Abstract-

Smart vehicle with GSM alert system is a GPS tracking system which is required in many
situations like in case of car theft detection. In an approximate survey, a huge number of vehicles
are being theft in a month, and out of that, only a little number of vehicles are tracked, often in an-
roadworthy conditions, with many components missing. So we decided our project on smart
vehicle tracking system. In this project vehicle’s position is tracked using GPS module. Using a
microcontroller and GSM, real time position of the vehicle is send to owner’s mobile. This system
will protect user’s vehicle from theft. In case of stolen vehicle user can shut down engine by
sending command to controller. Components in this system are GPS module, Microcontroller,
GSM module, Accelerometer sensors. GPS module will send coordinates to the microcontroller.
Microcontroller then sends this data to the user in text message via GSM module. This text
message contains longitude and latitude of the location. By this system user can get minute-by-
minute updates about vehicle location. We have added an additional feature with the vehicle
tracking system that is the “Accident alert system”. This system works such as airbag sensor’s
which are present in vehicles named as accelerometer sensors. This sensor’s, senses sudden
vibration and sends the location to the user’s family members with an alert message. So in all the
system is named as “SMART VEHICLE WITH GSM ALERT SYSTEM”.
Introduction:-
Introduction In the last few decades, India has progressed at such an enormous rate that many
companies have strongly established themselves here. These companies bring a huge amount of
workforce with them. Arranging transportation to such a huge mass is a cumber. Some task
involving many intricacies. Generally, this transport is arranged through the local transport
vendors on a yearly contract basis, recently happen mishaps such as burglary, rape cases etc.

The development of satellite communication technology is easy to identify the vehicle locations.
Vehicle tracking systems have brought this technology to the day-to-day life of the common
person. Today GPS used in cars, ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the
roads of developed countries. All the existing technology support tracking the vehicle place and
status The GPS/GSM Based System is one of the most important systems, which integrate both
GSM and GPS technologies. It is necessary due to the many of applications of both GSM and GPS
systems and the wide usage of them by millions of people throughout the world.

This system designed for users in land construction and transport business, provides real-time
information such as location, speed and expected arrival time of the user is moving vehicles in a
concise and easy - to- read format. This system may also useful for communication process among
the two points. Currently GPS vehicle tracking ensures their safety as travelling. This vehicle
tracking system found in clients vehicles as a theft prevention and rescue device. This system
installed for the four wheelers, Vehicle tracking usually used in navy operators for navy
management functions, routing, and send off, on board information a security. The applications
include monitoring driving performance of a parent with a teen driver. Vehicle tracking systems
accepted in consumer vehicles as a theft prevention and retrieval device. If the theft identified, the
system sends the SMS to the vehicle owner

Smart vehicle with GSM alert system is a theft control system which is a combination of
controlling the theft vehicle and tracking with the help of GPS further one more feature added is
accident alert system. Smart vehicle with GSM alert system is a combination of three features that
is theft control, tracking of the vehicle and lastly, accident alert. When user parks its vehicle, user
activates GPS system which will continuous monitor the location of parked vehicle and send SMS
through GSM to the user with certain interval of time. So when user’s vehicle without the
permission of user moves, user will be informed by the SMS that the vehicle has been moved from
its parked location. Now the user got the SMS that its vehicle has been theft or moved from its
parked location so the user will control the vehicle sending an SMS to the
GSM system on vehicle which will stop the engine and user will track the location of stopped
vehicle by GPS and can get vehicle back. So this is done by vehicle control and tracking system.
Accident alert system is such that when user meets with an accident and user himself gets injured
then at that time user’s family members, police station, ambulance and other family members will
get alert, that user has meet with an accident at which location, all information will be sent by
SMS.

It is mainly benefit for the companies which are based on transport system. Since it can show the
position of all vehicles in owner mobile phone, so that they can create the expected data
accordingly. These tracking system can store the whole data where the vehicle had gone, where
did it stop, how much time it take at every stop and can create whole data analysis. It is also used
in buses and trains, to estimate how far are they, how much time it takes for them to come to a
particular stop. These systems are used to data capture, data storage, data analysis and finally data
transfer.

II. BACKGROUND

2.1 Vehicle Tracking

Vehicle tracking is basically done with the help of GPS. With the help of GPS we can get the
location of the vehicle and the location of the vehicle is send to the user with the help of GSM
module in the system. A GPS-based vehicle tracking system will inform where our vehicle is and
where it has been, how long it has been.

