Abstract:-

In this paper we have focused on developing an enhancement of the vehicle alarm security system
via SMS. The system will manipulate a mobile phone to send SMS. Even though the SMS can be
sent using the features available in the mobile, the objective of this experiment is to activate the
SMS sending by the mobile phone using external program connected physically to the mobile
phone. Antitheft security system utilizes an embedded system designed with GSM to monitor and
safeguard a car. In attempt of theft the system sends text message to the car owner and at the same
time starts up an alarm from the buzzer installed within the system. The safety of vehicles fuel is
extremely essential for public so this project came to our notice due to the alarming rate at which
vehicles fuel are being stolen in our country and with this design our vehicle can also be monitored
irrespective of where it is parked , provided there is a GSM network coverage. Our model (theft
detector) uses very few electronic components and looks very small and compact and can be
mounted on vehicles easily.

Object tracking systems play important roles in tracking moving objects and overcoming problems
such as safety, security and other location-related applications. Problems arise from the difficulties
in creating a well-defined and understandable description of tracking systems. Nowadays,
describing such processes results in fragmental representation that most of the time leads to
difficulties creating documentation. Additionally, once learned by assigned personnel, repeated
tasks result in them continuing on autopilot in a way that often degrades their effectiveness. This
paper proposes the modeling of tracking systems in terms of a new diagrammatic methodology to
produce engineering-like schemata. The resultant diagrams can be used in documentation,
explanation, communication, education and control.

The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The advent of
technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place frequently which
causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities. Road accidents are
one of the major causes of mortality around the world and over 1,300,000 people are killed
annually in the road accidents. Most of fatal accidents occur on the roads outside the city. Some
of the casualties are killed in the crash moment and the others after the accident, mostly due to late
arrival of rescue groups. The late arrival of rescue groups is mostly because of the lack of rapid
and timely notice from accident. The aim of our work is to find the vehicle accident location by
means of sending a message using a system which is placed inside of vehicle system. So in this
work we are using the arduino microcontroller ATMEGA 2560 for cost effective and also for easy
understanding. Here we used embedded C programming for better accuracy and GPS and GSM
modules which helps to trace the vehicle anywhere on the globe. The exact location of the vehicle
is sent to our remote devices (mobile phones) using GSM modem. Proposed system contains
single-board embedded system that is equipped with GPS and ZigBee, along with microcontroller
that is installed in the SAS vehicle.
Chapter – 1

Introduction
1.1 Fuel theft detection

Nowadays all world become digital so that we can easily deals with real time system. At same
time digital fuel meter also implemented in recent vehicle system but actual fuel present in fuel
tank of bike not shown in term of digits that show in terms of bar or deflecting needle so that we
did not get idea about actual fuel present in fuel tank of bike it only show level of fuel present in
fuel tank. To solved this problem we developed system digital fuel meter that indicate value of
fuel in digits and fuel theft value of fuel shown in digits such as 1lits, 1.5lits, 2lits etc. The digital
fuel meter is applicable for only for two wheelers bikes. In our project we can add features of such
as distance travelled by bike within certain amount of fuel so that we can calculate performance of
bike in terms of millage.

Sometimes customer fill fuel in terms of petrol from petrol filling pump they filled the petrol in
digitally but in our bike there is no digital system there is bar or deflection needle system so that
it not give the accurate fuel filled by customer so the petrol filling pump owner is cheated on
customer but customer do not know about cheating due to traditional system because sometime
fuel may minimum or maximum than filled value. All benefit goes to the petrol filling pump owner
so that they many times cheated with customer.

All vehicle has bar or deflecting pointer measurement system so that they don’t know the exact
amount of bunk into bike so that owner of petrol bunk station easily cheated on customer. Thus
idea of Digital Fuel Meter is applicable for fuel indication and fuel theft also helpful to avoid
cheating of customer from petrol filling station owner.

1.1.1 FUEL THEFTING

Fuel theft from fuel tank is another measure problem in all over world fuel thefting is malpractice
which consists of fuel stole from fuel tank omnipresence of owner of bike. The owner of bike
unaware from fuel theft & he will know fill theft when he ride bike next time sometimes because
of fuel thefting he have to face lot of problems. To avoid such problem Digital Fuel Meter should
be implemented in bike. Because of Digital Fuel Meter in that PIC microcontroller used so that it
send SMS to owner of bike when fuel get theft using GSM module and buzzer will start to indicate
that fuel get theft all this process is real time so that more accurate and secure.
1.1.2 Necessity for Protection

The logistics achieve a vast improvement in efficient delivery of goods. The technology
improvement also helps to improve its development. But there is no proper solution to overcome
the problems. Already, the sensor is fixed in fuel meter. When the fuel is reduced dramatically
within a short range of time, the information is sent to the owner by SMS. When the fuel tank is
opened, the counter is incremented to find out how many times the tank is opened and the
information is sent to the owner by SMS.

1.1.3 Requirements for Protection

Float Level Sensor’s principle

 Information Retrieval techniques

 Wireless Tx-Rx

 Global Positioning System

All internal combustion engines running on liquid fuel have to be very fuel efficient from economic
point of view. All these engines are equipped with most advanced automated fuel indication
devices. These are system built devices. There should be some provision at the user level to know
the quantity of fuel at all times. The safety and security of fuel is of utmost importance. In the
recent years, escalating oil demands and costs of fuel are increasing. This indirectly increases the
overheads of many businesses and those with large vehicle fleets.

Global oil supply and demand forecasts for 2015 have changed significantly recently, but these
changes have largely cancelled each other out: the outlook is still one of a market roughly in
balance. However, it is at times of rapid market change that forecasting becomes most difficult. In
July of 2014, before crude prices collapsed, forecasts from the International Energy Agency, US
Energy Information Administration and OPEC suggested that world oil demand would rise by
about 1.35 million b/d in 2015 and that the global supply/demand balance would be very slightly
positive.
To cater the needs of fuel savings due to a one of the few above mentioned problems, the SIM 900
GSM module is used over a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network to
provide a practical and cost-effective remote fuel-level monitoring system.

1.1.4 System architecture

Construction of an overseas fuel-level detector followed by remote observation of the backlog.

Observation is finished by causation messages from a compatible movable. Messages square
measure sent to the owner at regular interval of your time. An extra identifying feature of this
analysis is that the protection of auto victimization remote watchword. Siren also can be enabled
throughout intrusion. This fuel-level observation system can guarantee economical use of fuel,
minimize expense, and facilitate understand most profit. This method is user friendly, simply to
put in and low value.

Fig.1: System Architecture.

2.1 Over speed Indicator

Rash driving is the cause of many road accidents all over the world. A total of 4,73,084 traffic
accidents were reported during the year 2001 in India. The road accident analysis chart [1], [2]
sorted by the rate of road accidents is shown in fig. 1. The traffic population has increased
considerably in India as there is no means to control or monitor the speed of vehicles running on
roads. This system proves highly effective in detection of over speed driving. It is not at all
necessary that such accidents are results of driving under the influence of alcohol as even a person
who hasn’t consumed alcohol can drive in a reckless manner [3]-[5]. To overcome this problem
and decrease death rate due to accidents, introduction of new and innovative speed enforcement
technology is necessary.

