Tujuan

To fulfil competency learning material of fundamental knowledge of network and

IT building block and to use this knowledge to support daily activities in order to
have effectively working team environment among the people behind network and
IT elements.

2
Sasaran

 Skill: Utilizing fundamental knowledge of network and IT to support daily technical business activity

 Knowledge: Functionality and building block of RAN components, Core components, Transport
components, CME, Telco IT Billing system, VAS components, Intelligent Network, IT infrastructure
components, along with their implementation of how they are useful to our customers (internal and
external)

 Attitude: Building the end to end way of thinking when working with technology, not just “my part is
done and I don’t care with other department”; but instead become “what my part relates to other
department and what I could help to make better service and faster time to market”. As well as
effectively communicate among technical team across departments of technology with similar
language

3
Agenda Day 1
1. Network - Cellular evolution: 2G, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSPA, HSPA+, LTE and 5G
Architecture - System architecture: Base Station Subsystem, Core Subsystem, Network
Fundamental Management Subsystem
- Base Station Subsystem: BSS Elements, Backhaul, Air Interface and radio
propagation, speech coding, cell planning, Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),
- Core Subsystem: Core elements, protocoling, routing, security procedures and
algorithms
- Network Management Subsystem, OSS or Element Management System
supporting network interfaces, user features.
- Overview SS7 signaling, SCCP, BSSAP, MAP, TCAP, CAMEL etc.
- Introduction to 3GPP specification
- GSM Operation Scenario: MOC, MTC, location update, roaming and call routing,
routing in PLMN, location registration, handover.
- Addressing, numbering, location areas and identity numbers, routing area, etc.
- Supplementary services
- New approach of network architecture: Access, Internet Chain, Unified
Datacenter, Repository & Policy Management (Please refer to the description in
sub-chapter Basic Curriculum in the beginning of this document, in order to get
the architecture diagram and network element mapping of this new
architecture)
2. RAN, Core, - Introduction to LTE RAN, UMTS RAN, 2G RAN: functionality, basic operation,
Transport technology, modulation, codec, features
Fundamental - Introduction to LTE Core and 3G Core CS (MSC/MSC-Server/MGW, Signaling,
ISC/Fixed switch
- Introduction to HSS/HLR/AUC/EIR/SPR/ MNP/LDAP, IMS/CSCF
- Introduction to Policy Control (PCRF/PCEF)
- Introduction to SGSN/MME/GGSN/S-GW/ P-GW/Access Controller/GW
- Backhaul and backbone, Fiber, Outside Plan (OSP), Submarine cable,
Introduction to Microwave, FSO, Satellite/VSAT, SDH, PDH, Synchronization ,
XWDM, XPON, IP4/6, FTTH, MPLS
- Including interaction of all elements above

4
Agenda

5
6
 Cellular Evolution – Indonesia
Trigger Mass market Data Services Need capacity Need Huge capacity
Telco Rev Extra Mass Subs Data Explosion Internet of Things
Services
Compression Larger & Efficient Spectrum
Change & Channeling
Wide band Spectrum
4G 5G
• 2014 • Coming ~ 2022
• LTE vs WiMax • Not Yet Ready
2G • 100Mbps DL  2Mbps • Tech still In research phase
• 1994 3G • 50Mbps UL • No consensus on
• GSM, D-AMPS, CDMAOne • 2006 • LTE-A 1Gbps implementation
• Digital, Voice+SMS • WCDMA UMTS • All IP, VoIP • Massive small cells, Massive
• Multimedia MIMO, Beamforming, Full
• Authentication & Encryption • R99 384Kbps Duplex reciprocity, Hetnetz
• Data Rate 14.4 Kbps • HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA, • Lower cost / bps
• IoT, any devices, any
HSPA+ • Lower latency
• GPRS 2.5G 171 Kbps  services, whole life, always
56Kbps • 1x EVDO, EVDV, TDSCDMA • Small Cells, Hetnetz connected,
• 20 Mbps  1Mbps • Self Organizing Network
• EDGE 2.75G 473 Kbps 
128Kbps • Device still expensive
• Smart Phone
1G • CDMA2000 384Kbps • Web browsing, email,
• 1986’s 128Kbps • mp3 streaming, video call,
• Analogue, Voice Only • Mobile TV, Gaming
• AMPS, NMTS, TACS • Cell Shrinking  not
• No Roaming enough capacity to serve
• Too many system subs

7
System Architecture NSS IN Core Other World
HLR/ IN PSTN
RSS
AuC
Backhaul
NodeB ISDN
RNC Backbone
MSS/VLR/
BSS
SSP/MGW
PLMN
NodeB

Billing
MS SMSC VMS System

VAS
Internet
SGSN GGSN
World
NMS
PS Core Subsystem
 Radio Subsystem
Air Interface Uu

Ke/Dari NSS
BSS UE (User Equipment) = handphone/handset/MS/Device
MS  Transceiver yg dikontrol oleh mini komputer yg mengirim dan menerima sinyal
Ke/Dari NMS radio GSM
 Ada beberapa tipe: Vehicle Mounted, Portable, Handheld (Handphone); each
Radio Subsystem with various power
 Mempunyai serial number disebut IMEI
RSS terdiri dari :
 Dapat melakukan pengacakan sinyal dg algoritma A5 (encryption / chipering)
•Mobile Station (MS)
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module):
•Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
 Sbg tiket untuk mengakses jaringan GSM
MS Terdiri dari:
 Small computer (smart card), dpt mengontrol berbagai fungsi panggilan
• User Equipment (UE)
 Data tersimpan di SIM card: IMSI, Ki, Algorithm A3 and A8, PIN, TMSI,
• SIM Card memory of Telephone numbers, SMS
 Base Station Subsystem
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Ke / Dari Node B = Base Transceiver Station (BTS) :

NSS  Menjaga dan memonitor hubungan ke

Mobile Station (HP)
 Memancarkan dan menerima data
dari/ke HP
RNC Radio Network Controller (RNC) :
NodeB  Merupakan penghubung antara
beberapa NodeB dan MSC
 Mengontrol Manajemen NodeB yang
BSS Terdiri dari : ada dibawahnya

•Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

•Radio Network Controller (RNC)
 Radio Propagation

Direct signal
Reflected signal
hB
Difracted signal

d
Base Station (Tx)
MS (Rx)

11
Hata Formula

• Example: At 3G 2100MHz, distance 1 Km, BTS Antenna height 40m, MS Antenna height 2m, at large city.
• From Hata Formula We got Path Loss = 133 dB
• There for if the BTS transmit 40 Watt signal then MS shall receive that signal of around 2milli Watt

12
Speech Coding Principle
Time slot 577 µs
TDMA frame 4615 µs

4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 55 6

Nina Nina Nina

Slot Na ma Pe mbica ra a n
0 Jono Siap kerjakan..
1 Iyem Piye to mas…
2 Cahyono Dimane loe…
3 Mustar Horaz bah…
4 Tarzan Selamat malam…
5 Nina Jemput aku di …
6 Broto Pergilah nak…
7 Doyok Good.. Good…
Speech Coding Principle (con’t)

Time slot 577 µs

TDMA frame 4615 µs

4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 55 6

Slot Na ma Pe mbica ra a n
0 Jono Siap kerjakan..
1 Iyem Piye to mas…
2 Cahyono Dimane loe…
3 Mustar Horaz bah…
4 Tarzan Selamat malam…
5 Nina Jemput aku di …
6 Broto Pergilah nak…
7 Doyok Good.. Good…
Cell Planning

Concentric cell
Sectorized cell
Umbrella cell
Inner zone

Micro cell Micro cell

Micro cell
Small
Small cell Outer zone
Extended cell cell Small
Small cell Small
cell cell
Extended Zone