2.2 Vehicle theft control and Tracking

A vehicle tracking system combines the installation of an electronic device in a vehicle, or fleet of
vehicles, with purpose-designed computer software to enable the owner or a third party to track
the vehicle's location, collecting data in the process. In the previous system security lock and alarm
is implemented in a car. If a burglar can break open the lock, then it becomes easy for the burglar
to steal the car, and in old security system if the car is stolen then it is out of the owner control.
User doesn’t have any awareness about the current location of the vehicle. Where smart vehicle
tracking system plays a major role, the user gets continuous updates of the location of the vehicle
and if user wishes then user can control the movement of the vehicle with the help of GSM module
by sending signal to the systems GSM module and the system will stop the fuel flow to the engine
with the help of solenoid valve.

2.3 Accident Alert System

Accident alert system is an additional feature to the smart vehicle with GSM alert system. Accident
alert system gets activated by the accelerometer sensors. These sensors senses sudden vibration
and gets activated, at that instant these sensors send signals to the systems GSM module and the
module will send alert message to the user’s family members that the accident of the user has
occurred with the location via SMS.

2.4 Alcohol Detection System

Drinking and driving is already a serious public health problem ,which is likely to emerge as one
of the most significant problems in near future .the system implemented by us aims at reducing
the road accident in the near future due to drunken and drive . This paper present the progress in
using the alcohol detector, a device that senses a change in the alcoholic gas content of the
surrounding air these device is more commonly referred to as a breath analysis, as it analysis the
alcohol content from person’s breath. The system detects the presence of alcohol in the vehicle
and immediately locks the engine of the vehicle.
 Chapter – 2
Literature survey
In this chapter, the articles of the GPS history, GSM communication technology, brief on the
components theory and a couple of similar projects are covered.

2.1 HISTORY OF GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

The GPS System was created and realized by the American Department of Defense (DOD) and
was originally based on and run with 24 satellites (21 satellites being required and 3 satellites as
replacement). Nowadays, about 30 active satellites orbit the earth in a distance of 20200 km. GPS
satellites transmit signals which enable the exact location of a GPS receiver, if it is positioned on
the surface of the earth, in the earth atmosphere or in a low orbit. GPS is being used in aviation,
nautical navigation and for the orientation ashore. Further it is used in land surveying and other
applications where the determination of the exact position is required. The GPS signal can be used
without a fee by any person in posession of a GPS receiver. In 1973, Decision has been made to
develop a satellite navigation system based on the systems TRANSIT, TIMATION und 621B of
the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy. Four years later, First receiver tests are performed even
before the first satellites are stationed in the orbit. Transmitters are installed on the earth’s surface
called Pseudolites (Pseudo satellites). By 1985, a total of 11 Block I satellites are launched into
the orbit. Decision has been made to expand the GPS system.

At first only 18 satellites should be operated. 1988 the number of satellites is again raised to 24,
as the functionality is not satisfying with only 18 satellites. Launching of the first Block I satellite
carrying sensors to detect atomic explosions. This satellite is meant to control the abidance of the
agreement of 1963 between the USA and the Soviet Union to refrain from any nuclear tests on the
earth, submarine or in space. When a civilian airplane of the Korean Airline (Flight 007) was shot
down after it had gone lost over Sovjet territory, it was decided to allow the civilian use of the GPS
system. In 1986, the accident of the space shuttle "Challenger" means a drawback for the GPS
program, as the space shuttles were supposed to transport Block II GPS satellites to their orbit.
Finally the operators of the program revert to the Delta rockets intended for the transportation in
the first place. In 1989, the first Block II satellite was installed and activated. Temporal
deactivation of the selective availability (SA) during the Gulf war. In this period civil receivers
should be used as not enough military receivers were available. On July 01,
1991 SA is activated again. The Initial Operational Capability (IOC) is announced in 1993. In the
same year it is also definitely decided to authorize the world wide civilian use free of charge.
The last Block II satellite completes the satellite constellation in 1994. Full Operational Capability
(FOC) is announced the following year. In 2000, final deactivation of the selective availability and
therefore improvement of the accuracy for civilian users from about 100 m to 20 m. Thereupon
the resources are considerably shortened and the program is restructured.