Fig. Road accident analysis chart

Nowadays, rash driving causes a serious danger to the driver as well as general public. Despite the
fact that rash driving is a serious problem, its current methods of detection by patrol officers lack
sufficiency [6], [7]. First of all, given the huge mileage of driveways, the number of patrol officers
is far from enough to observe and analyze every driver's behaviors. Second, the guidelines of rash
driving patterns are only descriptive and visual observations cannot specify the details of driving
at night or in poor weather. In the present system, to detect rash driving police has to use a handheld
radar gun [8], [9] and aim at the vehicle to record its speed. If the speed of the vehicle exceeds the
speed limit, the nearest police station is informed to stop the speeding vehicle. This is an ineffective
process as after detecting one has to inform the same and a lot of time is wasted. With the number
of vehicles increasing day by day, this method cannot be trusted with the lives of people.
After keeping all these considerations in mind, we have designed a model of highway over-
speeding vehicle detecting circuit to control rash driving by the use of different electronic devices
such as timer, counter, logic gates, seven segment display and several other components [10].
Though the proposed model can also be designed by using microcontroller but due to its high
complexity and high cost, use of timer is preferable over microcontroller.

A wide range of sensor technologies are also available, such as inductive loops, video, ultrasonic
detectors, microwave detectors and radar based detectors [11]-[13]. The history of speed
enforcement is replete with examples of new enforcement techniques; subsequent negative public
reaction and resistance; and finally, assuming survival through legal challenges to these
techniques. The public's distrust of the use of high technology by enforcement officials is often
evidenced by claims that the technology is simply another attempt by an article of Time magazine,
"Big Brother Is Driving" [14] to invade their lives.

The advantage of our proposed over speed driving warning system is that it will come handy for
the highway traffic police as it will not only provide a digital display in accordance with a vehicle’s
speed but will also sound an alarm if the vehicle exceeds the permissible speed for the highway.
The proposed system will check on rash driving by calculating the speed of a vehicle using the
time taken to travel between the two set points at a fixed distance. A set point consists of a pair of
sensors comprising of an IR transmitter and an IR receiver, each of which are installed on either
sides of the road. The speed limit is set by the police who use the system depending upon the traffic
at the very location. The time taken by the vehicle to travel from one set point to the other is
calculated by control circuit. Based on that time, it then calculates the speed and displays that on
seven segment displays. Moreover if the vehicle crosses the speed limit, a buzzer sounds alerting
the police. This concept can be extended in future by integrating a camera with the system which
could capture the image of the number plate of the vehicle to sends that to the traffic authorities.
1.3.1. Temperature alert system in vehicle

Internet of Things (IoT) is nothing but the devices (things) communicating with each other by
using the internet. IoT is a trend-setting innovation in which all the data from sensors is stored in
the cloud where it can be easily accessed from the cloud. Sensors and actuators for gathering the
data and sending across the internet are also included in this advancement. We use cloud not only
to store data but also for data analysis, gathering, visualization. The key characteristics of cloud
include on-demand service provision, resource pooling and elasticity. Internet of Things (IoT)
means communicating of devices with each other over the internet. Some applications of IoT are
Smart energy, smart city health monitoring system. In IoT data is transmitted from sensors and
they can be stored and analyzed by diverse IoT platforms like Blynk, Thinger.io, and Thing speak.
In the present situation no less than one individual in the family has a vehicle, In the present age
everybody inclination is changing regarding time, and they have to complete their works in
restricted time, so the need to complete the work as fast as possible, because of that tendency they
drive the vehicles very fast risking their lives in order to complete their work resulting to the cost
of their life's. In some cases without the intervention of us even we may fall to accidents due to
others fault. In this present age the vast majority of them surmise that driving quick is form and
those individuals think it is an excite driving quick, yet they couldn't comprehend that it is the
greatest hazard that may risk to their lives. Despite with part of checking's a few people still take
liquor and drive it prompts peril, it isn't protected to the general population and furthermore to the
people in the vehicle. Due to over endure their work or having less rest hours may likewise prompt
laziness and because of that the individual who is driving the vehicle may fall a rest or close the
eyes for quite a while that may prompts deadly accidents, In few cases the temperature in the motor
turns out to be high because of more warmth in the environment or because of loss of coolant these
are the most widely recognized issues for the warmth in the engine, Most of the accidents occur
because of not maintaining a proper distance between them this is also a serious problem that to
be considered, to overcome these issues we had planned a vehicle observing and controlling
framework, in that we have utilized distinctive sensors and gathered data from every sensor and
data is analyzed using Blink Application, and we had utilized a GPS module to track the data and
here the microcontroller we have used is Node MCU.
Today, it is very difficult to find the location of an accident and to dispatch the first responders on
time. It’s more difficult for the lives of victims until any one inform about the accident to hospitals
or police or family.
To avoid this problem, different technologies like GSM/CDMA and Global positioning systems
are used. The SAS based accident identification module contains a Micro Electro Mechanical
System(MEMS) like vibrating sensor, human thermal detection sensor , LCD , buzzer, zibgee
transceiver, GSM module and a GPS module connected to the processor unit. At the moment of
accident, the vibration sensor or thermal sensor detects the accident and gives the information to
the microcontroller, which will display the information on the nearby vehicles, switch on the
buzzer unit through the zigbee transceiver and to the police and owner/parents through GSM
network. Here the system also provide the user to track the vehicle location, when he/she required.
Here the position of the vehicle is also send to the mobile in terms of latitude and longitude with
the help of GPS.
 Chapter – 2
Literature survey
2.1 Fuel Theft Detection

Some people uses the GPS system only to the vehicle to trace the vehicle location like the latitude,
longitude and speed of the vehicle but not useful for controlling the vehicle. Some people uses
only GSM for controlling the vehicle but not useful to trace the vehicle, some researchers uses
GSM, GPS system to control the vehicle as well as to trace its location. The literature review of
the work is as follows.
Kaushik et al [1] developed an anti-burglary vehicle security system, which uses thumb impression
to start the vehicle. The authorized persons thumb impressions are stored in the database of the
system. The vehicle is started if the finger print of the database is matched. If anyone accessed the
vehicle by chance then the fuel tank will be emptied through the relay bolt fitted to the tank at the
same time it gives alarm that the vehicle is theft so that the unauthorized person cannot refill the
emptied fuel tank. S S Pethakar et al [2] uses GSM, GPS & RFID security system for taxi like
vehicles. For starting the vehicle the worker must use the RFID card in which the identification
number is provided such that the identification numbers already preloaded in to the database of
the system, If the number is matched, GPS and GSM comes in to play and sends SMS to the vehicle
owner the location like latitude and longitude.
of the vehicle. If the owner detected theft by chance then he sends the SMS to the GSM such that
it will lock the doors of the vehicle. Nagaraja et al [3] used GSM system, Microcontroller, and
relay switch for the ignition system. It theft is detected the Microcontroller activates the GSM
system to send SMS to the owner, If the owner gives reply to the SMS then the relay switch is
activated and it deactivate the ignition system. Alkheder [4] uses GPS-GSM system that uses
Google earth application. The system contains GPS module provided in the vehicle, this GPS
module exchanges information with the GSM system to send SMS to the owner. After getting
SMS to the owner, he can trace the latitude, longitude and speed of the vehicle using Google earth
application.
2.1.1 Design and Implementation of a New Nonradioactive-Based Machine for Detecting Oil
water Interfaces in Oil Tanks
Ahmed M. Al-Naamany et al (2007) describes that a new ultrasound-based technique was
developed to determine oil, emulsion and water level in the oil tank. It consists of a compact,
programmable ultrasound-based multilayer level measuring device for a feed forward neural
network is implemented. The advantages of this method over current methods include contactless
distance measurement, higher precision, lower costs, easier configuration and nonionizing
radiation is used. The other advantage of this technology to light-based method is its insensitivity
to a dusty and smoky environment and the independence of the object material and surface.
Preliminary trials were carried out on the device. A new ultrasound-based hardware device for
multilayer level measurement (MLLM) is presented. This solution uses the fact that the ultrasonic
characteristics of an emulsion or suspension vary significantly with varying disperse phase volume
fraction. Actual results are very encouraging and show that the device can be easily measured with
high accuracy. Moreover, since all its circuits are arranged outside the tank, the device can operate
in hazardous to clean or sterile environments and cope with surface scum or soil mud. Therefore,
the approach can also be extended to measure different types of media allow. The system was
designed so that they can work in remote areas autonomously over long periods in which the
environmental conditions (ie, temperature) vary within wide ranges.