15
Core Subsystem
Core Subsystem:
 Circuit Core (CS Core): MSS, MGW
 Packet Core (PS Core): SGSN, GGSN
MSS (Mobile Switching Center):
 Peralatan sentral yang mengontrol switching
(penyambungan)
 Memproduksi data tagihan untuk diolah di pusat
billing
 Melayani beberapa BSS.
MGW (Media Gateway):
 Peralatan sentral yang mengontrol switching
(penyambungan)
 Sbg gerbang (gateway) menuju jaringan circuit
switching spt: telpon PSTN, international gateway dll.
VLR (Visitor Location Register):
 Dynamic database of subscribers (services,
facilities etc.) that are currently log into
specific coverage area (usually MSC area).
These data are copied from HLR
 Many vendors integrate VLR functionality in
the MSC to reduce signaling
HLR (Home Location Register):
 Home permanent database of a
subscriber (services, facilities, status
blocking information etc..)
 Contain VLR address of currently
that subscriber log in
Packet Core (PS)
 GPRS provide data services base on packet transmission instead of circuit
 GPRS enable merging between mobile technology and Internet technology
 Several services of GPRS are the following:
Messaging, Video streaming, Internet Browsing, WAP browsing, Gaming
HLR – AuC – VLR Comparison
HLR Data: VLR Data:
 IMSI, MSISDN  IMSI, MSISDN
 Services, Facilities and Restriction  Services, Facilities and Restriction
 VLR Address  TMSI
 Authentication (RAND, SRES, Kc) from
AuC
AuC (Authentication Center):
 Home database of subscribers security function
 Produce Triplets (RAND, SRES and Kc) that are
used for authentication and ciphering
 Mostly AuC is integrated with HLR

18
Intelligent Network (IN)
 IN empower network with the services provided by operator desk and other services
that are considerably complicated to be implemented in the NSS
 Some of IN services are the following:
 Prepaid, Virtual Private Network, Home Zone Billing (HZB), Friend and Family,
FreePhone 0800, Premium Call 0809, televoting, Universal Access Number
 Etc. Other services are possibly created for new revenue source and subs
convenient
Network Management Subsystem
 Memonitor kondisi jaringan GSM 24 jam x 7 hari, mewaspadai terhadap alarm / gejala gangguan
 Melakukan fungsi pengoperasian dan pemeliharaan terpusat, sehingga mempercepat penanganan gangguan
 Melakukan measurement terhadap indikator-indikator (counter) jaringan yang diperlukan untuk menganalisa
kualitas jaringan
 Melakukan konfigurasi jaringan secara terpusat
 Disebut juga sebagai OSS = OMC = NOC
 Terdiri dari: NMS
 EMS (Element Management System)
 NMS (Network Management System)
 Features:
Configuration Management

Fault Management
EMS EMS EMS EMS EMS EMS
Performance Management
RAN-A RAN-B RAN-C Core-A Core-B Transport
Network Surveillance

Integrated Quality Assurance

Protocoling

21
Routing
 Circuit Switch Routing Packet Switch Routing
 Packet Switch Routing  Using IP addressing and protocol
 Data will be framed into data
Circuit Switch Routing packets and sent to destination
 Mostly for voice call  Destination will then reassemble
the data packets
 Using numbering, A# and B#
 Digit Analysis
 Trunk selection
 Several predefined trunkgruop

22
 Security Procedures
Pre-personalization Process
Multiple Security Procedures:
Write to SIM Write to AuC
 Sim card Protection: PIN + PUK
IMSI IMSI
trial limit
Secret key Secret Key
 Authentication: Ki, A3 and A8 Algorithm Algorithm
Algorithm etc. Etc.
 Encryption / Chipering: RAND, CPC Machine HSS
Kc and A8
 Application security: User Id + Activation Process
Password, https, verification, Write to HSS
etc. MSISDN
Services
Facility

Provisioning Activation
HSS
Machine
To Billing system

23
Call Operation Scenario (MOC to PSTN)

Pak Stefan, 0815444444 Calling party (MS)

3 1
02130010000

BTS/BSC

Called party (PSTN)

3 1
Bu Stefan, 02130010000
2 4 5
VLR MSS MGW 02130010000
Call Operation Scenario (MTC from PSTN)

Pak Stefan, 0815444444 Called party

(MS)

7 8 9

BTS/BSC BTS/BSC BTS/BSC

7 7 8 9 7 Paging dalam satu LAC
MSRN:08160170025 510-01-4400000001
MSS/VLR
4 MGW
510-01-4400000001
3 Calling party
IMSI
6 MSRN:08160170025 (PSTN)
HLR
0815444444 2
GMSC/
5 08160170025 MGW MSISDN:0815444444
1
Call Operation Scenario (MS-MS at the Same MSS Area)

Pak Stefan, 0815444444 Rosa, 0855555555

9 1:0855555555 8 7 9

BTS/BSC BTS/BSC BTS/BSC

8 9
9 1

MSS/VLR 7 Paging
MGW
2: 4:MSRN
MSISDN
3:IMSI
5:MSRN
HLR
Call Operation Scenario (MS-MS Different MSS Area)

Pak Rudy, 0815444444 Rosa, 0855555555

9 1 7 8 9

BTS/BSC BTS/BSC BTS/BSC BTS/BSC

9 1 7 7 8 9 7
9
MSS/VLR 1 MSS/VLR 2
MGW MGW
6
2 3
4
HLR
5
Signaling Scenario– MOC

MS BTS/BSC MSC/VLR PSTN

Channel Request
Immediate Assignment

CM Service Request (LAC, CI, TMSI)

Authentication Request (RAND)

Authentication Response (SRES)
Cipher Mode Command (Kc, allowed A5 version)
Cipher Mode Complete (Algorithm A5 version)

Setup (service, called number)

Call Proceeding
Assign Request
Assign Command
Signaling Scenario – MOC (cont’d)

MS BTS/BSC MSC/VLR PSTN

Assign Complete IAM (CallingNoMSISDN, CalledNo)
ACM Ringing
Alerting
ANM Jawab
Connect
Connect Ack
Percakapan Berlangsung
Disconnect REL
Release RLC

Release Complete
Channel Release Clear Command
Channel Release Ack Clear Complete
Signaling Scenario - MTC

MS BTS/BSC MSC/VLR HLR GMSC PSTN

London=Jakarta
IAM (CallingNo, CalledNoMSISDN)
Send Routing Info(MSISDN)
Provide Roaming Number(IMSI)
Roaming Number(MSRN)
Routing Info (MSRN)
IAM (CallingNo, CalledNoMSRN)
Paging (TMSI)

Channel Request
Immediate Assignment

Paging Response (LAC, CI, TMSI)

Signaling Scenario – MTC (cont’d)

MS BTS/BSC MSC/VLR HLR GMSC PSTN

London=Jakarta
Authentication Request (RAND)
Authentication Response (SRES)
Cipher Mode Command (Kc, allowed A5 version)
Cipher Mode Complete (Algorithm A5 version)

Setup (service)
Call Confirm
Assign Request
Assign Command
Assign Complete
Ringing Alerting
ACM ACM
Signaling Scenario – MTC (cont’d 2)

MS BTS/BSC MSC/VLR HLR GMSC PSTN

London=Jakarta
Connect
Connect Ack
Percakapan Berlangsung
Disconnect REL REL
Release RLC RLC
Release Complete
Channel Release Clear Command

Channel Release Ack Clear Complete

Signaling Scenario – Location Registration

MS BTS/BSC MSC/VLR Old MSC/VLR HLR/AuC

Channel Request
Immediate Assignment

Location Updating Request (oldLAI, TMSI, newLAC-CI)

Send Parameters (oldLAI, TMSI)
Send Parameters Result (IMSI)

Send Parameters (IMSI)

Send Parameters Result (Triplets)
Authentication Request (RAND)
Authentication Response (SRES)

Cipher Mode Command (Kc, allowed A5 version)

Cipher Mode Complete (Algorithm A5 version)
Signaling Scenario – Location Registration (cont’d)

MS BTS/BSC MSC/VLR Old MSC/VLR HLR

Update Location(IMSI, newVLR no)

