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    Life-Span Development PDF

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    Danilo Magada

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    DEVELOPMENT JOHN W. SANTROCK MILESTONES OF DEVELOPMENT Experience life as it unfolds # Engage with real children developing over time. Test your ability to apply course content to real children, adolescents, and adults. McGraw Hills Milestones is a powerful tool that allows students to experience life as it unfolds, from infancy to late adulthood. ‘Milestones consists of two essential components that work together to capture key changes throughout the lifespan—Milestones of Child Development and Milestones: Transitions. In Milestones of Child Development, students track the early stages of physical, social, and emotional development. By watching one child over time or comparing various children, Milestones provides a unique, experiential learning environment that can only be achieved by watching real human development as it happens—all in pre-, transitional, and post-milestone segments, In Milestones: Transitions, students mect a series of people~-from teenagers to individuals in late adulthood--to hear individual perspectives on changes that occur throughout the the life span. Through a series of interviews, students are given the opportunity to think critically while exploring the differences in atti- tudes on everything from body image to changes in emotion, sexuality, cognitive processes, and death and dyi Watch Life Unfold ‘Where else can you watch real children reaching developmental milestones over time, from infancy through early childhood? bla by Mena Bsines nit of The Mer Com ‘Amer, New ert, NY 1000 Copyright ©2013 by Te McGee il Comping ferred: Pete inte Unie Se f Amen, Pew tons © 2011208, and 208 Ne prt of ‘stayin, witout he ro wn cone of Tw Mawel Compnin necting ut at itd on any atk or ther lactone urge o tans, bos for dane ning Some anil ining electronic and print component may ot be avaiable to asomers aus the Une Sate 1254567690 QVvRQvR 1098765032 A rod apeting om page th end of the ok ae comer bane of he op iat “he nto lite in the et were accra a thief pba. The inion of bie dhe nat an sndorsrent by he stort Mair and Mca doe ot use the LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT Fourteenth Edition JOHN W. SANTROCK University of Texas at Dallas ep \ Connect Learn Succeed ~) abla by McG bse ito The MEH Com ‘Amer, New ert, NY 1000 Copyright ©2013 by Te McC il Compania al ge ferred: Pete inte Unie Se f Amen, Pew tons © 2011208, and 208 Ne prt of ‘stayin, witout he ro wn cone of Tw Mawel Compnin necting ut at itd on any atk or ther lactone urge o tans, bos for dane ning Some anil ining elon an print component may ot be aval to esos the Une Sate 1254567690 QVvRQvR 1098765032 Senin Vie Pein, Prout & Makati: Kart Strand and Manager Alan McNama actor of Delon Dan Growdter orl Gordo: Sah Kiger Marketing Manage Ao elon aad Content Lienng Specs Cari K: Burger Pte Reval Jo Bln Companion aptar® Ine “ypc 112 Mon Prt Gunde Ubeary of Congres Cataloging Pblcton Data Sante Job W Tolespon development! ob W Sanrock, Unies of Tens at Das. — Foren ation ISBN s7.0-07 asa. — ISBN 0078098125 (sal pape) ecaay of the ifrmation peste a thse : With special appreciation to my mother, Ruth Santrock, and the memory of my father, John Santrock about the author John W. Santrock John Santeock recived his Ph.D. fom the University of Minnesota in 1973. He taught at the University of Charleston and the University of Georgia before joining the Pro- ‘gram in Psychology and Human Development at the University of Texas at Dallas, where he cu nly teaches a number of undergraduate courses and was given the University’ Effective Teaching Award in 2006, In 2010, he created the UT-Dallas Santrock undergraduate scholarship, an annual awed that is fiven to outstanding undergraduate students majoring in developmental psychology to enable them to atlend research ohn has been a member of the editorial boards of Child Development and Developmentl Pychology. His research on father custody is widely cited and used in expert witnes tes timony to promote flexibility and alternative considerations in custody disputes. John also has authored these exceptional McGraw-Hill texts: Children (12th edition), Adolescence (14th edition), A Topical Approach fo Lif-Span Development (6th edition), and Educational Pychology (Sth edition), Jn anrock tacingin nde coun Itespon devant. For many years, John was involved in tennis asa player, teaching professional, and coach of profesion tennis players [A the University of Miami (FD, the tennis team on which he played still holds the NCAA Division I record for most consecutive wins (137) in any sport. His wie, Mary Jou has a master degre in special education and has worked as teacher anda Reaktor He has two daughters—Tracy who also isa Realtor, and Jennifer, who isa medical sles specialist He has one granddaughter, Jordan, ge 21, curently an undergraduate student at Southern Methodist University and two grandsons, Ale age 8, and Luk, age 6 In the last two decades, John also has spent time painting expressionist at. SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 SECTION 5 SECTION 6 SECTION 7 SECTIONS SECTION 9 SECTION 10 PAN PERSPECTIVE 2 1 Introduction 4 ‘Appendix: Carers in Life-Span Development 44 BEGINNINGS 48 2 Biological Beginnings 50 3 Prenatal Development and Birth 76 INFANCY 106 4 Physical Development in Infancy 108 5 Cognitive Development in Infancy 142 6 Socloemotional Development in Infancy 175 EARLY CHILDHOOD 206 7. Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood 208 8 Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood 243 MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD 278 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood 280 10 Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood 316 ADOLESCENCE 352 11. Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence 354 12. Socioemational Development in Adolescence 386 EARLY ADULTHOOD 418 13. Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood 420 14 Socioemotional Development in Early Adulthood 450 MIDDLE ADULTHOOD 480 15. Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood 482, 16 Socioemotional Development in Middle Adulthood 508 LATE ADULTHOOD 532 17 Physical Development in Late Adulthood $34 18 Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood 564 19 Socigemotional Development in Late Adulthood 594 ENDINGS 620 20 Death, Dying, and Grieving 622 $}U9]U0D Jaq contents SECTION 1 THE LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE 2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 4 1 TheLie-spanPerspectve 6 “he lmporanc of tying Life Span Characteristic he LifeSpan CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Lui Vargo, ‘neal ChidPsyhologt 10 ‘CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT To LURE Improving amy Poiey 12 2 TheNature ofDevelopment 14 Biologia Copa ad Soiemotion Proceics15 PeriodsofDevdopment 15 TheSignieanceaf Ape 17 Developmental 2 Theotiesof Development 21 Prychoanalyte Theories 21 4 ResearchinLifepan Development 29 Methods or Cllcting Dats 29 Research Designs 32 Tae Span fResewch 34 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH Wheres “Uespan Research Publshed? 36 Conducting Ete Research 37 Minimizing as 37 (CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Pam foi ‘ZucatonolandDeveopmenalschoogit 38 smconnect connecting wih Connect 43 APPENDIX Careers in Life-Span Development 44 SECTION 2 BEGINNINGS 48 CHAPTER 2 Biological Beginnings 50 1 TheEvolutionsry Perspective $2 Satu Seletion apd Adaptive Behavior 52 retinaey Pycholgy 53 2 GeneticFoundations of Development 55 {Chromosomal and Gene Linked Abnormalities 50 (CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Hoy khmoet 3 Reproductive Chalengesand choles 63 Prenatal Diagnostic Tests 63 Infertyand Reproductive Tecnology 65 Adoption 65 CCONNECTINGTHROUGH RESEARCH 00 ‘Chien Coneved Trough nite eration ‘Show Significant erence in Developmental ‘ucomesin adolescence? 66 Parenting Adopted Chidren 67 4 Heredity Environment Interaction: The Nature Nurture Debate 68 ‘Behavior Gentcr “68 ered EnvonmentCoeeltions 62 ‘Shared and Nonshaed Environmental ‘he pigenetc View nd Gene x nviroament(G% E} Interaction 70 Conlon Aboat Heredity Environment acommect Connecting with Connect 75 CHAPTER 3 Prenatal Development and Birth 76 1 Prenatal Development 78 the Couneof Pratl Deveopest 78 Testslogy and Hazards to Presta Sova Petal Dewlopnent 90 2th 91 (CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Lindo Push Woerinhte MuieThempy 98 ‘Preterm and Low Birth Weigh afte 95 “Massage Thewpy Aflet the Mood and awe ef abit 98 3 The Postpartum Period 99 Phys Adjustments 99 Emotional and Piycholopie Adjustments 99 (CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Dane Sanford, “ChncolPsychologit ond Postpartum Expert 100 Bonding. 101 smcomedt connecting with Connect 104 SECTION 3 S INFANCY 106 CHAPTER 4 Physical Development in Infancy 108 1 Phys Growth and Development Inintancy 10 Patenscf rom 110 Heghand Weght 101 the Brin ID step iis ‘prong then tients on Young hide ginton nce 3 earn 21 2 Motor Development 122 “heDyunic yen View 122 eteses 123 Grom Moors 124 Fe Moor Sis 127 Sensory and Perceptual Development 128 ‘Wha Arenson and Percept? 128 The Ealogal View “129 Vial Perception 129 ewbomne Pecatonica 120 other sens ot Intemoda Reception 136 atr Notre nd Poca Development 197 exept Moe Comping 137 sacorrec Connecting th conact_ 11 CHAPTER 5 Cognitive Development in Infancy 142 1 PagetsTheoryof infant Development 144 TheSemorimotr tgs 46 valeting Piaget Semornotor Sage 18 “esearch Study nfs Undestanding of bet PemanenceondCavaty? 49 2 Lesming Remembering and Coneptutsing 152 Conditioning 132, {Concept Formation and Categorization 156 Individual Differences and Arseesment 158 Mensuresflnfant Development 158 (CONNECTING WITH CAREERS _Toose Thyssen Von Severn non Arsen Speci 152 Predicting Inteligence 159 4 Language Development 160 Defining Languoge 160, AanguapésRaleSyteme 161 ow Language Devdops 162 Biologia Environmental inences 165 ‘arent Can Fit nln and Tedder LanguogeDeveopment 168 ssconmect Connecting wth Connect 173 SECTION 4 CHAPTER 6 Socioemotional Development in Infancy 175 1 Emotionaland Personality Development 177 ‘Enon Devdopment 177 renting andthe chitsTenperment 184 enemy Devdopent 185 2 Soil Ovetatin Understanding and dtachment 187 Socal Orenttion’Undentding 187 EARLY CHILDHOOD 206 CHAPTER 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood 208 1 Physical changes 210 Body Gromth and Change 210 Motor Development 211 Seep 212 Neon and Ezercae 212 Mins and Death 214 2 Cognitvechanger 216 gets Properational Sage 216 Yygothys Theory 218 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE. Tootof ‘theMind 222 Information Procesing 222 Developmental schol Ty Designer and {ANGO Regionl Dreror 227 “Theory of Mind Mlerin chen wthAtisn? 