2.2 GSM TECHNOLOGY

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in
the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four different frequency ranges. Most GSM
networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including
Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800
MHz frequency bands were already allocated. GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze
3.1 kHz audio into between 5.6 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data
channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate (5.6 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s).
These used a system based upon linear predictive coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with
bitrates, these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing
the air interface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal. GSM was further
enhanced in 1997 with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full
rate channel. Finally, with the development of UMTS, EFR was refactored into a variable-rate
codec called AMRNarrowband, which is high quality and robust against interference when used
on full rate channels, and less robust but still relatively high quality when used in good radio
conditions on half-rate channels. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network—macro,
micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the
implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna
is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose
antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are
small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors.
Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to
the service provider’s network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to
cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells. The
modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase
frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed
with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces
the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent channel interference).
2.4.1 GSM MODEM
A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless modem
behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends
and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives data
through radio waves. A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card.
Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable or a USB
cable. A GSM modem in the form of a PC Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for use with a laptop
computer. It should be inserted into one of the PC Card / PCMCIA Card slots of a laptop computer.
Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to
operate.
2.4.2 SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE (SIM)
One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), commonly known as a
SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and
phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets.
Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing
the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a
SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries.
While developments in crash control has led to vehicle designs (car) that are much safer in the
event of collision, they cannot reduce the chances of a collision. Vehicle accidents still occur every
day, the minor ones cause economic losses to the society and serious ones causes injuries or loss
of lives. Rear-end collision, for example account for approximately 1.8 million crashes annually.
More strict traffic regulations and safety standards can be helpful in preventing the accidents to a
certain degree. Many accidents can be avoided if the human driver limits can be overcome by
automating some parts of the driving tasks with safety initiatives. This initiative has encouraged
extensive research in collision warning and collision avoidance system. The Collision warning
system can warn the driver of an imminent collision. Statistical accident data show that a
considerable portion of accidents is caused by driver’s delay in recognizing or judging the
“dangerous” situation. In forward collision, for example, it is claimed that if an extra half a second
of warning time is provided to a driver, 60% of collision can be avoided and with one second of
warning time it increases to 90%. Therefore, it is believed that providing some sort of appropriate
warning to the driver can help reduce the probability and severity of vehicle accidents. Car
companies are involved in major research plans to implement Collision Warning System, which
can increase safety. Major regulatory state agencies are also interested in this area to improve
safety on the roads. Collision Warning System has been in practice in commercial heavy truck
fleets and buses in the United States for a few years now and has been very successful A more
futuristic measure to prevent collisions is a collision avoidance system that can perceive the
dangerous situation and automatically control the vehicle out of danger. When the driver fails to
perform the necessary emergency maneuverer, a collision avoidance system will take the control
and brakes and/or steers the vehicle to avoid a collision. The control paradigms that can perform
slight emergency man oeuvres are in an acceptably developed stage. However, more robust
situation-recognition systems are required before such systems can find practical use in every
vehicle. Very robust and reliable sensory system is essential for reliable operation of the system.
Liability issues are again more important for collision avoidance systems as they can potentially
overrun driver’s decision and result in some unforeseen scenarios. Therefore liability issues are
stronger challenges than technical barriers. In the following sections, control issues, human factor
concerns and liability are discussed in detail. Sensory requirements need dedicated publications
and are not discussed in this paper.

2.1 Vehicle Automation Control Scheme

The most researched area in vehicle automation is the control methodology. Once the sufficient
information is gathered about the state of a vehicle with respect to other vehicles, a control scheme
is required to either assist the driver in controlling the vehicle or autonomously control the vehicle
itself. In automated systems, the higher level controller determines the desired motion of the
vehicle for lower level controllers which control the engine, brakes, steering etc. therefore design
of the higher-level controller requires a good understanding of the vehicle environment. Design of
the lower level controller requires a good model of the vehicle itself.
2.2 Higher-level Controller
While lower level controllers are very similar, the differences in control design are reflected more
in higher level control design. Higher eve controller processes the inputs from the driver, the
infrastructure, other vehicles and the on board sensors and sends the appropriate commands to the
brake and throttle control. Mass of the heavy duty vehicle can vary considerably in different
loading scenarios and mild road grades can be serious loading for a heavy vehicle. Good estimation
of mass and road grade can improve the performance of the higher level controller by reducing the
chance of issuing infeasible control commands. The proper spacing is mostly determined by
human factor issues which will be discussed later in this paper. Once the desired spacing or
velocity is determined, the higher level controller calculates the desired acceleration that smoothly
and quickly reduces or increases the spacing or velocity to their desired values. To imitate human
behaviour fuzzy or neuro controllers can e trained for spacing adjustments as suggested in.
However many higher level controllers are based on mathematical models. For example,
application of non-linear control schemes [32] and optimal dynamic back stepping control.

The more challenging problems of automation emerge when the impact of such automation on the
drivers of the involved vehicles is being considered. Section IV elaborates on the human factor
side of automation.

2.3 Human Factor Issues

Goodrich and Boer [68] categorise driver assist systems into driver assist systems that are initiated
by the driver to safely promote comfort and assist systems which are initiated by the system to
comfortably promote safety. Human factor studies play a major role on the successful
implementation of both types. The driver is responsible for supervision of the automated tasks in
advanced automated driving assist. The assist system normally relieve the driver from some
routine physical tasks in driving, for example, maintaining a steady headway from the preceding
vehicle. Designing a collision avoidance system is bit complicated as it is the system responsible
for monitoring driver’s actions or consequences of such actions and to identify if a collision
avoidance maneuverer is necessary. A collision warning system has the additional responsibility
of communicating the situation to the driver so the driver can take timely and safe action. A very
good understanding of driver’s psychology and behavioural habit is therefore necessary. The
research should determine the baseline human driver behaviour and then evaluate the affect of
different designs on driver’s work load. Human factor issues are not exclusive to driver assist
systems. Many sectors of technology conduct Human Factor research for their products. Test
results for identifying human driver’s driving habits are available and could be used to establish a
baseline for performance of the.