Cancel Location (IMSI, oldVLR no)

Cancel Location Ack

Insert Subscriber Data

Subscriber Data insertion Ack

Update Location Ack

Location Update Accept (newLAI, newTMSI)

TMSI Reallocation Complete

Channel Release Clear Command

Channel Release Ack Clear Complete
Signaling Scenario - Handover

MS Old BTS/BSC New BTS/BSC Old MSC New MSC

Measurement Report
Handover Required
Tiap 480ms
Perform Handover
Handover Required
Handover Required Ack
Perform Handover Result
MIF
ACF
Handover Command
Handover Complete
Channel Release Clear Command
Channel Release Ack Clear Complete
Overview of SS7 Signaling

• Signaling ialah bahasa yang digunakan untuk pertukaran informasi yang dimengerti oleh kedua belah mesin
yang berhubungan.
• CAS (Common Associated Signaling) : signaling is always sent on the same connection as traffic.
• CCS (Common Channel Signaling) : signaling method in which a single channel conveys, by means of labeled
messages, signaling information relating to, for example, a multiplicity of circuits, or other information such
as that used for network management. (ITU-T Q.700 03/93 page 2)
• Signaling Points: OPC, DPC
• Signaling Links, Signaling Link Sets
• Signaling Route: route on DPC + SSN, route on global title
• Signaling Modes: associated, quasi-associated mode
• Signaling Point Modes: SP, STP

38
SS7 Recommendation of ITU-T

No SS No.7 function Recommendations

1 Message Transfer Part (MTP) Q.701 - Q.704, Q.706, Q.707

2 Telephone User Part (TUP) Q.721 - Q.725

3 Supplementary Services Q.73x series

4 Data User Part (DUP) Q.741 (see Note)

5 ISDN User Part (ISUP) Q.761 - Q.764, Q.766

6 Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) Q.711 - Q.714, Q.716

7 Transaction Capabilities (TC) Q.771 - Q.775

8 Operations Maintenance and Administration Part (OMAP) Q.750 - Q.755

Note : Functions of the DUP are fully specified in
Recommendation X.61

39
SS7 Signaling Structure and OSI Layer

40
Signaling Application Part in Mobile Network

• ISUP (ISDN User Part) ISUP (ISDN User Part):

• SCCP (Signaling Connection Control Part)  Menyediakan fungsi signaling antar MSS

• TCAP (Transaction Capability Application Part) maupun antara MSS dengan PSTN. Antara
lain: memulai panggilan, mengakhiri
• RANAP (Radio Access Network Application Part) panggilan, suspend-resume, dll.
• MAP (Mobile Application Part)  ISUP langsung on top of MTP layer
• CAP (CAMEL Application Part). CAMEL = Common
Architecture for Enhanced Mobile Logic. Build on
top of TCAP.

41
SCCP
S C C P User SCCP (Signaling Connection Control Part): berfungsi untuk
mengontrol routing signaling sebagai enhancer bagi fungsi
SCCP MTP. Meliputi
SCCP Connection- SCCP Connection • Fungsi translasi dan routing
less Oriented Oriented Control
SCCP Control (SCLC)
• Connectionless dan connection oriented signaling
(SCOC)
Management • Circuit related dan circuit non related transfer
(SCMG)
Signalling
SCCP Routing Control (SCRC)

Message Transfer part (MTP)

42
TCAP

TCAP (Transaction Capability Application Part):menyediakan

TC User fungsi - fungsi transaction capability (TC) dalam satu kesatuan
prosedur untuk mendukung transfer informasi non circuit
related antara 2 titik signalling atau lebih. Misalnya (MAP,
TCAP Supplementary services, Pengiriman SMS, O&M. On top of
SCCP.
SCCP

MTP

43
MAP

MAP (Mobile Application Part): menyediakan fungsi - fungsi

MAP signalling antar elemen core network yang berhubungan
dengan informasi yang berkaitan dengan pergerakan Mobile
Station. Misalnya (Call set up, Location Update dan
TCAP cancellation, IMSI detach dan attach, MS Information Update,
Handover, etc)
SCCP

MTP

44
BSSAP
• BSSAP (Base Station Subsystem Application
BSS side MSC side Part): menyediakan fungsi signaling terkait
BSSAP BSSAP single cell dengan core network single call
DTAP BSSMAP DTAP BSSMAP dan resource management. Seperti:
Assignment of TCh, Blocking TCh,
Distribution BSS Distribution BSS Resource indication, Handover required
function OMAP function OMAP
indicator, Handover resource indicator,
Release, Paging, dll
SCCP SCCP
• BSSAP terdiri dari BSSMAP dan DTAP
MTP MTP • DTAP mentransfer call control langsung
dari MS ke Core
• BSSMAP menangani fungsi mobility
A Interface

45
IP Signaling

• SIGTRAN (Signaling Transport): Implementation of SS7 signaling over IP. Using several adaptation layer such:
• SCTP - Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
• TUA - SS7 TCAP-User Adaptation Layer (TUA)
• SUA - SS7 SCCP-User Adaptation Layer (SUA)
• ISUA - SS7 ISUP-User Adaptation Layer (ISUA)
• M3UA - SS7 MTP3-User Adaptation Layer (M3UA)
• M2UA - SS7 MTP2-User Adaptation Layer (M2UA)
• M2PA - SS7 MTP2-User Peer-to-Peer Adaptation Layer (M2PA)
• IUA - ISDN-User Adaptation Layer (IUA)
• SIP (Session Initiation Protocol): signaling protocol used to create, manage and terminate sessions in an IP
based network. Commonly used between MSS or MSS to PSTN. Dapat on top of TCP, UDP (User Datagram
Protocol) atau SCTP
• Diameter: AAA (Authorization, Authentication and Accounting ) protocol, over TCP/SCTP or TLS/DTLS (for
security). Diameter is successor of RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) protocol that run
over UDP. Diameter is widely used in mobile network for charging, billing, Policy Control and Charging Rule
Function (PCRF) in ‘All IP’ Mobile Network

46
Signal Unit (SU)

• Terdapat di ITU-T rekomendasi Q.703

• Terdiri dari 3 jenis signal unit : FISU, LSSU, dan MSU
• FISU dikirim bila tidak ada SU lain yang digunakan.
• LSSU dikirim untuk memberitahukan status terkini mengenai signaling link
• MSU membawa traffic data dan digunakan oleh User Part.

47
Signal Unit Diagram

48
Numbering

http://mcclist.com/mobile-network-codes-country-codes.asp
 NDC Indosat:
• 0814, 0815, 0816,
• 0855, 0856,
• 0858

50
51
Network Services
Network Services

Circuit Based Data Value Added

Services Services Services

Bearer Service • Circuit Switch Data SMS

Browsing
Teleservice • Voice, Fax RBT
Messaging • Chatting
Video • Circuit Based Video Call Registration
Streaming • TV, Movie, Music
Supplementary Cancelation
• Call Forward, Call barring,
Service Call waiting, hold, CLIP, Credit
CLIR, etc. Transfer

52
Introduction to Standardization Body

• GSM and its technology evolution follow 3GPP specification (mainly including ETSI specification)
• 3GPP is 3rd Generation Partnership Project. is a collaboration between groups of telco
associations.
• The initial scope was to make a globally applicable third-generation (3G) mobile system specification based on GSM.
The scope was later enlarged to include the development and maintenance of:2G, 3G, 4G LTE and IMS
• 3GPP unites seven telco standard development organizations (ARIB Japan, ATIS USA, CCSA China,
ETSI Europe, TTA Korea), known as “Organizational Partners” and provides their members with a
stable environment to produce the Reports and Specifications that define 3GPP technologies.
• WG = Working Group, TSG = Technical Specification Group,
• ETSI (European Telecommunication Standard Institute) ETSI produces globally applicable
standards for Information & Communications Technologies including fixed, mobile, radio,
broadcast, internet, aeronautical and other areas. (www.etsi.org)
• ITU-T: International Telecommunication Union for Telephony.
• ITU-R: International Telecommunication Union for Radio.