2.1.2 Contactless Liquid-level Measurement Frequency-Modulated Millimetre Wave Through

Opaque Container

Tatsuo Nakagawa et al (2013) describe a non-contact method for measuring liquid level by an
opaque container is proposed. A millimeter-wave Doppler sensor is to detect by a target container
developed, and measures the liquid level on the basis of the absorption of millimeter waves in the
liquid. One of the challenges is to accurately measure liquid level (sub-millimeter error) in spite
of the inherently large beam diameter of the millimeter wave by diffraction. A piezoelectric
vibrator permits accurate measurement by a limited portion of the spread beam to reflect and it is
modulated in the frequency of the other part of the beam to differ. The feasibility of our proposed
method for clearly an air-liquid interface detecting hidden in an opaque container is confirmed
experimentally. The non-linearity error of the measured liquid level within 0.5 mm. Level
measurement necessary for various applications, such as factory automation, industrial processes
and medical instruments. There is a wide variety of methods for measuring the level of which in
the field of mechanical float and capacitive and optical sensors ultrasonic method. General
capacitive level sensors measure the electrical capacitance between two electrodes immersed in a
liquid and calculate the liquid level of the capacity. A capacitive sensor semi cylindrical mounted
to a liquid container can measure liquid level, without coming into contact with the liquid, has, but
its accuracy is not high, because the capacity of the distance between the container and the sensor
is highly dependent. Optical sensors such as CCD cameras can measure fluid without the liquid
with the image processing. However, to capture an image of the surface of the liquid, the container
should be transparent, or the optical sensors should be introduced into the container. By the use of
ultrasonic sensors, level can be calculated from the area between the sensor and the liquid surface.
However, these sensors cannot be used for sealed containers. The principle of measurement is
based on the absorption properties of a millimeter wave to a target liquid.

2.1.3 Embedded System of a Wireless-Based Theft Monitoring

S.Vijayaraghavan et al (2010) describes that ZigBee is a new global standard for wireless
communication with the characteristics of low cost, low power consumption and low data rate.
The design and implementation of a ZigBee-based wireless theft monitoring proposed in this
paper. The experimental results show that the design to meet the basic needs of auto theft
monitoring. It can act as a platform of wireless monitor system and provides a new hardware design
approach for wireless ZigBee networks. The theft can be identified and a text message is sent
through GSM. Simultaneously, the camera takes the picture at runtime. Wired systems are
complex to manipulate any kind of circuit design. The system uses forzigbee module for data
transmission system with the help of GSM and video camera. The main application of zigbee areas
covers industrial control, consumer electronics, automotive automation, agricultural automation
and medical equipment control. In the above automation system is the main application of theft
monitoring system. In GSM based automation system, if the sensor is to detect the signal, so that
GSM modem has to send the data to the specified mobile phone number, but the disadvantage of
this system, when the mobile is outside the range, then message is not received. In video camera
automation system, the camera takes the video all the time. Here the data is transmitted only via a
wireless connection. When the phone goes out of range, then the recorded video data is not
available

2.1.4 Vehicle Monitoring and Theft Prevention System Using ARM Cortex

NurulHutha.S et al (2013) describes vehicle theft by professional thieves a persistent problem

throughout the world and a greater challenge comes been. A modern vehicle uses remote keyless
entry system and an immobilizer system as the main weapon against vehicle theft. But these
systems do not prevent unauthorized access of the vehicle to some degree. Smart gravitational lock
is used to prevent the theft by the air gesture keys used by the keychain of the vehicle, which
provides a high level of safety for the vehicle. If it is not using Keychain, then the vehicle is ensured
by touch screen ignition where the software key, where gesture on the touch screen. GPS and GSM
technologies enable the vehicle owner from anywhere to track the vehicle at all times and monitor.
While GPS outage environment inertial sensor is used, the 3-axis MEMS magnetometer and
accelerometer contains that inform the vehicle positions to the owner by using dead reckoning
method. To restrict movement of the vehicle within a certain range, GPS fencing, is used in the
fence radius, can be programmed on the touch-screen display.
The integrated motion detection sub-system is used, the vehicle measures the 3-D position and to
detect when the vehicle is moved or inclined, if the threshold is exceeded. With car theft, fuel
supply is carried out slowly to cut off thereby disabling by sending the message the vehicle. To
reduce the incidence of theft of the car and to be the intellectualized auto-guard demand of people's
needs, the car with the accelerometer for secret key is made available gesture. To improve the
safety and reliability of the vehicle, the unit between intellectualized protection and remote control.
There are still some security holes that these technologies do not address. For example, while the
immobilizer can prevent a thief from a car engine starting and driving, it is not in the location away
from the professional thief towing, the car to stop.
The professional thieves can then remove the stolen vehicle and the components re-sell. GPS and
GSM technologies enable the vehicle owner from anywhere to track the vehicle with the mobile
phone at all times and monitor. The major improvement in this function is the ability to inform the
vehicle position even during a GPS failure with Dead Reckoning method. This is achieved with
the aid of inertial navigation sensors, the 3 -axis MEMS magnetometer and a 3 -axis MEMS
accelerometer is one that compensates for the inclination compass module acts. If the owner
approaches the vehicle, the system automatically checks the code of the remote button and the
vehicle sends a head light flash and horn sound off to indicate its presence. This feature is known
as car finder and it helps the owner the vehicle in a parking lot, where several vehicles are parked
to find.

2.1.5 Real Time Vehicle Theft Identity and Control System Based on ARM 9

D. Narendar Singh et al (2013) describes, Due to the insecure environment, the ratio of vehicle
theft increases rapidly. Due to this, manufacturers of luxury automobiles have to ensure the
authorization for owners and also in built the anti- theft system to prevent the vehicle from theft.
The proposed system for intelligent cars to prevent loss or theft with Advanced RISC Machine
(ARM) processor. It performs real-time user authentication (driver, who starts the engine) with
face detection, the principle component analysis (PCA) algorithm. According to the comparison
result (authentic or not), ARM processor triggers certain actions. If the result is not authentic ARM
generates the signal blocking the car access (i.e. the interrupt signal to car engine to stop his action)
and inform the car owner on the unauthorized access via Multimedia Message Service (MMS)
with the help of GSM/GPRS modem. Also it can be extended to the current position of the vehicle
with the help of the GPS modem as Short Message Services (SMS).It proposes an extendable
Emergency Response System for smart car to prevent it from loss or theft with Advanced RISC
Machine (ARM) processor RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing refers). In this method the
Face detection subsystem (FDS) aims at the recognition face (who try to access the Auto).Using
PCA algorithm of the own common values of the person is found and compares the image with
the nearest value in some mathematical form.If the person matches the existing owner’s identity,
vehicle starts or else the owner will get MMS with Geographical co-ordinate values of the vehicle
location as SMS.
In each electric motor, operating is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; if this is then in an external magnetic field will experience a
force that is proportional to the current in the conductor and the strength of the external magnetic
field. As you know, from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (north and south), while
tightening the polarities as polarities (north and north, south and south) repel. The internal
configuration of a dc motor is designed to capture the magnetic interaction between a
currentcarrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate.

