm 2 (1.068 in 2 )
Initial modulus of conductor E = 46.678 GPa (6.77xl0 6 lb/in 2 )
Initial AE = 32 162 542 N (7 230 360 lb)
H0 = T - Ws = 26 040 - (20.9277)(12.485) = 25 778 N
= 5854 - (1.434)(40.96) = 5795 lb
Figures 118 and 119 show the sag and tension calculations for the given conductor, and figure
120 shows the stationing, elevations, and span lengths for the sample problem. The table described
in the procedure is shown in tables 36 and 37.
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 297
DCm-576 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
T P,, SW SW
LOADING oJ | UNSTRESSED LENGTH j A? SAG FACTOR SAG, mm SW, N TENSION, N
T
J3_ SPAN LENGTH(S) ^5Q.^<2
GJ4/S& _kPa Wind (W") It \/M/ ?*7 \fl-Ma V/2 3 7)t&222 ]JS Jt&W J5* 3-JX r
Permanent Set & Creep
-18 p- (fat 1*7 \n<Afln 22# / f 3AS.*S\
j/, rfrf* £32 \<?,Mfi <ZZX / 1 315 51\
No Ice, No Wind (W) 15.5 /•no2. 577 \gtQto 222 / 0. £2/7 fi,0&5 &2\/X V/^" 7 33S. 58\ 2& Cfa
32 J'4Q& <?Z2 \Q'Oto <ZZ2 / 7 33f*5f?
/ A^O
/rift?.? J / 7
<*47 \jf) AAA Z*g
\4<to0 -7 1 0 /
/ 7^J5,5S
Figure I18.-Sag and tension calculation form for example problem on insulator offset and sag correction (metric).
DC-576 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
Figure H 9 . - S a g and tension calculation form for example problem on insulator offset and sag correction (U.S.
customary).
298 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
365.76 (1200)
457.2 (1500)
426.72 (1400)
335.28 (1100)
396.24 (1300)
365.76 (1200)
335.28 (MOO)
+
Fi
C/}
243.84 (800)
213.36 (700)
182.88 (600)
152.4 (500)
Figure 120,-Profile of spans for example problem on insulator offset and sag correction. 104-D-1120.
Table 36.-Data from example problem on insulator offset and sag correction (metric)
10 12 13
Offset
Span Trial Corrected Corrected Final
per Modulus Final Sum
length W(Y2~Yl) Assumed offset correction
Newton offset correction offset offse
Station L, W(3), H, H0-(S), K (6) (7), (7) (9), 10001(9) [2(10) + 2(11)1(7) (10)+ (11)+ (12), 2(1
N N (6) . 2(8) mm mm mm
N 1000H>2£: mm 2(7)' AE ' 2m '
12#„
«0 , N mm
mm/N
20+72.64 0
365.760 28 642 -2864 0.104 26 -299 -2445 -255 -28 -283
24+38.40 -1059 -283
335.280 27 583 -1805 .080 30 -145 -1386 -111 -14 -125
27+73.68 -41.148 -861 -40
373.380 26 722 -944 .110 91 -105 -525 -58 -6 -64
31+47.06 -45.110 -944 -47
381.000 25 778 0 .117 84 0 419 49 5 54
35+28.06 -43.586 -912 -41
365.760 24 866 912 .104 26 95 1331 139 15 154
38+93.82 -52.121 -1091 -264
358.140 23 775 2003 .097 88 196 2422 237 27 264
42+51.96
Totals 0.615 45 -258
Table 37.-Data from example problem on insulator offset and sag correction (U.S. customary)
11 13 14
V>
in/lb
68+00 0
1200 6439 -644 0.018 26 -11.785 -549.6 -10.04 -1.09 0.0017 -11.13
80+00 -166 -238 -1
1100 6201 -406 .014 06 -5.725 -311.6 -4.38 -0.57 .0013 -4.95
91+00 -135 -194 -16
1225 6007 -212 .019 42 -4.113 -117.6 -2.28 -0.24 .0018 -2.52
103+25 -148 -212 -18
1250 5795 0 .020 64 0 94.4 1.95 0.20 .0019 2.15
115+75 -143 -205 -16
1200 5590 205 .018 26 3.751 299.4 5.47 0.60 .0017 6.07
127+75 -171 -245 -10
1175 5345 450 .017 14 7.695 544.4 9.33 1.06 .0016 10.39
139+50 0
Totals 0.107 78 -10.177 +0.05 -0.04
3 1 . Transmission Line Equations.—If a transmission line is surveyed from one end to the other,
and there are no later reroutes; then all successive, equally spaced stations will increase uniformly
in numerical notation and there will be no equations in the line. However, if two or more survey crews
start work on the same line at different points, there will be one or more equations in the line. An
equation will also result from a reroute of a portion of a line after a survey has been completed.
Assume that two survey crews start at opposite ends of a line and work toward each other. One
crew starts at Sta. 0 + 00 and the other at an assumed station which is the approximate length of
the line, say Sta. 4752 + 00. When the two crews meet at a common point on the line, they will each
have a station value for that common point, but the values will be different.
Assume that the crew which started at the beginning of the line designates the common point as
Sta. 2370 + 66.4 while the second crew designates it as Sta. 2374 + 31.2. The equation to identify
this point is Sta. 2370 + 66.4Bk = Sta. 2374 + 31.2Ah. The Bk means back and indicates that station
belongs to the part of the line behind the common point. Similarly, Ah means ahead and indicates
that station belongs to the section of line ahead of the common point. There is a difference of 364.8
in the two designations, and the length of line will be 475 200-364.8 = 474 835.2 if there are no
other equations (fig. 121). These lengths may be in meters or feet, depending on the units used.
Assume the crew which started at the beginning of the line determines that the meeting point is
Sta. 2374 + 31.2, and the crew starting at the end of the line says the point is Sta. 2370 + 66.4. The
equation will then read Sta. 2374 + 31.2Bk == Sta. 2370 + 66.4Ah, and the line length will then be
475 200 + 364.8 = 475 564.8 if there are no other equations (fig. 122).
If the station back is greater than the station ahead, then there is an overlap of station designations
and the length of the line is increased by the amount of overlap (fig. 123).
If the station ahead is greater than the station back, then there is a gap in the stationing and the
length of the line is shortened by the value of the length of the gap (fig. 124).
CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA 301
o
i
I
i
0+0
2 2 1
I I 2
O IO
s
- | j O
o o
ro o
EQUATION -
CVJ OJ
to h- I 00
70+66.4Bk«
ro ro I rO
74+31.2 Ah
CVJ
ro ro
o o
Figure 121.-Stationing equation for common point on a transmission line survey, assumption No. 1.
j 1 I j—
I I , | I
O O I 1 O
o o o
+ ^t +
° 2 2
ro ro ' ro
CVJ CVJ OJ
CD O <
cvj ZZ f
^ <r i6
ro ro
cvj CVJ
o o
Figure 122.-Stationing equation for common point on a transmission line survey, assumption No. 2.
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
§
o
-•-
CO
<
m <
o o
Figure 124.—Station designations when station ahead is greater than station back.
« Bibliography
[1 "Rules for Overhead Electric Line Construction," General Order No. 95, State of California
Public Utilities Commission, November 1, 1960.
[2 "National Electrical Safety Code," American National Standards Institute, Inc., Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, N.Y. 10017, Sixth Edition.
[3 "National Electrical Safety Code," American National Standards Institute, Inc., Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, N.Y. 10017, 1977 Edition.
[4 M a r t i n , J. S., "Sag Calculations by the Use of Martin's T a b l e s , " Copperweld Steel Co.,
Glassport, Pa. 15045, 1931.
[5 Ehrenburg, D. O., "Transmission Line Catenary Calculations," Trans, of the A I E E , vol. 54,
pp. 719-728, July 1935.
[6 "Copperweld Sag Calculating Charts," Copperweld Steel Co., Glassport, Pa. 15045, 1942.
[7 R o d e e , H . H . , r r G r a p h i c M e t h o d for Sag-Tension C a l c u l a t i o n s for ACSR a n d O t h e r
Conductors," Alcoa Aluminum Overhead Conductor Engineering Data No. 8, Aluminum
Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219, 1961. (out of print)
[8 Bissiri, A., and Landau, M., "Broken Conductor Effect on Sags in Suspension Spans," Trans.
of the AIEE, vol. 66, pp. 1181-1188, 1947.
[9 Austin, T. M., "Determine Insulator Effect on Tension and Sag for Short and Approximately
Level Spans," Electrical World, p. 100, April 4, 1955.
[10 Stover, J. R., "Strain Insulator Effect in Substation Span Sags," Electrical World, p. 62, July 6,
1946.
[11 "Wire Rope Engineering Handbook," American Steel and Wire Co. of New Jersey, 1940. (out
of print)
[12 Rodee, H. H., "Sagging Conductors in a Series of Inclined Spans," AIEE Conference Paper
presented at the Fall General Meeting, Oklahoma City, Okla. 73101, October 23-27, 1950.
[13 "A Method for Estimating Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines," A I E E Committee
Report, Trans, of the AIEE, vol. 69, pp. 1187-1196, 1950.
[14 Clayton, J. M., and Young, F. S., "Estimating Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines,"
Trans, of the AIEE, vol. 83, pp. 1102-1110, December 1964.
[15 Peek, F. W., "Dielectric Phenomena in High-Voltage Engineering," McGraw-Hill, New York,
N.Y. 10017, Third Edition, 1929.
[16 Carroll, J. S., and Rockwell, M. M., "Empirical Method of Calculating Corona Loss From High
Voltage Transmission Lines," Electrical Engineering, vol. 56, pp. 558-565, May 1937.
[17 Peterson, W. S., Cozzens, B., and Carroll, J. S., "Field Measurements of Corona Loss Above
230-kV," International Conference on Large Electric Systems at High Tension (CIGRE),
Paper 401, vol. I l l , 1950.
[18 Burgsdorf, V. V., "Corona Investigation on Extra-High Voltage Overhead Lines," International
Conference on Large Electric Systems at High Tension ( C I G R E ) , Paper 4 1 3 , vol. I l l ,
June 1960.
[19 Robertson, L. M., and Dillard, J. K., "Leadville High-Altitude Extra-High-Voltage Test
Project," Trans, of the AIEE, vol. 80, pp. 715-725, December 1961.
[20 Pedde, L. D., etal^ "Metric Manual", U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation,
Denver, Colo. 80225, 1978.
'The Aluminum Electrical Conductor Handbook," The Aluminum Association, 750 Third Ave., New
York, N.Y. 10017, First Edition, September 1971.
303
304 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
I-INTRODUCTION
Description of the Problem.—The determination of sag and corresponding tension for any
conductor or cable under various conditions of temperature and loading is of basic importance in
the mechanical design of a transmission line. It is of equal importance to extend this determination
of sag and tension from the simple cases of symmetrical spans to the more complicated cases of
nonsymmetrical and special spans, none the least of which is the case of a series of spans adjacent
to a broken conductor. The determination of sags and corresponding tensions is important in this
special case for the reason that it assures the designer of structure heights necessary at critical points
such as railroad, highway, waterway, telephone line, or power line crossings in order to comply with
national and/or local safety codes.
Purpose of Thesis.—To date, several methods or techniques have been proposed for the solution
of the broken conductor problem; however, in many of the methods rather severe limitations have
been imposed in that level, equal spans have been assumed for any particular problem without making
corrections to account for existing asymmetries. Another somewhat undesirable aspect common to
most methods is the time consuming trial-and-error procedures. These factors set forth the purpose
of this thesis which is to develop a technique or method by which the sags and tensions in a series
of spans adjacent to a broken conductor can be computed while accounting to some degree for the
asymmetries present in any particular case and eliminating in essence the trial-and-error aspects of
the methods now in use.
I I - D E V E L O P M E N T O F A T E C H N I Q U E F O R ANALYZING
STRESSES DUE T O A BROKEN CONDUCTOR
Study of Initial and Final Conditions .-In the broken conductor problem the initial condition,
that is before the conductor breaks, is one of static equilibrium with all quantities such as sags,
tensions, and span lengths known. The final condition is likewise one of static equilibrium; however,
in this case all such quantities are unknown. The diagrams shown in figures 1 and 2 have been given
1
Former Electrical Engineer with Bureau of Reclamation. This method was his thesis for the degree of Master of
Science from the University of Colorado in 1949.
