MET 900 Research Methodology

Tutorial-1: Single Factor Experiments

Problem 1

Averag
Temperature Density Sum Variance
e
100 21.8 21.9 21.7 21.6 21.7 108.7 21.74 0.013
125 21.7 21.4 21.5 21.4 86 21.5 0.02
150 21.9 21.8 21.8 21.6 21.5 108.6 21.72 0.027
0.04666
175 21.9 21.7 21.8 21.4 86.8 21.7
7

Effect Model for CRD can be written as yij = µ + Ϯi + εij

Where, µ = A parameter common to all treatment called the overall mean

Ϯi = ith treatment effect
εij = Error Term
a) Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis H0= Ϯ1= Ϯ2= Ϯ3= Ϯ4=0 i.e. no effects of firing temperature on
the density of bricks.

Alternative Hypothesis H1: Ϯi for at least one i i.e. firing temperature effects the density of
bricks.

SSTotal =

Where a= no. of treatment level , n= no. of observation in each level of treatment.

N= total no. of observation in all treatments

SSTotal = (21.82 + 21.92 + 21.72 +…………………21.82 +21.42) –

SSTreatment =

SSError = SSTotal - SSTreatment

ANOVA Table

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

0.15611 0.05203 2.02366 0.15687 3.34388
Treatment 1 3 7 3 5 9
0.02571
Error 0.36 14 4
0.51611
Total 1 17

a. As taking α=0.05 we find that F < F critical and p- value > α which shown in ANOVA table so,
Null Hypothesis exist for this problem. Hence firing temperature not effect the density of
bricks.
b. As we taken Null Hypothesis as assumption which is satisfied.

Problem 2

Circuit Averag Varianc

Design Noise Observed Sum e e
1 19 20 19 30 8 96 19.2 60.7
2 80 61 73 56 80 350 70 121.5
3 47 26 25 35 50 183 36.6 134.3
4 95 46 83 78 97 399 79.8 420.7

Effect Model for CRD can be written as yij = µ + Ϯi + εij

Where, µ = A parameter common to all treatment called the overall mean

Ϯi = ith treatment effect
εij = Error Term
a) Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis H0= Ϯ1= Ϯ2= Ϯ3= Ϯ4=0 i.e. Amount of noise is same for all
four design.

Alternative Hypothesis H1: Ϯi for at least one i i.e. Amount of noise is not same for all the
four circuit design.

SSTotal =

Where a= no. of treatment level , n= no. of observation in each level of treatment.

N= total no. of observation in all treatments

SSTotal = (192 + 202 + 192 +…………………782 +972) –

SSTreatment =

SSError = SSTotal - SSTreatment

ANOVA Table

Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
21.7797 3.23887
Treatment 12042 3 4014 1 6.8E-06 2
Error 2948.8 16 184.3
Total 14990.8 19

As F > Fcr and P-value < α , so Null hypothesis is rejected.

a. As alternative hypothesis satisfied in this problem so amount of noise is not same for
different circuit design.
b. Assumption of Null hypothesis is not satisfied.
c. As the average (19.2) and variance (60.7) is lowest for Circuit 1, so we will prefer it for
use.

Problem 3

Bolt
Chemica
Averag
l 1 2 3 4 5 Sum
e
1 73 68 74 71 67 353 70.6
2 73 67 75 72 70 357 71.4
3 75 68 78 73 68 362 72.4
4 73 71 75 75 69 363 72.6
Sum 294 274 302 291 274
Average 73.5 68.5 75.5 72.75 68.5

Effect Model for RBD can be written as yij = µ + Ϯi + + εij

Where, µ = A parameter common to all treatment called the overall mean

Ϯi = ith treatment effect
= Effect of Jth block
εij = Error Term
Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis H0= Ϯ1= Ϯ2= Ϯ3= Ϯ4=0 i.e. no effects of chemical agents on the
strength of a particular type of cloth.
Alternative Hypothesis H1: Ϯi for at least one i i.e. chemical agents effect the strength of a
particular type of cloth.

SSTotal =

Where a= no. of treatment level , n= no. of observation in each level of treatment.