2.1.6 Modified Type Intelligent Digital Fuel Indicator System

There are many sensor is based on the market available techniques for measurement of level and
there is a narrow idea of the quantity of fluid, but it can be an accurate approximation of the
quantity as in cars by fuel m where an idea of whether the tank is full, half full or empty, etc. can
be determined. The fill level of the detector and the Optimizer play an important role in tanks for
the specification of the liquid of a specific density. This device Digital displays the level of the
liquid in the tank, fuel composition & current function of the vehicle using the load sensors. A fuel
level detector (tank display) is a device in a car or another vehicle, measures the amount of fuel
remaining in the vehicle. This type of system can be used to measure the amount of gasoline or
any other type of liquid. There is usually or sensor measures the amount of fuel actually and leaves
a dial indicator or indicator, passes this information outside of the container. A tank display can
be designed in a number of different ways and many measuring devices are several deficiencies,
the measured values can be less accurate. The two parts of the fuel gauge are the remote sensing
or sensor and the display or display. A sensor unit is the part of a tank display within or to the
actual storage containers on a single vehicle. For example, the sensor unit consists of a float in the
tank, connected with a metal rod that leads to a small electrical circuit. The float raises or lowers.
Depending on the quantity of fuel in the tank, wheel speed, braking torque, load (vehicle
passenger’s luggage) & acceleration ratio etc.
2.1.7 Fuel Gauge Sensing Technologies for Automotive Applications

The paper describes the existing fuel display techniques used in cars i.e. the traditional fuel display
system and the smart fuel display system. It describes its function and a comparison is made
between the two existing techniques based on performance, complexity and cost of development.
Some problems in relation to the existing techniques are identified and a better alternative sensing
technology. A tank display (or gas) is an instrument used to indicate that the level of the fuel in
the tank. The system consists of two important circuits, is used to record and display fuel level.
The sensor unit normally sends a float type of fuel level sensor to measure, while the indicator
measures the amount of electrical current through the sensor unit and indicates that voltage from
the fuel tank sensor. There are different techniques to implement remote sensing and systems. The
existing traditional and the micro controller based type float measuring techniques are far from
exact. On the conservative, but the microcontroller based procedure is more accurate in
comparison to the traditional procedures but still lacks accuracy by means of the fuel in the tank,
if sloshing float sensor is calibrated with reference to the size and the curves of the tanks. Efficient
and reliable sensing technology is the capacitive level sensing system, the use of tilt sensor as well
as a microprocessor, remedial measures code installed, located on the fuel sensor signal on the
basis of the inclinometer measurements provide highly precise measurement of the level of fuel in
the tank.

2.1.8 Vehicle Tracking and Locking System Based on GSM

Currently, the majority of people have a vehicle, on the other hand theft rate on the increase. Mostly
theft occurs on parking areas. The safety of vehicles is very important. Vehicle tracking and
locking system fitted to the vehicle to follow the place and the motor. The place of the vehicle is
identified with Global Positioning System (GPS) and GSM. These systems be monitored
constantly and a moving truck and reports the status on demand. If the theft is identified, the
responsible person sends an SMS to the microcontroller, and then question the control signals to
stop the engine. Authorized person must send the password to the controller to start the vehicle
and open the door. This is more secure, reliable and cost-effective.
If an interruption in each side of the door, then the IR sensor detects the signals and an SMS text
message is sent to the micro-controller. The controller sends the message about the place of the
vehicle to the vehicle owner or authorized person. Speeds are gradually reduced and finally
stopped and then all the doors are locked. The door to open or restart the engine, authorized person
desires to enter the passwords. In this method the track the position of the vehicle is easy.

2.1.9 Intelligent Anti-Theft and Tracking System for Automobiles

Before an efficient automotive security system is implemented for anti-theft with an embedded
system in conjunction with a Global Positioning System (GPS) and GSM. The clients
communicates via this system and determine their current locations and status with Google Earth.
The user can use the position of the vehicles specifically on Google Earth. Using GPS locator, the
objective of the current location is determined and together with various parameters received from
vehicle data port, using Short Message Service SMS via GSM networks with a GSM modem is
connected to a PC or laptop. The GPS coordinates are corrected with a discrete Kalman filter. To
lock the vehicle, the user can turn off a group of each vehicle, if any intruders seek it through the
blockade of the gas. This system is very safe and efficient to report emergencies such as accident
or engine damage. A cost-effective vehicle tracking and monitoring system is presented. The
program incorporated a transmitting module that contains an embedded system which combines
GPS and GSM devices to retrieve the location and condition of the vehicle information and send
it to the other stationary module. The second module collects the information transmitted via SMS
and processes it in a compatible format on Google Earth to the position and the vehicle status
online.

2.1.10 Fuel Estimation for Heavy Vehicles Level Using a Kalman Filter

The aim of the system is to have a more accurate method for measuring the level in the fuel tank.
The level should be displayed for the driver and an early warning system should be implemented
to make the operator aware, if the fuel level is too low. It is also an essential objective is the
development of an estimate of the distance that the vehicle could travel is required before
refuelling. The fuel level estimation system modelled with mat lab Simulink and simulated with
measurement data collected by real driving scenarios. After evaluation of the system is in one of
the control devices (electrical control devices), which is on a test vehicle, communicates with other
systems. After the implementation, more tests will be carried out with the test vehicle to verify that
the same functionality is achieved during the simulations is provided by the system in a vehicle.
The fuel level is estimated with a KF (Kalman filter), the fuel consumption and filling level
measurement results in a good performance. A more stable level estimate is reached. The KF is
more demanding in terms of memory allocation, processor speed and the required inputs to look
at the comparison of the two methods. A further disadvantage with the KF is dependent on the
samples from the fuel level sensor to a first estimate during the boot process. The KF is easy with
several inputs, use information from other sensors on other parts of the vehicle.

2.1.11 Anti-Theft Control System Design Using Embedded System

This system provides an anti-theft control system for automobiles that attempts to prevent the theft
of a vehicle. This system makes use of a built-in chip that has an inductive proximity sensor, the
meaning of the key during insertion and sends an SMS to the owner of the mobile, indicates that
the car is accessed. This is followed by the system in the car, in which the user is prompted to enter
a unique password. The password consists of letters and the car key. If the user does not enter the
correct password in three studies, an SMS message is sent to the police with the vehicle number,
and the situation is with a GPS module. The message is also sent to the holder on the illicit use.
Further, the injector of the cars will be disabled so that the user is not to start the car. At the same
time a secret lock system is activated and the unauthorized user receives in the car and only the
owner is the key to the mystery lock system can disable the mechanism. The design is robust and
simple. This regulation contains a micro controller & a mobile for the purposes of the
communication. The Global System of Mobile Communications (GSM) is the most widely used
standard for mobile phones in the world. Over billion people use GSM services in the world. The
usability of the GSM standard allows international roaming very often between mobile phone
operators, so subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world.
2.1.12 A Novel Fluid Level Sensor: Dual Purpose, Auto ranging, Self-Calibrating

A fluid level sensor distinguishes between isotropic liquids due to their electrical conductivity and
dielectric constants. The sensor determines the electrical properties of the fluid that selects the
appropriate method for measuring conductivity or capacity, then calculates the depth of the probe
in the liquid studied. Readings include the depth of insertion, dielectric constant and electrical
conductivity. The probe is automatic range selection and self-calibrating. Many vehicles with
internal combustion engine of today run on a mixture of gasoline and ethanol and other fuel
additives. It is desirable to create a robust, low-cost measuring device to the level of the fuel in the
vehicle tank. Capacitive or conductive probes can be used in this application, but they suffer from
serious defects. Before ultramodern capacitive sensor depth probes are not intended for use with
these compounds due to the complex nature of the variation of the dielectric constant as a function
of the concentration of various kinds. The same applies to pre-art conductivity sensor depth probes.
The effect of temperature on these measurements is also a concern. A depth measurement probe,
not suffer these shortcomings. The probe is mechanically simple and uses automatic range
selection electronic circuits to measure both fluid properties and the depth of the probe in a liquid.