307
308 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
to illustrate in general these initial and final conditions. In figures 1 and 2, as in those following, the
insulator strings and their deflections have been shown somewhat exaggerated as compared to the
other elements of the spans shown in order to present a more readable picture of the features under
consideration.
A study of figure 2 reveals the complexity of the conditions which must be satisfied simultaneously
in order to maintain static equilibrium after the conductor breaks. To facilitate the development of
a method for treating this problem by not complicating it further, the following assumptions have
been made temporarily:
After a procedure has been established for dealing with the problem under the above assumptions,
criteria will be presented by which assumptions (a), (b), and (c) can be removed entirely. For most
cases the assumption made under assumption (d) is valid; however, conductor clamps are sometimes
set to slip at a predetermined tension, in which case this assumption may not be in order. The
assumptions made under assumptions (e) and (f) are reasonable for all but very special cases.
Further study of figure 2 shows that the forces acting as a result of a conductor breaking can be
resolved into two opposing horizontal forces. Herein lies the basis for the technique which has been
developed.
Study of the P Force.-Referring again to figure 2, the horizontal force designated P is the
force which retards or damps the effects of the broken conductor and may be considered as the equal
and opposite of the force required to deflect an insulator string by any angle 6 while a vertical load
is acting. The relation between this force, P, and the vertical load can be developed from figure 3.
Again, assuming that the insulator string acts as a rigid body and also that its gravity axis is midway
between the conductor and the a t t a c h m e n t hinge, the following relations can be written: For
equilibrium at any angle 0, Wd = P 'v or P '= Wd/v. Also, cos 6 = v/i and tan 6 = d/v = P/W
from which P= Wd/v; therefore, P — P '. Also, P= Wd/icos 0, which is a form more convenient
for calculation. Insofar as the broken conductor problem is concerned, this relation should be
interpreted as: P is the horizontal force which resists the movement of an insulator string of length
i from the vertical to any angle 6 while a vertical load JPis acting.
Study of the H Force.—The horizontal force designated H in figure 2 is the horizontal component
of tension acting in the conductor or cable. Insofar as the broken conductor problem is concerned,
the relation between this force and a change in span length, such as might be caused by the deflection
of an insulator string, is of primary importance and can be developed from figure 4 as follows: The
length of conductor in the initial span is:
l0 = sinh
w 2H0
APPENDIX A 309
The length of conductor in the span after a change of 4> is:
2Ht . wao-0)
L = smh •
1
w 2HX
The change in conductor length due to the elastic properties of the conductor in changing the tension
from H0 to HI is:
AE
Then, barring temperature and/or loading changes, the final conductor length must equal the initial
conductor length plus or minus the elastic change in the conductor depending on whether the span
length is increased or decreased, i.e.
h=i0±
AE
2HX (H sinh^flwL
0
OIL
11 ±
H
o "
AE
H
i
l
0 = Z0 - sinh Ht
By way of interpretation, this means that when a span of length L0 is changed in length by an amount
<J>, the horizontal tension in the cable changes from / / 0 to H\.
The Relations Between the P and H Forces.-The relations as developed for the P and H
forces become invaluable aids in the solution of the broken conductor problem, the development
of which will progress from a simple special case as shown in figure 5 to a general case as shown in
figure 11.
Consider first the case of a conductor breaking in a span adjacent to a dead end as shown in figure 5,
which also outlines the conditions to be satisfied simultaneously in order to maintain equilibrium.
310 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Although these conditions are simple and few, considerable effort could be expanded in using the
common trial-and-error procedures to evaluate them. In contrast, the following solution has been
presented:
If the P and H relations, previously developed, are plotted with a c o m m o n system of coordinates
as shown in figure 6, the resulting curves will intersect at some point which, upon examination, will
prove to be the only point in the system which could possibly satisfy s i m u l t a n e o u s l y all of t h e
necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium; hence, it is the solution. Figure 6 has been given
to demonstrate this solution which can be substantiated by studying any point of the H curve which
lies, for instance, above the intersection with the P curve—it should be apparent that the solution
point must lie on the Hcurve. Corresponding to the value of / / a t this point, note the value of <f>
and compare with the value of d which corresponds to a value of P which equals the value of //.
The value of d will be less than the value of <J> for every point so selected above the intersection,
and likewise, will be greater than (J> for every point below the intersection. N o t e then, that although
there are any number of points or conditions for which P = / / , there is only one—the intersection
of the P and H curve-which satisfies also the other necessary condition that d = <f>.
As a step in the generalization of this more or less special case, consider next the case of a conductor
breaking t w o spans away from dead end as s h o w n in figure 7. In this case an additional set of
conditions must be satisfied in order t o maintain equilibrium. Referring t o figure 8, it can easily be
seen that the intersection of the basic P a n d / / c u r v e s no longer satisfies all of the required conditions
as in the previous case; however, these basic curves can be manipulated to obtain values which will
satisfy all of the required c o n d i t i o n s . A m e t h o d for this m a n i p u l a t i o n can be derived from t h e
trial-and-error procedures commonly used in other methods. The essentials of such a trial-and-error
procedure are as follows:
(1) Referring to figure 7, assume a value for d\ and compute the corresponding new tension
which would be H\. Also, based on the assumed value for d\9 compute the corresponding value
of P x .
(2) Compute the value of H2 by subtracting P i from H\.
(3) Knowing / / 2 , compute the corresponding value of tf>2.
(4) From this value of <f>2, the value of d2 can be determined by the relation: d2 = <J>2 + d\.
(5) P2 can now be evaluated since it is a function of d2. If this value for P2 is equal t o
the value computed for / / 2 , the initial assumption for the value of d\ is correct and all other
values computed are correct; however, if this is not the case, then a new value must be selected
for d\ and the entire procedure repeated. Usually, three or four trials will bracket the correct
value of d\ which can then be found by interpolation, and the corresponding correct values
for / / i , H2, and d2 can be computed.
Based on this procedure, a straightforward graphical analysis can be developed as follows: if all
possible values for d\ were assumed, then all possible values for H\ and P\ could be determined
from which all possible values of H2 could be found. This can be a c c o m p l i s h e d very easily by
subtracting graphically, point by point, the abscissa values of the basic P curve from those of the
basic Hcurve. The resulting curve then represents the locus of all possible values for H2 with respect
to d\. In similar manner, the graphical addition of the ordinates of the newly formed H2 curve, which
represents also the locus of all possible values of d\ to the ordinates of the basic H curve, which
represents all possible values of <f)2, will result in forming a new curve which represents the locus of
all possible values of d2 and also represents all possible values of H2 with respect to d2. N o w that
all possible values for H2 with respect to corresponding values of d\ and d2 have been defined, all
APPENDIX A 311
t h a t remains to be done is to determine which of the possible values will satisfy the required
conditions. Referring again to figure 8, it should be evident that some point on the newly formed
d2 curve will satisfy the conditions required at the insulator string immediately adjacent to the break
in the conductor. As in the previous case, it will be found that there are any number of points on
this curve which will satisfy the necessary condition that d2 = <J>2 + d\. By inspection, it can be
seen that the intersection point of the basic P curve and the d2 curve (point a) is the only point
which can satisfy all of the necessary conditions for equilibrium at the first insulator string adjacent
to the break. Further inspection will prove point b on the basic H curve to be the only point which
can satisfy all of the necessary conditions for equilibrium at the second insulator string. In regard
to point 6, note the simple manner in which it is determined—project vertically down from point
a to intersect the H2 curve and thence horizontally to intersect the basic H curve.
The next step in the generalization of the problem would be to add another span in the series to
make the dead end three spans away from the break as shown in figure 9. In this case it will be of
interest to note the similarities to the two previous cases. Of special importance is the progressive
and interrelated nature in which the requirements for equilibrium occur as the span in which the
conductor breaks is moved away from the dead end. By comparing these requirements, it will be seen
for this case that only one set of conditions is needed to maintain equilibrium in addition to those
required in the previous case in which the conductor breaks two spans away from the dead end. Also,
though it may not be immediately apparent, the graphical analysis as developed for the previous case
can be utilized in its entirety and requires only an additional step to account for the additional
requirements for equilibrium in order to provide the complete solution. This additional step is one
which is in continuation of those taken in the previous case, and consists of determining from all
of the possible values found for d2, the corresponding possible value of P2 from which all possible
values of H$ with respect to d2 can be determined. This can be accomplished by subtracting
graphically, point by point, the abscissa values of the basic P curve from the corresponding values
of the d2 curve thus forming a new curve, / / 3 . T h e n , knowing all possible values of / / 3 , the
corresponding values of rf3 can be determined by adding graphically, point by point, the ordinates
of the / / 3 curve to the corresponding ordinates of the basic / / c u r v e - t h u s forming a new curve, d 3 ,
which represents the locus of all possible values of / / 3 with respect to rf3. The results of these
manipulations have been shown in figure 10. Also indicated is the solution which is represented by
points a, b, and c. These points were obtained in a manner similar to that given for the previous
case and can be substantiated likewise.
Based on these special cases, a procedure for solving a general case as represented by figure 11
can be outlined as follows:
(1) Compute and plot values for the basic P a n d / / c u r v e s as shown in figure 12.
(2) Subtract graphically, point by point, the abscissa values of the basic P curve from the
abscissa values of the basic H curve to form a new curve, H2.
(3) Add graphically, point by point, the ordinate values of the new H2 curve to the ordinate
values of the basic H curve to form a new curve, d2.
(4) Subtract graphically, point by point, the abscissa values of the basic P curve from the
abscissa values of the new d2 curve to form a new curve, / / 3 .
(5) Add graphically, point by point, the ordinate values of the new / / 3 curve to the ordinate
values of the basic H curve to form a new curve, rf3.
(6) Continue this composition process of subtracting abscissa values of the basic P curve
from those of each succeeding d curve to form new H curves, and add the ordinate values of
these new //curves successively to the ordinate values of the basic Hcurve to form new dcurves
312 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
until the dn and Hn curves are established. The composition procedure as described above can
be represented symbolically as:
H- P = H2 +H = d2 - P = H3 +H=d3 . . . Hn +H = dn
in which the (—) indicates point by point subtraction of abscissa values of curves, and the ( + )
indicates point by point addition of the ordinate values of curves.
(7) The solution is then found graphically by stairstepping down from the intersection of
the dn curve with the basic P curve, which defines the deflection of the insulator immediately
adjacent to the conductor break and the horizontal tension in the span immediately adjacent
to the conductor break, to the Hn curve and across to the dn—\ curve and down to the Hn—\
curve and across to the dn—2 curve and down to the Hn—2 curve, etc. until the basic Hcurve
is reached. Each intersection of the converging stairstep with a d curve defines the deflection
of the insulator string which corresponds to the subscript of the curve and also the tension in
the span which is identified by the same subscript. Having established the deflections of each
insulator and the tension in each span from the conductor break to the dead end, the length
of each span and the corresponding sag can be computed by any standard method. The stairstep
procedure as described above can be represented symbolically as:
in which dnX P indicates the intersection of dn and P curves, the vertical arrows indicate a
vertical projection down from one curve to another, and the horizontal arrows indicate a
horizontal projection, left to right, from one curve to another. The circles indicate intersection
points of the stairstep with d curves, which points describe insulator deflections and conductor
tensions.
From the procedure as outlined to this point, a question as to the physical possibility of
constructing all of the indicated number of curves for a case in which the nearest dead end is a very
great number of spans away from the conductor break might logically be raised. Such a question
immediately suggests trying to find the limiting locus of the dn and Hn curves. Fortunately, this can
be done with a fair degree of accuracy. By following the procedure as outlined above until five or
six d and corresponding H curves have been constructed, a tendency of convergence can be noted
regarding the space relations of the intersection points of the d curves with the basic Pcurve. Upon
examining these space relations closely, it will be found that a geometric series can be arranged which
will very closely describe this tendency. T h e n , it is but a simple m a t t e r to test the series for
convergence and find its sum which, if existent, will describe the space relations of the intersection
point of the dn curve. The location can be established by drawing a curve through this point and
the HQ point such that it appears to be a member of the family of curves thus far established. In
many cases, this will be a straight line for practical purposes. From the dn curve, the Hn curve is
easily established by subtracting abscissa values of the basic P curve, point by point, from those of
the dn curve. By stairstepping down between these curves from the intersection point of the dn curve
with the basic .Pcurve to the HQ point, and noting the intersection points of the converging stairstep
on the dn curve, the insulator deflection and tension value for each span progressing away from the
conductor break will be defined. These points present an interesting relation in that regardless of
the distance to the nearest dead end, the effects of a conductor breaking will be damped out for
practical purposes in a very few spans. This is in agreement with statements made by other authors
on this subject. Figure 16 illustrates in detail a solution for a typical problem by this procedure.