53
3GPP Overview

• Source of paper and presentation related

to mobile network
• Organizing event, seminar and meeting
worth full for knowledge upgrade

55
ETSI Overview

• http://www.etsi.org/
• Source of 2G, 3G, 4G standard and
specification
• Event and seminar
• Source of Tutorial and insight

http://www.etsi.org/

56
Search for Specification (1)
2. Insert the topic. Example: ePC 1. Click [Standard]

3. Click search button

http://www.etsi.org/standards
57
 Search for Specification (2)
4. You will get the list of all related specification

5. You can fine tune by unchecking

ETSI number, content, on approval
and historical. Leaving only Title and
published checked

58
Search for Specification (3) 5. You shall get shorter list. Then find
the most relevant specification you
are searching

6. Click to download

59
New Approach of Network Architecture

60
Abbreviation
AuC Authentication Center MSIN Mobile Subscriber Identity Number
BSC Base Station Controller MSISDN Mobile Station Int’l ISDN Number
BSS Base Station Sub-system MSRN Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number
BTS Base Transceiver System NDC Network Destination Code
CC Country Code NMC Network Management Center
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access NSS Network Switching Sub-system
CDR Call Data Record = billing record PIN Personal Identity Number
CI Cell Identity PUK Personal User Key
DCS Digital Cellular System GSM 1800 RAND Random Number
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node RSS Radio Sub System
GMSC Gateway MSC SCP Service Control Point
GPRS General Packet Radio Service SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication SIM Subscriber Identity Modul
HLR Home Location Register SMSC Short Message Service Center
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity SN Subscriber Number
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Indentity SRES Sign Response
IN Intelligent Network SSP Service Switching Point
Kc Key for Ciphering TC Transcoder
Ki Key for Individual Subscriber TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
LAC Location Area Code UMTS Universal Mobile Telecomm. System
LAI Location Area Identity=Internat. form of LAC VAS Value Added Service
MCC Mobile Country Code VLR Visitor Location Register
MMS Multimedia Messaging System VMS Voice Mail System
MNC Mobile Network Code VMSC Visiting MSC
MS Mobile Station VVLR Visiting VLR
MSC Mobile Switching Center WAP Wireless Application Protocol
65
Spectrum Allocation

Quiz:
Evaluate the frequencies used by your
company:
1. Which band ?
2. Show which band used for LTE RAN,
which band used for UMTS RAN and
which band for 2G RAN and mention
the bandwidth for each.

66
EPS (Evolved Packet System) - Terms
• EPS (Evolved Packet System): the whole system of 4G LTE
EPS • EUTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network):
the main part of LTE radio
• SAE( System Architecture Evolution): LTE Core Network (CN)
Evolution of Evolution of • ePC (Evolved Packet Core): Main part of LTE Packet Switching
Radio part non Radio part (PS).
• The other part of LTE may consist of other block that handle
Mainly EUTRAN Mainly SAE non packet such as IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem).

Packet Core
others
ePC

67
LTE Advantages

1. Fully Packet Switch

2. IP optimized. All IP Network
3. Stable performance up to the cell edge
4. Does not required guard band between LTE spectrums as the orthogonal signal will neutralize the impact of
interference in the frequency border
5. Flat architecture, simpler, more cost efficient
6. Low latency, below 20ms
7. Improved spectrum efficiency, 2 to 4 times HSPA
8. SON feature
9. Improved high capacity of scheduler
10. Further evolution to LTE Advance
11. Higher data rate: 100Mbps DL, 50Mbps UL during mobility.

68
LTE Architecture System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
eUTRAN ePC
Evolved
Universal
Evolved PDN
Terrestrial RAN
Packet Core
eUE

MME OFCS SPR

Diameter
S6a Gz
S10 HSS Diameter
Sp
Diameter
Gx Rx
MME S11 PCRF
S1-MME
Uu S5/S8
S1-U S-GW P-GW PDN
SGi
UE eNB
Diameter
Gy

OCS

69
LTE Components
• UE: User equipment = User Device. Protocol between UE and CN is NAS (Network Access Stratum)
protocols. Protocol between UE and eNB is AS (Access Stratum)
• USIM: SIM card
• eNB:
• HSS: Home Subscriber Server is a central database that contains information about all operator's
subscribers
• MME: The Mobility Management Entity controls the high-level operation of the mobile by means of
signaling messages and HSS data. MME performs functions related to bearer management, connection
management interworking with other network
• S-GW: Serving gateway acts as a router, and forwards data between the base station and the PDN
gateway.
• P-GW: The Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway communicates with the outside packet data world using
SGi interface. Each PDN is identified by an access point name (APN).
• PCFR: Policy Control and Charging Rules Function is a component responsible for policy control decision-
making, as well as for controlling the flow-based charging functionalities in the Policy Control
Enforcement Function (PCEF), which resides in the P-GW.
• OCS: Online Charging System, provides real time credit control and charging function based on volume,
time and event
• OFCS: Offline Charging System, provides CDR based charging
• SPR: Service Profile Repository, provides subscription information to PCRF as the basis for PCRF to
perform subscriber-based policy and create PCC (Policy & Charging Control) rule.

70
LTE EUTRAN Architecture
• Additional access GW called Access Controller can be
used to add EUTRAN features of NFV (Network Function
Virtualization), SDN (Software Defined Network), SON
(Self Organizing Network), multi-vendor
MME/S-GW MME/S-GW interoperability.

S1 S1
S1 S1 S1
S1

X2 EUTRAN

X2
X2

71
 2G RAN Basic Operation
• 2G menghindari interference antar cell dengan
memberikan frequency yg berbeda untuk cell-cell
yang berdampingan. f2 f2
• Jumlah frequency yg dipakai disebut frequency re-
use factor. f1 f1
BTS BTS
• Freq re-use factor tinggi memberikan isolasi antar Site
f3
Site

cell yg lebih baik f3

• Sector Id: BSIC (2G) = Scrambling Code (3G) =
f2
f2
Physical Cell Identifier (4G)
• 2G: 1 TRx freq 200KHz = 8 Timeslots . LTE TRx 15KHz f1 f1
BTS
Site BTS
• 1 Ts : 1 CS traffic or 2 compress CS Traffic f3 Site
f3
• 1 Ts : 1PDCH GPRS Ts. Speed depend on the codec
scheme. CS1 ~ 9Kbps, CS2~ 13.4 Kbs, CS3 ~ 15.6Kbps, f2
CS4 ~ 21.4 Kbps. 300m - 35km
• C/I ratio digunakan untuk mengukur seberapa
interference yg dapat diterima. Semakin tinggi bit
rate memerlukan C/I yg semakin baik
• For 3G and 4G frequency reuse factor is 1.

72
Call Flow via RAN and Core: 2G, 3G and 4G
MSC/
PSTN
Circuit VLR

• 2G Gb interface typically using Frame relay no QoS. P

Real time Apps guaranteed bit rate not possible. BSC/ HLR
C
• 2G Core network typically TDM, not IP. RNC
U
• 3G Iub using Ethernet or ATM support QoS Packet
SGSN GGSN PDN
• 3G core mixed TDM and IP
• 4G eNB directly connected to core without RNC
• 4G is All IP. QoS can be supported at network layer,
using DSCP (Differentiated Service Code Point) MME HSS

• 4G no circuit switch. 4G use CS fallback to route

voice call to 3G network. Further solution using
IMS as VoIP enabler. S-GW P-GW PDN
Packet
• In 3G, codes of SF (Spreading Factors) are shared
between R99 (including voice) and HSDPA.