2.1.13 Design, construction, and implementation of a remote fuel-level monitoring system

Cars, motorcycles, trucks, generators, and compressors are powered by internal combustion engine
needs refuelling so that it can run. The problems associated with this equipment is to know how to
contain fuel to know how much fuel is left and to know how best to the fuel will be stored for the
safety, security and benefits. In addition to the rising cost of fuel, there are also cases of fuel theft
(from both stationary tanks and Transport Tanker), fuel leakage, premature dehydration, inaccurate
fuel refill, improper engine consumption and driver" consistency means'. In order to address the
above issues and to prevent damage to reputation, the Aplicom 12 GSM module is connected via
a wireless network to offer a convenient and cost-effective fuellevel monitoring system.
Reza et al. worked on micro-controller-based automated water level sensing and controlling. A
micro-controller receives inputs from the sensor unit detects the water level via an inverter. After
the input variable has been processed by the microcontroller, the resulting output (ON/OFF), the
condition of the tank was generated. The limitation of this paper is that the system was only
implemented locally. Remote monitoring and controlling were later carried out by different
authors. Hemnandan et al. designed and implemented a embedded control-based system for remote
monitoring level from a diesel generator. If the fuel level status is required, Short Message Service
(SMS) to the M33 GSM module in a remote location. The ultrasonic sensor detects the status, on
both the LCD display and LED bar display.

2.2 Vehicle over speed Indicator:-

This dissertation reviews factors that may influence a driver's speed choice and existing speed
models (and modeling techniques) of previous studies. The factors influencing drivers’ speed
choice include geometric alignment features, cross-section characteristics, roadside objects,
adjacent land uses, traffic control devices, traffic volume, traffic calming measures, driver and
vehicle characteristics. The existing speed models are divided into rural and urban conditions.
Within the rural environment, researchers typically separately evaluate speed for roads with
horizontal geometric controls (e.g. curves versus tangents) and roads with vertical controls;
however, several models exist that evaluate a corridor including the combined influences of
horizontal and vertical controls.

2.1 Factors Influencing Speed Choice

The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) (2000) indicates that the speed of vehicles on urban streets
is influenced by street environment, interaction among vehicles, and traffic control. The HCM
further defines the street environment as the geometric characteristics of the facility, the character
of roadside activity, and adjacent land use. The interaction among vehicles is due to traffic density,
the proportion of trucks and buses, and turning movements. Traffic control refers to induced delays
to the traffic stream such as the addition of signals and signs. Numerous studies have identified a
similar but separate category for the factors influencing vehicle speeds. These factors can generally
be categorized as physical road characteristics, environmental influences, vehicle characteristics,
and driver characteristics.
2.2 Reviews of Existing Operating Speed Models

Existing operating speed models primarily focus on rural environments where drivers encounter
uninterrupted traffic flow conditions and minimal variability. Limited research to date exists for
urban environment speed estimation. Operating speed in urban areas may be influenced by a vast
array of land use development issues, numerous road geometric features, and varying driver or
vehicle characteristics not consistent with the rural environment. As a result, rural speed models
and their "critical influences" on operating speed are initially reviewed in this summary to help
identify factors transferable from rural speed models to a future urban speed model.
The 85th percentile speed is the general statistic used to describe operating speeds when assessing
the influence of the driver's environment on speed selection. The 85th percentile speed is the speed
at or below which 85-percent of the vehicles in the traffic stream travel. This speed measure is the
most common factor used to set speed limits on existing roads in the United States and is
internationally accepted as a reasonable representation of operating speed. However, conditions
under which the 85th percentile speeds are measured strongly influence perceived significant
variables. For example, if a researcher elects to assess the influence of roadside trees on operating
speed and only collects speed data during peak hour conditions, it is likely the prevailing traffic
will exert a strong influence on the observed 85th percentile speed and minimize the influence of
extraneous roadside features. It is reasonable to consider the 85th percentile speed for only free-
flowing vehicles. Again the peak hour influence may confound the tree influence. Drivers may be
in a hurry to return home or retrieve their children from school. As a result, the time of day may
influence the driver's behavior. It is necessary, therefore, to identify a comprehensive model that
captures variables beyond physical road features and to study operating speeds for a variety of
road, driver, and environment configurations.

2.3 Operating Speed Models for Rural Highways

Existing speed models are divided into rural and urban conditions. Within the rural environment,
researchers typically separately evaluate speed for roads with horizontal geometric controls (e.g.
curves versus tangents) from roads with vertical controls; however, several models exist that
evaluate a corridor that includes the combined influences of horizontal and vertical influences
collectively.

Traditionally, navigation systems have been large, expensive, and used only in aviaion or military
applications. However, the presence of the GPS and the recent proliferation of small low-cost
motion sensors have made possible navigation systems that are small and inexpensive enough to
be used in consumer products. Commercial consumer-grade navigation systems are, in fact, readily
found today in Japan, Europe, and the United States, with one application being automobile
navigation systems.

The concept of in-vehicle navigation systems is not new, but implementations of such systems are
relatively recent. Programs investigating the possibility of establishing an infrastructure to support
widespread navigation for motor vehicles began in the U.S. as early as the late 1960‟s. However,
results from these studies deemed that the supporting infrastructure for such a system would be
too expensive, and further study in the United States was dropped until the 1980‟s. In the late
1980‟s, the U.S. government, recognizing that parts of the country‟s road system were taxed
nearly to capacity, launched a campaign to promote the application of high-tech solutions to
enhance roadway efficiency. Outlined in the National Program Plan for Intelligent Transportation
Systems (NPP), this campaign includes a strategy for improving the efficiency of the U.S. highway
system over a 20-year period. The NPP‟s goals include reducing highway congestion and fuel
consumption and the number of traffic accidents by providing drivers with real-time traffic
information, route guidance, electronic toll collection, advanced vehicle collision avoidance
systems, and automatic notification to authorities in the event of a traffic emergency. These
ambitious renovations to the U.S. road system involve a number of diverse technologies, and
knowledge of a vehicle‟s location lies at the heart of many services described in the NPP (e.g.,
route guidance and emergency response). In Japan, research efforts in realtime automobile route
guidance were begun in the 1970s with the goal of reducing traffic congestion. Throughout the
1970‟s and 1980‟s, the Japanese government, in cooperation with industry, was continuously
involved in launching initiatives which helped to mature vehicle navigation technology. Today,
most Japanese car manufacturers offer factory-installed navigation systems in at least some of their
models. Estimates indicate that, by the year 2000, per annum sales of vehicles with factory installed
navigation systems will be reach 2.5 million. Many researchers have proposed the use of cutting
edge technologies to served the target of vehicle tracking. These technology include
Communication remote Control, GPS, GIS server systems and others.

2.3 Temperature alert system:-

Das et al[1] proposed a vehicle accident and location monitoring system. This system provides a
mechanism to reduce disasters by monitoring eye blinking of the driver, which indicates
drowsiness, obstacles located in the road and the drunken state of the driver. Accident and the
location of the vehicle are detected. By this system primary care is received as the accident
information is available Anusha et al[2] implemented a system using LPC2148 and the system has
features like storing in the database.The work includes GPS, GSM modules. The framework also
detects Alcohol consumption and Engine Temperature, All the values can be seen on the Web
page.so safety is provided to the travelers in the vehicle. Imteaj et al[3] developed an Android-
based application that detects an accidental situation and sends an alert message to the nearest
police station and medical care center. This application is organized with an external pressure
sensor to extract the outward force of the vehicle body. Hence, the application plays an important
role in Post-accident services and could lessen the effect due to an accident Mayuresh et al[4]
described a system that uses an open source platform and intended to monitor and trace the location
of a vehicle, the framework also checks fuel consumption, engine.