APPENDIX A 313
To substantiate the validity of stairstepping between only the dn and Hn curves, reason as follows:
Since the dn and Hn curves represent in theory the limiting positions of an unlimited number of
curves, it should be evident that these curves will have to be so indescribably close together that
for practical purposes one could not distinquish between the dn, the rf^—i, the dn—2-> o r even the
^rc-iooo curve. Likewise, it would be equally difficult to distinguish between the Hn, the Hn-\, the
Hn—2-> o r the ///i-iooo curve. Therefore, it is possible for the dn and Hn curves to represent such
a great number of curves in the family that the stairstep formula previously given reduces, for
practical purposes, to operating between the dn and Hn curves. While this aspect of the analysis may
appear academic only, actually it serves as the solution for the majority of preliminary problems
encountered in practice since it can represent any case in which the dead end is beyond a few spans
from the break in the conductor.
Another interesting and useful feature of this entire procedure is that the results can easily be
checked either graphically or by inspection in a manner such as has been shown in figures 4, 6, 8,
10 or 12. In this connection, care should be taken to check the ^intersection point with the basic
P curve and the dn and Hn curves by resolving them (that is, reversing the process of composition)
far enough to ensure that the H0 point is approached and not some other point on the horizontal
force scale. This feature prompts the question of accuracy. As with the other methods, accuracy can
be attained to any degree desired. With this method, curves drawn on a standard 11- by 15-inch
cross-section sheet as shown in figures 16 or 17, should offer sufficient accuracy for all but very special
cases.
2
Numbers in brackets refer to items in the Bibliography, section VI.
314 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Equivalent level span length = 2 (inclined span length) - (horizontal span length). (Safe limit =
20 percent slope)
This relation makes possible the conversion of any series of spans into a series of symmetrical spans
and leaves only one condition y e t t o be fulfilled-that of finding an equivalent series of equal length
spans. This can be done by using a relation given by Still[6].
L* +L23 +L 3 3 + . . . V
Ruling span length = \ /
V Ll+L2+L3+....Ln
T h e ruling span length is then the length of each span in the equivalent series of spans. Figure
16 gives the solution of a typical problem by this approximate method.
The more exact correction is accomplished by recognizing asymmetries as they actually exist and
treating them as such without recourse t o equivalent arrangements. Treatment of a problem o n this
basis requires a separate basic P a n d H curve for each span i n v o l v e d , and while possible, undue
difficulties would be experienced in computing the basic / / c u r v e s for nonsymmetrical spans. In order
to alleviate these difficulties, but with little or no sacrifice in accuracy, the H curves can be based
on the equivalent level span of each nonsymmetrical span thereby making possible the use of t h e
H curve relations as previously derived. T h e basic P curves required can be computed exactly as
previously outlined; however, for nonsymmetrical spans, t h e weight of c o n d u c t o r acting o n each
insulator must be taken as equal t o the weight of conductor from low point t o low point. This distance
can be measured on the plan-profile sheets describing the series of spans under study. Figure 13 is
given t o illustrate a typical problem.
The initial assumption that the conductor break occurs at midspan can be generalized under this
correction procedure by adjusting the basic P curve of the insulator immediately adjacent t o the
break t o account only for the actual length of conductor from the assumed break point t o the low
point of the conductor in the adjacent span. In this connection, it is interesting t o note that if the
conductor is assumed t o break next t o an insulator string and if the adjacent span were inclined so
that its low point would fall sufficiently far outside of the span, a negative weight or uplift would
act on the insulator string which could cause it t o deflect above the horizontal position which is
generally considered the limiting position.
The effects of structure deflection can also be incorporated into the basic P curves if the relation
between the structure deflection and the horizontal deflecting force is known t o the extent that a
descriptive curve similar in aspect t o the basic P curve can be drawn. B y adding, point by point,
the ordinates of this curve t o the basic P curve of each span, new curves describing the combined
effects of insulator and structure deflections will be formed and can be used in the procedure exactly
as t h e P c u r v e s are. B y a similar p r o c e d u r e , t h e e f f e c t s o f " h i n g e d " c r o s s a r m s m a y also b e
incorporated into the basic P curves.
Represented in figure 14 is a solution by this criteria for the typical case shown in figure 13. T h e
steps involved in this procedure can be outlined as follows:
(1) Compute a basic P curve for each insulator string t o be considered, based on actual
conductor weights as determined from low-point distances and based on other considerations
such as structure deflections, hinged crossarms, e t c .
(2) Compute a basic H curve for each span involved, based on the equivalent level span
for each actual span.
APPENDIX A 315
The justification for the above solution follows the same reasoning as given previously for the
general case as represented in figure 11. One question which could be raised in this connection
concerns the handling of a problem in which the dead end is a great distance away from the conductor
break. In this case, as in previous cases considered, the effects of the broken conductor will be damped
out for practical purposes in a few spans so that the first 6, 8, or 10 spans away from the break,
depending on the nature of the problem, are all that need be considered.
III-SUMMARY
To summarize, the discussion presented outlines a general method or procedure based on special
catenary relations for determining insulator and/or structure deflections and conductor tensions in
spans adjacent to a broken conductor. Knowing these deflections and tensions, the corresponding
conductor sags can be computed by the use of standard catenary relations. The method, while
graphical in nature, is capable of a high degree of accuracy and is straightforward; that is, it does
not involve the usual trial-and-error procedures. In appendix A-l which follows, a typical broken
conductor problem has been worked out and a comparison made of the results as obtained by this
method with those as obtained by another method.
IV-APPENDIX A-l
The Solution of a Typical Broken Conductor Problem.—In the following, a typical broken
conductor problem has been worked out to illustrate the techniques presented. For this purpose and
to facilitate a comparison of results, the typical problem used by Bissiri and Landau [4] has been
selected. The details of the problem are given in figure 15. The requirement is to find the sag and
tension in span A if the conductor breaks next to insulator No. 6.
By the approximate method the procedure is as follows:
(1) Using the nomograph given in figure 18, convert the series of given spans into a series
of level spans. Since all equivalent level span lengths are less than 2 feet more than the horizontal
span lengths shown, all spans will be assumed level without correction.
(2) Using the Ruling Span Computation Chart given in figure 18, convert the series of level
spans into a series of level equal spans. Take 970 feet as the span length for the equal level span
series.
(3) Using the H force formula, assume values for H\ and compute corresponding values
of <f>. These values are given in table A.
(4) Using the P force formula, assume values of d and compute corresponding values of
P. These values are given in table B.
316 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
(5) Plot the computed values as shown in figure 16 and manipulate the resulting P a n d H
curves according to the symbolic formula:
Since the program (as given by Bissiri and Landau) does not state the location of the nearest
dead end, the dead end will be assumed, first, a great distance away and, second, at insulator
No. 1 in span E.
(6) For the dead end a great distance away, the solution is given by the symbolic formula:
For the dead end at insulator No. 1, the solution is given by the symbolic formula:
@ XPI # 6 + @ ; #s - ® i # 4 + @ i # 3 + @
HE - P2 +HE' +HD =d3 - P3 =HD' +HC = d4 - P4 = # c ' +HB =ds - P3 =HB' +HA =d6 - P6 =HA'
@XP 6 IHB'^@IHC'^(QIHD'^@IHE'^@
Discussion of Results.—Considering the inherent differences between the methods used to solve
the typical problem, the results check each other as well as could be expected. The principal difference
between the methods lies in the assumption made by Bissiri and Landau that the conductor length
in the span adjacent to a break is increased by the length of the insulator string immediately adjacent
to the break. Theoretically, this would be true only if the weight distribution over the insulator string
were the same as that over the conductor, and if no concentrated loads such as holddown weights,
armor rods, vibration dampers, etc., were acting. Since the unit weight of an insulator string is usually
several times that of a conductor, the effects of such a discontinuity of weight distribution depend
on the relative magnitudes of the tension in the system to the total weight of conductor, insulators,
APPENDIX A 317
and concentrated loads comprising the system. Hence, the assumption made by Bissiri and Landau
has a varying effect, being more correct for long spans with high tensions than for short spans with
low tensions.
V - A P P E N D I X A-2
To facilitate certain computations such as made in Appendix A-l, a Ruling Span Computation
Chart and a Sag and Tension Computation Chart have been devised. These are self-explanatory and
are given on the following pages as figures 18 and 19, respectively.
Figure 20 shows a typical set of data by which preliminary studies of the effects of a broken
conductor can be facilitated. The span-tension curves have been plotted from data computed for
several specific ruling span lengths by the approximate method as presented herein.
318 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
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H0 sinh 1±
2HX 2H. AE
0 = Z,O- sinh
w Ht
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
= 12.58 ft = 150.96 in
d_ d p
^2 ^3 ^4 ^5 6
d cos0
i i cos 9 H>=1750 W=1546 W=1609 W =1766 H>=730
Hn X Wr H„ t H Hn X H H„ I H Hn + H Hn
d - Horizontal displacement
of insulator string.
i - Length of insulator string.
v - Vertical displacement of
insulator string.
6 - Angle of deflection of
insulator string.
w,- Weight of insulator string.
w 2 - Weight of conductor acting
on insulator string
W - Total vertical load = Y + W 2 -
P - Horizontal force caused by w when the insulator string
is deflected by an angle e.
P'- Horizontal force required to deflect the insulator string
by an angle 6 when a load w is acting.
FIGURE 3
104-D-1122
APPENDIX A 323
FIGURE 6
104-D-1123
324 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
FIGURE 8
104-D-1124
APPENDIX A
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104-D-1125
326 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
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104-D-1126
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328 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
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104-D-1130
APPENDIX A 331
VI-BIBLIOGRAPHY
Technical Journals
[1] Brown, R. S., "Stresses Produced in a Transmission Line by Breaking of a Conductor," Electrical World, vol. 6 1 ,
No. 13, pp. 673-676, March 29, 1913.
[2] Healy, E. S., and Wright, A. J., "Unbalanced Conductor Tensions," Trans, of AIEE, pp. 1064-1070, September,
1926.
[3] Den Hartog, J. P., "Calculation of Sags in a Transmission Line With a Broken Conductor," The Electric Journal,
vol. XXV, pp. 24-26, January, 1928.
[4] Bissiri, A., and Landau, M., "Broken Conductor Effect on Sags in Suspension Spans," Trans, of AIEE, vol, 66, pp.
1181-1188, 1947.
Technical Books
[5] Painton, E. T., "Mechanical Design of Overhead Electrical Transmission Lines," D. Van Nostrand Co., New York,
pp. 265-269, 1925.
[6] Still, A., "Electric Power Transmission," Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, pp. 137-138, 1927.
[7] Pender, H., Del Mar, W. A., and Mcllwain, K., "Electrical Engineers Handbook-Electric Power," Third Edition,
Section 14, pp. 71-73, 1936.
[8] Martin, J. S., "Sag Calculations by the Use of Martin's Tables," Copperweld Steel Co., Glassport, Pa., pp. 39-40,
1942.
332 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
131
w
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Q
<ue> S Tf
^x .— -c o ,
U- </)
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^0IXZ2'0= r H ) 2
, 0 1 x ( a H) 2
EQUIVALENT HORIZONTAL SPAN NOMOGRAPH NOTES
Equiv Horiz. Span (He[^ These charts are designed to facilitate
the computation of the ruling span length
C
4000- 20-i- for any series of suspension spans.