74
3G Terms

• In 3G, codes of SF (Spreading Factors) are shared

between R99 (including voice) and HSDPA.
• Max speed of 3G Release 5 (14.4Mbps)
achieved with 15 code of SF=16. That means the
bandwidth is fully allocated for HSDPA data
services. No voice would be served.
• HSDPA support modulation QPSK 2bits/Hz
and 16QAM4bits/Hz
• QPSK is good in the cell edge. 16QAM support
higher throughput.
• Setiap Cell 3G dialokasikan 1 dari 512 scrambling
code.
• HSPA+ merupakan evolusi dari HSDPA dengan:
• Higher modulation using 64QAM
• MIMO 2x2 antenna
• More 3G Carrier with dual carrier or triple
carrier.

75
4G Terms
• Each cell of LTE has Physical one of 504 Cell Identifier
= Cell Id of 2G or Scrambling code of 3G
• 504 LTE PCI dalam 168 group @3 codes. 512 3G
scrambling code dalam 64 group @8 code.
• RSRP (Reference Signal Receive Power), RSRQ
(Reference Signal Receive Quality),N=jumlah resource
block (25 block untuk BW 5 MHz), Received Signal
Strength Indicator:
• RSRQ=NxRSRP/RSSI
• LTE dapat mempunyai BW: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 dan 20
MHz
• LTE start with 3GPP Release 8.
• LTE engage 4x4 MIMO download and 1x1 MIMO uplink
• Feature of SON automatic neighbor relation, SON self
eNB establishment
• Feature Inter-cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)
79
• LTE 3GPP Release 9
• eMBMS (evolved Multi Broadcast Multi Cast) untuk
penyiaran seperti TV, dalam satu cell atau satu core
area pada konfigurasi jaringan single frequency .
• SON Mobility Load balancing, menyeimbangkan
beban MME
• SON Mobility robustness Optimization
• SON RACH Optimization memberikan coverage dan
UL throughput yg lebih baik
• SON energy saving
• LTE 3GPP Release 10:
• Carrier aggregation. Menyatukan beberapa
komponen carrier LTE pada spectrum band yang
terpisah pisah menjadi seamless 20MHz.
• 8x8 MIMO DL dan 4x4 MIMO UL
• Relays
4G Carrier Agregation
100MHz

@20MHz
• Semakin besar BW, semakin besar speed,
namun membutuhkan backhaul yang juga
besar  FO sampai ke eNB site.
• Beberapa carrier @1.4MHz to 20MHz dapat
diagregasikan. Misalnya 5 carrier @ 20MHz
akan membentuk 100MHz

80
Multiple Access Technique Spectrum implementation
• 2G: FDMA and TDMA • 2G: FDD
• 3G: WCDMA • 3G: FDD and TDD
• LTE: OFDMA for DL and SC- • 4G: FDD and TDD
FDMA for UL

81
Core Network
Main 4G Core
• HSS = HLR = is a central database that contains information about
subscribers. HSS and HLR both have AuC function. HSS also has
diameter signaling for IMS and act as Call Session Control Function MME HSS
(CSCF).
• MME = VLR controls the high-level operation of the mobile by means
of signaling messages and HSS data S-GW P-GW
• S-GW = SGSN = Serving gateway acts as a router, and forwards data
between the base station and the PDN gateway.
• P-GW = GGSN : The Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway Main 3G/2G Core
communicates with the outside packet data world using SGi interface.
Each PDN is identified by an access point name (APN).
MSS/VLR/
• E-SMLC (Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centre): manages the overall MGW
HLR
coordination and scheduling of resources required to find the location
of a UE, calculates the final location, the UE speed and accuracy.
• MNP LDAP: Mobile Number Portability Lightweight Directory Access SGSN GGSN
Protocol. Enables mobile telephone users to retain their MSISDN
when changing mobile network carrier. MNP can be implemented with
separated server using LDAP protocol.

82
Quiz

• Gambarkan komponen fixed network

Indosat dan fungsi masing-masing
• Dimana persamaan dan perbedaannya
dengan network selular ?

83
 Fixed Network Switching
 Media local access networks: copper wires, optical fibre,
ISC wireless, mobile, satellite.
 Centrex: Centrex is a PBX-like service providing switching
LDS LDS
at the central office instead of at the customer's
premises. Typically, the telco operator owns and
LS LS LS LS manages all the communications equipment and
software necessary to implement the Centrex service
and then sells various services to corporate customer.
CPE CPE Local access
network

84
Quiz

• Sebutkan jenis-jenis jaringan transport yang Anda ketahui

digunakan di jaringan Anda dan jelaskan fungsinya dalam
koneksi jaringan

87
 Backhaul & Backbone - Definition
Backhaul S-GW HSS SPR
RNC
Last
mile Microwave SeGW Backbone
Hub MPLS Internet
Metro-E
Site
SeGW
FO
BTS Site Time
Server MME P-GW OCS PCRF
 Backhaul: adalah infrastruktur transport yang menghubungkan antara subnetwork akses dengan core
network atau backbone.
 Backbone: Jaringan infrastruktur transport yang membawa data dengan kapasitas besar dan dengan
proteksi ganda yang menghubungkan antar komponen core network.
 Last mile: adalah jaringan yang menghubungkan pelanggan (biasanya adalah corporate) dengan backhaul
atau backbone terdekat.

89
Microwave Antenna
gain
Antenna
gain

• Microwave adalah jaringan transport menggunakan gelombang radio line of sight

sebagai sarananya Tx Rx
EIRP
• Menggunakan frekuensi antara 1-300 GHz Tx Power Path
• Komunikasi satelit dan radar adalah contoh implementasi jaringan transport Cable loss
Rx Power
menggunakan microwave. Namun Istilah MW (Microwave) lebih sering loss
digunakan untuk radio terrestrial.
margin
• MW menggunakan antenna yang sangat directional (parabola)
• MW digunakan untuk backhaul maupun backbone jarak jauh. MW backbone
sering kali dipakai sebagai alternate route maupun backup untuk fiber optic OSP. Rx Sensitivity

• MW digunakan untuk membangun link antara dua tempat yang tidak mungkin
dibangun kabel.
• Signal MW mengalami degradasi jika terhalang sehingga harus LOS (Line of
Sight). Signal MW juga dipengaruhi kondisi cuaca sehingga perlu diperhitungkan
akibat redamannya ketika membuat link budget.
• Redaman udara MW dihitung menggunakan formula Free Space Loss (FSL) =
92.44+20Log(f)+20Log(d) dB, dimana f GHz dan d Km.
• Gain antenna dihitung dg rumus: G=17.8+20Log(D.f) dBi. D diameter antenna (m)
dan f GHz.

90
Quiz

• Diketahui MW P2P: • Ptx = 20 dBm

• Tx Antenna Gain = 10 dBi • Cable loss Tx= -2 dB
• Tx Power = 0.1 Watt
• Gtx = 10 dBi
• Receiver sensitivity dari Rx = -89dBm
• Jarak = 5 Km • FSPL = -114 dB
• Cable loss = 2dB • 92.44+20Log(2.4)+20Log(5)
• f = 2.4 GHz • Grx = 14 dBi
• Rx Antenna Gain = 14 dBi
• Cable loss Rx= -2 dB
• Calculate the Rx margin
• Prx = -74 dB
• 20-2+10-114+14-2
• Rx sensitivity = -89 dBm
• Margin = 15 dB

