DESIGNE OF FORMER FRINDLY SOLAR OPERATED SPRAY

PUMP

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

KARTHIK BALRAJ - 16221657

KERSON D - 16221658

KUGATHISAN S - 16221659

MACMILLAN I - 16221660

MANI SEKAR S - 16221661

MANIKANDAN L - 16221662

Under the guidance of

Mr.S.KANNAN,M.Tech
Principal

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

566, PASTOR LENSSEN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

LENSSEN NAGAR, KUTHENKULY - 627 104.
TIRUNELVELI DIST.
APRIL 2017 - 2018
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and the foremost, we thank the ALMIGHTY GOD for the
successful completion of the project.

We also thank our Rector Rev.Fr.Dr.Casimir Raj for their blessings

We also thank our Dean Rev.Fr.John Kennedy for his permission and
constructive criticism

We also express our sincere gratitude to our principal

Mr.S.Kannan.M.Tech. and Br.John Philip Xavier for his innovative ideas
and inputs.

We thank our HOD Mr.K.Ossalighan.M.E. for his help and support

We also thank our guide Mr.S.Kannan M.Tech., without whose support
the project could not have been completed
We thank all the staff members of Department of the Mechanical
Engineering for their co-operation
CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

1. SYNOPSIS

2. INTRODUCTION

3. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

4. WORKING PRINCIPLE

5. FABRICATION OF PARTS

6. DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM

7. ADAVANTAGES

8. APPLICATION

9. MAINTANENCE

10.LIST OF MATERIALS

11.COST ESTIMATION

12.PHOTOGRAPHS

13.CONCLUSION

14.REFERENCE
SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS
 This invention is about an agricultural pesticide sprayer, which uses solar
energy as source of power for spraying. It consists of a solar panel of 20 W capacity,
a 12V DC battery, charged by solar energy received by the solar panel, a DC motor,
operated by the battery, a pump, to spray the pesticide and a tank to hold the
pesticide (in the form of solution / liquid). The entire unit is portable and is operated
by one labour.

The discharge rate of the sprayer during laboratory and field conditions were
measured, the average discharge rate during both laboratory test and field test were
more or less same which was about 0.023 l/s (82.8 l/h). The performance evaluation
of the sprayer was carried out for spraying in different crops viz., cotton, green
gram, onion etc in farmer's fields. The walking speed of the operator is about 2.8
km/h and swath width of the sprayer is about 0.6 m, which corresponds to a
theoretical field capacity of about 0.17 hectare per hour. The effective field capacity
of the sprayer was observed to be 0.14 ha/h which corresponds to an average
coverage of 1 ha/day of 8 hours operation.

As the equipment does not use any other external source of power and that it
is operated by the user himself, it reduces drudgery, is quite economical and eco-
friendly as it uses solar energy which can be easily affordable by small and marginal
farmers. Further, its power can also be used for multi-purpose applications such as
charging the battery of mobile, operating the radio and lighting the domestic light
etc., which makes it more economically viable technology
Introduction
 INTRODUCTION

The applications of pesticides using spraying equipment play an important role. The
chemicals are widely used for increasing agricultural production through better insect and
pest management. Spraying is one of the most effective and efficient technique for
applying small quantity of liquid through fine droplets to protect the crops. In India, many
versions of hand operated and power operated spraying equipments are being used. At
present, the farmers generally using all kinds of manually operated knapsack sprayer which
can cover 0.4 ha/hr and motorized sprayer can cover 1.2-1.6 ha/hr for spraying of
pesticides on crops like cotton, red gram. Farmers are facing the problem of coverage of
large area within a short period of time as the pest attack is serious problem and spreads
quickly.

In the market, different versions of tractor operated or bullock operated sprayers are
available, many of the farmers generally spray 6–8 times in a season using manually
operated or motorized sprayer to cover large area within a short period of time. Modern
spraying technique will improve the operators comfort, safety and spraying effectiveness
which would go a long way in increasing crop yield.