In this paper author describes the alcohol detection system for vehicle by using alcohol sensor,
GPS and GSM module.
In this paper author discuss about the smart helmet system using alcohol detection for vehicle
protection.
This paper introduces methods such as alcohol detection, heart beat rate monitoring system and
personal identification system and discuss how they can be implemented to avoid accidents.

Instead of using Arduino board in this project they used microcontroller 16F877A.

In this paper author discuss about driver’s behaviour, safety application & auto theft prevention
system.

This paper represents accident vehicle automatic detection system by image processing [8]. In this
paper they describe about body area sensing, alcohol detection craving.
In our paper we discuss about the alcohol detection system for vehicle using alcohol sensor MQ3
and buzzer using Arduino.

Currently most of the public are having an own vehicle, theft tries to steal the car from parking
and sometimes driving insecurity places. The safe of vehicles is extremely essential for public
vehicles. Vehicle tracking and locking system installed in the vehicle is used to track the place and
locking engine motor. The place of the vehicle identified using GPS and GSM. [9] This system
constantly watch a moving vehicle and report the status as and when demanded by the user. When
the theft identified, the responsible person send SMS to the micro controller, then micro controller
issue the control signals to stop the engine motor. Authorized person need to send the password to
controller to restart the vehicle. This is more secured reliable and low cost. The method of vehicle
tracking and locking system used to track the theft vehicle by using GPS and GSM
technology.[10][11] This system puts into sleeping mode while the vehicle is handled by the owner
or authorized person otherwise goes to active mode., the mode of operation is changed by in person
or remotely. If any interruption occurred in any side of the door, then the IR sensor senses the
signal and SMS sends to the micro controller. The controller issues the message about the place of
the vehicle to the car owner or authorized person. When send SMS to the controller, the controller
issues the control signals to the engine motor. The speed of the engine motor gradually decreases
and come to the off place. After that all the doors locked. To open the door or restart engine,
authorized person needs to enter the password. In this method, the tracking of vehicle place easy
and doors locked automatically, thereby thief cannot get away from the car.

Computer GSM Module GPS Module

Fig. 2.1 Overall Concept of the project

 Chapter – 3
Research gap Area
The scope of this project is to study and design the GPS/GSM Vehicle Tracking system that can
give an output of the information such as time, position, and speed from the GPS receiver. The
users will also be able to send command to the GPS receiver using the GSM technology.
The project can be divided into two big part, the first part, the GPS and the AVR microcontroller
pairing. The second part, the GPS-Microcontroller and the GSM integration.
For the first part, focus will be on the GPS system and how to pair it to the microcontroller. The
study on the how GPS works will be conduct to understand its operation and command set
(NMEA) that will be used. The AVR Microcontroller is also an important device to understand as
it is a to control the operation of the GPS receiver. The microcontroller using C programming
language to operate.
The second part will be the GPS-Microcontroller and the GSM integration. The study on GSM
technology will be conduct in this phase. It is important in order to transmit the data from the GPS
receiver to the computer using the GSM technology. The correct GSM command set will be
essential to make sure the data is on the right path and transmitted correctly.
 Chapter – 4
Problem statement
With skyrocketing fuel, maintenance and insurance costs have become an accepted way of life for
owners and managers in the service, delivery and transportation industries. The good news is that
there is a light at the end of that long, dark, financially depleting tunnel. However, technology has
always created alternative pathway for businesses. Technology aid can significantly reduce fuel
and maintenance costs, and increase productivity.

For over a decade, GPS vehicle tracking systems have proven to be effective in determining the
precise location of a vehicle or asset. GPS tracking uses a system of satellites orbiting the earth to
find an approximate placement of the receiver within a few meters of its actual location. Systems
range from the passive, battery operated tracking key, to the highly sensitive, active or real time
systems with various installation options. Both are designed to enhance fleet efficiency and
profitability by monitoring driver location and speed.

Passive GPS tracking means that the GPS receiver stores all location information to be accessed
or downloaded at a later time. Passive systems are generally limited to vehicle tracking only and
are useful to individuals and businesses which typically do not need to view information in real
time. Real time GPS systems employ wireless networks (GSM) that accurately determine the exact
location of a vehicle. The user instantly receives location data from the GPS receiver while the
vehicle is still in motion. Real time systems are most widely used by companies who wish to
monitor fleet vehicles and other assets.