Vert The procedure for computing the ruling span
Span (v) length is as follows;
3000 + 1. Compute the Equivalent Horizontal Spa
30- (He) for each span in the series being
considered by using the nomograph w
2000 + 40+ is based on J.S.Martin's formula': He =
(Use only for spans of 20% slope or l
50-J- 2. The Ruling Span Length is then compu
1500 + 2 by using the relation: H rs =v£H e 3 /5:
3+ 6o4- the solution of which is facilitated
4 70 + using the Ruling Span Computation Ch
1000- 80 +
900: 90+ EXAMPLE
800- "100+ Problem: Find the ruling span length for a
series of level spans of lengths, He = 800
20 -+ 900, & 1000 f t .
c 600+ _ 30 +
o Solution: (Using the Ruling Span Chart),
H 40-
^ 500- c 50 + CL 1. Enter the equivalent horizontal scale
CO
at the span lengths given and read t
o 400 + a> 100 + ?200 + corresponding He3 values.
2. Add the He3& He values;
o ° 200-4- IH e = 2700: ZH e 3 =22.5xl0 8
x 300-
300^ 3. Enter the auxiliary bias lines at the
300+
value corresponding to IH e 3 =22.5xio 8
and read down the bias line to the
200 + 400+ intersection of the horizontal
ZH e =0.27x I0 4 line.
500- 1 - 4. Project vertically down from this po
to the Hrs scale and read the rulin
span length of 910 ft.
The purpose of this chart is to facilitate the computation 3. Project horizontally from this point to t
of transmission line conductor sags and tensions when to intersect the sag ratio curve.
any three of the elements - span length, unit weight, 4. From this point project vertically upward
sag, or tension are known and when accuracy beyond the the Base Span Aux. Bias Line.
first decimal place is not required. This chart is based on the 5. Thence, project horizontally -right or left
catenary functions as derived by J.S. Martin and given in the bias line corresponding to the span
the pamphlet "Sag Calculations By The Use Of Martin's in step (l) above.
Tables" published by the Copperweld Steel Company, 6. From this point project vertically downwa
Glassport, Pa. the sag scale and read the correspondin
The procedure for computing a sag value when the span feet
length, unit weight, and tension are known is as follows:
As an example, the following problem has been
1. Enter the span length scale at a point corresponding to Find the sag for a conductor which w
the equivalent level span length of the span under f t when the span length is MOO f t . an
consideration and project horizontally to the right to is 7000 lb.
intersect the bias line which corresponds to the unit Answer by chart: 23.9 ft.
weight of the conductor. Answer by more exact computation: 23.871 f
2. Project vertically -up or down- from this point to
intersect the bias line which corresponds to the
tension in tne conductor
FIGURE 19
(Sheet 2 of 2 )
336 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
6000
1
cr
o
K
O
D 5000
Q
Z
8
Z
OKE
-^of
\
m *000
CD
O
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1-
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UJ
o
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<
9000
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PAN
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^*
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<>
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z ^^^ ^•^^ii i
z ^^^'
OISN
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, 1000
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RIZONTAI
©/-
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2 0
600 800 1000 1200 1400
RULING SPAN LENGTH - FT.
FIGURE 20
(Sheet I of 2 )
104-D-1133
APPENDIX A 337
NOTES
These curves are to be u$*d in making preliminary determinations of conductor heights,
at crossings which warrant compliance with National and/or Local safety codes and
are based on the following-
Conductor - 795,000 CM. A.C.S.R. 2*/7 stranding.
Loading - I30°F. final noload with max load* 7500lbs. (§) 25°F. and 8*wind
Insulators - 16, 55A" x 10*suspension units.
The following example is given to illustrate the use of the curves shown to the left.
PROBLEM: Determine conductor heights at crossing shown below, making provisions
for required clearance under broken conductor conditions.
-3k-
=fe: Actual span
-€/?./?
PROCEDURE:
FIRST- From pertinent safety codes determine required clearance over crossing.
SECOND - Determine the ruling span from crossing span to nearest dead-end by.
*\| Li5 • Lj3* •• Note: L,,Litetc. are equivalent level spans, where the equivalent
\ L, • Lt • • • level span » 2 (Inclined span) - actual span.
THIRD - Enter the curves at the value of the ruling span as determined above and
using the curve which best describes the location of the nearest dead-end read
the corresponding value of horizontal tension. For dead-ends more than 5 spans
from break use curve No. 6.
FOURTH - Determine broken conductor sag and/or profile as required.
n u w H f 10.549 Lj\ ,1 H * Tension read from
Broken cond.sag ^yp^s cosh [ rr-^H -/ ; .. A
1.098 I \ H ' J pertinent curve.
In applying conductor profile to transmission line profile, the shift
in the span due to the conductor break need be considered only for
very short spans.
FIFTH - For a level crossing span, conductor height * required clr. +
broken cond. sag. For an inclined span, use height as indicated by
intercepts of the broken cond. profile on the structure center lines.
FIGURE 20
(Sheet 2 of 2)
« Appendix B
339
340 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
6 Mi les
*
/Township line
36 31 32 33 / 36 ]
7 34 i 35
/ •
1 6 5 4 3 2 1
a>
c
S. 12 7 8 9 10 II 12
c
13 18 17 16 15 14 13
I CO
0)l
CO
24 19 20 21 22 23 24 19
ac
T - 25 30 29 28 27 26 25 30
c
-
i
cz
o
cr
36 31 32 33 34 35 36 31
1
I
I I 6 i 5 ', 4 j \ 3 j 2 | I ! 6
i i
Township line-
Figure B-1.-Typical township showing section numbering. 104-D-1134.
APPENDIX B 341
I Mile
i
^ N 4- cor.
:TT\
k- o
o
-K
^.
^Center Sec. 15
US
y
Center S W ^
f^ KCenter S E T
F d*> *
I
NW i NE J-
Of NW j - Of NW j
sw i SEi
Of NW i Of NW i
1
15-
Typical £ Section
Figure B-2.-Typical land section showing corner and 1/16 designations. 104-D-1135.
342
CO
tronsnr always runs from
— o
left t. a key map or on
i
a plan Tiwing. The direction
(bearin e, as indicated on
o» o
Q . ^ — CZ
the pi drawin g, is related
-.
to the s given on an
JO
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c_
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azimu" ample!s are:
00
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&
ro
ro
CO
CO
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0ME 6'47"E
he angle point.
o
o
o
o
00
en
co
09'00"W
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CD
letters PI (point
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
f intersection) are
ZJ
sed as a prefix to
O
station to denote
n angle and to
ndicate the exact
^ Z'9Z + frO£9 D4S Id
j 41..00.90o£Z = V
CD
o • ——
•oint.
o
«
APPENDIX B 343
r3 = 87T3
f f 0 003l66fc3
M=
^)= fe)= -
If f is in N/mm2 and c is in mm, M is in N-mm. Dividing by
1000, M is in N-m. M = 3.166 x I0" 6 fc 3 N-m.
If f is in lb/in and c is in inches, M is in lb- n. Dividing by
12, M is in lb-ft. M = 2.638 xlO" 4 fc 3 lb-ft
Figure B-4.-Development of formula for maximum moment of resistance on wood poles. 104-D-1137.
J3
>
CO
CO
m
o
m
CO
O
c
>
NOTES
All figures on this map indicate ground resistivity
(Rho) in ohm-meters. This data is taken from
FCC figure M3, February 1954. The FCC data
indicates ground conductivity in millimhos per
meter.
Resistivities of special note from Transmission
Line Reference Book by EPRi in Ohm-meters
Sea water 0.01 to 1.0
Swampy ground. 10 to K>0
Pure slate 10000000
Sand stone IO0000 0O0
Pole Pole Western Red Cedar Douglas Fir and Southern Yellow Pine
Circumference Diameter / = 38.610 88 MPa / = 5600 lb/in2 / = 51.021 52 MPa / = 7400 lb/in2
c
mm in mm in N-m lb-ft N-m lb-ft
953 37.5 303 11.94 105 803 77 903 139 811 102 943
965 38.0 307 12.10 109 850 81 061 145 159 107 116
978 38.5 311 12.25 114 350 84 303 151 105 111400
991 39.0 315 12.41 118 971 87 630 157 211 115 797
1003 39.5 319 12.57 123 345 91044 162 992 120 308
1016 40.0 323 12.73 128 204 94 545 169 412 124 935
1029 40.5 328 12.89 133 188 98 135 175 999 129 679
1041 41.0 331 13.05 137 902 101 815 182 228 134 542
1054 41.5 336 13.21 143 133 105 586 189 141 139 524
1067 42.0 340 13.37 148 495 109 448 196 226 144 628
346 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Pole Pole Western Red Cedar Douglas Fir and Southern Yellow Pine
Circumference Diameter / = 38.610 88 MPa / = 5600 lb/in2 / = 51.021 52 MPa / = 7400 lb/in2
mm in mm in N-m lb-ft N«m lb-ft
1080 42.5 344 13.53 153 989 113 404 203 486 149 855
1092 43.0 348 13.69 159 180 117 454 210 345 155 207
1105 43.5 352 13.85 164 932 121 599 217 947 160 684
1118 44.0 356 14.01 170 822 125 840 225 730 166 289
1130 44.5 360 14.16 176 382 130 179 233 077 172 023
1143 45.0 364 14.32 182 540 134 617 241 214 177 886
1156 45.5 368 14.48 188 840 139 154 249 538 183 882
1168 46.0 372 14.64 194 782 143 792 257 390 190 011
1181 46.5 376 14.80 201 358 148 532 266 081 196 275
1194 47.0 380 14.96 208 081 153 375 274 964 202 674
1207 47.5 384 15.12 214 952 158 322 284 044 209 212
1219 48.0 388 15.28 221 427 163 375 292 600 215 888
1232 48.5 392 15.44 228 587 168 534 302 062 222 705
1245 49.0 396 15.60 235 900 173 800 311 725 229 664
1257 49.5 400 15.76 242 787 179 175 320 826 236 767
1270 50.0 404 15.92 250 398 184 660 330 883 244 015
1283 50.5 408 16.07 258 166 190 255 341 149 251 408
1295 51.0 412 16.23 265 478 195 962 350 811 258 950
1308 51.5 416 16.39 273 554 201 782 361 482 266 641
1321 52.0 420 16.55 281 792 207 717 372 368 274 483
1334 52.5 425 16.71 290 193 213 767 383 470 282 477
1346 53.0 428 16.87 298 095 219 933 393 912 290 625
1359 53.5 433 17.03 306 816 226 216 405 436 298 928
1372 54.0 437 17.19 315 706 232 618 417 183 307 388
1384 54.5 440 17.35 324 062 239 140 428 225 316 006
1397 55.0 445 17.51 333 280 245 782 440 406 324 783
1410 55.5 449 17.67 342 671 252 546 452 815 333 722
1422 56.0 453 17.83 351 495 259 434 464 475 342 823
1435 56.5 457 17.98 361 223 266 445 477 331 352 088
1448 57.0 461 18.14 371 130 273 581 490 422 361 518
1461 57.5 465 18.30 381 216 280 844 503 749 371 116
1473 58.0 469 18.46 390 686 288 235 516 264 380 882
1486 58.5 473 18.62 401 122 295 753 530 054 390 817
1499 59.0 477 18.78 411 742 303 402 544 088 400 924
1511 59.5 481 18.94 421 710 311 181 557 259 411 204
1524 60.0 485 19.10 432 688 319 092 571 767 421 657
1537 60.5 489 19.26 443 856 327 136 586 524 432 287
1549 61.0 493 19.42 454 333 335 314 600 369 443 094
1562 61.5 497 19.58 465 868 343 627 615 612 454 079
1575 62.0 501 19.74 477 597 352 077 631 111 465 244
1588 62.5 506 19.89 489 521 360 664 646 868 476 591
1600 63.0 509 20.05 500 703 369 389 661 643 488 121
1613 63.5 513 20.21 513 007 378 254 677 902 499 836
1626 64.0 518 20.37 525 511 387 260 694 425 511 736
1638 64.5 521 20.53 537 232 396 407 709 914 523 824
APPENDIX B 347
Pole pi Western Red Cedar Douglas Fir and Southern Yellow Pine
Circumference Diameter / = 38.610 88 MPa / = 5600 lb/in2 / = 51.021 52 MPa / = 7400 lb/in2
c
mm in mm in N»m lb«ft N-m lb-ft
1651 65.0 526 20.69 550 125 405 698 726 951 536 100
1664 65.5 530 20.85 563 223 415 132 744 259 548 567
1676 66.0 534 21.01 575 496 424 712 760 477 561 226
1689 66.5 538 21.17 588 992 434 437 778 311 574 078
1702 67.0 542 21.33 602 697 444 311 796 421 587 125
1715 67.5 546 21.49 616 613 454 332 814 810 600 368
1727 68.0 550 21.65 629 647 464 504 832 034 613 808
1740 68.5 554 21.80 643 974 474 826 850 965 627 448
1753 69.0 558 21.96 658 516 485 299 870 181 641 288
1765 69.5 562 22.12 672 132 495 926 888 174 655 331
1778 70.0 566 22.28 687 093 506 707 907 945 669 577
1791 70.5 570 22.44 702 275 517 642 928 006 684 027
1803 71.0 574 22.60 716 486 528 734 946 785 698 685
1816 71.5 578 22.76 732 096 539 984 967 412 713 550
1829 72.0 582 22.92 747 931 551 391 988 337 728 624
1842 72.5 586 23.08 763 993 562 959 1 009 562 743 910
1854 73.0 590 23.24 779 022 574 687 1 029 422 759 407
1867 73.5 594 23.40 795 524 586 576 1 051 228 775 119
1880 74.0 598 23.55 812 258 598 629 1 073 341 791 045
1892 74.5 602 23.71 827 911 610 845 1 094 026 807 189
1905 75.0 606 23.87 845 095 623 227 1 116 732 823 550
1918 75.5 610 24.03 862 514 635 775 1 139 751 840 131
1930 76.0 614 24.19 878 805 648 490 1 161 278 856 933
1943 76.5 618 24.35 896 683 661 374 1 184 902 873 958
1956 77.0 623 24.51 914 802 674 427 1 208 845 891 207
348 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Table B-3.—Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pine
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APPENDIX B 355
Table B-3.—Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pine—Continued
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358 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Table B-3.-Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pine—Continued
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APPENDIX B 361
Table B-3.-Pole <circumferences for Douglas fir and sou them yellow pine—Continued
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Table B-3.--Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pine--Continued
SOUTHERN YELLON P I N E AND DOUGLAS FIR 80 FOOT P O L E - C o n .
