Format for B.

Tech Project (Minor)

SPECIFICATIONS/GUIDELINES FOR MINOR PROJECT

1. The project thesis shall be computer typed (English- British, Font -Times Roman New, Size-
12 point) and printed on A4 size paper.

2. The Thesis for minor project shall be typed on one side only with single space with a margin 3.5 cm
on the left, 2.5 cm on the top, and 1.25 cm on the right and at bottom. Line space should be 1.25

3. In the minor project, the title page [Refer sample sheet (inner cover)] should be given first.
This should be followed by index, notations/nomenclature.

4. The diagrams should be printed on a light/white background; Tabular matter should be

clearly arranged. Decimal point may be indicated by full stop (.). The caption for Figure must
be given at the BOTTOM of the Fig. and Caption for the Table must be given at the TOP of
the Table.

5. A student is required to prepare 5 (Five) neatly typed copies of his minor project report as per
the format. The all 5 (Five) copies should be in dark red Maroon color & hard binding.

6. Following sequence should be followed for preparing synopsis

I Title page: Title page should have the following details as per the format given
in annexure 1
II Declaration
III Project Introduction form with guide’s approval as per format given
(Certificate)

IV Acknowledgement

V Table of Content
VI Abstract
VII List of Figure
VIII List of Table

7. Minor Project should be submitted on/ before 5th December 2018 in any circumstances.
Any clarification contact:
Project Coordinator, ECE Department, NSIT, Bihta, Patna
 Annexure 1: SAMPLE TITLE PAGE/cover page

PROJECT TITLE

(“A Minor Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment for the Degree”)
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

Electronics & Communication Engineering

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Rajani Ranjan
Assistant Professor

SUBMITTED BY

PRIYANKA KUMARI (132063)

PRERNA KUMARI (132000)
KHUSHBOO KUMARI (132000)

December 2018

NETAJI SUBHAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, (16 Pt. Bold)

BIHTA, PATNA (16pt. bold)
 Annexure II: SAMPLE PAGE

DECLARATION

I, Vijay Pratap Singh hereby certify that the work which is presented in this thesis entitled “Antenna Design,

Simulation and Fabrication” by me in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Minor project of
Bachelor of Tecnology in Electronics & Communication Engineering from NSIT, Patna is an authentic record of
my own work carried under the supervision of Dr. A.S. Gandhi and referred other researcher’s work which are
duly listed in the reference section.

The matter presented in this report has not been submitted in any University/Institute for the award of Bachelor of
Technology.

Vijay Pratap Singh

Roll No.:-0000000000
Date: ___/____/_____
 Annexure III: SAMPLE PAGE

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering (16 pnt.)

NETAJI SUBHASH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOG, BIHTA, PATNA (12 Pnt. Bold)

Date: 20-12-2016

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Prasanna Ramachandran, Mr. T.S.Keshav, Mr. Laxmikant
Minz, Mr. Vamsikrishna Parupalli have carried out their minor project work on Antenna
Design, Simulation and Fabrication in the Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department of NSIT, Patna during the year 2006-2007. Their work is approved for submission in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of “Bachelor of Technology”. (12 point )

Date___/___/____ Dr. A.S. Gandhi

Assistant Professor

Countersigned By

Department Project Coordinator Head of Department (ECE)

Mr. Rajani Ranjan Mrs. Reema Dhar
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
 Annexure IV: SAMPLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank our Project Guide, Dr. A.S. Gandhi, for his continuous support and
encouragement. It was he who provided an aim and direction to this project and constantly
pushed us to work harder on it.
We would also like to thank the Communication Lab in charge, Mr. Prashant Jaronde for
providing us all hardware and software tools required for completing this project. His assistance
was invaluable.
(12 pt.)

Name of the Student

 Annexure V: SAMPLE PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page No.
Abstract VII
List of Figure and Table VII - X

CHAPTER:-
1 INTRODUCTION 1-7
1.1 Overview of Radio communication system/WLAN System
and WLAN Antenna 1-2
1.2 Antenna fundamental and definition 2-7

2. OVERVIEW OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA 8 - 33

2.1 Introduction to Microstrip antenna 8-9
2.2 Microstrip Antenna Technology 9 - 10
2.3 Properties of basic Microstrip Patch 11 - 12
2.4 Advantage & Disadvantage of Microstrip Antenna 13
2.5 Application of Microstrip patch Antenna 14 -16
2.6 Feeding Methods 17 - 22
2.6.1 Microstrip Line 17 -18
2.6.2 Coaxial Probe 18 - 19
2.6.3 Aperture coupled 19 -20
2.6.4 Proximity Coupled Feed 20 -22