Generally the power required for spraying is met out from either alone or
combination of human source and mechanical power viz., either petrol engine or dual fuel
engines for operating the pump. Sometimes the batteries are used for running the motor
which operates the pump for discharging the chemicals. But these batteries require
electricity for charging them. However, due to rapid rise in the price of fossil fuels and
their limited availability, there is now greater awareness of the need for development of
renewable energy gadgets, which is the need of the hour. Because of inadequate supply of
electricity, there is a frequent power cut and this situation is shill worse in the rural areas.
Hence, there is a greater scope for utilization of solar energy for generation of electricity
using solar photovoltaic cells and further to utilize the same for spraying, water pumping,
lighting etc.
Construction details
 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

This cell charges a 12 V DC battery which, in turn operates a DC motor. This motor activates a
pump which further pumps pesticide, stored in the form of a solution / liquid, through a nozzle,
thereby, creating a spray.

It consists of a slope adjustable pipe to adjust the slope / angle of solar panel, height
adjustable pipe to adjust the height of panel from the ground, a fluid tank with a cap to hold the
pesticide in the form of liquid / solution a metallic frame enclosing the tank and to which height
adjustable pipes are fixed, a 12 V battery and charge regulator compartment, fixed to the frame at the
bottom of the tank, a 12 V DC motor-pump, a spray lance for spraying the pesticide.

The spray lance, in turn consists of sufficiently long hose pipe, a spray nozzle, a valve for
starting and stopping the spray and also to control the flow rate of spray.

The spray unit is also provided with belt and a set of clamps to fasten the entire unit to the back
of the operator and also a cushion pad, glued on the tank, to provide cushioning effect when the entire
unit is resting on the back of the operator. From, which shows the cross section of the unit, provides a
better and clear understanding of the construction of the unit.
Working of the machine

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 A solar operated sprayer was developed for spraying which uses solar energy as source of
power. It consists of a solar panel of 20 W capacity, a 12V DC battery, a DC motor, operated by the
battery a pump, to spray the pesticide and a tank to hold the pesticide. The performance evaluation of
the sprayer, the effective field capacity of the sprayer was observed to be 0.14 ha/h which corresponds
to an average coverage of 1 ha/day of 8 hours operation.

As the equipment does not use any other external source of power and that it is operated by the
user himself, it reduces drudgery, is quite economical and eco-friendly as it uses solar energy which
can be easily affordable by small and marginal farmers. Further, its power can also be used for multi-
purpose applications such as charging the battery of mobile, operating the radio and lighting the
domestic light etc., which makes it more economically viable technology.
FABRICATION OF
PARTS
 FABRICATION OF PARTS

The term Robot means “to drudge or to do menial unpleasant work”.

Robotics may be defined as an applied engineering science that has been refined to
as a combination of machine tool technology and computer science. It includes such
seemingly diverse fields as machine design control theory, microelectronics,
artificial intelligence, human factors and production theory.

Now, we have to automatically control the spray paint robot by using solar
panel. The robot receives any signal through the hardware circuit arrangement.

The majority of people in North America and the world live in climates where
freezing temperatures are at least a possibility. Solar collectors are normally installed
outside and copper tubes are subject to bursting when water freezes and expands.
This alone makes untreated water unsuitable as a heat transfer fluid in solar
collectors. Ethylene Glycol, Propylene Glycol, Silicone Fluid and a variety of oils
have been used successfully in the past as heat transfer fluids. The lower specific
heat (ability to hold heat) of silicone and bray oil and their limited availability and
high price discourage wide usage today. Ethylene Glycol, better known as car
antifreeze, is a good choice except for its toxicity. We prefer a fifty percent solution
of non toxic propylene glycol and water as a heat transfer fluid in freezing climates.

A glycol system contains two entirely separate piping systems which are
called loops. The two piping systems or loops are connected through a device called
a heat exchanger. A simple, economical heat exchanger can be constructed of a 1/2"
copper pipe inside a 3/4" copper pipe. If the hot glycol solution is made to flow
through the larger tube and cold water through the smaller, the heat will be
exchanged and the water heated. This is called a single wall heat exchanger. Single
wall heat exchangers are prohibited by the national plumbing code since breaching
one pipe could possibly contaminate the domestic water loop if the glycol loop
contained a toxic fluid. All glycol systems should have a design where two pipe
walls must fail in order for the glycol loop fluid to mix with the potable (drinkable)
water system. Although double wall heat exchangers are more complex and
expensive, they should always be used in these systems.