The discussed driver assist system can improve the safety but may change the character of vehicle
accidents. Therefore, there is a possibility that cost of liability insurance for the manufacturers
might discourage the rapid growth of driver assist system. The available published research reports
that analyse the legal and institutional difficulties of driver assist systems are very few. The few
existing reports and papers mainly discuss the legal issues of automated highways rather than
vehicle level automation. Syverud explains how different driver assist information system might
shift the liability distribution toward the manufacturer, he proposes the techniques that
manufacturers can use to reduce the liability costs without massive tort law reforms.

1. Providing product warning;

2. Recording and documenting the performance of assist system;
3. Buying liability insurance covering the warning system;
4. Having an independent producer/installer with fewer assets produce/install the system after the
vehicle is purchased by the consumer;
5. Persuading the state legislatures to enact laws that failure of a warning system cannot be used
as a defence in a negligence suit;
6. Cooperating with federal agencies in implementing driver warning systems in accordance with
guidelines promulgated by federal government.

There are common/particular interests between the government agencies, private companies,
academic and research institutes in advanced vehicle control systems. The government agencies
are more interested in increased road safety and improved traffic condition.
Chapter – 5
Objectives
Commercial fleet operators are by far the largest users of vehicle tracking systems. These
systems are used for operational functions such as routing, security, dispatch and collecting on-
board information.
These are also used for fire detector in large vehicles like train, bus etc. because the vehicle like
train contains large number of people and the sending alert of fire accident can save many lives.
The applications for this project are in military, navigation, automobiles, aircrafts, fleet
management, remote monitoring, remote control, security systems, tele services, etc.
• Fleet monitoring
• Vehicle scheduling
• Route monitoring
• Driver monitoring
• Accident analysis
• Geo-fencing geo-coding
These are just a few advantages of the project that has been introduced in this report . We can
interface more number of sensors in order to serve multiple purposes. The microcontroller that has
been used in this project have inbuit ADCs and hence the controller is capable of accepting analog
inputs, which is the biggest advantage. Since all real world signals are analog in nature, by
incorporating different sensors required purpose can be served.

The objective of this project is to design and develop a Vehicle Tracking System using GPS and
GSM Technology. In order to fully understand both GPS and GSM technology, the research and
study on how both technology works is essential to complete the whole project. The objectives of
this project are:
I. To study and investigate the basic operation of the GPS module
II. To design and develop the GPS/GSM tracking system
III. To come with my own hardware of GPS/GSM tracking system
Chapter – 6
Methodology
To understand the proposed system we need to understand proposed methodology or a procedure
that we would follow. The main procedure is developing electronics system. Electronic circuit
designing is a very hard task there are some steps that can easily describe the procedure of
developing the electronic arrangement.