DISTANCE CLASS H- 3 CLASS H-2 CLASS H-l CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3
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Table B-3.— Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pine—Continued
SOUTHERN YELLON PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR 90 FOOT POLE—COn.
DISTANCE CLASS H-3 CLASS H-2 CLASS H-l CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3
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SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR 100 FOOT POLE-COn.
DISTANCE CLASS H-3 CLASS H-2 CLASS H-l CLASS 1 CLASS 2
FROM TOP CIRC. CIRC. CIRC. CIRC. CIRC.
FEET INCHES INCHES INCHES INCHES INCHES
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72 60.57 57.43 54.28 51.13 47.98
73 60.96 57.79 54.63 51.46 48.30
74 61.34 58.16 54.98 51.80 48.62
75 61.72 58.53 55.33 52.13 48.94
76 62.11 58.89 55.68 52.47 49.26
77 62.49 59.26 56.03 52.80 49.57
78 62.87 59.63 56.38 53.14 49.89
79 63.26 59.99 56.73 53.47 50.21
80 63.64 60.36 57.09 53.81 50.53
81 64.02 60.73 57.44 54.14 50.85
82 64.40 61.10 57.79 54.48 51.17
83 64.79 61.46 58.14 54.81 51.49
84 65.17 61.83 58.49 55.15 51.81
85 65.55 62.20 58.84 55.48 52.13
86 65.94 62.56 59.19 55.82 52.45
87 66.32 62.93 59.54 56.15 52.77
88 66.70 63.30 59.89 56.49 53.09
GROUND LINE (11 FEET, 0 INCHES)
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90 67.47 64.03 60.60 57.16 53.72
91 67.85 64.40 60.95 57.49 54.04
92 68.23 64.77 61.30 57.83 54.36
93 68.62 65.13 61.65 58.16 54.68
94 69.00 65.50 62.00 58.50 55.00
95 69.38 65.87 62.35 58.84 55.32
96 69.77 66.23 62.70 59.17 55.64
97 70.15 66.60 63.05 59.51 55.96
98 70.53 66.97 63.40 59.84 56.28
99 70.91 67.34 63.76 60.18 56.60
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APPENDIX B 379
Table B-3.—Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pine—Continued
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382 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Table B-3.~Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pine—Continued
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410 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
8 896 2 000 0.000 136 0.000 036 0.000 091 0.000 019 0.000 060 0.000 012
9 341 2 100 .000 142 .000 037 .000 096 .000 020 .000 063 .000 013
9 786 2 200 .000 147 .000 038 .000 100 .000 021 .000 066 .000 014
10 231 2 300 .000 154 .000 039 .000 105 .000 022 .000 070 .000 015
10 657 2 400 .000 162 .000 040 .000 110 .000 023 .000 074 .000 016
11 121 2 500 .000 170 .000 041 .000 115 .000 024 .000 078 .000 017
11 565 2 600 .000 179 .000 042 .000 120 .000 025 .000 082 .000 018
12 010 2 700 .000 188 .000 043 .000 125 .000 026 .000 086 .-000 019
12 455 2 800 .000 198 .000 045 .000 130 .000 027 .000 090 .000 020
12 900 2 900 .000 208 .000 047 .000 135 .000 028 .000 094 .000 021
13 345 3 000 .000 219 .000 049 .000 140 .000 029 .000 098 .000 022
13 789 3 100 .000 230 .000 052 .000 145 .000 030 .000 102 .000 023
14 234 3 200 .000 242 .000 055 .000 150 .000 031 .000 106 .000 024
14 679 3 300 .000 253 .000 058 .000 155 .000 032 .000 111 .000 025
15 124 3 400 .000 264 .000 061 .000 160 .000 033 .000 115 .000 026
15 569 3 500 .000 275 .000 064 .000 165 .000 034 .000 119 .000 027
16 014 3 600 .000 287 .000 068 .000 170 .000 035 .000 123 .000 028
16 458 3 700 .000 299 .000 072 .000 175 .000 036 .000 127 .000 029
16 903 3 800 .000 311 .000 076 .000 180 .000 037 .000 131 .000 030
17 348 3 900 .000 323 .000 081 .000 185 .000 038 .000 135 .000 031
17 793 4 000 .000 336 .000 086 .000 190 .000 040 .000 139 .000 032
18 238 4 100 .000 350 .000 092 .000 195 .000 041 .000 143 .000 033
18 682 4200 .000 365 .000 098 .000 202 .000 043 .000 148 .000 034
19 127 4 300 .000 381 .000 104 .000 208 .000 045 .000 152 .000 035
19 572 4 400 .000 398 .000 110 .000 214 .000 047 .000 156 .000 036
20 017 4 500 .000 416 .000 117 .000 220 .000 049 .000 160 .000 037
20 462 4 600 .000 435 .000 124 .000 227 .000 051 .000 164 .000 038
20 907 4 700 .000 455 .000 131 .000 234 .000 053 .000 168 .000 039
21 351 4 800 .000 475 .000 138 .000 242 .000 056 .000 172 .000 040
21 796 4 900 .000 496 .000 146 .000 250 .000 058 .000 176 .000 041
22 241 5 000 .000 519 .000 154 .000 259 .000 062 .000 180 .000 042
22 686 5 100 .000 544 .000 162 .000 268 .000 065 .000 185 .000 043
23 131 5 200 .000 571 .000 171 .000 277 .000 068 .000 190 .000 044
23 575 5 300 .000 600 .000 180 .000 286 .000 071 .000 195 .000 045
24 020 5 400 .000 631 .000 189 .000 295 .000 074 .000 200 .000 046
24 465 5 500 .000 199 .000 305 .000 077 .000 205 .000 047
24 910 5 600 .000 209 .000 315 .000 080 .000 210 .000 048
25 355 5 700 .000 219 .000 325 .000 083 .000 215 .000 049
25 800 5 800 .000 230 .000 335 .000 086 .000 220 .000 050
26 244 5 900 .000 241 .000 347 .000 089 .000 225 .000 051
26 689 6 000 .000 252 .000 359 .000 092 .000 230 .000 052
27 134 6 100 .000 263 .000 371 .000 095 .000 236 .000 053
27 576 6 200 .000 275 .000 382 .000 099 .000 243 .000 054
28 024 6 300 .000 287 .000 393 .000 103 .000 250 .000 056
28 468 6 400 .000 299 .000 405 .000 107 .000 257 .000 058
28 913 6 500 .000 311 .000 417 .000 111 .000 264 .000 060
29 358 6 600 .000 324 .000 429 .000 115 .000 271 .000 062
29 803 6 700 .000 337 .000 441 .000 119 .000 278 .000 064
30 248 6 800 .000 351 .000 453 .000 123 .000 285 .000 067
30 693 6 900 .000 365 .000 465 .000 128 .000 292 .000 070
APPENDIX B 421
31 137 7 000 0.000 380 0.000 477 0.000 133 0.000 299 0.000 073
31 582 7 100 .000 396 .000 489 .000 139 .000 306 .000 075
32 027 7 200 .000 413 .000 501 .000 146 .000 313 .000 078
32 472 7 300 .000 431 .000 513 .000 152 .000 320 .000 081
32 917 7 400 .000 451 .000 159 .000 327 .000 083
33 362 7 500 .000 472 .000 165 .000 334 .000 085
33 806 7 600 .000 493 .000 172 .000 341 .000 087
34 251 7 700 .000 515 .000 178 .000 348 .000 090
34 696 7 800 .000 185 .000 355 .000 093
35 141 7 900 .000 191 .000 363 .000 096
1.05 722 28.42 432 1417 1.28 547 21.54 2691 8 829
1.06 714 28.12 521 1709 1.29 540 21.24 2803 9 195
1.07 707 27.83 609 1999 1.30 532 20.94 2914 9 561
1.08 699 27.53 697 2287 1.31 524 20.64 3026 9 927
1.09 692 27.23 788 2584 1.32 517 20.35 3139 10 299
1.10 684 26.93 878 2881 1.33 509 20.05 3258 10 688
1.11 676 26.63 971 3186 1.34 502 19.75 3377 11 079
1.12 669 26.33 1065 3495 1.35 494 19.45 3497 11 474
1.13 661 26.03 1159 3804 1.36 486 19.15 3617 11 868
1.14 654 25.73 1253 4112 1.37 479 18.85 3740 12 270
1.15 646 25.43 1347 4418 1.38 471 18.55 3864 12 676
1.16 638 25.13 1440 4724 1.39 464 18.25 3987 13 082
1.17 631 24.83 1534 5034 1.40 456 17.95 4113 13 493
1.18 623 24.53 1638 5375 1.41 448 17.65 4238 13 904
1.19 616 24.24 1739 5705 1.42 441 17.35 4369 14 333
1.20 608 23.94 1843 6045 1.43 433 17.05 4501 14 768
1.21 600 23.64 1946 6386 1.44 426 16.76 4630 15 191
1.22 593 23.34 2050 6727 1.45 418 16.46 4765 15 632
Table B-11 .—Mass per unit volume and relative mass density of
wood species used for poles l
Green Air-dry Relative
Species (15 percent moisture content)
mass
kg/m 3 lb/ft 3 kg/m 3 lb/ft 3 density 2
Douglas-fir
Coast type 625 39 545 34 .45
Rocky Mountain type 657 41 480 30 .40
Pine
Jack 641 40 480 30 .40
Loblolly 3 849 53 577 36 .47
Lodgepole 625 39 464 29 .38
Longleaf3 881 55 657 41 .54
Ponder osa 721 45 448 28 .38
Red 785 49 496 31 .41
Shortleaf3 833 52 561 35 .46
Red cedar
Eastern 593 37 529 33 .44
Western 432 27 368 23 .31
White cedar
Atlantic 400 25 368 23 .31
Northern 432 27 352 22 .29
1
From "Wood Handbook," Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, Department of
Agriculture.
2
Based on volume when green, and mass when oven dry .
3
Part of southern yellow pine group .
Volume of pole
Metric U.S. Customary
7 6
V= 2.616 x 10" h{&{ + dxd2)m K= 1.818 x 10- 3 M d ^ + W 3
where, h = length of pole, m where, h = length of pole, ft
d\= diameter of pole at top, mm dx = diameter of pole at top, in
d2 = diameter of pole at bottom, mm d2 = diameter of pole at bottom, in
428 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
1
For ACSR conductors, the values shown apply only when the stress is borne by both
the steel and aluminum strands.