A low head pump (3' to 12') is used to circulate the glycol solution. The water
in the DHW (Domestic Hot Water) loop can be circulated through the heat
exchanger with another low head pump or configured to thermosyphon.
Thermosyphoning uses the physics that hotter liquids are lighter and will naturally
rise. If the heat exchanger inlet connection can be placed and connected under or
near the bottom of the storage tank and the outlet piped to the top of the tank the
water will thermosyphon through the heat exchanger. The water will only flow if it is
being heated by the glycol loop.

When any liquid is heated it expands physically. In open loop systems this
expansion is not a problem since the extra pressure is absorbed through the entire
piping system in the house, well system or city water system. The glycol loop is
closed and an expansion tank of the proper size is required to prevent excessive
pressure in the loop.

A differential control is needed if two pumps are used in the glycol system. If
the system can be installed with a thermosyphon DHW loop a simple snap disc
switch or light sensing switch will normally be workable. If P.V., D.C. power is used
with a D.C. pump(s) and the components are sized correctly a control is usually not
necessary.
 Periodic maintenance of glycol systems must address two things, the
condition of the glycol and the hardness of the domestic water. Glycol solutions can
turn acidic after a few years of use. The solution should be checked with Litmus
paper or a P.H. meter every three to five years. Acidic glycol solutions should be
drained, purged with water and refilled with a new solution. Acidic solutions are
usually caused by overheating the glycol loop above 225°F. If the solar system is not
used for an extended period of time, the collector loop should be drained and the
fluid stored or the collector glazing should be covered. If hard water with high
mineral content is circulated through the DHW loop, the tubes in the heat exchanger
will eventually clog. This should be checked every three to five years depending on
water hardness and corrected with a light acidic solution (vinegar or itch 52)
circulated through the tubes until the deposits are gone. A heat exchanger that can be
taken apart can be cleaned with a wire brush. A correctly designed solar water heater
of this type can produce hot water in virtually any climate for decades.

Cylinder

Cylinders are made from special cast iron material with deep radial fins on the
outer side for quick heat dissipation. Each cylinder is saperately cast, precision
bored and honed for smooth running. Piston Cylinder Manufacturer, Piston
Cylinder Exporter, Piston Cylinder Supplier in Ahmedabad [India]

Crankshaft

Ovehung Crankshaft, with replacebale crankpin bush made from special steel
material, is precision-ground and runs with minimum vibration. The crankshaft
is balanced and rotates on two / three ball bearings.
CONNECTING RODS

Connecting Rods are one piece with solid end construction and do not
require any adjustment. Connecting Rod Manufacturer, Connecting Rods Exporter,
Supplier India, Connecting Rod

Finger Valves

Finger Valves and Concentric Ring Valves are made of high quality stainless steel.
All the valves are very easy to desmantle for servicing

Pressure Plate

The material of Pressure Plate is made from M. S. Steel and grade casting
material as per the size is required. We do lapping work after the grinding works on
the plate and that’s why after attaching finger valve the chances of leakage don’t
exists. Each and every part is inspected by supervisor.

Solar cell

Solar cells are converters. They take the energy from sunlight and convert
that energy into another form of energy, electricity. Solar cells convert sunlight
energy into electrical energy without any moving parts, noise, pollution, radiation, or
maintenance. The conversion of sunlight into electricity is made possible with the
special properties of semi-conducting Materials

A conventional solar cell comprises of an N-type and a P-type material

sandwiched together.

A typical silicon solar cell is made from p-type silicon semiconductor which is
silicon which has been doped by introducing a small amount of an element such as
B, Al, in or Ga from Group III of the Periodic Table. Then a thin layer of about 1
micrometer thickness on the top surface is converted into n-type semiconductor by
diffusing in a Group V element (As, P, Sb). Where this layer joins the p-type
material there is a p-n junction, which has an electric field across it. Electrodes are
formed on the top and bottom surfaces of the cell, that on the top being made so that
light can pass through it. These electrodes are used to connect the cell into the solar
array.