Temperature and vehicle speed, GPS/GPRS/GSM modules are used for communication. All the
values are stored in the data base on the web server.
Prashant et al[5] are designed and implemented a model that is based on Raspberry Pi and a
smartphone android application. The system mainly comprises of three things GPS/GPRS/GSM
SIM 900A.The entire setup is placed inside the vehicle. GPRS sends the information to the server
and GSM is used for sending the alert messages to the vehicle mobile owner.
Manali et al[6] proposed a system that has an Android mobile ass Harum et al[7] suggested a
framework that is based on Raspberry pi that is connected to 3G/4G dongle used as a Modem. The
vehicle unit is attached to the vehicle, the attached unit is configured to receive signals from a
mobile tower and send it to web server to represent the location on the map in the real time ambled
with GPS and GSM modules along with a processor that is setup in the vehicle. During the
movement of the vehicle, the location of the vehicle is continuously observed in the web server
using GPRS.
Navod et al[8] designed and implemented vehicle tracking, vehicle monitoring, controlling and
vehicle status. In this system vehicle door, parking lights, side mirrors are monitored and controlled
by a mobile phone.

2.3.1 Related work

The ARM7(LPC2148) microcontrollers are based on a 32/16 bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-
time emulation and embedded trace support, that combines the microcontroller with embedded
high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide memory interface and a
unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the maximum clock rate. For
critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30
% with minimal performance penalty. Due to their tiny size and low power consumption,
LPC2141/2/4/6/8 are ideal for applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as
access control and point -of-sale.

A blend of serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full Speed device, multiple
UARTS, SPI, SSP to I2Cs and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB, make these devices very well
suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems, voice recognition and
low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing power. Various 32-bit
timers, single or dual 10-bit ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines with up
to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers particularly
suitable for industrial control and medical systems.
2.3.2 Analysis

The main aim of is to design an ARM based GSM and GPS accident detection and tracking system.
In this project LPC 2148 processor is used. When an accident occurs, MEMS gets disturbed and
sends output signal to the processor LPC2148 so that the location is identified using GPS. If any
fire accident occurs the fire sensor detects the fire and inform to the processor which will send the
details to parents/police/ambulance through GSM network. The also provides with alcoholic
sensor which will detects the drivers alcoholic percentage and control the ignition of the vehicle.

As the ARM processor requires 3.3 volts of supply, so a step down transformer of 230/12V is used
to get the required AC output. To convert that AC supply to DC supply is done by using rectifier.
DC output consists of ripples, to remove those ripples we use filter capacitors. To get output
voltages of +5v & +12v we are using voltage regulators 7805 & 7812. Finally 3.3v is given to the
ARM processor for functioning. ARM processor consists of two modes of operation i.e; program
mode and run mode. Program mode is used for dumping of the program into ARM processor from
any external device such as computer. Run mode is used for the execution of program. For the
purpose of accident detection we use run mode of operation. When an accident occurs disturbance
is created in MEMS which indicates a change in an angle of X-CoOrdinate gives an analog signal
output. This analog signal is converted into digital signal by using internal ADC of and hence the
digital signal is given to ARM processor.

We make use of three pins of MEMS namely X-Co-Ordinate pin(1),read pin(2),write pin(3).
XCoordinate pin is used for the indication of change in angle; read pin gives the information or
data to the ARM processor. When an ARM processor reads the signal from MEMS it indicates
that an accident has been occurred in order to locate the spot of accident we use GPS, output of
GSM and GPS is given to MAX -232 .MAX-232 is a level converter which changes RS-232 to
TTL and vice-versa. Because the LPC 2148 understands TTL format. When accident occurs GPS
is activated and it gives the values of location in terms of Latitude and Longitude.
 Chapter – 3

Research Gap Area

3.1 Fuel theft detection

In this proposed work, a novel method of vehicle tracking and locking system used to track the
theft vehicle by using GPS and GSM technology. This system puts into sleeping mode while the
vehicle handled by the owner or authorized person otherwise goes to active mode, the mode of
operation changed by in person or remotely. If any interruption occurred in any side of the door,
then the IR sensor senses the signals and SMS sends to the microcontroller. The controller issues
the message about the place of the vehicle to the car owner or authorized person. When send SMS
to the controller, issues the control signals to the engine motor. Engine motor speeds are gradually
decreases and come to the off place. After that all the doors locked. To open the door or restart the
engine, authorized person needs to enter the passwords. In this method, tracking of vehicle place
easy and doors locked automatically, thereby thief cannot get away from the car.

 Accident location and vehicle theft identification involves vehicle tracking using GPS
technology.
 Vehicle security is enhanced by ignition control system.
 Anti-vehicle theft using engine locking system.
 Fuel theft can be prevented by monitoring the fuel level in fuel tank.
 Accident identification system provides the location at which accident occurs.
 Driver fatigue system provides information about drivers heart beat rate, eye blink rate
which prevent accident because of the drowsiness or drunk and drive by the driver.
 Obstacle detection system helps in stopping the vehicle when an obstacle is detected using
IR sensor and pollution detection helps in controlling pollution from vehicle using CO
sensor.
 GSM and GPS is used for tracking the location of vehicle and for providing SHORT
MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS).
3.2 Over speed Indicators:

The scope and the context of this research is explained with the help of traffic flow deterioration
process, illustrated in Figure 1-1. When the traffic intensity (flow) is near to the infrastructure
capacity, the traffic state is meta-stable, such that traffic stability is ensured as long as a disturbance
does not result in a breakdown. If a disturbance results in a congestion, two main adverse
phenomenon deteriorate the freeway efficiency - capacity drop and queue spillback (Schakel &
van Arem, 2013). Capacity drop implies a sub-optimal performance of the freeway, and a queue
spillback on the freeway or at the on-ramp can block unrelated traffic streams. Both these effects
aggravate the congestion, and increase travel time delays.

Figure 1-1: An illustration of the traffic breakdown process, showing the context and the scope
of this research.

The integrated VSL and RM strategy will intervene directly at three operational points in the
traffic deterioration process:
(1) RM control measure will regulate the entry of additional traffic from the sub-network,
and hence, influence the total intensity on the freeway.
(2) The intended role of the VSL measure is to improve freeway efficiency. VSL strategies
can be preventive, such that speed-limitation avoids a potential traffic breakdown.
Alternately, there are counter-active VSL strategies that aim at resolving a congestion
that has already occurred.
In this research, a counter-active VSL approach will be employed that intervenes after a
congestion is detected.
 (3) From a policy viewpoint, controlling the spillback of on-ramp queues to the surface roads
was identified as important for practical suitability of VSL systems. Therefore, queue
constraints will be additionally incorporated in the integrated strategy that will intervene
to prevent spillback.

3.3 Temperature Alert system

We can use the EEPROM to store the previous Navigating positions up to 256 locations and we
can navigate up to N number of locations by increasing its memory.

We can reduce the size of the kit by using GPS+GSM on the same module.

We can increase the accuracy up to 3m by increasing the cost of the GPS receivers.

We can use our kit for detection of bomb by connecting to the bomb detector.

With the help of high sensitivity vibration sensors we can detect the accident. Whenever
vehicle unexpectedly had an accident on the road with help of vibration sensor we can detect the
accident and we can send the location to the owner, hospital and police.

We can use our kit to assist the traffic. By keeping the kits in the entire vehicles and
byknowing the locations of all the vehicles.