APPENDIX B 429
Force
To convert f r o m To Multiply by
crinal newton (N) * 1.000 E-01
dyne (dyn) newton (N) * 1.000 E-05
kilogram force (kgf) newton (N) *9.806 650
kilopond newton (N) *9.806 650
kip newton (N) 4.448 222 E+03
ounce force newton (N) 2.780 139 E-01
pound force (Ibf) newton (N) 4.448 222
poundal (pdl) newton (N) 1.382 550 E-01
ton force newton (N) 8.896 444 E+03
* Exact conversion.
* Exact conversion.
432 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
* Exact conversion.
Time
* Exact conversion.
APPENDIX B 433
Table B-15.—Selected Si-metric con versions—Continued
Length
* Exact conversion.
Linear density
* Exact conversion.
434 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Table B-15.—Selected Si-metric conversions—Continued
L oad concen tra tion
* Exact conversion.
Power
* Exact conversion.
APPENDIX B 435
Table B-15.—Selected Si-metric conversions-Continued
Mass
* Exact conversion.
a
European metric centner is 50 percent of this value; conversion factor presented
applies to the centner as used in the U.S.S.R.
Frequency
* Exact conversion.
436 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Pressure—Stress
* Exact conversion.
APPENDIX B 437
Table B-15.— Selected Si-metric conversions—Continued
Temperature
Scale
values
i*
g
X °C = - X +273.15 |-X+491.67
f X + 32 o
o
9
X °r =
f* fx + 32 4 x +273.15
4 jX +491.67 -
Intervals:
o
°C K °F °R r
9. 4_
1 °C= 1 K = 1
5 5
4
1 ° F = 1 °R = 1
9 9
5 9
1°r = 1
4 4
438 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN M A N U A L
Velocity—Speed
Angular (0/7"):
Linear (L/T)\
foot per second (ft/s) meter per second (m/s) *3.048 E-01
foot per minute (ft/min) meter per second (m/s) *5.080 E-03
foot per hour (ft/h) meter per second (m/s) 8.466 667 E-05
foot per day (ft/d) meter per second (m/s) 3.527 778 E-06
foot per year (ft/a) meter per second (m/s) 9.695 890 E-09
inch per second (in/s) meter per second (m/s) *2.540 E-02
inch per hour (in/h) meter per second (m/s) 7.055 556 E-06
kilometer per hour (km/h) meter per second (m/s) 2.777 778 E-01
knot [nautical miles per
hour] (kn) meter per second (m/s) 5.144 444 E-01
mile per hour (mi/h) meter per second (m/s) 4.470 400 E-01
meter per hour (m/h) meter per second (m/s) 2.777 778 E-04
meter per year (m/a) meter per second (m/s) 3.170 979 E-08
millimeter per second
(mm/s) meter per second (m/s) * 1.000 E-03
speed of light (c) meter per second (m/s) 2.997 925 E+08
* Exact conversion.
Torque—Bending moment
* Exact conversion.
a
The addition of the force designator may be desirable, e.g., Ibf-ft.
Most USBR engineers reverse the torque units, for example, foot-pound; this is
equivalent terminology.
APPENDIX B 439
Table B-15.— Selected Si-metric conversions—Continued
Volume—Capacity
.
To convert from To Multiply by
3
acre-foot [U.S. survey] (acre-ft) cubic meter (m ) 1.233 489 E+03
barrel [oil] (bbl) cubic meter (m 3 ) 1.589 873 E-01
barrel [water] (bbl) cubic meter (m 3 ) 1.192 405 E-01
board foot [1 ft x 1 ft x 1 in]
(fbm) cubic meter (m 3 ) 2.359 737 E-03
bushel [U.S., dry] (bu) cubic meter tm ) 3.523 907 E-02
3
cord cubic meter (m ) 3.624 556
cubic centimeter (cm 3 ) cubic meter (m 3 ) * 1.000 E-06
cubic decimeter (dm 3 ) cubic meter (m 3 ) * 1.000 E-03
cubic dekameter (dam 3 ) cubic meter m ) * 1.000 E+03
cubic foot (ft 3 ) cubic meter (m )
3
2.831 685 E-02
cubic inch (in 3 ) cubic meter (m )
3
1.638 706 E-05
cubic kilometer (km 3 ) cubic meter (m 3 ) * 1.000 E+09
cubic mile (mi 3 ) cubic meter (m 3 ) 4.168 182 E+09
cubic millimeter (mm 3 ) cubic meter (m 3 ) * 1.000 E-09
cubic yard (yd 3 ) cubic meter rn ) 7.645 549 E-01
cup cubic meter (m 3 ) 2.359 737 E-03
firkin cubic meter (m 3 ) 3.406 871 E-02
fluid dram cubic meter (m 3 ) 3.696 691 E-06
fluid ounce [U.S.] (fl.oz.) cubic meter (m 3 ) 2.957 353 E-05
gallon [Imperial] cubic meter m 3 ) 4.546 060 E-03
gallon [U.S., dry] cubic meter (m 3 ) 4.404 884 E-03
gallon [U.S., liquid] (gal) cubic meter (m 3 ) 3.785 412 E-03
gill [U.S.] cubic meter m 3 ) 1.182 941 E-04
kiloliter (kL) cubic meter m 3 ) * 1.000
3
liter (L) cubic meter m ) * 1.000 E-03
megaliter (ML) cubic meter m 3 ) * 1.000 E+03
milliliter (mL) cubic meter m 3 ) * 1.000 E-06
peck [U.S.] cubic meter m 3 ) 8.809 768 E-03
pint [U.S., dry] cubic meter m 3 ) 5.506 105 E-04
pint [U.S., liquid] cubic meter m 3 ) 4.731 765 E-04
quart [U.S., dry] cubic meter m 3 ) 1.101 221 E-03
quart [U.S., liquid] cubic meter m 3 ) 9.463 529 E-04
stere [timber] cubic meter ' m 3 ) * 1.000
tablespoon cubic meter m 3 ) 1.478 676 E-05
teaspoon cubic meter m 3 ) 4.928 922 E-06
ton [sea freight or shipping
capacity] cubic meter i m 3 ) 1.132 674
ton [internal cap. of ships or
register ton] cubic meter i m3) 2.831 685
ton [vol. of oil] cubic meter i m3) 6.700 179
ton [timber] cubic meter l m3) 1.415842
tun [U.S., liquid] cubic meter I m3) 9.539 238 E-01
* Exact conversion.
«Appendix C
The tables in this appendix have been prepared for ACSR conductor based upon conductor data
and stress-strain and creep curves prepared by the Aluminum Association. The Alumoweld data are
based on information from Copperweld Steel Co., and the steel data are based on American Steel
and Wire Co. (U.S. Steel) catalog information.
Initial modulus values shown in the tables were determined from the average slope of the initial
loading curve between the point where the entire conductor starts to share the load and the point
at 50 percent of the ultimate strength.
Permanent set values were determined at 50 percent of the conductor ultimate strength as it
represents the maximum stress permitted under full load conditions.
Creep values were determined at 18 percent of the ultimate strength of the conductor because
this would be about equal to the 15.5 ° C (60 ° F ) final no-load tension on a conductor.
441
442 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Table CA.—Permanent set, creep, and initial and final
modulus values (metric)
1
Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.
APPENDIX C 443
Initial
Stress, Permanent modulus,
MPa set
GPa
6.89 .00002236
13.79 .00003009 79.271
20.68 .00003766 79.351
27.58 .00004518 79.389
34.47 .00005282 79.383
41.37 .00006070 79.335
48.26 .00006896 79.244
55.16 .00007776 79.112
62.05 .00008723 78.939
68.95 .00009751 78.726
75.84 .00010874 78.474
82.74 .00012106 78.186
89.63 .00013462 77.862
96.53 .00014955 77.505
103.42 .00016600 77.115
110.32 .00018410 76.696
117.21 .00020401 76.249
124.11 .00022585 75.776
131.00 .00024977 75.280
137.90 .00027591 74.761
144.79 .00030442 74.223
151.69 .00033543 73.666
158.58 .00036908 73.094
165.48 .00040552 72.507
172.37 .00044488 71.909
179.26 .00048731 71.299
186.16 .00053295 70.680
193.05 .00058194 70.054
199.95 .00063441 69.421
206.84 .00069052 68.784
213.74 .00075040 68.143
220.63 .00081419 67.500
227.53 .00088204 66.856
234.42 .00095408 66.211
Final
Code Size, 10-year Tension1,
word mm2 creep1 modulus,
N
GPa
WAXW1NG 135.19 .00058691 5508.7 68.031
MERLIN 170.45 .00058702 6949.9 68.031
CHICKADEE 201.41 .00056698 7958.7 68.031
PELICAN 241.70 .00056019 9448.0 68.031
OSPREY 287.05 .00055702 10969.3 68.031
KINGBIRD 322.26 .00055886 12570.6 68.031
Final
Code Size, 10-year Tension 1 , modulus,
word mm 2 creep 1 N GPa
Initial
Stress, Permanent modulus,
MPa set GPa
6.89 [ .00004441
13.79 .00007736 53 . 900
20.68 .00010696 54=625
27.58 .00013378 55.288
34.47 .00015840 55 . 880
41.37 .00018138 56.395
48.26 .00020330 56 . 827
55.16 .00022474 57.170
62.05 .00024627 57 . 422
68.95 .00026846 57.581
75.84 .00029189 57 .. 646
82.74 .00031713 57.620
89.63 .00034475 57 . 506
96.53 .00037532 57.307
103.42 .00040943 57 . 029
110.32 .00044764 56.678
117.21 .00049053 56 . 2 6 2
124.11 .00053867 55.787
131.00 .00059263 55.259
! 137.90 .00065299 54.687
144.79 .00072033 54 . 077
151.69 .00079521 53.435
158.58 .00087821 52 . 767
165.48 .00096990 52 . 079
172.37 .00107086 51.375
179.26 .00118166 50.660
186.16 .00130287 49.939
193.05 .00143507 49.213
199.95 .00157883 48.487
Final
Code Size, 10-year Tension1
word mm2 creep1 modulus,
N
GPa
PARTR1DGE 135.19 .00050213 9047.6 74.188
OSTR1CH 152.01 .00050168 10168.6 74.188
LINNET 170.45 .00049623 11289.5 74.188
IBIS 201.41 .00048422 13051.0 74.188
HAWK 241.70 .00048255 15613.2 74.188
DOVE 281.98 .00047888 18095.3 74.188
SQUAB 306.55 .00047298 19456.4 74.188
GROSBEAK 322.26 .00046581 20177.0 74.188
STARL1NG 362.54 .00046675 22739.2 74.188
DRAKE 402.83 .00046583 25221.3 74.188
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448 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Final
Code Size, 10-year Tension1 modulus,
word mm2 creep1 N GPa
TERN 402.83 .00057764 17694.9 64.466
RUDDY 456.03 .00056147 19536.5 64.466
RAIL 483.39 .00056215 20737.5 64.466
ORTOLAN 523.67 .00055394 22178.7 64.466
BLUEJAY 563.96 .00055325 23860.1 64.466
BUNT 1NG 604.24 .00055490 25621.6 64.466
BITTERN 644.52 .00055412 27303.1 64.466
DIPPER 684.81 .00055343 28984.5 64.466
BOBOL1NK 725.09 .00055282 30665.9 64.466
NUTHATCH 765.37 .00054804 32107.1 64.466
LAPWING 805.65 [.00054776 33788.5 64.466
Initial
Stress, Permanent
modulus,
MPa set
GPa
6.89 .00007248
13.79 .00012961 42.020
20.68 .00017972 42.961
27.58 .00022409 43.828
34.47 .00026402 44.606
41.37 .00030081 45.278
48.26 .00033576 45.830
55.16 .00037017 46.251
62.05 .00040532 46.534
68.95 .00044251 46.679
75.84 .00048305 46.686
82.74 .00052822 46.562
89.63 .00057932 46.317
96.53 .00063765 45.963
103.42 .00070450 45.513
110.32 .00078118 44.982
117.21 .00086897 44.384
! 124.11 .00096917 43.731
131.00 .00108308 43.036
137.90 .00121199 42.309
144.79 .00135721 41.561
151.69 .00152002 40.799
158.58 .00170172 40.030
Final
Code Size, 10-year Tension1,
word mm2 creep1 modulus,
N
GPa
CONDOR 402.83 .00046434 22579.1 67.114
CANARY 456.03 .00046390 25541.6 67.114
CARDINAL 483.39 .00046369 27062.8 67.114
CURLEW 523.67 .00046347 29304.7 67.114
Initial
Stress, Permanent
set modulus,
MPa
GPa
6.89 .00005753
13.79 .00010350 46.368
20.68 .00014543 47.014
27.58 .00018402 47.606
34.47 .00021994 48.136
41.37 .00025388 48.598
48.26 .00028652 48.987
55.16 .00031856 49.297
62.05 .00035066 49.527
68.95 .00038352 49.674
75.84 .00041782 49.738
82.74 .00045425 49.721
89.63 .00049348 49.624
96.53 .00053621 49.453
103.42 .00058311 49.212
110.32 .00063487 48.907
117.21 .00069218 48.543
124.11 .00075571 48.126
131.00 .00082615 47.665
137.90 .00090420 47.163
144.79 .00099052 46.629
151.69 .00108580 46.066
158.58 .00119074 45.482
165.48 .00130600 44.879
172.37 .00143228 44.264
179.26 .00157026 43.639
Initial
Stress, Permanent modulus,
MPa set
GPa
6.89 I .00002892
13.79 .00006013 52.987
20.68 .00008941 53.386
27.58 .00011729 53.717
34.47 .00014431 53.976
41.37 .00017099 54.159
48.26 .00019788 54.267
55.16 .00022551 54.299
62.05 .00025441 54.254
68.95 .00028512 54.136
75.84 .00031817 53.948
82.74 .00035409 53.692
89.63 .00039342 53.374
96.53 .00043669 52.999
103.42 .00048444 52.571
110.32 .00053719 52.097
117.21 .00059549 51.582
124.11 .00065987 51.031
131.00 .00073086 50.451
137.90 .00080900 49.845
144.79 .00089482 49.219
151.69 .00098885 48.577
158.58 .00109163 47.923
165.48 .00120369 47.260
172.37 .00132557 46.592
179.26 .00145779 45.922
186.16 .00160090 45.251
Final
Code Size, 10-year Tension1, modulus,
word mm2 creep1 N GPa
CHUCKAR 901.93 .00071310 40834.5 66.811
BLUEBIRD 1092.45 .00069677 48280.8 66.811
1552.53 .00069663 68617.9 66.811
Initial
Stress, Permanent modulus,
MPa set GPa
6.89 0.00000000
13.79 .00003350 50.111
20.68 .00006531 50.590
27.58 .00009538 50.972
34.47 .00012455 51.251
41.37 .00015366 51.423
48.26 .00018356 51.487
55.16 .00021507 51.443
62.05 .00024904 51.296
68.95 .00028631 51.050
75.84 .00032772 50.713
82.74 .00037411 50.293
89.63 .00042632 49.799
96.53 .00048519 49.241
103.42 .00055156 48.628
110.32 .00062627 47.970
117.21 .00071016 47.275
124.11 .00080407 46.551
131.00 .00090885 45.807
137.90 .00102532 45.048
144.79 .00115433 44.280
151.69 .00129672 43.509
158.58 .00145333 42.737
165.48 .00162500 41.970
Size, Final
Code 10-year Tension1,
word AWGor creep1 modulus,
lb
kcmil lb/in2
TURKEY 6 .00046458 214. 11460000.