When sunlight is shone on the top surface of the cell, photons in the sunlight (link
to Photons and Atomic Spectra) pass into the n-type layer and a proportion of them
are absorbed, giving rise to pairs of electrons and positively charged holes. These
move in opposite directions because of the electric field in the junction-- the
electrons to the n-type material and the holes to the p-type. The motions of these
charges cause an electric current to flow in the external circuit

When light is incident on the solar cell, electrons flow towards the N-type material.
Conversely, the electron holes flow towards the P-type material. This produces a
current which can be used to power an external load

The p-n junction is an electrical diode. If it is not illuminated and the electrode
connected to the p-type material is made positive, only a very tiny current will flow
through the cell. However, when it is illuminated, a large current will flow whose
amount depends on the intensity of the light. A 20mm by 40mm cell in full sunlight
will generate a current of about 300 mA at a potential of 0.53 V corresponding to a
power efficiency of 15%. Whilst silicon cells are the variety generally used, they
are not the only kind available. Gallium arsenide cells have a higher efficiency but
are more expensive. The cost is coming down however and no doubt they will come
into use in due course.

Introduction to How Solar Cell Works

You've probably seen calculators that have solar cells -- calculators that never
need batteries, and in some cases don't even have an off button. As long as you have
enough light, they seem to work forever. You may have seen larger solar panels -- on
emergency road signs or call boxes, on buoys, even in parking lots to power lights.
Although these larger panels aren't as common as solar powered calculators, they're
out there, and not that hard to spot if you know where to look. There are solar cell
arrays on satellites, where they are used to power the electrical systems.

You have probably also been hearing about the "solar revolution" for the last
20 years -- the idea that one day we will all use free electricity from the sun. This is
a seductive promise: On a bright, sunny day, the sun shines approximately 1,000
watts of energy per square meter of the planet's surface, and if we could collect all of
that energy we could easily power our homes and offices for free.

Converting Photons & Electrons

The solar cells that you see on calculators and satellites are photovoltaic cells
or modules (modules are simply a group of cells electrically connected and packaged
in one frame). Photovoltaics, as the word implies (photo = light, voltaic =
electricity), convert sunlight directly into electricity. Once used almost exclusively in
space, photovoltaics are used more and more in less exotic ways. They could even
power your house. How do these devices work?

Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called semiconductors

such as silicon, which is currently the most commonly used. Basically, when light
strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material.
This means that the energy of the absorbed light is transferred to the semiconductor.
The energy knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely. PV cells also all
have one or more electric fields that act to force electrons freed by light absorption
to flow in a certain direction. This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing
metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off to
use externally. For example, the current can power a calculator. This current,
together with the cell's voltage (which is a result of its built-in electric field or
fields), defines the power (or wattage) that the solar cell can produce.

Silicon

Silicon has some special chemical properties, especially in its crystalline

form. An atom of silicon has 14 electrons, arranged in three different shells. The first
two shells, those closest to the center, are completely full. The outer shell, however,
is only half full, having only four electrons. A silicon atom will always look for ways
to fill up its last shell (which would like to have eight electrons). To do this, it will
share electrons with four of its neighbor silicon atoms. It's like every atom holds
hands with its neighbors, except that in this case, each atom has four hands joined to
four neighbors. That's what forms the crystalline structure, and that structure turns
out to be important to this type of PV cell. We've now described pure, crystalline
silicon. Pure silicon is a poor conductor of electricity because none of its electrons
are free to move about, as electrons are in good conductors such as copper. Instead,
the electrons are all locked in the crystalline structure. The silicon in a solar cell is
modified slightly so that it will work as a solar cell.