229 2 Language Development 220 4 Early childhood Education 233 ‘Variations aly Childhood Education 24 eatin for Young Geen Who Are Disodvanaged 235 Idividel Direc in Atachnent 189 Caregiving pes and Attachment 192 Development Socal Newroscence and “Atachnent 193 2 SocielContents 192 ‘heFamly 196 hid cae 197 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS onda fitchl, the Qui and Quant of Child Care Act. Chilton? 199, Imconmect connecting ith Connect 203, ‘Drectorol Chien Sener ead Stor 237 CConrversesn Ely Childhood Edvaion 237 smconmedt connecting with Connect 247 CHAPTER 8 Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood 243 1 Emotional and Personality Development 245 motional Development 247 Moral Development 248 CCONNECTINGTHROUGH RESEARCH Ave SpeifeComponentsofPaening Linke Specie Enotonsehiden? 29 Gender 251 2 Families 255 Parenting 288 Child Marmont 258 ‘CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Dai Borin, “Marrageand arly Theopst_ 258 Sng Reitonsipsand Bit Order 261 ‘he Changing Fal ina Changing Society 262 ‘Communicating With Chien About Dore 265 3 Peer Relations Play, and Media/SreenTime 267, eer Reaone 258 Phy 269 Medi and Seen Tne 27 smconmedt Conecingwith Connect 275 SECTION 5 CHAPTER 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood 280 1 Physi Changesand Meath. 282 ‘ody Growth Change 22 TheBrin 22 Motor Dewdopment 29 eat Mean iene 284 CONNECTING ITH CAREERS Sharon Led ‘hstlespcat 8 “TheSepe of aabtes 387 acon ses 290 ogntive Changes 292 Paget CopntveDevcipmental Try 292 Inferno Procening 293 ‘Stele forinresing Children Ceatve Thinking 297, Imelignce 299 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH HowMuch ‘Does Enuronmen Afcinligens? 300 Exemes of etligence 205. 4 Language Development 307 ‘oeshlay Grammar and Mtalingisic Reading 308 Sling and Second Language Learning 309 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Shader Tomoyo, Bilngual Education Teacher 311 sscommedt Connecting with Connect 315 MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD 278 CHAPTER 10 Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood 316 1 Emotonaland PersonaltyDevelopment 318 these 38 Cnoeaung chiens Satesoom 32 nto eropment 331 Moral Deeopmen 323 Gender 8 Derlopmenal Changes in ate Chid Tebtosips 232 Porras Manager 382 ‘tachment 98 Septmies 38 2 Peers 398 ‘Developmental Change 335 Pests 38 Sochl Contin 336 Bathing 397 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH Wht Ae ‘he Popes Toling and oa atvoron i trees uh camn Vets ont Procol eMen?” 38 ene 399 4 Schools 240 Contnporary Approaches Student Lean 340 Secon Sus ii and Care 32 ChidPaychitst 348 i ssconnect Conecingwith Connect 380 SECTION 6 ef Xm ADOLESCENCE 352 CHAPTER 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence 354 1 Thenatureot Adolescence 356 2 Physical changes 358 Puberty 358 ‘TheBrain 361 Adolecnt Sexuaty 362 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Lynn lankensp, Tamiyond Consumer Scenes EAvator 365, Reducing adoecentPegnancy 38 2 lauesin Adolescent Heath 267 ‘Aalecent Hea 267 Substance Use nd Abuse 370 Entng Disorders 71 Taller Dot duce inking and Smoking a Young Adolescents? 372 4 Adolescent Cognition 373 Paget Theory 374 AdoleceatEgocentrm 375 Information Processing 375 Schools 378 “he Transon to Middle or Janie HighSchool 378 fc Schoos for Young Adlecets 379 igh School 378 BcoMECE Connecting with Connect 386 CHAPTER 12 Socioemotional Development in Adolescence 386 1 The Sl ett and Religious Spit tty 3 Telpousand Spinal Development 392 2 Families 294 Parental Monoring and Information Anonomy and Atachment 395, Parent AdslscentConict 385 Tiendihipe 297 Peer Groupe 397 (CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE. Efectie ‘dinefectve ShrategislorMaking ends 398 Datngand Romane Reaionhipe 392 4 caltureand Adolescent Development 401, ‘Cross-Cultural Comparisons 401 Bihicty 403 ‘The Media 403 5 Adolescent Problems 405 Juvenile Deingency 06 ‘CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Radney Hammond Heath Psychologist 407 Depresion and Ssiide 108 The ltrcation of Problems and Scere ‘Chen Are Mos Lieto Bnei From Early smconmect connecting with Connect 415 SECTION 7 EARLY ADULTHOOD 418 CHAPTER 13, Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood 420 1 Te ranton From Adolescence to ‘dutthood 422 ecmingan Ads 22 The Tanston om High Scoot Clege_ 24 CONNECTING ITHCAREERS Grcleot CobeeCoer Couey 25 2 Physica Devlopment 425 sal Pafrmne ed Devdopmst 28 eat 6 Exingand Weight 27 eg Exe 28 Satwance abuse 429 2 Sealy 481 Seal Atty in EnringAdaood 2 Sessa Ortoton ad Behan 82 Sexual Tamil netins 44 ‘Community Psychologist and ctr ofan awaioscnie 38 Fore Seal Behavior and Seal Drvaen Ave Seual Asauts on Clog Compuses? 