SWAN 4 .00045465 335. 11460000.
SPARROW 2 .00043810 513. 11460000.
ROBIN l .00043228 639. 11460000.
RAVEN 1/0 .00042251 788. 11460000.
QUAIL 2/0 .00040529 956. 11460000.
PIGEON 3/0 .00040014 1192. 11460000.
PENGUIN 4/0 .00040034 1503. 11460000.
Initial
Stres 5, Permanent
! modulus,
lb/in2 set
lb/in2
1000 .00005034
2000 .00006347 9960963.
3000 .00007589 9996316.
4000 .00008791 10021891.
5000 .00009981 10037502.
6000 .00011190 10043072.
7000 .00012448 10038633.
8000 .00013784 10024321.
9000 .00015228 10000376.
10000 .00016810 9967127.
11000 .00018560 9924989.
12000 .00020507 9874445.
13000 .00022682 9816035.
14000 .00025114 9750342.
15000 .00027834 9677978.
16000 .00030870 9599568.
17000 .00034253 9515745.
18000 .00038012 9427132.
19000 .00042178 9334340.
20000 .00046780 9237955.
21000 .00051848 9138534.
22000 .00057412 9036604.
23000 .00063501 8932655.
24000 .00070146 8827140.
25000 .00077376 8720474.
26000 .00085221 8613037.
27000 .00093712 8505170.
28000 .00102877 8397179.
29000 .00112746 8289339.
30000 .00123350 8181890.
Size, Final
Code AWGor 10-year Tension1, modulus,
word kcmil creep1 lb lb/in2
Initial
Stress, Permanent modulus,
lb/in2 set lb/in2
1000. .00002236
2000. .00003009 11497226.
3000. .00003766 11508882.
4000. .00004518 11514317.
5000. .00005282 11513518.
6000. .00006070 11506512.
7000. .00006896 11493358.
8000. .00007776 11474154.
9000. .00008723 11449026.
10000. .00009751 11418134.
11000. .00010874 11381666.
12000. .00012106 11339833.
13000. .00013462 11292869.
14000. .00014955 11241027.
15000. .00016600 11184574.
16000. .00018410 11123789.
17000. .00020401 11058958.
18000. .00022585 10990372.
19000. .00024977 10918326.
20000. .00027591 10843111.
21000. .00030442 10765016.
22000. .00033543 10684325.
23000. .00036908 10601313.
24000. .00040552 10516247.
25000. .00044488 10429384.
26000. .00048731 10340968.
27000. .00053295 10251233.
28000. .00058194 10160398.
29000. .00063441 10068672.
30000. .00069052 9976248.
31000. .00075040 9883309.
32000. .00081419 9790022.
33000. .00088204 9696544.
34000. .00095408 9603018.
Size, Final
Code AWGor 10-year Tension 1 , modulus,
word kcmil creep1 lb lb/in2
Initial
Stress, Permanent
modulus,
lb/irI 2 set
lb/in2
1000 . .00007997
2000 . .00011682 7236257.
3000 . .00015029 7326749.
4000 . .00018134 7402066.
5000 . .00021094 7460835.
6000 . .00024002 7502070.
7000 . .00026954 7525224.
8000 . .00030046 7530226.
9000 . .00033374 7517466.
10000 . .00037032 7487760.
11000 . .00041116 7442273.
12000 . .00045722 7382441.
13000 . .00050944 7309875.
1400C . .00056879 7226273.
1500C . .00063621 7133343.
1600C . .00071266 7032742.
1700C . .00079909 6926027.
1800C . .00089647 6814624.
1900C . .00100573 6699814.
2000C . .00112784 6582724.
2100C). .00126375 6464328.
2200C). .00141442 6345457.
2300C). .00158079 6226811.
2400C). .00176383 6108966.
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Code AWGor 10-year Tension 1 , modulus,
word kcmil creep1 lb lb/in2
Initial
Stres Permanent
modulus,
lb/irl2 set
lb/in2
1000 . .00007464
2000 . .00010656 8009304,
3000 . .00013679 8064029.
4000 . .00016568 8112144.
5000 . .00019357 8153295.
6000 . .00022078 8187189.
7000 . .00024767 8213600.
8000 . .00027456 8232378.
9000 . .00030180 8243448.
1000C . .00032973 8246813.
1100C . .00035868 8242554.
1200C>. .00038900 8230825.
1300C . .00042101 8211848.
1400C>. .00045507 8185905.
1500C). .00049150 8153331.
1600C). .00053065 8114503.
1700C). .00057285 8069834.
1800C). .00061844 8019760.
1900C). .00066777 7964731.
2000C). .00072116 7905206.
2100C). .00077897 7841642.
2200C). .00084152 7774488.
2300C). .00090915 7704182.
2400C). .00098221 7631143.
2500C). .00106103 7555770.
2600C). .00114595 7478440.
2700C). .00123731 7399503.
2800(). .00133544 7319286.
2900C). .00144069 7238088.
3000(). .00155340 7156184. '
1
Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.
Q
lodulus,
O o o o
R O o o o
Final
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modulus
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| ORIOLE
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| LARK
| HEN
H
458 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Size, Final
Code AWGor 10-year Tension 1 , modulus,
word kcmil creep1 lb lb/in2
TERN 795.0 .00057764 3978. 9350000.
RUDDY 900.0 .00056147 4392. 9350000.
RAIL 954.0 .00056215 4662. 9350000.
ORTOLAN 1,033.5 .00055394 4986. 9350000.
BLUEJAY 1,113.0 .00055325 5364. 9350000.
BUNTING 1,192.5 .00055490 5760. 9350000.
BITTERN 1,272.0 .00055412 6138. 9350000.
DIPPER 1,351.5 .00055343 6516. 9350000.
BOBOLINK 1,431.0 .00055282 6894. 9350000.
NUTHATCH 1,510.5 .00054804 7218. 9350000.
LAPWING 1,590.0 ,00054776 7596'. 9350000.
Initial
Stress, Permanent
modulus,
lb/in2 set
lb/in2
1000. .00007248
2000. .00012961 6094514.
3000. .00017972 6230875.
4000. .00022409 6356725.
5000. .00026402 6469544. 1
6000. .00030081 6566978.
7000. .00033576 6647001.
8000. .00037017 6708064.
9000. .00040532 6749205.
10000. .00044251 6770117.
11000. .00048305 6771136.
12000. .00052822 6753185.
13000. .00057932 6717665.
14000. .00063765 6666327.
15000. .00070450 6601128.
16000. .00078118 6524109.
17000. .00086897 6437290.
18000. .00096917 6342586.
19000. .00108308 6241760.
20000. .00121199 6136388.
21000. .00135721 6027851.
22000. .00152002 5917333.
23000. .00170172 5805834.
Size, Final
Code AWGor 10-year Tension1, modulus,
word kcmil creep1 lb lb/in2
Initial
Stress, Permanent modulus,
lb/in2 set lb/in2
1000. f .00005753
2000. .00010350 6725040.
3000. .00014543 6818757.
4000. .00018402 6904585.
5000. .00021994 6981488.
6000. .00025388 7048526.
7000. .00028652 7104893.
8000. .00031856 7149946.
9000. .00035066 7183242.
10000. .00038352 7204543.
11000. .00041782 7213835.
12000. .00045425 7211311.
13000. .00049348 7197364.
14000. .00053621 7172554.
15000. .00058311 7137584.
16000. .00063487 7093261.
17000. .00069218 7040465.
18000. .00075571 6980111.
19000. .00082615 6913128.
20000. .00090420 6840425.
21000. .00099052 6762878.
22000. .00108580 6681315.
23000. .00119074 6596501.
24000. .00130600 6509140.
25000. .00143228 6419866.
26000. .00157026 6329243.
Initial
Stress, Permanent modulus,
lb/in2 set lb/in2
1000. .00002892
2000. .00006013 7685036.
3000. .00008941 7742948.
4000. .00011729 7790922.
5000. .00014431 7828437.
6000. .00017099 7855119.
7000. .00019788 7870755.
8000. .00022551 7875301.
9000. .00025441 7868880.
10000. .00028512 7851773.
11000. .00031817 7824407.
12000. .00035409 7787332.
13000. .00039342 7741200.
14000. .00043669 7686737.
15000. .00048444 7624723.
16000. .00053719 7555962.
17000. .00059549 7481264.
18000. .00065987 7401427.
19000. .00073086 7317221.
20000. .00080900 7229375.
21000. .00089482 7138573.
22000. .00098885 7045445.
23000. .00109163 6950565.
24000. .00120369 6854451.
25000. .00132557 6757566.
26000. .00145779 6660319.
27000. .00160090 6563070.
Initial
Stress, Permanent modulus,
lb/in2 set lb/in2
1000. 1 0.00000000
2000. .00003350 7267970.
3000. .00006531 7337414.
4000. .00009538 7392798.
5000. .00012455 7433244.
6000. .00015366 7458197.
7000. .00018356 7467449.
8000. .00021507 7461150.
9000. .00024904 7439784.
10000. .00028631 7404137.