Silicon in Solar Cells

A solar cell has silicon with impurities -- other atoms mixed in with the silicon
atoms, changing the way things work a bit. We usually think of impurities as
something undesirable, but in our case, our cell wouldn't work without them. These
impurities are actually put there on purpose. Consider silicon with an atom of
phosphorous here and there, maybe one for every million silicon atoms.
Phosphorous has five electrons in its outer shell, not four. It still bonds with its
silicon neighbor atoms, but in a sense, the phosphorous has one electron that doesn't
have anyone to hold hands with. It doesn't form part of a bond, but there is a positive
proton in the phosphorous nucleus holding it in place.

When energy is added to pure silicon, for example in the form of heat, it can
cause a few electrons to break free of their bonds and leave their atoms. A hole is left
behind in each case. These electrons then wander randomly around the crystalline
lattice looking for another hole to fall into. These electrons are called free carriers,
and can carry electrical current. There are so few of them in pure silicon, however,
that they aren't very useful. Our impure silicon with phosphorous atoms mixed in is
a different story. It turns out that it takes a lot less energy to knock loose one of our
"extra" phosphorous electrons because they aren't tied up in a bond -- their neighbors
aren't holding them back. As a result, most of these electrons do break free, and we
have a lot more free carriers than we would have in pure silicon. The process of
adding impurities on purpose is called doping, and when doped with phosphorous,
the resulting silicon is called N-type ("n" for negative) because of the prevalence of
free electrons. N-type doped silicon is a much better conductor than pure silicon is.

Actually, only part of our solar cell is N-type. The other part is doped with
boron, which has only three electrons in its outer shell instead of four, to become P-
type silicon. Instead of having free electrons, P-type silicon ("p" for positive) has
free holes. Holes really are just the absence of electrons, so they carry the opposite
(positive) charge. They move around just like electrons do.

N-type Plus P-type Silicon

The interesting part starts when you put N-type silicon together with P-type
silicon. Remember that every PV cell has at least one electric field. Without an
electric field, the cell wouldn't work, and this field forms when the N-type and P-
type silicon are in contact. Suddenly, the free electrons in the N side, which have
been looking all over for holes to fall into, see all the free holes on the P side, and
there's a mad rush to fill them in.
 Before now, our silicon was all electrically neutral. Our extra electrons were
balanced out by the extra protons in the phosphorous. Our missing electrons (holes)
were balanced out by the missing protons in the boron.

When the holes and electrons mix at the junction between N-type and P-type
silicon, however, that neutrality is disrupted. Do all the free electrons fill all the free
holes? No. If they did, then the whole arrangement wouldn't be very useful. Right at
the junction, however, they do mix and form a barrier, making it harder and harder
for electrons on the N side to cross to the P side. Eventually, equilibrium is reached,
and we have an electric field separating the two sides.

This electric field acts as a diode, allowing (and even pushing) electrons to
flow from the P side to the N side, but not the other way around. It's like a hill --
electrons can easily go down the hill (to the N side), but can't climb it (to the P side).
So we've got an electric field acting as a diode in which electrons can only move in
one direction. Let's see what happens when light hits the cell.

When Light Hits the Cell

When light, in the form of photons, hits our solar cell, its energy frees
electron-hole pairs. Each photon with enough energy will normally free exactly one
electron, and result in a free hole as well. If this happens close enough to the electric
field, or if free electron and free hole happen to wander into its range of influence,
the field will send the electron to the N side and the hole to the P side. This causes
further disruption of electrical neutrality, and if we provide an external current path,
electrons will flow through the path to their original side (the P side) to unite with
holes that the electric field sent there, doing work for us along the way. The electron
flow provides the current, and the cell's electric field causes a voltage. With both
current and voltage, we have power, which is the product of the two.

Energy Loss

Why does our solar cell absorb only about 15 percents of the sunlight's
energy? Visible light is only part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic
radiation is not monochromatic -- it is made up of a range of different wavelengths,
and therefore energy levels. (See How Special Relativity Works for a good
discussion of the electromagnetic spectrum.)