PCB Layout

No device can work if its connections are not according to specification, and if the proper
resistance, capacitance, inductance etc. are not connected to the place where required. Thus a PCB
designer has to first think of the very possible combination of voltages that are required by the
circuit and make them available at points where they are needed with the minimum use of jumpers
and keeping the circuit size compact and yet effective.
The layout of PCB has to incorporate all the information on the board before one can go on the
artwork preparation. This means that a concept, which clearly defines all the details of the circuitry
and partly of final equipment, is a prerequisite before the actual layout can start.
For PCB layout, the following points ought to be considered carefully
1. Record size of components used.
2. Overall area covered is normally kept rectangular or square.
3. Vcc and ground lines should be provided at the sides to facilitate external connection.
4. Input and output terminals may be placed giving through to external connection.
5. Make a rough sketch placing components and interconnect components with jumpers.
6. Do not place components pointing in differed direction unless needed. Make them parallel to
the either side of the board.
7. Make the neat final scaled sketch on the inch graph sheet.
8. Lines mounted are of uniform width.
9. Invest the layout to confirm that all the components are connected properly and given sufficient
place in the layout.
Note: While following the above rule, a design must be chosen to minimize the total circuit area
used.
Tracing
After the circuit layout has been prepared on the tracing paper, inverting the tracing paper onto the
PCB so that the side that had been traced faces the PCB copper coating. Then trace the layout onto
the PCB placing a carbon paper in between the two.
Painting
Paint must be uniformly applied. Use 0 number painting brushes for painting PCB layout.
Etching
In all PCBs, etching is the most important step. The final copper pattern is formed by selective
removal of all unwanted copper which is not protected by an etch resist. Amongst the Enchants,
FeCl3 (Ferric Chloride) is commonly used for small PCBs where etching is only out carried out
occasionally for a small number of boards.
For etching, the solution is made, wherein sample and standard solution are in 2*1 dilutions. In
order to increases the copper dissolution capacity and to bring the etching time slightly down, HCL
is added. Etching temperature should be in the ranges of 20°C to 45°C. FeCl3 is an enchant used
in small-scale PCB production. In high volume production FeCl3 much importance because it
cannot be regenerated and it attacks the common metal etch resist.
PROCEDURE
To etch 1 kg of copper, 5.1 kg of Ferric Chloride is consumed. In order to increase the copper
dissolving capacity and to bring the etching time slightly down, often HCL is added. HCL acts
simultaneously against excessive sludge formation.
After etching is over the Ferric Chloride contained surface should be first cleaned by spraying
water, which is not enough. Then we dip it in a 5% (by volume) in the solution of oxalic acid to
remove iron and copper salts and final water rinsed vigorously. Then we rinse it by using petrol
so that the paint comes out and copper remains intact where the paint was applied. The copper
acts as conduction path for flow of signals.
The high corrosive nature of Ferric chloride leads to short etching time and avoid under etching.
Chemistry
Due to hydrolysis reaction, free acid is formed which reacts with copper.
FeCl3+3H2O = Fe(OH)3+3HCl
The copper is oxidized by Ferric ion forming cuprous chloride.
Drilling
Drilling of holes for mounting components is important mechanical operation in PCB production
process. The importance of hole drilling into nents miniaturization. After rinsing drilling is done
using bit as per the circuit provided. The diameters of holes generally accepted are as follows.
1. D = 0.8 mm
2. D =1.1 mm
3. D = 1.5 mm
4. D = 3.2 mm
Where,
D = Hole diameter.
Component Mounting
1. Before mounting any components, examine the PCB carefully for any cracks, beaks or other
defects in conduction paths.
2. The leads of components like resistors and capacitors should be fully inserted into the mounting
holes taking care to mount the components so that any information written on the components is
clearly visible.
3. Carefully cut the leads of components so that about 3 mm of the end extended beyond the wiring
side of the PCB. The ends of the leas are bent at right angles to make a firm contact with the surface
where it is to be soldered.
4. In case of semiconductor devices like transistors and diodes, the length of the leads extending
above the component side of the PCB should be about 1 cm. if transistor leads are too short we use
a base. Metal cap should touch if they are not at ground potential. The right terminals should be at
right places.
5. Certain components like transformers, potentiometers and variable capacitors, which are meant
for use with PCB, are provided with pin type terminals that can be simply inserted into the hole in
the PCB and soldered.
6. Use IC base for IC.

Soldering

PCB soldering required proper soldering technique, as explained below:

1. A light duty soldering iron of 25W or 30 W rating should be used to prevent damage to the
printed circuit wiring due to excessive heating. The tip of soldering iron should not have an oxide
coating. Clean it using sand paper.
2. Do not use excess solder to avoid solder flouring to adjacent conducing paths forming bridges,
which cause short circuits.
3. Clean the surface of traces before you start soldering. It is advisable to use flux.
Layout of desired circuit diagram and preparation is first and most important operation in any
printed circuit board manufacturing process. First of all layout of component side is to be made in
accordance with available components dimensions. The following points are to be observed while
forming the layout of P.C.B:
1. Between two components, sufficient space should be maintained.
2. High wattage/max, dissipated components should be mounted at a sufficient distance from
semiconductors and electrolytic capacitors.
3. the most important point is that the components layout is making proper compression with
copper side circuit layout.
Printed circuit board (P.C.B’s) is used to avoid most or all the disadvantages of conventional bread
board. These also avoid the use to thin wired for connecting (the components they are small in size
and efficient in performance) the two most popular boards are widely used for general purpose
application where the cost is to be low and the layout is simple.

Hardware implementation:
To describe the connection of electronics system and sensors some major issue are occurs because
this system have very large connections. There are some points to understand the connections of
electronis system with the vehicle.

1. GPS and GSM connection with the vehicle

2. Ultrasonic sensor cinection with the vehicle
3. Alcohol detector positioning and connction with a GSM.
4. Smart theft detection with the vehicle.
 Chapter – 7
Proposed experimental setup
3.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

3.1.1 Arduino Compiler:

The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for
the Processing programming language and the Wiring project. It is designed to introduce
programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a
code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation,
and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is
typically no need to edit make files or run programs on a command-line interface. Although
building on command-line is possible if required with some third-party tools such a Ino.
The Arduino IDE comes with a C/C++ library called "Wiring" (from the project of the same name),
which makes many common input/output operations much easier. Arduino programs are written
in C/C++.
3.1.2 Eagle version 5.6.0 :

EAGLE (for: Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor, German: Einfach anzuwendender
grafischer Layout-Editor) by CadSoft Computer is a flexible, expandable and scriptable EDA
application with schematic capture editor, PCB layout editor, auto-router andCAM and BOM tools
developed by CadSoft Computer GmbH, Germany, since 1988.
EAGLE is popular among smaller design houses and in academia for its favourable licensing terms
and rich availability of component libraries on the web.