437 4 cognttveDevelopment 438 CCopitive Stages 88 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENTTO LIFE. Fowand ‘Othe StategesorLiingoNore eatweLife #40 5 careersand Work 441 Developmental Change 442 Findings Put Perpose 42 Monitoring the Occupational Oulook 443 The inpactof Wook 413 Dine in the Workplace 45 smoonmect connecting with Connect 448 CHAPTER 14 Socioemotional Development in Early Adulthood 450 1 stabityand change From chhood toAduthood 452 ‘Atochment 453 2 aration Love and Close Relationships 456 TheticesofLove 457 Faling Ost oftone 59 CCONNECTINGTHROUGH RESEARCH What Are theFosnve Ouconestoa Ramen Reltonship Breakin? 460 3 Aduleitesyes 461 Sing Ads 461 Cobain Ads 46 Mario Adu 462 Divorced Ads 465 Remarid Ads 166 yond Lesbian Adults 466 4 Marriage and the Family 467 Making Mariage Work 467 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Jans kane, Paremeducator 471 ‘andAdepting nthe teath of Dvore 472 5 Gender Relationships and Sel Development 473 ‘Grnderand Commniciton 473 Wiomers Development 473 Merk Devdapment 474 ReoMmeCt Connecting with Connect 477 SECTION 8 MIDDLE ADULTHOOD 480 CHAPTER 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood 482 1 TheNtureof Middle Adthood 4 Chngigile a4 Dering Mile Adoood 485 2 Physical Devlopment 486 Pysel Change she “nes n Young Ads Cnet wh Conta eath henge? 489 ea, Dene Sean Cote 89 Serslty 2 cogntiveDevelopment 404 4 canes Mork andalore 499 ‘Workin Mii Carer Chalenge and Changes 500 Lewre 500 Raligion,Spinuality, and Meaning nLite 501 eligon Spey sd Ash Lee 501 eligon Sprite ad Heh 302 Meningie 502 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TOLIFE.feven “mal. ond coping "508 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS GabtlOyicen seconmedtComecinghConnect_ 507 CHAPTER 16 Socioemotional Development in Middle Adulthood 508 1 Personality Theoriesand Adult Development 510 Sugesof Adihood 510 Thelife Events Approach S13 stress and Personal Conlin Mile 514 Contexts of Mid Development 515 2 stability and change 517 Longin Studies 517 Conclasions $19 2 Close Relationships 520 ove and Marriage a Mie 521 Thetmpty Nestand Is Reiling 522 ‘Sates for Perens and The Young Adult hier 528 ‘Sing Rdstonsipsand Friendships 523 Grandparenting 524 Iotergenerational Relationships 525 “Mather and Daughters Oseipionsof royale te biter ot een Ponts int Development? 527 (CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Lllon Tol, Professor of sychologyandieSpan Development nd esercharonFamiesand ‘sing Women 528 aooMreG! Conectingiith Connect 531 SECTION 9 xi LATE ADULTHOOD 532 CHAPTER 17 Physical Developmentin Late Adulthood 534 1 Longevity $36 life Fapectany and LifeSpan 536 ‘he Young Ol andthe Ollest OW 539 ologial Thereof Aging 540 2 The Cours of Physical Developmentin Late Adulthood 542 The Aging Brin 508 Sep 515 The immune Sem 545 Physi Appearance and ‘Saying intelectual Chalenge Alfet Ones ‘Quatyoftteond nga? 546 Sensory Development 517 The Grcalatory Strand Lange 548 ‘CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Saroh Kogan “eve Nurse 58 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENTTO LIFE. Heath (are Prviersand Oger Ad 559 RoomeECt Connecting wth Connect 56) CHAPTER 18 Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood 564 1 Cognitive Functioningin Older Adults 566 Maldinensonalty nd Mutidrectonaley 566 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH Doerthe Time of Dy an Older Adu sora Younger Aus Memory Tested Ac the Rats? 572, Beton, Work ané Heth 573 UetRoc Lowe 575 Tring Coote Skil 576 Cognitive Neuroscience and Aging 577 2 LanguageDevelopment 579 2 Workand Retirement S80 Work 580 Retiement inthe United State nd in Ober Adjunment io Reteement 583 Depresion 584 Deine, Abin Dist, ad Other ‘fictions 585, Fearf Victiiotio, Crime, and Elder Matretnet 587 ‘DeecoroftheAthemer:Aroctonofbaios 588 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE. Meting ‘theMentalfethNecdsofOleraduts $39 5 Religion and Spirituality 590 RcOMeECt Connecting with Connect 593 CHAPTER 19 Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood 594 1 Theories of ocloematona Saletine Optimization with Compensation CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH How Do [EnotonsChange cess Aduthood? 600 ‘CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Satels oreo Engaging Sete ptimastonath Compensation 2 Personality the Sell and Soclety. 602 Personality 502 ‘heSelfand Society 603 (Older Aduks in Society 605 2 Families and Social Relationships 608 Lente Deity 608 (Older Aduk Parente and Thi Adult Chien 610 GGrea-Grandpsrenting, 10 Fendi 610 Soci Suppor and Soil Iteration SL ‘Aris and Voluterism612 4 Exhniity, Gonder and Culture. 613 Biicty 613 Sender” 614 (CONNECTING WITH CAREERS _Norme Thomes, ‘Sov! Work PrfessorandAdminitatr 618 Ccahare 614 5 successtul Aging 615 ‘mconmect Connecting wih Connect 619 section 10 ENDINGS 620 CHAPTER 20 Death, Dying, and Grieving 622 1 The Death system and Cultural Contents 624 The Death ste ad Catal hanging ire Cacumsaces 625 2 Defining Death andLifeDeath sues 626 Imes Determining Death 626 Dessons Rpg Lie Det and ‘CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Kathy ‘Metaughin HomeHowpceNurie 629 3 ADevelopmentalPerspectiveon Death 629 Cases ofDeth 650 Anis Towa Death at Dilerent Pisin the Life span 630 4 Facing Ones ownDeath 652 KablerRow'StagesofDying. 