Light can be separated into different wavelengths, and we can see them in the
form of a rainbow. Since the light that hits our cell has photons of a wide range of
energies, it turns out that some of them won't have enough energy to form an
electron-hole pair. They'll simply pass through the cell as if it were transparent. Still
other photons have too much energy. Only a certain amount of energy, measured in
electron volts (eV) and defined by our cell material (about 1.1 eV for crystalline
silicon), is required to knock an electron loose. We call this the band gap energy of a
material. If a photon has more energy than the required amount, then the extra
energy is lost (unless a photon has twice the required energy, and can create more
than one electron-hole pair, but this effect is not significant). These two effects alone
account for the loss of around 70 percent of the radiation energy incident on our cell.

Why can't we choose a material with a really low band gap, so we can use
more of the photons? Unfortunately, our band gap also determines the strength
(voltage) of our electric field, and if it's too low, then what we make up in extra
current (by absorbing more photons), we lose by having a small voltage. Remember
that power is voltage times current. The optimal band gap, balancing these two
effects, is around 1.4 eV for a cell made from a single material.

We have other losses as well. Our electrons have to flow from one side of the
cell to the other through an external circuit. We can cover the bottom with a metal,
allowing for good conduction, but if we completely cover the top, then photons can't
get through the opaque conductor and we lose all of our current (in some cells,
transparent conductors are used on the top surface, but not in all). If we put our
contacts only at the sides of our cell, then the electrons have to travel an extremely
long distance (for an electron) to reach the contacts. Remember, silicon is a
semiconductor -- it's not nearly as good as a metal for transporting current. Its
internal resistance (called series resistance) is fairly high, and high resistance means
high losses. To minimize these losses, our cell is covered by a metallic contact grid
that shortens the distance that electrons have to travel while covering only a small
part of the cell surface. Even so, some photons are blocked by the grid, which can't
be too small or else its own resistance will be too high.

Finishing the Cell

There are a few more steps left before we can really use our cell. Silicon
happens to be a very shiny material, which means that it is very reflective. Photons
that are reflected can't be used by the cell. For that reason, an antireflective coating
is applied to the top of the cell to reduce reflection losses to less than 5 percent.

The final step is the glass cover plate that protects the cell from the elements.
PV modules are made by connecting several cells (usually 36) in series and parallel
to achieve useful levels of voltage and current, and putting them in a sturdy frame
complete with a glass cover and positive and negative terminals on the back..
 Single crystal silicon isn't the only material used in PV cells. Polycrystalline
silicon is also used in an attempt to cut manufacturing costs, although resulting cells
aren't as efficient as single crystal silicon. Amorphous silicon, which has no
crystalline structure, is also used, again in an attempt to reduce production costs.
Other materials used include gallium arsenide, copper indium diselenide and
cadmium telluride. Since different materials have different band gaps, they seem to
be "tuned" to different wavelengths, or photons of different energies. One way
efficiency has been improved is to use two or more layers of different materials with
different band gaps. The higher band gap material is on the surface, absorbing high-
energy photons while allowing lower-energy photons to be absorbed by the lower
band gap material beneath. This technique can result in much higher efficiencies.
Such cells, called multi-junction cells, can have more than one electric field.

Powering a House

Now that we have our PV module, what do we do with it? What would you
have to do to power your house with solar energy? Although it's not as simple as just
slapping some modules on your roof, it's not extremely difficult to do, either.

First of all, not every roof has the correct orientation or angle of inclination to
take advantage of the sun's energy. Non-tracking PV systems in the Northern
Hemisphere should point toward true south (this is the orientation). They should be
inclined at an angle equal to the area's latitude to absorb the maximum amount of
energy year-round.

A different orientation and/or inclination could be used if you want to

maximize energy production for the morning or afternoon, and/or the summer or
winter. Of course, the modules should never be shaded by nearby trees or buildings,
no matter the time of day or the time of year. In a PV module, even if just one of its
36 cells is shaded, power production will be reduced by more than half.

If you have a house with an unshaded, south-facing roof, you need to decide
what size system you need. This is complicated by the facts that your electricity
production depends on the weather, which is never completely predictable, and that
your electricity demand will also vary.