11000. .00032772 7355238.
12000. .00037411 7294302.
13000. .00042632 7222659.
14000. .00048519 7141699.
15000. .00055156 7052811.
16000. .00062627 6957345.
17000. .00071016 6856575.
18000. .00080407 6751677.
19000. .00090885 6643716.
20000. .00102532 6533641.
21000. .00115433 6422281.
22000. .00129672 6310355.
23000. .00145333 6198473.
24000. .00162500 6087152.
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Table C-3.—Conductor and overhead ground wire data (metric)'-Continued
Coeff. of
Ultimate 0.192
Wire type Diameter, Area, linear Force,
strength, win
and size mm mm 2 expansion, N/m N/m
N
per°C
9.525 ~mm HIGH STRENGTH 9.14 51.1 48040 .0000115 3.9841 1.7
1 9.525mm EXTRA HIGH STRENGTH 9.14 51.1 68502 .0000115 3.9841 1.7
11.113 mm HIGH STRENGTH 11.05 74.6 64498 .0000115 5.8230 2.
11.113 mm EXTRA HIGH STRENGTH 11.05 74.6 92522 .0000115 5.8230 2.
12.7 mm HIGH STRENGTH 12.57 96.6 83626 .0000115 7.5450 2.4
12.7 mm EXTRA HIGH STRENGTH 12.57 96.6 119656 .0000115 7.5450 2.4
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468 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
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H O o o o o o o CNJ i n * t
or
1 O T3 _j 1- ^ X Q or .5
T3 VH Q < z V o LU z z z o O or LU
o o >- or z _<j ^LU < X z - J cr <0 cr z — or \- 1 - z z or — X
o £ or — — o _ l LU—) — *: LU 0 LU — 1 LU
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LU
< CO _i o o h- o H- < 0- K LU
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Table C-4.-Conductor and overhead ground wire data (U.S. customary )-Conimx\z&
Coeff. of
Ultimate 4-lb/f
Wire type Diameter, Area, linear Weight,
strength, wind
and size in in2 expansion, lb/ft
lb lb/ft
per °F
3/8 INCH HIGH STRENGTH .360 .0792 10,800 .0000064 .27300 .120
3/8 INCH EXTRA HIGH STRENGTH .360 .0792 15,400 .0000064 .27300 .120
7/16 INCH HIGH STRENGTH .435 .1156 14,500 .0000064 .39900 .145
7/16 INCH EXTRA HIGH STRENGTH .435 .1156 20,800 .0000064 .39900 .145
1/2 INCH HIGH STRENGTH .495 .1497 18,800 .0000064 .51700 .165
1/2 INCH EXTRA HIGH STRENGTH .495 .1497 26.900 .0000064 .51700 .165
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APPENDIX C 471
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Table C-6.—Conductor and overhead ground wire values for NESC
light, medium, and heavy loading (U.S. customaryj-Continued
,3/8 INCH HS .2730 .2700 .4340 .4627 .2867 .7443 .8079 .453
3/8 INCH EHS .2730 .2700 .4340 .4627 .2867 .7443 .8079 .453
7/16 INCH HS .3990 .3263 .5654 .6120 .3117 .8868 .9806 .478
7/16 INCH EHS .3990 .3263 .5654 .6120 .3117 .8868 .9806 .478
1/2 INCH H S .5170 .3713 .6865 .7487 .3317 1.0189 1.1359 .498
1/2 INCH E H S .5170 .3713 .6865 .7487 .3317 1.0189 1.1359 .498
479
480 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Den Hartog, J. P., 50 clearance to conductor, 130, 131 (Calif.)
Density, 426, 427 in poor bearing soil, 274
Department of Energy, iii
Design instructions, 21
Design tensions (conductor), 128
Distance between low points, 128 H-frame wood-pole structures, 4
Double-circuit steel structures, 6 guying, 169
Douglas fir pole circumferences, 351 maximum design tensions, 128
Drawings maximum low-point distance, 153
guying chart, 209 maximum sum of adjacent spans, 156, 162
plan and profile, 32, 266 stresses, 213
project, 4
sag template, 32, 266
standard, 4
Ice loading, 27, 470, 474
steel structure limitation chart, 147
Impulse insulation level (value), 104, 112, 423
wood structure limitation chart, 205
Inclined spans, 38
sags and tensions, 28
stringing, 292
Effective span, 8 Initial loading condition, 26
Ehrenburg, D . O., 40 Initial modulus of elasticity, 13, 26, 442, 452
Elastic limit, 13 Insulation, 103
Electrical conductivity, < air-gap, 103, 112, 423
Ellipses, 130, 184 basic impulse level, 104
Elongation, 10, 26 safety factors, 106
Engineers cost estimate, selection tables, 107
Equations (survey), 300 withstand, 105
Insulator
effect, 77
extra units, 106
Factor of safety factor of safety, 128
California, 131 flashover characteristics, 423
insulation withstand, 105 impulse insulation value, 104, 112, 423
steel construction, 127 offset, 292
wood construction, 129 sideswing, 5 1 , 268
Farr, Holland H., iii strength requirement for steel structures, 135
Field data, 1 swing angle, 105, 112, 129, 131, 133, 142
Final loading condition, 26 vertical force, 141
Final modulus of elasticity, 13, 26, 442, 452 Isoceraunic level, 103
Flashover, 103
characteristics of insulators and air gaps, 423
critical impulse, 120
lightning, 107 Kientz, H. J., iii
60-Hz wet, 120
switching surge, 104
values of air gaps, 424
Land sections, 340, 341
Flattop construction, 4
Level spans
Footing
sags and tensions, 28
resistance, 103, 111
Lightning
surge resistance, 111
direct-stroke theory, 106
Fortescue, C. L., 106
impulse voltages, 103
protection, 103, 106
Line deflection angle, 128
Galloping conductors, 50 near a substation, 274
half- and full-sag ellipses, 130 resultant force, 169
vibrations, 284 Loading conditions, 2, 128
Grading the transmission line, 268 ACSR, 27
Graphic method for sag-tension calculations, 30 California, 3, 27, 130
Ground clearances, 34, 38 final, 26
on side slopes, 273 for galloping, 50
Ground resistivity, 111, 344 full load, 132
Guying chart, 127 initial, 26
construction of, 186 N E S C , 9, 26
Guys overhead ground wire, 28
calculations for, 169 Loading constants, 27
INDEX 481
Locating structures (see Structure spotting) Protection
Long-span construction, 7 lightning, 103
Losses Proximity effect, 104
corona, 284
Safety codes, 2, 28
California, 2, 26, 35, 130, 273
N E S C , 2, 93 N E S C , 2, 26, 132, 273, 275
clearances, 34, 273 Safety factor (see Factor of safety)
loading conditions, 27, 132 Sags and tensions, 25, 29
Nomenclature calculation form, 33
steel structures, 5, 133 calculations for, 30, 38
wood-pole structures, 4, 149 catenary versus parabola, 14, 25, 28
Normal span, 7 Copperweld charts, 30
Ehrenburg's method, 40
inclined spans, 28, 38, 292
initial and final loading conditions, 26
Oscillations (see Galloping conductors) insulator effect on, 29, 77
Outages level spans, 28
lightning, 111 loading conditions, 2, 27
Overhead ground wires, 108 loading constants, 27
data tables, 462, 466, 470, 474 Martin's tables, 29
loading conditions, 3 , 27 maximum tensions, 3 , 27
midspan clearances, 110 spans adjacent to a broken conductor, 29, 56
Overvoltages spans with concentrated loads, 29, 99
causes, 105 stringing, 292
lightning, 103 temperature for loading conditions, 3, 27
power frequency, 103 Sag template, 32
switching surges, 103 broken conductor, 67
for structure spotting, 266
inclined span, 38
Parabola, 14, 25, 28 Scale factors for structure limitation charts
Peek, F. W., 284 line deflection angle, 141 (steel), 151 (wood)
Permanent set, 10, 26 low point, 140 (steel), 149 (wood)
definition, 13 sum of adjacent spans, 141 (steel), 152 (wood)
values for ACSR, 442, 452 Section numbering, 340
values for Alumoweld strand, 419 Selection of
values for steel strand, 420 conductor, 9
Peterson, W. S., 284 ruling span, 8
Pole circumferences type of construction, 4
Douglas fir, 351 Sheaves
southern yellow pine, 351 for stringing, 292
western red cedar, 385 Shield angle, 103, 108
Pole ground wire, 128 Sideswing, 5 1 , 268
Power frequency operating voltages, 103 angle, 105, 112, 129, 131, 133, 142
causes of overvoltages, 105 SI metric, 431
Power loss, 284 Single-circuit steel structure, 5, 133
Pressure due to wind, 429 Single span limits on structures, 183
Priest, F. F., iii, 99 Single wood-pole structure, 4
Proportional limit, 13 Southern yellow pine
pole circumferences, 351
482 TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL
Spacing strength of insulators, 105 (wood), 135 (steel)
between conductors, 51 structure design, 130 (Calif.)
Spans sum of adjacent spans, 156, 162, 164
adjacent to broken conductor, 29, 56 sum of adjacent spans scale, 141 (steel), 152 (wood)
effective, 8 wind force on pole, 156
inclined, 28, 38 Structures
level, 28 adjacent to substation, 273
maximum permissable, 51 basic types of, 4
normal, 7 double-circuit steel, 6
ruling, 8 for special conditions, 4, 6
substation approach, 273 functional classes of, 4
with concentrated loads, 29, 99 grounding of, 111
with unbalanced loads, 29, 67 H-frame wood-pole, 4, 149
Standards for preparing structure limitation chart, 127 insulation for, 103
Station equations, 300 lightning protection, 103
Steel strand, 7-wire single-circuit steel, 5, 133
data tables, 465, 469 single wood-pole, 4
ice and wind load, 27, 473, 477 spotting, 266
initial and final modulus, 13, 26, 422 stresses in wood-pole, 213
loading conditions, 2, 26 Structure spotting, 29, 266
loading constants, 27 sag template, 32
loading tables, 473, 477 uplift, 268
permanent set, 420 Substations, 29, 273
sags and tensions (see Sags and tensions) Summary form, 23
stress-strain curves, 14 Sum of adjacent spans, 128 (steel), 156, 162 (wood)
Steel structures (see Structures) Survey equations, 300
Strength Suspension clamp, 292
basis for calculation, 128 Suspension insulator string
determining low-point distance, 153 flashover characteristics, 423
determining span length, 183 Switching surges, 103
determining sum of adjacent spans, 156, 162 Switchyards (see Substations)
limitation of single insulator string, 166
requirements of insulator string, 135 (steel)
Stresses
conductor, 10 Taps, 29, 99
voltage, 103, 112 Temperature
wood-pole structures, 213 coefficients of expansion, 428
Stress-strain curves, 10, 15 for loading conditions, 3 , 27
Stringing, 25 Template (see Sag template)
sag data, 292 Tensile testing, 10
Stroke current, 103 Tension (see also Sags and tensions)
Structure limitation chart, 127 calculation of, 29
angle of bias lines, 142 (steel), 152 (wood) conductor, 3, 25
angle of bias lines for insulators, 168 maximum design, 128, 130
basis for strength calculations, 128 overhead ground wire, 28
clearance patterns, 111 Tie-downs, 29, 99
conductor calculations, 135 (steel), 150 (wood) Township, 340
conductor clearances, 129, 131 (Calif.) Transmission line
construction of, 145 (steel), 185 (wood) data summary form, 23
data required for construction of, 132 (steel), 146 (wood) equations, 300
effect of hold downs, 156 grading the line, 268
full-load conditions, 132 Transpositions, 6
guying, 169, 176, 179, 182 Triangular construction, 4
insulator swing angles, 142 (steel) Types of construction
insulator swing limits, 129, 131 double-circuit steel, 6
insulator vertical force, 141 (steel), 150 (wood) H-frame wood-pole, 4
line deflection angle scale, 141 (steel), 151 (wood) selection of, 4
loading conditions, 3, 128 single-circuit steel, 5
low-point distance, 153 single wood-pole, 4
low-point scale, 140 (steel), 149 (wood)
maximum design tensions, 128
safety factors, 128, 131 Ultimate tensile strength, 422, 4 6 2 , 466
single span limits, 183 definition, 13
standards to follow, 127 Uplift (upstrain), 268
INDEX 483