32 Perceived Control and Denial 634 ‘The Contetsin Which People Die 634 5 Coping With the Death of Someone! ‘Communicating Wah Dying Penon 635, “Becve Stati forComsmuniaing Wiha Dying Pesen 636 aking Senseo the World. 638 losing Lie Pariner 638 ‘Some Connections Between Mata status and, TengthorWdowoodond Heath Wien? 639 Forms of Moursing 610 \mcormect connecting ith Connect 644 Glosey G1 Ieerences ints —¢- Nomelndex Nit Subectinger 81 expert consultants Lifespan development has become an enormous, complex field, and no single author or even several authors, can possibly keep up with ll of ‘the rapidly changing content inthe many periods and diferent areas of life-span development. To solve this problem, author Joh Santrock has sought the input of leading experts about content ina numberof areas of lifespan development. These experts have provided detailed evaluations ‘and recommendations i their ara) of expertise. ‘The following individuals were among those who served as exper consultants for one or mor ofthe previous editions of thi text: Unie Bronfenbrenner Cornell University IK, Warner Sch Pennsylvania State Unversity Paul Baltes ‘Mas Planck Institute, Berlin ‘Tiffany Field Univesity of Miami James Biren University of Southern California Jean Berko Gleason Boston University Gilbert Gottlieb University of North Carolina ‘Karen Adolph [New York University Joseph Campos Univesity af CalformiaBerkeley Jean Mandler University of California—San Diego Concordia University Univesity of Washington Pennsylvania State University Joha Schulenberg University of Michigan Margie Lachman Brandeis Unversity James Garbarino Cornell University lena Grigorenko Yale University Wiliam Hoyer Syracuse University Ross Parke University of Calfornia—Rivrsde Ross Thompson University of Calfornia—Davis University of Minnesota University of Calfornia—Berkeley University of Michigan University of Minos Purdue University Koc University Arizona State Unverty ‘Toni Antonucci Arthur Kramer Karen Fingerman Cigdem Kagitibasi Robert Kestenbaum Following are the biographies and photographs ofthe expert consultants forthe fourteenth edition of tis test, who (ike the expert cons tants forthe previous seven editions) erally representa Wh Who in the field of We span development K, Warner Schaie x. warner scales widely recognted atone ofthe loners who crested the fl flespan development and continues o be one of is Tending experts Hei currently the Evan Pugh Pro. sor Emeritus of Human Development and Prychalogy st Pengaylvnis Sate University. De Sehaeaso holds ‘sn appointment a Alte Professor of Pyehiatey and Behavioral Sciences atthe University of Washington, He received his PRD. in psychology from the University of Washington, an honorary Dt. Phil from the Pidrich-Schiller University of lena, ‘Germany. and an honorary ScD. degree from West Virginia Univers, He received the Kleemeler Avard for Distinguished Research Coteb tions and the Distinguished Carer Contribution to Gerontology Award from the Gerontological Society of America, the MENSA lifetime career averd and the Distinguished Scenic Contributions award from the [American Paychologieal Astociation Hes author or editor of 62 books, including the textbook Adul Development and Aging (Sth edition, with SL Wills) and the Handbook ofthe Paycholoy of Aging (th eto, With | E Biren). He hs directed the Seatle Longitudinal Study of og sitive aging since 1956 and the author of more than 30 journal et les apd chapters on the psychology of aging. Hi curent research interet focus on theif courte ofaduliatligenc, ts antecedents and ‘modifubly, the impact of cognitive activity in milion the itesity| of bain srctures in old age, the erty detection of rik for dementin, ‘nd methodological iss inthe developmental slences “Tec on Sard as done a marvelous job of craing a comprehensive resentation of prycholaldevopment ars thee spon Is faaly xv ad schol sod and daca findings that have tod the test of ie a teas ingen he most recent advances in roc methods andrea Findings Bach of the chaps sa comprehensive presentation of pariar has or aspect devlpment bu is expety linked err phases keep the render nrg fol the entie stay fom begining tend bee tts text we undoubedly the dsc presentation of the ayo of he ‘Mopac tach, and mnt ceil for he average stadet™ =K Warmer Schale Univers of Washington Kirby Deater-Deckatd Dr pester Deckard isaleading expert on Bolgil foundations of develop ment, heredi-envronment interaction, and parent ing. He obtain’ his PRD. from the University of Virginia and current is profesor andthe decor of graduate programs in paychology at Virginia Ply- technic nate and State Univers. Dr. Dest. Deckard rereuch fcures on the development of Inia ferences in hldhond and adoecenc, wth an emphasi tn gene-envitonment procesies He has wt papers ad book chap tern the area of developmental paychalogy and paychopthoogy His caren esearch on parenting and childrens developments funded by the