These hurdles are fairly easy to clear. Meteorological data gives average
monthly sunlight levels for different geographical areas. This takes into account
rainfall and cloudy days, as well as altitude, humidity, and other more subtle factors.
You should design for the worst month, so that you'll have enough electricity all
year. With that data, and knowing your average household demand (your utility bill
conveniently lets you know how much energy you use every month),there are simple
methods you can use to determine just how many PV modules you'll need. You'll
also need to decide on a system voltage, which you can control by deciding how
many modules to wire in series.

Obstacles

You may have already guessed a couple of problems that we'll have to solve.
First, what do we do when the sun isn't shining? Certainly, no one would accept only
having electricity during the day, and then only on clear days, if they have a choice.
We need energy storage -- batteries. Unfortunately, batteries add a lot of cost and
maintenance to the PV system. Currently, however, it's a necessity if you want to be
completely independent. One way around the problem is to connect your house to
the utility grid, buying power when you need it and selling to them when you
produce more than you need. This way, the utility acts as a practically infinite
storage system. The utility has to agree, of course, and in most cases will buy power
from you at a much lower price than their own selling price. You will also need
special equipment to make sure that the power you sell to your utility is synchronous
with theirs -- that it shares the same sinusoidal waveform and frequency. Safety is an
issue as well. The utility has to make sure that if there's a power outage in your
neighborhood; your PV system won't try to feed electricity into lines that a lineman
may think is dead. This is called islanding.

If you decide to use batteries, keep in mind that they will have to be
maintained, and then replaced after a certain number of years. The PV modules
should last 20 years or more, but batteries just don't have that kind of useful life.
Batteries in PV systems can also be very dangerous because of the energy they store
and the acidic electrolytes they contain, so you'll need a well-ventilated, non-
metallic enclosure for them.

Deep-cycle Batteries

What kind of batteries is used in PV systems? Although several different

kinds are commonly used, the one characteristic that they should all have in common
is that they are deep-cycle batteries. Unlike your car battery, which is a shallow-
cycle battery, deep-cycle batteries can discharge more of their stored energy while
still maintaining long life. Car batteries discharge a large current for a very short
time -- to start your car -- and are then immediately recharged as you drive. PV
batteries generally have to discharge a smaller current for a longer period (such as all
night), while being charged during the day.

The most commonly used deep-cycle batteries are lead-acid batteries (both
sealed and vented) and nickel-cadmium batteries. Nickel-cadmium batteries are
more expensive, but last longer and can be discharged more completely without
harm. Even deep-cycle lead-acid batteries can't be discharged 100 percent without
seriously shortening battery life, and generally, PV systems are designed to
discharge lead-acid batteries no more than 40 percent or 50 percent.

Also, the use of batteries requires the installation of another component called
a charge controller. Batteries last a lot longer if care is taken so that they aren't
overcharged or drained too much. That's what a charge controller does. Once the
batteries are fully charged, the charge controller doesn't let current from the PV
modules continue to flow into them. Similarly, once the batteries have been drained
to a certain predetermined level, controlled by measuring battery voltage, many
charge controllers will not allow more current to be drained from the batteries until
they have been recharged. The use of a charge controller is essential for long battery
life.

DC to AC

The other problem is that the electricity generated by your PV modules, and
extracted from your batteries if you choose to use them, is direct current, while the
electricity supplied by your utility (and the kind that every appliance in your house
uses) is alternating current.

You will need an inverter, a device that converts DC to AC. Most large
inverters will also allow you to automatically control how your system works. Some
PV modules, called AC modules, actually have an inverter already built into each
module, eliminating the need for a large, central inverter, and simplifying wiring
issues.
 Throw in the mounting hardware, wiring, junction boxes, grounding
equipment, overcurrent protection, DC and AC disconnects and other accessories
and you have yourself a system. Electrical codes must be followed (there's a section
in the National Electrical Code just for PV), and it's highly recommended that the
installation be done by a licensed electrician who has experience with PV systems.
Once installed, a PV system requires very little maintenance (especially if no
batteries are used), and will provide electricity cleanly and quietly for 20 years or
more.

If photovoltaics are such a wonderful source of free energy, then why doesn't
the whole world run on solar power? Some people have a flawed concept of solar
energy.