N= total no. of observation in all treatments

SSTotal = (732 + 682 + 742 +…………………752 +692) – = 103153- 102961.25

SSTreatment =

SSBlock =

SSError = SSTotal - SSTreatment – SSBlock

ANOVA Table

Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Treatmen 4.31666 2.37614 0.12114 3.49029
t 12.95 3 7 7 4 5
3.25916
Blocking 157 4 39.25 21.6055 2.06E-05 7
1.81666
Error 21.8 12 7
Total 191.75 19

Hence, F0 F critical and we can say there is no effect of chemical agents on the strength of a particular
type of cloth. Thus, Null hypothesis may be accepted.

Problem 4

Day
Batch 1 2 3 4 5 Total (yi..)
1 A=8 B=7 D=1 C=7 E=1 24
2 C=11 E=2 A=7 D=3 B=8 31
3 B=4 A=9 C=10 E=1 D=5 29
4 D=6 C=8 E=6 B=6 A=10 36
5 E=4 D=2 B=3 A=8 C=8 25
Total 33 28 27 25 32
y.. .=145

Effect Model for LSD can be written as yijk = µ + +Ϯj + + εijk

 Where, yijk = Observation in the ith row and kth column for the jth treatment
µ = A parameter common to all treatment called the overall mean
= ith row effect
Ϯj = jth treatment effect
= Effect of kth column
εijk = Error Term
Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis H0= Ϯ1= Ϯ2= Ϯ3= Ϯ4= Ϯ5=0 i.e. no effects of five different
ingredients (A,B,C,D,E)on the reaction time of a chemical process .

Alternative Hypothesis H1: Ϯi for at least one i i.e. different ingredients (A,B,C,D,E) effect
the reaction time of a chemical process.

SSTotal =

N= total no. of observation in all treatments

SSTotal = (82 + 72 + 12 +…………………82 + 82) – = 1063- 841 =222

SSRow =

SSColumn =

A= 8+9+7+8+10= 42, B= 4+7+3+6+8 =28 , C=11+8+10+7+8 = 44, D= 6+2+1+3+5 = 17

E= 4+2+6+1+1= 14

SSTreatment =

SSError = SSTotal – – SS Row –SSColumn – SS Treatment

ANOVA Table

Source of Sum of Squares Degree of Mean Sum of F0

Variation SS Freedom (DOF) Squares (MS)
Row 18.8 p-1 = 5-1=4 18.8/4 = 4.7
Column 9.2 p-1 = 5-1=4 9.2/4 = 2.3
Treatments 152.8 p-1 =5-1=4 152.8/4 =38.2 38.2/3.433 =
11.126
Error 41.2 (p-2)(p-1) 41.22/12=3.433
=3*4=12
Total 222 -1= 25-1=24
 From F statistics table, F(4,12)[0.5] = 3.26

Hence, F0 F (4, 12) [0.5] and we can say that there is effects of five different ingredients (A,B,C,D,E)on
the reaction time of a chemical process .

Thus, Null hypothesis may be rejected and Alternative hypothesis may be accepted.

Problem 5

Sum Average
87.1666
Position 1 90 82 79 98 83 91 523 7
94.4285
Position 2 105 89 93 104 89 95 86 661 7
Position 3 83 89 80 94 346 86.5

Effect Model for CRD can be written as yij = µ + Ϯi + εij

Where, µ = A parameter common to all treatment called the overall mean

Ϯi = ith treatment effect
εij = Error Term
Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis H0= Ϯ1= Ϯ2= Ϯ3= Ϯ4=0 i.e. there are no significant differences
among the sample means at three positions.

Alternative Hypothesis H1: Ϯi for at least one i i.e. there are significant differences among
the sample means at three positions.

SSTotal =

Where a= no. of treatment level , n= no. of observation in each level of treatment.

N= total no. of observation in all treatments

SSTotal = (902 + 822 + 792 +…………………802 + 942) –

SSTreatment =

SSError = SSTotal - SSTreatment

ANOVA Table
 Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
234.452 117.226 2.33270 0.13354 3.73889
Treatment 4 2 2 2 7 2
703.547
Error 6 14 50.2534
Total 938 16

F< F critical and P-value > α, so Null hypothesis is accepted.