NICHD. De Deater Deckard has ben joint editor ofthe Journal of (Child Paychalogy and Pact and cutenly onthe eral boards of tnfnt and Child Development, Journal of Barly Daychalagy, ad Par ‘ting Sconce and Practice "Aa wi Dr Santo ote oath resach Base for is updated ton of ifeSpan Denopment remain vey tine an face on the moe important concept and finding id eps to the bilgi iegiing of ean, The chapter provides comprehen coverage of behvioralmelecuargoetie ard gene-enirnment ransacton cones fd finding. De, Santo books are writen at ja th ight ee fora nde variety of sudents The proses cer and conc, without sarin Content”—Dr Kirby Deater Deckard Virginia Teh Unversity Maria Hernandez-Reif bs. Maris Hernander- Xaiisakotingexperton pret dvlopnent bith, tndinant peep, Sh catenin Sense of Fsman Desepment nd Fam Sos eed the Sra the Peds Deopmen Re ‘Sach (PDR boson tthe Unies of Ase i 1) Seiten Referee miner init perpon nd drone mage sherp shea conacted neue tod De Tifa Fe cn tet of ang ths in proving rou depen cons petrmand tt neg abies She reeled he ‘ese Bewlopmet Research Ltestry th Urey Alaa Tercurenterchcominstofcuson asap heap a one ‘tha tral deen lyn elope eaten ong Site techaptos wre ampere and ea sears from sion to secon Meron he wring spe easy flow ar ens the rade ‘el that the narrative and prspetiv rift hemos caren scholar the fold... Thee of dtl provided in Chaps Sand ising ‘he chapters will a greta for student enaled a fespan evelopment coure”~MariaHermander Reif University of Alabama Ross Thompson rss thompson is one ofthe vwordsleading experts on cities socioemotional de relopment He currently is Profesor of Psychology a he Univesity of Califonia-Davi, where he direct ihe Social and Emotional Development Lab. A devel: opmental peychologt, De Thompson studies eatly ‘ue chil lationship, the development of emetion derstanding and emotion regulation, aly moral de velopment, andthe growth of selGundetanding in young cldsen. He sls works onthe applications of developmental research to public policy Concerns, ncuding choo readiness and ts devtopment, ery chdhood Investments, and ery mental heh Dr. Thompon sa founding member ofthe National Slentie Council on the Dvsoping Chl. Dr. Thorton has twice been Asocate Editor of Child Deveopment. He receted the Boyd McCandless Young Scientist Avatd or Early Distinguished Achieve ment fom the American Psychologcal Associaton, the Scholarship In Teaching Avard, and the Outstanding Research and Creative Acti Award rom the University Nebraska, where he wa alo time mem berofthe Academy of Distinguished Techers Fe wring ar and eng or sider oe move ins lng and fortes manner rom ops oi.Jobn Santrock does a remark job ‘maintaining curvency with the fel, uch tha stadets re given abil btstate ofthe ar intraductin to ach ofthe reat uso ch ‘hapter” Row Thompson Universo California-Davis Diane Hughes ise ugherinaasingexpert om versity and chidrers development. Following her Actor work atthe Uaiversty of Michigan he be came profesor inthe Department of Psyholgy at ‘ew ork Uaiverityand tren fcuy member ‘the StihardtDepartneat of pled Pachlogy a ‘ew York Univers. De Hughes fsa community and ereopmentl payhslogit whe examines elnicty an ac cones for preting and edoleaen development She seeks to discover how pa noma range of ethnic backgrounds communicate information abou “they and ac inthe course of their everyday routines and practices Dr. Hughes and her collegues have ben awaaded mult-milion-dlle 71 from the National Scene Foundation establish and maintain the ‘Cento for Research on Culture, Development and Eaton at New York University, "Twa penne eng he maucrp of th new edition of fon Santoc boot, Lifespan Development imagine i wl be ery engaging ‘and informative for sadens and as plan with and lecture fom for Profern thank you forte oportuntyt red thie” Diane Huger New Yor Univer William Hoyer wim toyer i one of the words leading experts on cognitive aging. He curently {S proesor of papchoogy and senior scent a the Center for Heath and Behavior at Syracse Universi, where he laches coures im adult development anda ng Syracuse, he au san aioe the Gerontol gy Center, decor of the Graduate Training Program tn BxpermenalPychology, and researc profesor of ophthalmology at Upstate Medial University Dr. Hoyer cbained an un- Instore hangs (George, Helin Joh 2011) ‘Updated esac on the gets change in personality ocuring ia ‘ty adulthood (Laas & Donnelan, 211) Description af wo sesen ie that fund mile parens provide more sapport for thet chien thn for the aging paren (Gingrman & others, 2011, 2012) Coverage of een eset that inetd affection and support reflecting slr, were more prevalent in nergeeratonal relation thipe han ambivalence wae (ogerbropge & Kemer, 212) New diceton of how more than 4 percent of mile-aged children {only dvghers) provide car for their oping parents or patent In Bhesner& Raber, 202; National Allance for Caeping. 