3.1.3 Google maps:

Google Maps is a desktop and mobile web mapping service application and technology provided
by Google, offering satellite imagery, street maps, and Street View perspectives, as well as
functions such as a route planner for traveling by foot, car, bicycle (beta test), or with public
transportation. Also supported are maps embedded on third-party websites via the Google Maps
API,[1] and a locator for urban businesses and other organizations in numerous countries around
the world. Google Maps satellite images are not updated in real time; however, Google adds data
to their Primary Database on a regular basis. Google Earth support states that most of the images
are no more than 3 years old.

3.2 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION:

For designing this hardware many types of devices are used to make it perfectly working. All the
devices are purchased from different manufacturers. These components are soldered on a
soldering board. The following list of hardware are required for this system.
 Power supply

 Microcontroller ATMEGA328
 GPS module
 GSM module
 Max232
 RS232
  LCD display
 LED
 Infrared sensor
 Fire detector

3.2.1 POWER SUPPLY: It consists of step down transformer, bridge rectifier, capacitors
and voltage regulator ICs. 230V AC is converted to 12V DC using transformer and bridge
rectifier. This 12VDC is further reduced to 5V DC using voltage regulator IC.

3.2.1.1 Resistors:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as
a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage
levels within circuits.
In electronic circuits resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active
elements, terminate transmission lines among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate
many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution
systems, or as test loads for generators.
Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating
voltage.
Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp
dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various
compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are
manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the
resistance will fall within a manufacturing tolerance.

Resistor is a circuit element having the function of introducing electrical resistance in to the circuit.
There are three basic types of resistor.
(a) Fixed resistor
(b) Rheostat
(c) Potentiometer
A fix resistor is a two terminal device which electrical resistance is constant.
A rheostat is a resistor that can be changed in resistance value without opening the circuit to make
adjustment.
A potentiometer is an adjustable resistor with three terminals, on at each end of the resistor element
and thin movable along its length.
There are three basic types of resistors:
1. Carbon composite resistors
2. Wire wound resistors
3. Carbon-Film resistors.
In the circuit we use carbon composition resistors
3.2.1.2 Capacitors:

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component

used to store energy electrostaticallyin an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary
widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e.
insulator). The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive
electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A
dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, oxide layer etc. Capacitors
are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike aresistor,
an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field between its plates.
3.2.1.3 Transformers:

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or more circuits through
electromagnetic induction.
A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the core
and a varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at
the secondary induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding.
Making use of Faraday's Law in conjunction with high magnetic permeability core properties,
transformers can thus be designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to
another within power networks.
Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimetre in volume to units
interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons. A wide range of transformer designs is
encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Since the invention in 1885 of the first
constant potential transformer, transformers have become essential for the AC transmission,
distribution, and utilization of electrical energy.
3.2.1.4 IC LM7805:

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage
regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed
voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx
in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated
power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending
upon the respective voltage levels.

3.2.1.5 W10M Bridge Rectifier

A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration which
provides the same output polarity for either input polarity. It is used for converting an alternating
current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output.
3.2.2 MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA328:
The Atmel AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers.
All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two
independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The
resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than
conventional CISC microcontrollers.

The Atmega168 provides the following features: 16 Kbytes of In-System Programmable Flash
with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes of EEPROM, 1 Kbyte of SRAM, 23 general
purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with
compare modes, internal and external interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte oriented
Two wire Serial Interface, a 6-channel ADC (eight channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages)
with 10-bit accuracy, a programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port,
and five software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing
the SRAM; Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue function

The Power down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other
chip functions until the next Interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous
timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is
sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except
asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby
mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This
allows very fast start-up combined with low-power consumption.
3.3.3 GSM MODULE:

A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a
subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator perspective,
a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.
When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to use the GSM modem
to communicate over the mobile network. While these GSM modems are most frequently used to
provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be used for sending and receiving
SMS and MMS messages.

GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth connection, or it
can be a mobile phone that provides GSM modem capabilities.
For the purpose of this document, the term GSM modem is used as a generic term to refer to any
modem that supports one or more of the protocols in the GSM evolutionary family, including the
2.5G technologies GPRS and EDGE, as well as the 3G technologies WCDMA, UMTS, HSDPA
and HSUPA.