Problem 6

Site A Site B Site C Site D Site E Averag

Sum e
Agency 1 23.8 7.6 15.4 30.6 4.2 81.6 16.32
Agency 2 19.2 6.8 13.2 22.5 3.9 65.6 13.12
Agency 3 20.9 5.9 14 27.1 3 70.9 14.18
Sum 63.9 20.3 42.6 80.2 11.1
6.76666 26.7333
Average 21.3 7 14.2 3 3.7

Effect Model for RBD can be written as yij = µ + Ϯi + + εij

Where, µ = A parameter common to all treatment called the overall mean

Ϯi = ith treatment effect
= Effect of Jth block
εij = Error Term
a)Hypothesis:
Null Hypothesis H0= Ϯ1= Ϯ2= Ϯ3= Ϯ4=0 i.e. Agencies are consistent with one another in
their measurements.
Alternative Hypothesis H1: Ϯi for at least one i i.e. Agencies are not consistent with
one another in their measurements.
b) Hypothesis:
Null Hypothesis H0= Ϯ1= Ϯ2= Ϯ3= Ϯ4=0 i.e. dump sites are not differ from one another in
their level of contamination.
Alternative Hypothesis H1: Ϯi for at least one i i.e. dump sites are differ from one
another in their level of contamination.

SSTotal =
 Where a= no. of treatment level , n= no. of observation in each level of treatment.
N= total no. of observation in all treatments
SSTotal = (23.82 + 7.62 + 15.42 +…………………27.12 + 32) –
SSTreatment =
SSBlock =

SSError = SSTotal - SSTreatment – SSBlock

ANOVA Table

Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
4.83977 0.04192
Agency 26.572 2 13.286 9 5 4.45897
1117.26 279.315 101.748 3.83785
Dump Sites 3 4 7 2 6.8E-07 3
21.9613 2.74516
Error 3 8 7
1165.79
Total 6 14

a. For Agencies

As F > Fcr and P-value < α , so Null hypothesis is rejected.

b. For Dump site

As F > Fcr and P-value < α , so Null hypothesis is rejected.

Problem 7

G1 G2 G3 G4
49.2 97.07 62.1 110.6
44.54 73.4 94.95 57.1
45.8 68.5 142.5 117.6
95.84 91.85 53 77.71
30.1 106.6 175 150
36.5 0.57 79.5 82.9
82.3 0.79 29.5 111.5
87.85 0.77 78.4
105 0.81 127.5
95.22
97.5
105
 58.05
86.6
58.35
72.8
116.7
45.15
70.35
77.4
Sum 1460.25 440.36 842.45 707.41
Averag 48.9288 93.6055 101.058
e 73.0125 9 6 6

Effect Model can be written as yij = µ + Ϯi + εij

Where, µ = A parameter common to all treatment called the overall mean

Ϯi = ith treatment effect
εij = Error Term
Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis H0= Ϯ1= Ϯ2= Ϯ3= Ϯ4=0 i.e. the average serum alkaline phosphatase
activity level is the same for four drug groups.

Alternative Hypothesis H1: Ϯi for at least one i i.e. the average serum alkaline phosphatase
activity level is not the same for four drug groups.

SSTotal =

Where a= no. of treatment level , n= no. of observation in each level of treatment.

N= total no. of observation in all treatments

SSTotal = (49.22 + 44.542 + 45.82 +…………………82.92 +111.52) –

SSTreatment =

SSError = SSTotal - SSTreatment

ANOVA Table

Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
3.56889 0.02203 2.83274
Treatment 13938.6 3 4646.2 2 6 7
 1301.86
Error 53376.3 41 1

Total 67314.9 44

As F > Fcr and P-value < α , so Null hypothesis is rejected.

Problem 8

A B C
73 88 68
89 78 79
82 48 56
43 91 91
80 51 71
73 85 71
66 74 87
60 77 41
45 31 59
93 78 68
36 62 53
77 76 79
96 15
80
56
Sum 817 1071 838
Averag 68.0833 64.4615
e 3 71.4 4

Effect Model can be written as yij = µ + Ϯi + εij

Where, µ = A parameter common to all treatment called the overall mean

Ϯi = ith treatment effect
εij = Error Term
Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis H0= Ϯ1= Ϯ2= Ϯ3= Ϯ4=0 i.e. no significant difference in the average
grades given by the three teacher.

