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DEFINITIONS

 Learning
- a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
 Behaviourism
- an approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the
role of the environment as a determinant of behavior
- tidak objektif, subjektif
 Conditioning
- The association between environmental stimuli and the organism’s responses
- Asosiasi antara stimulus dari lingkungan dan respon mahluk hidup itu sendiri

.ELICITED BEHAVIOUR (Respondent behavior)

- Salah satu respon yang terjadi secara otomatis karena adanya stimulus (intinya
responnya otomatis)
- Behavior drawn out by preceding stimulus
 A sneeze produced by a particle of dust
 A startle reaction to the sound of a gunshot
- Types of elicited behavior
 Reflexes (tjd scr otomatis, eg. bersin)
 Fixed action patterns

. A REFLEX is a relatively simple, automatic response to a stimulus

- Salivate in response to a drop of lemon juice (Tetesan air lemon)

- Blink in response to a puff of air
- Respon yg tjd scr tiba2 atau mendadak akan menimbulkan reaksi fisiologis (tegang,
otot2 mengencang)
- Orienting response – kita melakukan reflex tapi ada orientasi/objeknya – can involves
relatively major body movement (kita memberi perhatian kpd objek yang memberikan
reflex kpd kt)
- Flexion response: designed to ready us for fight
- Newborns have reflexes (bayi nengok ke jari yg menggelitik pipiny)
bayi baru lahir punya refleks2 tertentu
 Many reflexes are closely tied to survival
- Food consumption involves a chain of reflexes
 Salivation
 Peristaltis
- Vomiting reflex
 Expelling potentially poisonous substances from the digestive system

. REFLEX ARC (pokoknya ngasih sinyal ke otak)

Neural structure underlying some reflexes

Consist of sensory neuron (saraf dmn panca indra kita menangkap objek fisik yg ada di dalam
lingkungan kita), interneuron, and motor neuron (menugaskan otot2)
Responding to pain messages sent thru spinal cord is faster than waiting for message to reach and
be decoded by the brain

Jadi kalo ada pesan dari reseptor, otak gaperlu proses dulu tapi lgs ditangkap cepat dan lgs reflex.

Gambar: *interneuron in spinal cord

. FIXED ACTION PATTERN

Fixed action pattern is a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus

 Sometimes called “modal action patterns”

 Fixed action patterns tend to be unique to certain species
- Therefore sometimes called species-specific behaviours
- Ada respon yang terpola atau ada urutannya sendiri
- Ini unik, gasemua mahluk hidup memiliki pola yang sama
- Eg. 2 tikus diestrum dalam kandang mereka akan berantem

.SIMPLE MECHANISM OF LEARNING

Habituation and Sensitization

 The repeated presentation of an eliciting stimulus can alter the strength of the elicited
behavior
 Habituation:
- A decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentation of the
eliciting
- Stop attending to low-intensity background noises such as the
 Ticking of a clock  intensitasnya kecil dan bisa diabaikan (respon 0%)
 Distant noise of traffic  suara jauh dan volumenya kecil
 Sensitization
- An increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of
the eliciting stimulus
- Soldiers under attack generally do not habituate to the sound of artillery shells
exploding nearby. Instead, their startle reaction grows stronger (reflex berkaitan dengan
survive)
Spy survive dia bakal lari sekencang mungkin menjauhi bomnya
- Perilaku kita akan semakin meningkat karena ada stimulus nya gitu
 Effects of habituation and sensitization usually disappear when stimulus is not presented for
a period of time
 Repeated sessions of short-term hhabituation over time can lead to long-term habituation
 Sensitization often generalizes to other stimuli (example: post-traumatic stress disorder
generalizing artillery explosions to fireworks displays)
 Dishabituation-habituated responses can also reappear following presentation of seemingly
irrelevant novel stimulus
 Why does repeated exposure to certain stimuli sometimes result in habituation and
sometimes in sensitization?
- Low-intensity stimulus (example:ticking of a clock) results in habituation
- High-intensity stimulus (example: exploding artillery) results in sensitization
.OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY OF EMOTION

Explains after effects of strong emotional responses

Proposes that emotional event elicits two competing processes:

(1) A-process (or primary process) that is directly elicited by the evemt; closely correlates with
emotional event
(2) B-process (or opponent process) licited by the a-process and serves to counteract the
process (and maintain homeostasis); slow to increase and decrease

A-process: dia seneng pasa dapet kabar

B-process: setelah itu pas tau salah