If anybody steals our car we can easily find our car around the globe. By keeping vehicle
positioning vehicle on the vehicle.
 Chapter – 4
Problem statement
4.1 Fuel Theft Detection

If there is any theft in the fuel or if the vehicle is accessed by any unauthorized person it will take
up the following process. Amount of fuel that will be stolen and the unauthorized access of the
vehicle, will be sent as notification from the auditing software.
The project is to determine the amount of fuel that has been stolen and also it determines vehicle
that has been accessed by any unauthorized person. It helps to predict the inaccurate refilling and
improper engine fuel consumption in the vehicle. The techniques minimize the time for an efficient
output and minimize the theft. This technique will help us to provide solutions for the existing
issues related to fuel theft and the unauthorized access of the vehicle.

4.2 Over speed Indicators

Low speed urban streets include urban local streets, collectors, minor arterials, and principle
arterials with posted speed limits less than or equal to 64 km/h (40 mph). Low-speed urban streets
are designed to provide both access and mobility, and accommodate multiple road users, such as
bicyclists and pedestrians. Lower operating speeds are generally desired on these facilities to
achieve the intended function and improve overall safety. However, speeds on these facilities often
exceed the intended speeds of the roadways. These excessive speeds may cause potential safety
problems as speed is directly related to the probability and severity of crashes, especially
pedestrian involved crashes.
Researchers (McLean, 1979; Garber, 1989; Krammes, 1994; Fitzpatrick, 2003) found the current
design speed approach for low speed urban streets often resulted in operating speeds higher than
the design speeds and was therefore inappropriate for urban street environments. One possible
reason is that the design speed approach incorporates a significant factor of safety, such as old
drivers, poor weather and light conditions. As a result, the selected design speed may be lower
than the speed a driver is likely to expect. Therefore, it is not surprising that under good weather
conditions, general drivers feel comfortable traveling at speeds higher the roadway’s design
speeds.
4.3 Temperature Alert system

We are entering a new era of advanced technology, where each and everything is connected with
each other and this connectivity may be through wires or wireless. The wired sensor networks do
exist but wireless networks are more popular due to their structure. In wired networks a large web
of wires is created whereas this type of web is not seen in wireless networks. Wireless devices also
increase the portability of human being from one place to another place and also give birth to some
very small size devices (sensors) which can be deployed in those areas which are not easily
traceable by human beings and are used to gather information from those areas.
Wireless sensor network creates an innovation in the way we interact with our environments. The
wireless sensor network is large network of wirelessly connected nodes collecting a wide variety
of environmental data such as temperature, pressure and motion capture. Wireless sensor networks
can be used to gather information from the environment and make it available to
researchers/scientists for fiirther study or analysis.
The major use of such tiny devices is increasing tremendously in areas such as environmental
monitoring, wildlife tracking, and supervised agriculture. In these scenarios, WSNs unveiled their
potential to academic researchers as well as industrial.
These small devices are not isolated but they are in hundreds or thousands and connected to each
other without wire. These networks can also be called as flexible network due their nature of easy
expansion and easy shrunken. Improvements in wireless network technology interfacing with
emerging micro-sensor based on MEMS technology
[1], is allowing sophisticated inexpensive sensing, storage, processing, and communication
capabilities to be unobtrusively embedded into our everyday physical world.
Chapter – 5

Objectives
5.1 Fuel Theft detection

Applications of GSM based Vehicle Fuel Theft Detection System with SMS indication:

1) This project can be used in Car, Bikes and all Vehicles.

2) This project can be used in various industries or companies which have bus or caps for
their employees.
3) This project can be fitted in this transportation buses to detect the petrol theft.

Advantages of GSM based Vehicle Fuel Theft Detection System with SMS indication:

1) This project is easy to use.

2) This system is fully automated and it does not require any human attention.

5.2 Vehicle over speed Indicator

The potential of VSL to improve freeway efficiency, and the current barriers in the practical
implementation of these systems motivate this research. We recognized that freeway on-ramp
locations are bottlenecks where VSL can be beneficial in improving traffic efficiency. At the
same time, RM is a more commonly deployed control measure at on-ramps. Therefore,
integration of VSL strategy with RM is an opportunity to improve the practical suitability of
VSL systems.

In this work, an integrated VSL and RM strategy will be developed and implemented in a traffic
simulator. The aim is to test the functional performance of critical design aspects, and to inform
design improvements from practical considerations. To that end, the main research question that
guides the final outcome is:
Can COoperative Speed Control ALgorithm (COSCAL v2) be integrated with ramp metering,
in a way suitable for roadside and near-future implementation, to improve freeway efficiency
and regulate onramp queues?

In order to answer this research question, the following objectives have been formulated for this
research:

(1) Explore the different theoretical and control approaches for variable speed limits systems,
and for on-ramp queue control.

(2) Develop an integrated VSL and RM strategy that improves freeway efficiency and prevents
spillback of on-ramp queues.

(3) Verify the functional correctness of the developed strategy by means of simulation.

5.3 Temperature alert system

 It eliminates the time taken for the first aid victims, in reaching the severe accident
occurred places.

 To alert the nearby vehicles through the ZIGBEE TRANSCEIVER, away from the line of
sight.

 Easy Identification of the crashed vehicles in the places like hill stations with fog with the
help of GPS LOCATION accessing services.

 Removes the false alert message service through the GSM.

Chapter – 6

Methodology
6.1 Fuel Theft Detection

In this proposed work, a novel method of vehicle tracking and locking system used to track the
theft vehicle by using GPS and GSM technology. This system puts into sleeping mode while the
vehicle handled by the owner or authorized person otherwise goes to active mode, the mode of
operation changed by in person or remotely. If any interruption occurred in any side of the door,
then the IR sensor senses the signals and SMS sends to the microcontroller. The controller issues
the message about the place of the vehicle to the car owner or authorized person. When send SMS
to the controller, issues the control signals to the engine motor. Engine motor speeds are gradually
decreases and come to the off place. After that all the doors locked. To open the door or restart the
engine, authorized person needs to enter the passwords. In this method, tracking of vehicle place
easy and doors locked automatically, thereby thief cannot get away from the car.

GSM based Vehicle Fuel Theft Detection System with SMS indication has application in Car,
Bikes and all other vehicles. This project has a GSM modem which send sms to owner of vehicle
when there is fuel theft going on. Vehicle Petrol theft is one of the main concerns of many bike
owners and car owners. Many times we have heard or some of us have already faced that petrol
from their bike or cars has been stolen. Main intention of this project is to avoid such situation. In
SMS based petrol theft detection system, we have used a Level sensor to detect the petrol level in
petrol tank. If the level goes below certain threshold level then this sensor gives a particular signal
to the microcontroller. Then microcontroller turns on the buzzer and sends SMS to the car/bike
owner. Microcontroller is a main heart or Central Processing Unit of the system.

In this case petrol or the diesel level will decrease which can trigger the microcontroller through
the level sensor. To avoid this situation we have taken a signal from ignition key. Whenever the
bike owner or car owner or driver inserts key into the ignition lock and switch it on then at that
time a signal will be given to the microcontroller. This way microcontroller understands that the
bike/car has been started and so it will not monitor fuel level. We have provided bike ignition key
with this project. Level sensor is turned on only when the key is removed from the ignition lock.
So once the person gets out of the car then he/she will remove the key and system is activated.
Circuit diagram is shown. We have used PIC 16F877A Micro controller.LCD16x2 is connected to
Micro controller to display the level of fuel and gear. For sending a message of Fuel Thefting we
have used GSM Modem. Buzzer is used for alert. Initially limit switch is used to turn ON ignition.
After ignition LCD will display current value of fuel level and Gear level. By pressing start switch
vehicle will start and it consume some amount of fuel present in the fuel tank. In running condition
of vehicle we must have to change the gear level of vehicle, this changeable gear level is also
display on LCD. After some time we will stop vehicle, at that time the current level of fuel is stored
in micro controller memory. While fuel Thefting occurs then Fuel level goes down and message
send to owner by using GSM Modem. At that time Buzzer will ON. From that we will come to
know fuel thefting was occurred.