Alternative Hypothesis H1: Ϯi for at least one i i.e. significant difference in the average grades
given by the three teachers.
SSTotal =

Where a= no. of treatment level , n= no. of observation in each level of treatment.

N= total no. of observation in all treatments

SSTotal = (732 + 892 + 822 +…………………792 +152) – = 199462- 185776.9

SSTreatment =

SSError = SSTotal - SSTreatment

ANOVA Table

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

335.352 167.676 0.63192 3.25192
Treatment 6 2 3 0.46473 3 4
13349.7
Error 5 37 360.804

Total 13685.1 39

As taking α=0.05 we find that F < F critical and p- value > α which shown in ANOVA table so, Null
Hypothesis exist for this problem.

Problem 9

Operator
Machine 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total (yi.)
M1 42.5 39.3 39.6 39.9 42.9 43.6 247.8

M2 39.8 40.1 40.5 42.3 42.5 43.1 248.3

M3 40.2 40.5 41.3 43.4 44.9 45.1 255.4
M4 41.3 42.2 43.5 44.2 45.9 42.3 259.4
Total 163.8 162.1 164.9 169.8 176.2 174.1
y..
=1010.9

Effect Model for RBD can be written as yij = µ + Ϯi + + εij

Where, µ = A parameter common to all treatment called the overall mean

Ϯi = ith treatment effect
= Effect of Jth block
εij = Error Term
a) Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis H0= Ϯ1= Ϯ2= Ϯ3= Ϯ4=0 i.e. that the machines perform at the
same mean rate of speed.

Alternative Hypothesis H1: Ϯi for at least one i i.e. that the machines does not perform at the
same mean rate of speed.
SSTotal =

Where a= no. of treatment level , n= no. of observation in each level of treatment.

N= total no. of observation in all treatments

SSTotal = (42.52 + 39.32 + 39.62 +…………………45.92 +42.32) –

SSTreatment =

SSBlock =

SSError = SSTotal - SSTreatment – SSBlock

ANOVA Table

Source of Sum of Degree of Mean Sum F F critical

Variation Squares Freedom of Squares
SS (DOF) (MS)
Treatment 42.088 5 8.418 7.972 2.90
Blocks 24.44 3 8.146
Error 15.332 15 1.022
Total 81.86 23 3.559
Hence, F0 F critical and we can say that the machine does not perform at the same mean rate of
speed. Thus, Null hypothesis may be rejected.

Problem 10

Fertilizer 1981 1982 1983 1984 Total (yi..)

Treatment
T1 A=70 B=75 C=68 D=81 294
T2 D=66 A=59 B=55 C=63 243
T3 C=59 D=66 A=39 B=42 206
T4 B=41 C=57 D=39 A=55 192
Total 236 257 201 241
y.. .=935
 Effect Model for LSD can be written as yijk = µ + +Ϯj + + εijk
Where, yijk = Observation in the ith row and kth column for the jth treatment
µ = A parameter common to all treatment called the overall mean
= ith row effect
Ϯj = jth treatment effect
= Effect of kth column
εijk = Error Term
Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis H0= Ϯ1= Ϯ2= Ϯ3= Ϯ4= Ϯ5=0 i.e. there is no difference in the average
yields of the 4 varieties of wheat.

Alternative Hypothesis H1: Ϯi for at least one i i.e. there is difference in the average yields of
the 4 varieties of wheat.

SSTotal =

N= total no. of observation in all treatments

SSTotal = (702 + 752 + 682 +…………………392 + 552) – = 57139 – 54639.0625= 2499.9375

SSRow =

SSColumn =

A= 70+59+39+55=223, B= 41+75+55+42=213 , C=59+57+68+63=247,D=66+66+39+81=252

SSTreatment =

SSError = SSTotal – – SS Row –SSColumn – SS Treatment

ANOVA Table

Source of Sum of Squares Degree of Mean Sum of F0

Variation SS Freedom (DOF) Squares (MS)
Row p-1 = 4-1=3
Column p-1 = 4-1=3
Treatments p-1 =4-1=3 263.687/3=87.895 87.895/105.231=
0.8352
Error (p-2)(p-1) 631.386/6
=2*3=6 =105.231
Total 2499.9375 -1= 25-1=15

From F statistics table, F(3,6)[0.5] = 4.76

Hence, F0 F (3, 6) [0.5] and we can say that there is no difference in the average yields of the 4 varieties of
wheat.