91
Satellite
• Sistem komunikasi satelit adalah pengiriman informasi
menggunakan satelit artifisial sebagai relay dan repeater
melalui transpondernya dari/ke lokasi yg berbeda di muka
bumi yg merupakan area cakupan satelit tersebut.
• Satellite Geostationary Orbit, 36000 Km, posisi tetap
terhadap permukaan bumi biasa digunakan untuk
telekomunikasi public, baik broadcasting, P2P, corporate
network maupun cellular service.
• Sifat komunikasi satelit:
• Dapat menjangkau coverage bumi yang luas  cocok untuk
implementasi cepat maupun area yg sulit dibangun
infrastruktur Telko
• Tidak dapat dipakai untuk indoor antenna. Sehingga jika
bila pelanggan masuk gedung akan terganggu.
• Delay tinggi 500ms PP, sehingga cocok dipakai untuk
komunikasi data yang tidak sensitive terhadap delay,
seperti ATM, news, broadcast.
• Masih dapat dipakai untuk backhaul BTS maupun backbone
core dengan catatan hanya 1 hoop saja.
• Sangat efektif dan efisien untuk komunikasi P2M terutama
lokasi sitenya scattered atau mobile.
92
• C-Band: 3.7 – 4.2GHz DL, 5.925-6.425UL. Low capacity.
Transponders: 4 DL + 6 UL
• Ku-Band 11.7-12.2 GHz DL, 14.0-14.5 GHz UL. Higher
capacity. Transponder 12 DL + 14 UL. Sensitif thdp hujan.
• Ka-Band 17.7-21.5 GHz DL, 27.5 – 30.5 GHz UL.
Transponder:19DL+29UL. Peralatan mahal.
• VSAT adalah ground station
• Small terminal 1m antenna 1 watt power.
• P2P, possible via hub.
• Kombinasi TDM, TDMA, FDM, FDMA
• GPS (Global positioning system):
• 28 satelit. At least 5 satelit visible
• 6 orbital plane at 20200 Km
• GPS Rx measure the distance to satellite to determine its location.
Accuracy is claimed to be 4 m
OSP (Outside Plant)

adalah insfrastruktur kabel fisik di darat (termasuk conduit, cabinets, tower, poles, repeaters dll),
yang menjadi sarana backbone, backhaul maupun last mile
Kabel FO ada 2 tipe: Single Mode (diameter 5 Mikron, 9 Mikron atau 10Mikron) dan multi mode
(diameter 50 Mikron atau 62.5Mikron)
Kabel FO jenis taman langsung : dengan penggalian atau borring/ rojok.
Kabel FO duct konvensional (1 duct bisa 3 subduct):
• Instalasinya dimasukan dalam subduct
• Instalasinya dimasukan dalam pipa HDPE yg terlebih dulu dipasang dg cara rojok.
Kabel FO duct sistem tekanan udara (Air Blown System): kabel dimasukkan ke primary tube lalu
didorong dengan tekanan udara kompresor.
Kabel FO Udara/ Aerial Konvensional: Instalasi langsung di pasang/ ditambat diatas tiang
Kabel FO Udara/Aerial dg Air Blown System: Microduct Aerial terlebih dahulu diinstalasi diatas
tiang, selanjutnya kabel didorong dg tekanan udara
93
OSP (2)

Beberapa komponen OSP: Cabling (Copper/Fiber), Ducts (Conduit/Innerduct), Manholes,

Handholes, Cabinets
Perlu diperhatikan prosedur Instalasi, tata cara ducting, bending radius, Instalasi kabel pada
lintasan, cara pembuatan handhole dan manhole, pembuatan ODC (Optical Distribution Cabinet)
dan ODP (Optical distribution Point), pemasangan konektor, splitter dan coupler, serta
pemasangan label.
Alat penyambung FO adalah Fusion Splicer. Standar penyambungan adalah redaman maksimum
0.2dB
Alat ukur FO adalah OTDR (Optical Transmission Digital Reflectometer)
FTTX (Fiber to the X) adalah salah satu implementasi OSP kepada end user. FTTH (Fiber to the
Home), FTTB (Building), FTTC (Curb), FTTN (Node), FTTD (Desktop), FTTO (Office) etc…
SKKNI Teknisi Instalasi Fiber Optik Kepmennaker 717/2012

94
Submarine Cable
 adalah insfrastruktur kabel fisik di laut yang menjadi sarana backbone dan
backhaul
 Karena biaya Instalasi yg mahal dan dapat melewati beberapa negara maka
sering dibangun dan dipelihara oleh konsorsium, misalnya SeaMeWe
(South East Asia, Middle East, Western Europe), ACPL (Asean Cableship Pte.
Ltd.) dll.
 Peta kabel laut dunia dapat dilihat di http://submarine-cable-map-
2016.telegeography.com/

97
FSO (Free Space Optics)

• refers to the transmission of modulated visible

or infrared beams through the atmosphere to
obtain broadband communications. Mostly
using laser beams.
• Keuntungan:
• mudah implementasinya,
• dapat mensuplai power device,
• free lisensi,
• high bit rate http://www.fsona.com/company.php?sec=pr_jul162013
• low error rates At 16 July 2013 in Vancouver, Canada, fSONA Networks, announced their
• Kebal interferensi electromagnet SONAbeam product line has undergone real-world testing by mobile network
• Full duplex operators using the CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface) specification to extend
coverage without necessary new BTS locations.
• Kerugian: gangguan atmosfer (kabut, The CPRI was designed to use fiber, stringent performance, a high capacity data
background matahari, hujan, salju, rawan connection that meets near-zero latency and packet loss, and support CPRI
obstacle Options 1, 2 and 3 (614.4 Mbps, 1228.8 Mbps and 2457.6 Mbps).
• Aplikasi: coverage expansion, backup link,
disaster recovery, intra-campus, MAN

98
PDH vs. SDH
PDH Level Bit Rate
E0 64Kbps
 PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) adalah E1 2 Mbps
metode multiplexing dimana signal input
menggunakan clock dari oscillator yang E2 8.45 Mbps
berbeda-beda. E3 34.4 Mbps
• dapat digunakan dengan MW maupun FO
• Mempunyai kemampuan data rate hingga E4 139 Mbps
564Mbps
• Di dunia selular Indonesia mulai ditinggalkan E5 565 Mbps
karena kebutuhan data rate yang tinggi, beralih
ke SDH.
• Masih dipakai untuk radio P2P
 SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) adalah SDH Level Bit Rate
metode multiplexing dimana signal input STM-1 155.52 Mbps
menggunakan clock dari oscillator yang sama
• dapat digunakan dengan MW maupun FO STM-4 622.08 Mbps
• Mempunyai kemampuan data rate hingga
10Gbps STM-16 2.5 Gbps
• Banyak dipakai di backhaul maupun backbone STM-64 10 Gbps
wireless market Indonesia

99
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

• technology which multiplexes a number of optical

signals onto a single optical fiber by using different
wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light.  multiply FO
capacity without digging to add cable.
• CWDM (Coarse WDM): meant two (or possibly more)
signals multiplexed onto a single fiber, where one
signal was in the 1550 nm band, and the other in the
1310 nm band
• TV Cable, FTTH, etc.
• Lower speed, ~10 Gbps. Lower cost
• 8 λ up to 18 λ
• DWDM (Dense WDM): 1525–1565 nm (C band), or
1570–1610 nm (L band)
• Core network
• higher speed 100 Gbps to Tbps. Higher cost
• > 8 λ up to 80 λ
• ROADM (Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer)
enable operator to configure Mux with soft command
to add or drop certain wavelength channel

100
GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network)
Optical Distribution Network Service
ONT Optical
OLT
Node
splitter

• Biasanya sering disebut teknologi xPON.