2.7 Methods of Analysis 23 – 32

2.7.1 Transmission Line Model 23 - 26
2.7.2 Cavity Model 26 - 29
2.7.3 Full Wave Model 29- 32

2.8 Literature Review 33

2.8.1 Basic Microstrip Antenna without bandwidth
Enhancement Technique. 33

3. DESIGN OF SINGLE LAYER RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH

ANTENNA 34 - 50
3.1 Introduction 34 - 35
3.2 Design Parameter 35 - 38
3.3 Analytical Evaluation of a Rectangular Patch Antenna 38 - 44

3.4 Design Methodology 44 - 46

3.5 Simulation setup and Result 47 - 50
3.6 Conclusion 50

4.4 Simulation setup and Result 58 - 60

4.5 Conclusion 60
4. FUTURE WORK AND REFERENCES 69 - 70
4.1 Future Work 69
4.2 References 69 – 70
 Annexure VI: SAMPLE TITLE PAGE

ABSTRACT

Wireless technology is one of the main areas of research in the world of communication systems
today and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the
operation and fabrication of antennas. This was the main reason for our selecting a project
focusing on this field.
The field of antenna study is an extremely vast one, so, to grasp the fundamentals we used a two
pronged approach by dividing ourselves into groups.
The first group focused on the fabrication and testing of a slotted waveguide Omni directional
antenna and a biquad directional antenna.
The second group focused on the design and simulation of patch antennas (which are widely
used in cell phones today) with an emphasis on optimization of a 1.9 GHz rectangular probe fed
patch antenna. A dual band antenna and a microstrip fed patch antenna, used in the
communication lab were also simulated.
(12 pt.)
 Annexure VII: SAMPLE TITLE PAGE
List of Figure
Page No.

Fig.: 1.2 Radiation Pattern for a rectangular patch 3

Fig.: 1.21 Return Loss curve of an antenna 6
Fig.:1.22 Determination of HPBW from radiation pattern 7
Fig.:2.1 Microstrip Antenna 8
Fig.: 2.6 chip-resistor-loaded circular microstrip antenna with
Microstrip-line feed. 17
Fig.:2.6.1 Microstrip Line Feed 18
Fig.: 2.6.2 Probe fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna 18
Fig.: 2.6.2(a) probe-fed circular microstrip antenna with a chip resistor and
a chip capacitor 19
Fig.: 2.6.3 Aperture-coupled feed 19
Fig.: 2.6.3(a) Aperture-coupled circular microstrip antenna loaded with a
Chip resistor and a chip capacitor. 20
Fig.:2.6.4 Rectangular Microstrip antenna proximity coupled feed 21
Fig.: 2.6.4(a) Equivalent circuits of typical feeding methods 22
Fig.: 2.7(a) Microstrip Line 23
Fig.: 2.7(b) Electric field lines 23
Fig.: 2.7(c) Microstrip Patch Antenna 24
Fig.:2.7(d) Top View of Antenna 25
Fig.:2.7(e) Side View of Antenna 25
Fig.: 2.7(f) Charge distribution & current distribution on Microstrip patch 27
Fig.: 2.8.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna driven against ground plane 33
Fig.: 3.1Structure of Microstrip Patch Antenna. 34
Fig.: 3.1(a) Electric Field Lines. 34
Fig. 3.2 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna 35
Fig.: 3.3.1 Transmission line model 39
Fig.: 3.3.2 Effective dielectric constant versus frequency for typical substrates 40
Fig.: 3.3.3 Slot conductance as a function of slot width [W] 44

Fig.: 3.4Flow chart based on usual design procedure for rectangular

Patch antenna 46
Fig.: 3.4(a) Probe feed rectangular microstrip antenna 46
Fig.: 3.5.1 Return loss 47
Fig.: 3.5.2 VSWR Vs Frequency plot 48
Fig.: 3.5.3 input impedance 49
Fig.: 3.5.4 Gain 50
 Annexure VIII: SAMPLE TITLE PAGE

List of Table

Page No.

2.1 The characteristics of microstrip patch antennas

Microstrip slot antennas and printed dipole antennas. 9
2.4 Advantage & Disadvantage of Microstrip Antenna 13
2.6.5 Comparison of different feed techniques 22
3.4 The essential parameter specifications for the design of the
Rectangular microstrip patch antenna 45
4.2 The parameter of proposed antenna design structure 53
5.2 Design parameter of the proposed antenna structure 62