Fig. Block Diagram

Over speed Indicators

The Lane safety by low cost automation system and accident prevention system comprises of the
following :-
a) Chasis or Frame: - The chasis or frame is fabricated structure that carries the entire system,
rear wheel shaft is the driver shaft, that carries the reduction pulley driven by motor using
a open belt drive. The end carries the steering mechanism in form of ackerman steering
with the central steering wheel controls the steering angle using the slotted lever
arrangement.
b) Motor: - Motor is the prime mover, it is single phase AC motor 50 watt, 0 to 6000 rpm
variable speed. Motor speed is regulated using electronic speed regulator.
c) Over speed Sensing mechanism :- The over speed sensing mechanism is a mechanical
linkage based on the bob-weight type centrifugal governor , only that is used to vary the
proximal distance between the probe and the sensor which is inductive type
d) Electronic Proximity sensor: - The electronic proximity sensor is mounted on the sheet
metal panel on the base frame by means of an Z shaped clamp. The proximity sensor as the
 name suggests senses the proximity of the indexer buttons which acts as stops, such that
when they come in front of the proximity sensor the table the relay is operated to stop the
table motion. The proximity sensor is connected to the electronic relay and the power
source. Sensor type : Inductive type proximity sensor Size : M18
e) Over speed indicator audio speaker: - This is the indication by alarm system, the audio
speaker gives audio message after over-speed occurs there by alarming the driver.

6.3 Temperature alert system

The vehicle monitoring and tracking system have been developed in this paper. An ultrasonic
sensor is placed in the front part of the vehicle, if any vehicle draws near then alert message is
sent to the mail via Blynk application. To avoid the sparks in the vehicle temperature sensor is
utilized and it is placed in the engine part of the vehicle if the temperature inside the car increases
then Notification is sent to mail through Blynk. If alcohol consumption is in high range then
caution will be sent. If the person feels drowsiness then it is detected by IR sensor and alarm will
be in on state and an alert is sent to mail saying the driver is in the drowsy state. The values of all
the sensors are collected by NodeMCU as it has inbuilt Wi-Fi module all the data is transferred to
the cloud through Wi-Fi and analysis is done in Blynk app and notifications are sent according to
the conditions.

Fig. represents an overview of the proposed system

 Chapter – 7

Proposed Experimental setup

We have used PIC 16F877A Micro controller.LCD16x2 is connected to Micro controller to display
the level of fuel and gear. For sending a message of Fuel Thefting we have used GSM Modem.
Buzzer is used for alert. Initially limit switch is used to turn ON ignition. After ignition LCD will
display current value of fuel level and Gear level. By pressing start switch vehicle will start and it
consume some amount of fuel present in the fuel tank. In running condition of vehicle we must
have to change the gear level of vehicle, this changeable gear level is also display on LCD. After
some time we will stop vehicle, at that time the current level of fuel is stored in micro controller
memory. While fuel Thefting occurs then Fuel level goes down and message send to owner by
using GSM Modem. At that time Buzzer will ON. From that we will come to know fuel thefting
was occurred.

We are implementing a system in which if the vehicle exceeds the speed than the system will
recognize the over speeding of vehicle and will give audio alert to the user. And if still the vehicle
exceeds the speed limit then the message of over speeding will be sent to toll station through server
which tells which vehicle exceeded the speed. And then the governor will control the exceeded
speed. Manual toll collection system is so time consuming and unreliable so we have implemented
automated toll collection system. Also we tried to design an embedded system to ensure a faster
toll collection system .Many crimes happens on highways and bridges and it becomes difficult to
catch the criminals. This system will not let the criminals pass the toll booth area even after paying
the toll amount. Thus, the crime rates at highways and bridges will be reduced. The overall system
is user friendly, convenient for the developing countries.

System starts with motor startup. Motor speed is controlled by electronic speed regulator , as speed
increases the dead weight of the centrifuge governor fly’s out making the probe to slide back .At
over speed level the resultant gap between probe of the slider and the proximity sensor exceeds
the permissible limit which makes the relay to operate and consequently the following actions take
place
 Chapter -8
Expected outcomes
Since number of accidents on highways are increasing day by day so it is necessary to check speed
of the vehicles on highways so as to remove accidents cases and to provide a safe journey by
controlling high speed of the vehicle. It also minimizes the difficulties of traffic police and can
provide their service with more ease and accuracy. In this project we have focused on eliminating
speedup and prevention of accidents and ensure driver's caution while driving, so our future work
would be to implement automatic toll deduction technique. Nowadays manual toll collection is
being used where single person needs to present every time for collecting toll from driver. So our
future work would be automatic toll collection system by joining driver's bank account to the
server. Another future work would be tyre pressure checking system. In that alert will be provided
to driver after decrease in pressure of tyre. We would also include the feature of automatic
temperature sensing system so that based on temperature AC will be switched ON/OFF
automatically

The user can access the quantity of fuel in the tank through this GSM and GPS technology. The
keypad is unlocked using the secret password. A signal is sent for fuel verification. If fuel is beyond
the range of the sensor the buzzer will go “on” for two minutes and simultaneously a text message
is sent to the owner. The intruder can’t stop the buzzer and if the buzzer is not stopped within two
minutes then it will be treated as a theft of fuel and vehicle and a message is sent to the police
station and to previously stored numbers with co-ordinates of that location.

Due to rising prices of fuel the need for tracking fuel theft is necessary. Whenever there is intrusion
or tampering of fuel and fuel tank the smart system is activated giving the owner the precise
indication of vehicle and its fuel content. The basic purpose of this work which is security that is
provided by the GPS and GSM module functioning. In this research work an advance and cost
effective approach for fuel security has been proposed. It can be installed in a small space which
cannot be easily accessed. The distinct feature of this system is, it continuously sends the text
message to the owner until the owner acknowledges in return. Even though these and many
systems are in use but most of them are either expensive, unreliable, complicated in design
occupying more space and ineffective for long distance signal transmission. Further improvement
can be done by making use of advanced sensors, SIM, microcontrollers to make it full proof.
Chapter – 9

References
1) S.Rajadurai, P.P. Nehru, R.Selvarasu, “Android Mobile Based Home Security and Device
Control Using GSM”, IEEE Sponsored 2nd International Conference on Innovations in
Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS), 2015.

2) Prashant A. Shinde, Y.B. Mane, “Advanced Vehicle Monitering and Tracking System based
on Rasberry Pi”, IEEE Sponsored 9th International Conference on Inteligent Systems and
Control (ISCO), 2015
3) Pham Hoang Dat, Micheal Drieberg, Nguyen Chi Cuong, “Development of Vehicle Tracking
System using GPS and GSM Modem”, 2013 IEEE Conference on Open System (ICOS),
December 2-4, 2013, Sarawak, Malaysia.
4) Wu Aiping, “The Design of Anti-theft Device for Vehicle Based on GSM”, International
Conference on Smart Grid and Electrical Automation, 2017.
5) S M Osman Gani, Yaser P.Fallah, Gaurav Bansal, Takayuki Shimizu, “Message Content
Control for Distributed Map Sharing in Vehicle Safety Communications”.
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Conference on Computing, Control, Networking, Electronics and Embedded Systems
Engineering “, 2015.
7) Fatin Balkis Binti Alzahri, Maziani Sabudin, “Vehicle Tracking Device”.
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“Design & Development of a GSM Based Vehicle Theft Control System”, International
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10) Dr. Ali Okatan, Ali Salih, Cagatay Akpolat, koray Celik, “Micro-Controller Based Vehicle
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