Dinamakan passive karena hanya optik tidak ONT
ONU
ada power diantaranya.
• EPON = Ethernet PON = berbasis Ethernet. Subs
GPON = Gigabit-capable PON.
• Consists of OLT (Optical Line Terminal) di hub GPON EPON
site dan ONT (Optical Network Terminal) di Spec ITU-T IEEE
subscriber side atau ONU (Optical Network Speed 2.4G/1.2G 1.25
Unit) di building area. Carried Service ATM, Ethernet, TDM Ethernet only
• Menggunakan λ 1310 – 1610nm Bandwidth Efficiency 92% 72%
Split ratio 1:64 – 1:128 1:16 – 1:32
QoS Very Good Good
OAM ITU-T G.984 (strong) Ethernet OAM
(weak, extended by
vendor)
101
IP Technology
• Exponential growth of data traffic, while the revenue Estimation CAGR ‘12-’15 : 70%
growth can’t follow  scissors effect, trigger telco
operators to choose technology that able to deliver
significant economic scale and reducing network
complexity. IP is choosen. Actual CAGR ‘09-’12 : 43%
• IP provide support for very fast and automated service
activation and deployment
• Telco operator initiate roadmap of IP transformation
• In early stage the core network was migrated to IP,
supported by IP Backbone. For that IP MPLS was
introduced. Then gradually the RNC/Hub site of the big
cities were migrated to IP supported by Metro-E. Then Latar belakang IPv6 diluncurkan oleh IETF (Internet
IP transformation continued to all hub site become IP. Engineering Task Force:
Initially layer 2 implemented then layer 3. With the
introduction of 4G, ‘’All IP’ network is unavoidable to • Address IPv4 mulai habis
interconnect all 4G components including up to eNB • Kebutuhan akan auto-configuration and re-numbering
site.
• Kebutuhan akan security pada IP level (IPSec)
• Historically, GSM start with circuit switch (CS) voice, • Perbaikan thdp desain protocol
then offer CS data. 3G make separation of voice via CS
while data via PS (packet switched) by using IP. And in • Device explosion, setiap orang mempunyai 2 bahkan 5
4G network, voice is integrated to PS with IP based.
device
• Huge amount of IP usage lead to saturation in IPv4.
Then operators started to move to IPv6.

103
Quiz
• Berapakah jumlah penduduk dunia sekarang ?
• Berapa persen dari penduduk dunia yang
menggunakan internet ?
• Berapa bit IP address pada IPv4 ?
• Berapa bit IP address pada IPv6 ?
• Apakah packet IPv4 dan IPv6 compatible ?
• Organisasi apa yg mengatur standard IPv6 ?
104
• Populasi dunia 2015 = 7M. Diprediksi 2025
menjadi 8M. 45% adalah pengguna internet.
Tetapi 1 orang dapat mempunyai handphone,
tablet, PC,
• IPv4 uses 32 bits for its Internet addresses. That
means it can support 2^32 IP addresses in total
— around 4.29 billion. Part of it are used for
network / service providers and most of it used
by subscribers
• IPv6 utilizes 128-bit Internet addresses.
Therefore, it can support 2^128 Internet
addresses
=340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456=
340 x 1036 = 340 TTT
• Packet not compatible
• IETF
 OSI Layer IP Layer
7. Application layer Application layer
NTP SIP SSI DNS FTP Gopher HTTP NFS NTP SMPP SMTP BGP DHCP DNS FTP HTTP IMAP LDAP MGCP NNTP NTP POP
SNMP Telnet DHCP Netconf ONC/RPC RTP RTSP RIP SIP SMTP SNMP SSH Telnet TLS/SSL
XMPP
6. Transport layer
MIME XDR
5. Session layer
NetBIOS SAP PPTP RTP SOCKS SPDY
4. Transport layer Transport layer
TCP UDP SCTP DCCP SPX TCP UDP SCTP DCCP RSVP
3. Network layer Internet layer
IPv4 IPv6 ICMP IPsec IGMP IPX AppleTalk X.25 PLP IPv4 IPv6 ICMP ICMPv6 ECN IGMP Ipsec
2. Data link layer Network Acces layer
ATM ARP IS-IS SDLC HDLC CSLIP SLIP GFP PLIP IEEE 802.2 LLC ARP NDP OSPF Tunnels L2TP PPP MAC (Ethernet DSL ISDN
MAC L2TP IEEE 802.3 Frame Relay PPP X.25 LAPB Q.921 FDDI)
LAPD Q.922 LAPF
1. Physical layer
PDH SONET/SDH PON OTN DSL ITU-T V-Series I.430 I.431
IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.15 IEEE 802.16 ITU-T G. USB
Bluetooth RS-232 RS-449

106
MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching)

• In regular IP, packet is routed with IP address

• In MPLS packet is routed based on ‘Label’. So IP network
can be used to deliver not only IP packet but also other
packet such as Ethernet, ATM, voice, data traffic etc.
• MPLS enable not only Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) but
also accommodate traffic engineering to such as lowest
cost path, or use BW effectively. With this, we can control
such where to route voice and where to route data
traffic.
• Often called as layer 2.5.
• Use to build IP backbone for carrying large data traffic of
core network
• Why MPLS?
• Enabling Traffic Engineering: ability to control where and
how traffic is routed to manage capacity, prioritize different
services and prevent congestion
• Enabling Multi service network: ATM, frame relay, data
service, etc.
• Improving network resilience with MPLS Fast Rerouting

107
MPLS Fast Reroute to Improve Resilience
• With MPLS Fast Reroute
• The next best path calculation happens before
failure actually occurs
• Backup paths are pre-programmed into the
router FIB, awaiting for activation for milli
seconds following failure detection
• Because entire paths is set withing the LSP,
routing loops can not occur, even if the paths
is briefly suboptimal
109
• Normal IP Network
• The best path calculation happen on demand
when a failure detected.
• Take several seconds to recalculate best path
and push those changes to router hardware in
case busy router
• Transient routing loop may occur as every
router in the network learn about topology
change
Backhaul/Backbone Strategy

• Leasing
• Exchange of capacity
• Joint Construction
• Define technology • Architecture and
recommendation and implementation strategy
roadmap • Moving toward IP and
Modernization
• E2E QoS management

110
Synchronization

• PRC (Primary Reference Clocks) digunakan

untuk mengirimkan reference clock ke seluruh
jaringan. Main reference ITU-T G.811
• Performance:
• Accuracy 10-11.
• GPS diciplined
• Cesium atomic clock
• PRC yg non akurat akan mengakibatkan SLIP,
berefek:
• Troughput lebih rendah
• Click voice
• Kehilangan encryption key
• Gambar cacat dll.

111
113
Quiz

How many IT Apps do we have ?

Would you please mention some of them and describe
the function ?

114
Business Intelligent & Data Warehouse

• IBM Cognos (Data analysis OLAP, Data

presentation, ETL
• CoSort CTL (data processing)
• AIM@CRM-Churn (Churn data processing)
• FMS Nikira (Fraud data processing)
• IBM Infosphere, datastage, quality stage and
information analyzer (ETL)
• IBM Metadata Workbench (Meta data
management)
• IBM DB2 Data Modelling (Data architecture
modelling)
• IBM Infosphere Data Architect

115
ERP & Enterprise Application

• SAP (ERP, Finance, Accounting, Controlling, Asset,

Procurement, Project Mgmt, Order Mgmt, HR )
• SRM (Procurement Process such as SC, Bid Invitation,
Auction, Bid Acceptance, PO, Confirmation/GR,
Contract, Vendor Registration)
• BI (SRM reporting & dashboard)
• Myinfo (Employee Self Service such as Leave, Over
time, Medical Reimbursement, Business Travel,
Appraisal)
• Mylearning (Intranet online learning)
• Ocean explorer (apps for outsource employee)
• Comshare (Budget Planning, Control & Reporting
Budget, SBU & Cost Center)
• Controlling (controlling report)
• ISCM (Indosat Startegic Costing Management
considering 4 modeling : price, demand, cost,
capacity)

116
Mediation, Charging & Billing, Roaming & Interconnection Services (inter Telco Settlement

• Intec 7.0 (Billing interkoneksi jartap & IDD) • Mediation:

• InBill 5.2 and 5.6 (billing interkoneksi selular dan content • Event Link (CDR Processing)
settlement) • ELDB (Database)
• Comptel Reporter (CDR Collection report)
• InBill Content (Eclipse) (Gaming & content) • Recon CDR (CDR Reconciliation)
• RMS (Roaming Management Solution ) • EMM (IN CDR Processing and SDP Snapshot)
• Geneva 5.2 (Postpaid billing) CDR Processing, BILLING & • Event link development (mediation development)
Printing Mapping, Finance & Controlling Report, Debt
management & Account receivable , & Support Marketing
Program (poin ++
• Geneva 5.1 (Fixed billing)
• DWS (CDR Processing,Finance & controlling Report (SAP
Reporting), & Customer care Information (customer
Relation management)
• PTHS Customer care Information for customer Relation
management
• CARE (CDR Processing for Starone prepaid ,Finance &
controlling Report (SAP Reporting), & Customer care
Information (customer Relation management)