Thus, Null hypothesis may be accepted and Alternative hypothesis may be rejected.

Problem 11

Subject
Diet 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total (yi.)
1 84 35 91 57 56 45 368
2 91 48 71 45 61 61 377
3 122 53 110 71 91 122 569
297 136 272 173 208 228 y.. =1314

Effect Model for RBD can be written as yij = µ + Ϯi + + εij

Where, µ = A parameter common to all treatment called the overall mean

Ϯi = ith treatment effect
= Effect of Jth block
εij = Error Term
Hypothesis:
Null Hypothesis H0= Ϯ1= Ϯ2= Ϯ3= Ϯ4=0 i.e. there are no significant differences among the
diets.
Alternative Hypothesis H1: Ϯi for at least one i i.e. there are significant differences
among the diets.

SSTotal =

Where a= no. of treatment level , n= no. of observation in each level of treatment.

N= total no. of observation in all treatments
SSTotal = (842 + 352 + 912 +…………………912 + 1222) – = 108064- 95922 SSTreatment =
SSBlock =
SSError = SSTotal - SSTreatment – SSBlock
ANOVA Table

Source
of
Variatio
n SS df MS F P-value F crit
11.8592 0.00229 7.55943215
Rows 4297 2 2148.5 5 4 8
6033.33 1206.66 6.66053 0.00559 5.63632618
Columns 3 5 7 4 5 8
1811.66 181.166
Error 7 10 7
Total 12142 17

As F > Fcr and P-value < α=0.1 , so Null hypothesis is rejected.

Problem 12

Day
Worker 1 2 3 4 5 Total (yi..)
1 D=10.7 E=10.3 B=11.2 A=10.9 C=10.5 53.6
2 E=11.3 C=10.5 D=12.0 B=11.5 A=10.3 55.6
3 A=11.8 B=10.9 C=10.5 D=11.3 E=7.5 52
4 B=14.1 A=11.6 E=11.0 C=11.7 D=11.5 59.9
5 C=14.5 D=11.5 A=11.5 E=12.7 B=10.9 61.1
Total 62.4 54.8 56.2 58.1 50.7
y.. .=282.2

Effect Model for LSD can be written as yijk = µ + +Ϯj + + εijk

Where, yijk = Observation in the ith row and kth column for the jth treatment
µ = A parameter common to all treatment called the overall mean
= ith row effect
Ϯj = jth treatment effect
= Effect of kth column
εijk = Error Term
Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis H0= Ϯ1= Ϯ2= Ϯ3= Ϯ4= Ϯ5=0 i.e. the color additives have no effect on
the setting time of concrete mix.

Alternative Hypothesis H1: Ϯi for at least one i i.e. the color additives have effect on the
setting time of concrete mix.

SSTotal =

N= total no. of observation in all treatments

SSTotal = (10.72 + 10.32 + 11.22 +…………………12.72 + 10.92) –

SSRow =

SSColumn =

A= 11.8+11.6+11.5+10.9+10.3=56.1, B= 14.1+10.9+11.2+11.5+10.9=58.6 ,
C=14.5+10.5+10.5+11.7+10.5=57.7,D= 10.7+11.5+12+11.3+11.5=57

E= 11.3+10.3+11+12.7+7.5=52.8

SSTreatment =

SSError = SSTotal – – SS Row –SSColumn – SS Treatment

ANOVA Table

Source of Sum of Squares Degree of Mean Sum of F0

Variation SS Freedom (DOF) Squares (MS)
Row 12.438 p-1 = 5-1=4 12.438/4 = 3.10
Column 14.798 p-1 = 5-1=4 14.798/4 = 3.69
Treatments 3.99 p-1 =5-1=4 3.99/4 =0.997 0.997/0.771=
1.29
Error 9.254 (p-2)(p-1) 9.254/12=0.771
=3*4=12
Total 40.48 -1= 25-1=24

From F statistics table, F(4,12)[0.5] = 3.26

Hence, F0 F (4, 12) [0.5] and we can say that the color additives have no effect on the setting time of
concrete mix.

Thus, Null hypothesis may be accepted and Alternative hypothesis may be rejected.