While it's true that sunlight is free, the electricity generated by PV systems is
not. As you can see from our discussion of a household PV system, quite a bit of
hardware is needed. Currently, an installed PV system will cost somewhere around
$9 per peak Watt. To give you an idea of how much a house system would cost, let's
consider the Solar House -- a model residential home in Raleigh, North Carolina,
with a PV system set up by the North Carolina Solar Center to demonstrate the
technology.

It's a fairly small home, and it is estimated that its 3.6-kW PV system covers
about half of the total electricity needs (this system doesn't use batteries -- it's
connected to the grid). Even so, at $9 per Watt, this installed system would cost you
around $32,000.

That's why PV is usually used in remote areas, far from a conventional source
of electricity. Right now, it simply can't compete with the utilities. Costs are coming
down as research is being done, however.

Researchers are confident that PV will one day be cost effective in urban
areas as well as remote ones. Part of the problem is that manufacturing needs to be
done on a large scale to reduce costs as much as possible. That kind of demand for
PV, however, won't exist until prices fall to competitive levels. It's a Catch-22
situation. Even so, demand and module efficiencies are constantly rising, prices are
falling, and the world is becoming increasingly aware of environmental concerns
associated with conventional power sources, making photovoltaics a technology
with a bright future.
Design of the system

DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

1. Implementation cost is less

2. Easy to install.
3. Maintenance is less, one time investment.
APPLICATION

APPLICATIONS
 The solar operated sprayer developed can also be used for multi applications. In
case of manually or power operated knapsack sprayer, they are only used in the field
during the spraying period, they are idle during other time. But solar sprayer can be
used both in field as well as the existing solar charge in the battery can be used for
multipurpose applications such as radio, charging the mobile and lighting the CFL bulb
of 18 W in night time by using a socket provided in the solar sprayer
MAINTANENCE

MAINTENANCE
 1. Battery Maintenance required
2. Crankshaft runs with minimum vibration

.
MATERIALS

LIST OF MATERIALS
 QUANTITY
NO MATERIAL NAME
[NOS]

1 Battery 1

2 Tank with Spray arrangement 1

3 Pump and solar array 1

4 Control valves 1
COST ESTIMATION

COST ESTIMATION
 QUANTITY
NO MATERIAL NAME AMOUNT (RS)
[NOS]

1 Battery 1 1000.00

2 Tank with Spray arrangement 1 1500.00

3 Pump and solar array 1 1500.00

4 Control valves and etc 1 1500.00

Total Rs.5500.00
 PHOTO OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC
BRAKE
 Conclusion

CONCLUSION

A solar operated sprayer was developed for spraying which uses solar energy as source of
power. It consists of a solar panel of 20 W capacity, a 12V DC battery, a DC motor, operated
by the battery a pump, to spray the pesticide and a tank to hold the pesticide. The performance
evaluation of the sprayer, the effective field capacity of the sprayer was observed to be 0.14
ha/h which corresponds to an average coverage of 1 ha/day of 8 hours operation. As the
equipment does not use any other external source of power and that it is operated by the user
himself, it reduces drudgery, is quite economical and eco-friendly as it uses solar energy which
can be easily affordable by small and marginal farmers. Further, its power can also be used for
multi-purpose applications such as charging the battery of mobile, operating the radio and
lighting the domestic light etc., which makes it more economically viable technology.
REFERENCE
 REFERENCE

1. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7857252/?reload=true
2. http://www.google.co.in/url?
url=http://www.ijritcc.org/download/conferences/NCITSE_2016/NCITSE_20
16_Track/1468559749_15-07-
2016.pdf&rct=j&frm=1&q=&esrc=s&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwiC6OqHnvXZA
hULuo8KHSkOBDsQFggpMAI&usg=AOvVaw0OSrxqcA0fFipVW7cIOE6f

3. http://www.google.co.in/url?
url=http://ijarse.com/images/fullpdf/188.pdf&rct=j&frm=1&q=&esrc=s&sa=
U&ved=0ahUKEwiC6OqHnvXZAhULuo8KHSkOBDsQFggxMAQ&usg=A
OvVaw1O7oV6rAv_7WEO1odofbD5