2009) New coverage ofthe concept ofthe mide generation more fen functioning a "pot generation then 2 “sani” generation (Fingrman & Birt, 2011 Figerman & others, 20118) spter 17: Physical Development in Late Adulthood improvements nthe heh and welling of adults but al othe substi eduction nif death in recent decades Updated statics on ie expectancy around the word, wih Monaco -nving the highest estited ie expectancy at bith i 2011 (90 years of oe) (Cnt leteligence Agee), 2012) Updated sits on ie expctancy a Bich anda 6 and 10 years of age today (IS. Cea Bars 2011) New commentary suggesting tha the sex Aifrence in longevity fr ing women isl present bt les pronounced inte aaltood and ix ‘pec ike the higher level of eardovanclar daz in men than women (Yang & Kes, 2011) Updated information about the mum of cntna Stes (US. Census Buren, 211) Coverage of recent study indicating that the ode the age group of ‘eeneians (110 to 119 compared th 100 to 10, fr exam, the Inter the onset of dete cha cancer and cadhracla desea wel as dled factional dine (Andeven & other, 2012) Diecaton ofa recent tay that found telomere length was inked Yo the quality of middle aged and oder ad? weal reltonshipe (Uehino& ster, 2012) Updated and expanded material on tameer and telomere, inca ing the increasing role they might play in stem cll regeneration (ips {eshers 2012 Shay, Rede, Weight, 2012) lnc of ifort sont cet vsarch interes in the sl that eerie might lia reducingoxtative damage in el (Methusamy hes, 2012) New miter onthe allotted view of ress in the coverage of the hormonal ste theory of aging (Ames oer, 2011) Discusion ofa recent stay that found «decrease in tal fume andwosme in key brain stractre such asthe frontal lobes and hippocampus, om 21088 yar of ae (Sherwood & others, 2011) sn the United Recent analysis inating hat the decease in rain lume i heathy ingly de primal to euro senha, lower numbers of ‘syapss, and reduced length of ax and only oa minor extent to ‘earn tw (el 8 Wald, 2010) Uplate coverage of netrogeneis ule, incading «rece sadly in ch coping wh ese lied Mipocenpel etrogene dl monkeys (ons & oes 2010) ‘Nee commentary abou the incensed inten the ole that near genesis might ply i nearopeneratve diene uch ax Alehener ‘Tues, Parkinson dae and Huntington dase (Walon & others, 22) Discuson of recent each on aration nthe ink between ogni tie proesing and asymmetry inthe prefontal coix in elder ada (anen, Cte & Minis 201) Updated information om links between unintended acient and death inthe eet ‘New min section om sep i elder adults Nee information abo the perentage foe ads who have dt ‘ely in eepng (Nehru & Ancol 2010) Discusion of recent esearch on seep dle ad ower cogutive fanetoning in older als (Aly & Moscovitch, 2010; Pace Scho & Spencer 2011) CConrage ofa recent study tht found eglr exerci improve the sleep profile of elder adults (Lia & others, 2011) Nee commentary abou eduction inthe numberof older ad, ‘pec the young ald. ho bave problems with erectledpfunction reas ofthe cant development of drugs sch t Vigra (Loe & (Conse 2012 Rabo: Aarne thers, 2012) Coverage of ent eerch on bes and moby recone ‘ler aus, ining the Benefits of waig for obese er ada (aten& others 201; Vincent, Rie, Vincent, 2012) Tnclasion of recent esearch nding that cambinedprogza of ‘ysl att and weight os were ed to preserving mobility in ‘leg abe als in poo dracula hel (Reek ters, 2011) Expanded coverage of ctor ivaed in declining vison in elely date to inclde oped fal procesing ad contrat sent (Ovsley, 2015 an Bie 8 other, 2011) Description frecent exch that found hearing dstne wa anucated vith a ection in copie functioning in elder ada Li, 2011) Description of ty linking macular degeneration to an increased tisk oils in elder dul (Wood& other, 211) Conrage ofa recent tonal srry ofthe percentage fade 20 years and ler wth ering lst (Lin & thers 201) Inco of recent research that fund the severity of aed ‘ering le wat inked to inpased sts i daly ting (Gopinath others 2012) Coverage of een tonal say that found a ince in estat Inpetenson in the United Sates in recent Years ily Beans of Incest in obesity andthe number fede ads (Robe & Elon, 201) Description ofa eent study of elder adults that found tt daly cy was inked increased longevity ars a our year pod (Buchman & hers 2012) Discusion of recent stad of postmenopsul women that found rere bleed the fect of chronic ates on telomere lng (Peterman & ters, 2010) Description of wo eecent tudes tht reveled exerci taining was linked to improvement in hippocampal fanctoning and memory in older ad Evicson& oer, 2001; Hed, Sng, & Boge, 2012) + New data inditing that 28 percent of US. nus 60 years and age ‘older were obese ia 2011 (Centers for Diese Control ad Prevention, 201) New scton on creright uel eaty wd Une came eofroeny repiling wheher overweight adult longer than normal-weight ‘sats (Chang & others, 2012) Discusion fs recent tay that found beng overweight was conse ely inked with the wort health profes (sjacov, Dow Burge, 2011) Ne corrge of the cent conto aba wh the best mssire| of evermeighbesity oped longevity (de Hollander & ober, 2012; Saino & thers, 2012) + Description of een eer eviews nding hat taking anorsane amin soplements does at reduce the ek fencer and eedoas ‘ilar sete (Cen & others, 2012; Doar igh & Coll, 3012) + Coverage of rece meta-analysis hat fund detary intake (not ‘amin supplements) of ntinkdans was asoitd wth reduced Fisk of Alene discs (Li, Shea, & 2012) + New Figure 17.16 Bing Denking Though te LifeSpan that