3.3.4 GPS MODULE:

A GPS navigation device is a device that accurately calculates geographical location by
receiving information from GPS satellites. Initially it was used by the United States military, but
now most receivers are in automobiles and smartphones.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network
of a minimum of 24, but currently 30, satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of
Defense. Military action was the original intent for GPS, but in the 1980s, the U.S. government
decided to allow the GPS program to be used by civilians. The satellite data is free and works
anywhere in the world.
GPS devices may have capabilities such as:
maps, including streets maps, displayed in human readable format via text or in a graphical
format,
turn-by-turn navigation directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via text or speech,
Directions fed directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic probe,
Traffic congestion maps (depicting either historical or real time data) and suggested alternative
directions,
Information on nearby amenities such as restaurants, fueling stations, and tourist attractions.

3.3.5 MAX232:

The MAX232 is an IC, first created in 1987 by Maxim Integrated Products, that converts signals
from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The
MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.
The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via
on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in
devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply
design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.
The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as ± 25 V), to standard 5 V TTL levels.
These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V.
3.3.6 RS232:

In telecommunications systems used today RS-232 is a standard for serial communication

transmission of data. It formally defines the signals connecting between a DTE (data terminal
equipment) such as a computer terminal, and a DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment,
originally defined as data communication equipment), such as a modem.
The RS-232 standard is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the
electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and
pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface Between Data
Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data
Interchange, issued in 1997.
An RS-232 serial port was once a standard feature of a personal computer, used for connections to
modems, printers, mice, data storage, uninterruptible power supplies, and other peripheral devices.
However, RS-232 is hampered by low transmission speed, large voltage swing, and large standard
connectors.
In modern personal computers, USB has displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface
roles. Many computers do not come equipped with RS-232 ports and must use either an external
USB-to-RS-232 converter or an internal expansion card with one or more serial ports to connect
to RS-232 peripherals. Nevertheless, RS-232 devices are still used, especially in industrial
machines, networking equipment and scientific instruments.
3.3.7 LCD:
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display
that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light
directly.
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed
images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as
in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up
of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.
LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors, televisions,
instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are common in consumer devices
such as DVD players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have
replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. The LCD screen is more energy
efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT. Its low electrical power consumption
enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment.
3.3.8 LED:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn-junction diode,

which emits light when activated.]When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are
able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy
of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.
3.3.9 INFRARED SENSOR:
An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument which is used to sense certain characteristics of
its surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation. Infrared sensors are also
capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and detecting motion.

3.4.0 Alcohol detection

In this Arduino Alcohol Detector Shield we have used a MQ3 sensor to detect present alcohol
level in the breath. A 16x2 LCD is used for displaying the PPM Value of alcohol. And an LM358
IC for converting alcohol level sensor output to digital (this function is optional). A buzzer is also
place for indicating high alcohol level.

Circuit Diagram for this Arduino Alcohol Sensor Project is given above. We have a comparator
circuit for comparing output voltage of Alcohol Sensor with preset voltage (output connected at
pin D7). Alcohol sensor output is also connected at an analog pin of Arduino (A0). Buzzer is
connected at Pin D9. And LCD connections are same as Arduino LCD examples that are available
in Arduino IDE (12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2). A push button also used here for start taking reading from
Alcohol Sensor connected at digital pin D6 of Arduino. Remaining connections are shown in the
circuit diagram.
 Chapter – 8
Expected Outcome
We can use the EEPROM to store the previous Navigating positions up to 256 locations and we
can navigate up to N number of locations by increasing its memory.

 We will reduce the size of the kit by using GPS+GSM on the same module.

 We will increase the accuracy up to 3m by increasing the cost of the GPS receivers.

 We find that our kit for detection of Alchoholic by connecting to the detector detector.

With the help of high sensitivity ultrasonic sensor sensors we can detect the accident. whenever
vehicle unexpectedly had an accident on the road with help of ultrasonic sensor we can detect the
accident and we can send the location to the owner, hospital and police.

 We can use our kit to assist the traffic. By keeping the kits in the entire vehicles and by
knowing the locations of all the vehicles.

 If anybody steals our car we can easily find our car around the globe. By keeping vehicle
positioning vehicle on the vehicle.

CONCLUSION:

Vehicle tracking system makes better fleet management and which in turn brings large profits.
Better scheduling or route planning can enable you handle larger jobs loads within a particular
time. Vehicle tracking both in case of personal as well as business purpose improves safety and
security, communication medium, performance monitoring and increases productivity. So in the
coming year, it is going to play a major role in our day-to-day living.
Main motto of the project is to incorporate different types of sensors so that they help in decrease
the chances of losing life in such accident which we can’t stop from occurring. Whenever accident
is alerted the paramedics are reached to the particular location to increase the chances of life. This
device invention is much more useful for the accidents occurred in deserted places and midnights.
This vehicle tracking and accident alert feature plays much more important role in day to day life
in future.
Chapter – 9
References