po ‘ides recent dita on derdopmentl changes in binge drinking though ‘head ers (Caters for Disease Conta ad Prevention, 2012) Chapter 18: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood + Updieon 92-yard Helen Sale cogntive nes, ncleding pb ‘ation of her fist book Why not? My seventy ya plan or a alloge ‘de (Sal 2011) + Coverage of recent resach inating thet especial a tention emandsincrene the reser drt of elder ut i ase tied with se efectie functioning in nears stwrks running through the fontal and pata oes of the ean tat re nvr in cognitive According to those who emphasize the role of nature, jst as a sunflower grows in an ee conderiy way-unlessRatened by an unfriendly environment—s0 too the human grows in sn orderly way An evolstionary and genetic foundation produces commonalities in growth Nature and Nurture nd development (Bus, 2012; Cosmides, 2012: Durrant & Elis, 2013). We walk before we Can specie ones be linked to specific tlk speak one word before two words, grow rapidly in infancy and less ro in arly child ovionmentel experences to influence h00d, experience a rush of sex hormones in puberty, each the peak of our physialsrength development? Chapter 2,.71 fn late adolescence and early adulthood, and then physically decline. Proponents of the Importance of nature acknowledge that extreme environments—those that are psychologi: cally barren or hostile—can depress development. However, they believe that basi growth tendencies are genetically programmed into humans (Mader, 2012), By conta, ther psychologists emphastae the importance of nurture, or environmental developmental connection experiences, in development (Biesener & Roberto, 2012; Grusee & others, 2013; Maholmes & ing. 2012). Experiences run the gamut from the individual’ biological environment (nut ton, medical care, drugs, and physical accidents) to the social environment (amily, peers schools, community, media, and cule). > Personality ow much does personality change as people go through the adult years? + Chapter 16,p.520 Stability and Change sth shy shld sho hides behind the sofs when vistors arrive estned to become a wallfower at eolege dances, or might the child become a sociable, talkative individual Is the fun-loving, caefce adolescent bound to have dificult holding down a 9-0-5 job as an adult? These questions reflect the stablity-change issue, which Involves the degree to which early tats and characteristics persist through life or change. Many developmentaliss who emphasize stability in development argue that stability i the result of heredity and possibly eaiy experiences in life. For example, many argue that if an individual is shy throughout lie (as Ted Kaczynski was) this stablity is due to heredity nd possibly early experiences in which the infant or young child encountered considerable stress when imeracting with people Developmentalsts who emphasize change take the more optimistic view that later experiences can produce change. Recall that in the life-span perspective, plasticity, the potential for change, exists throughout the life span, Experts such as Pal Bales (2003) argue that older adults often show less capacity fr learning new things than younger adults do, However, many older adults continue to be good at practicing what they have learned carb in life “The roles of early and later experience ae an arpet ofthe stablty-change ise that has Jong been hotly debated (Crosnoe, Wu, & Bonazzo, 2012; Schai, 2012). Some argue that ‘warm, nurturant caregiving during infancy and todlerhocd predicts optimal development 6 later in fe (Cassy & others, 2011) Te later-experienc advocates se children as malleable throughout delopment and believe ler sensitive ceiving ss simpotant a arr sen carepving (Antone & oes 2013; Bsner& Reker, 2012), a Continuity and Discontinuity when developmental changs occur, i it gradual or strap? Think abst your own development fora moment. Di you gradually Become the Person you are ty? Ora you exeience sen, int change in your growth? For the mont pa, developments who enphasbe nate decribe develpment grad, continuous posers. Those who emphasize nature on deste development ax «se of distinct taps “he continuity. dliconinalty Ive focuses om the degree to which development snvlves citer grea, cmv change (continuity) or dine stage (Ssontnly) Intems of contin, asthe oak prove ftom seedling gant ak it becomes moe ofa \ oaks developments continuo oe Figure 10) Siar his rt word tough see Seemingly an abrupt, discontinuous event, 1s actully the result of weeks and months of, jgrowth and practice. Puberty might seem abrupt but I sa gradual process that occurs FIGURE 1.10 ein Te OE a ee een Dernormeicnamarmercttts ‘a mh sic of ra nr ho cs shen sigma omneggpumenrea Sumber fit ny we fy aN ne font ae ek ra lee orc cece cae CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY IN 20 CHAPTER 1 teat Evaluating the Developmental Issues Most iespan developmental acknow!-_sabllorchangeisne Debt stout wr we ge that development ino all ature or all urture, no all sabi or all change and not Sexaealie endtnacou ey peen {MV continy or ll dont. Nature and mur, bit and change, continaty and la we we dey ene

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