117
Devices, SIM & Voucher

• DMS (VAS product portfolio)

• Card Management:
• TERTIO (i-care project)
• FOSS (i-care project)
• EMA (single IN project)
• DSA (starter pack activation dynamically)
• Provissioning:
• MINSAT (subs activation & provisioning)
• AIR (USSD balance inquiry, top up)
• Card & Voucher support:
• M-Wallet
• SEV (Isi ulang elektronik)
• i-Gate (isi ulang elektronik)
• IVDB (voucher fisik)

118
Messaging Platform & Voice Service Platform

Messaging: Voice Service Platform

• SMSC • RBT (Content Management for Ring Back
Tone)
• VMS
• MMSC

119
Service Delivery Platform
• I-Care (Siebel)
• Indosat Loyalty Program (ILP)
• IFFA Corporate Customer Support
• CRM-L (Trouble ticketing for I-Phone
• INTAN (Payment system for retail collection)
• I-Care (IOM ) (service provisioning)
• LDAP (Subscriber Profile Definition)
• Content Management:
• DP7 (Content Management, Mobile Commerce &
Money, International Roaming)
• CDMS (Content Management, Mobile Commerce &
Money, VAS Prodcut Portfolio, All Region)
• VASM (Value Added Service) Content Management,
Mobile Commerce & Money, Community Retention,
International Roaming
• VAS 3G (VAS for 3G service)
• SSP Content Management, Mobile Commerce &
Money, Blackberry & Mobile Device,
• Voice Product Portfolio, Data Product Portfolio, VAS
Product Portfolio, Community Retention

120
Adjacent Business Solutions

• CA Spectrum (IT equipment monitoring) Office Apps:

• IVR (call center IVR) • MyIndosat portal
• CTI Genesys enterprise • Portal Indosat.com
• Nice Universe (contact center) • Fleet management
• Right Fax (contact center) • Absence system (employee presence system)
• Call center • My Helpdesk portal
• LAN/WAN • My knowledge and My library portal
• Email system • Electronic Filing system
• BES (Corporate blackberry server) • Qmatic (customer flow management)
• Active directory corporate LDAP (single authentication for • BMC Configuration management (for managed service
internal vendor)
• Secure mail (Digital right management) • BMC Remedy (helpdesk application)
• LCS (Live communication server for collaboration) • Symantec Endpoint protection (anti virus)
• WSUS (Window server update services) security update • IDM (Identity management)
management system • IPS Intrusion Prevention System (network protection
• GIGA Trust (blackberry secure mail) from attack)
• Security Operation Center (Security Monitoring)
• SSL Certificate License (SAP)

121
Enterprise Architecture
• Many apps to manage  resources, cost,
delivery, quality  we need Enterprise
Architecture
• Change of organization means change of apps
• Tender process means swap to new platform
 resource, outage, work load, cost
• Always start with business architecture
• Define what it means by any to any
• Get long term commitment: from vendor and
from
• Gravitasi opini vendor
122
Goal of Enterprise Architecture:
• Reduce the time to design and develop new
services
• Facilitate and promote reuse
• Cut operational costs
Processes:
• Start by understanding business needs and
network need
• Design the business capability roadmap
• Design enterprise architecture to fulfill the
business capabilities
• Implement according to the plan
• Evaluate and keep linking people, processes, and
technology
 Choose appropriate framework
Quiz

• Mention all ICT Framework that you know.

• Describe briefly which one you think appropriate for your
business

123
IT Governance

• Menurut ITGI (IT Governance Institute):

• Information Technology Governance atau Tata Kelola Teknologi Informasi merupakan bagian dari
ketatakelolaan perusahaan yang berfokus pada pengelolaan sistem Teknologi Informasi agar mendukung
bahkan selaras dengan strategi bisnis suatu enterprise yang dilakukan oleh dewan direksi, manajemen
eksekutif (termasukREPUBLIK
UNDANG-UNDANG manajemen TI sendiri).
INDONESIA • PER-02/MBU/2013
NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2008 • TENTANG

TENTANG • PANDUAN PENYUSUNAN PENGELOLAAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

• BADAN USAHA MILIK NEGARA
INFORMASI DAN TRANSAKSI ELEKTRONIK

126
Goal of IT Governance

 Maintain quality information to support business decisions.

 Generate business value from ICT-enabled investments, i.e., achieve strategic
goals and realise business benefits through effective and innovative use
of ICT.
 Achieve operational excellence through reliable and efficient
application of technology.
 Maintain ICT-related risk at an acceptable level.
 Optimise cost of ICT services and technology
 Comply with External legal, regulatory and contractual compliance
requirements
127
DOMAIN PROSES TIK (Berdasarkan COBICT 5)
Business Needs

Commitment from TOP

GOVERNANCE MANAGEMENT

EVALUATE

Management Feedback
DIRECT MONICTOR

MANAGEMENT

Plan Build Run Monitor

APO BAI DSS MEA

Commitment from IT Management

128
Metodologi Penyusunan IT Governance

Penyelasaran Mapping Gap Analysis

Proses
Prioritas TGI Enterprise Mapping IT untuk
assesmen
dengan Cobit 5 Priorities ke High Related Goal ke penentuan
kapabilitas
Enterprise Level IT Related Process Goal prioritas dalam
proses
Priorities Goal road map

130
Cobit Standard and Mapping with other Frameworks

131
Managing IT Services – ITILv3
 Risk and Risk Factors
 Customer Demand and Needs
 Regulatory and Compliance (External &
Internal)
 Business Target and Roadmap
 Business Complexity
 Company Image
 Nature of Business

• Service strategy
• Service design
• Service transition
• Service operation
• Continual service improvement (CSI)
132
TM Forum

Related to IT for Telco

• Business Process Framework (eTOM),

• Information Framework (SID),
• Application Framework (TAM),
• Integration Framework
• Architecture & Governance
• NGOSS (New Generation Operation System & SW

www.tmforum.org

133
Intelligent Network (IN)
• INAP: SS7 IN Application Part
SCE SMP • CAP - CAMEL Application Part is a subset of INAP can
provide home service for visiting subs
• CCF: Call Control Function
CAP-INAP

CAP-INAP
• SSP: Service Switching Point (SSF)memelihara call
IP SCP SDP state bersama CCF
• IP: Intelligent Peropheral, consist of SRF
CAP-INAP
• SCP: Service Control Point (Function) implements
service logic
• SRF: Special Resource Function  in-band signals
SS7 Network processing
• SDP: Service Data Point (Function) = database
SSP SSP SSP SSP • SCE: Service Creation Environment creates new
CCF CCF CCF CCF service logic
• SMP: Service Management Point = NMS for IN
MSS/VLR SMSC GGSN VAS

134
IN Advantage

• Open standards, vendor independence

• Rapid service creation and deployment
• Total network and customer management
• Customized services to users
• New business opportunities
• Rapid adaptation to market needs and competition

135
IN Services
• SIB (Service Independent Building Block)
• BCP (Basic Call Processing) IN Services:
• POI (Point of Initiation) • 800-service i.e. freephone
• POR (Point of Return) • 700-Premium rate
• SIB are reusable modular building blocks, a • VPN (CUG)
single complete activity, and used by the service • Location Based Services
designer to create services • Televoting
• Prepaid billing
GSL (Global Service Logic) • Calling Card
• UPT (Universal Personal Telephony),
POI SIB-1 Assign UPT number to any device on any
network, such as universal number
BCP SIB-2 portability +87810-10 digit number
• Etc.
POR
SIB-3

136
MO-IN

MSS/VLR
MS SCF
+ gsmSSF Other Switching

A CAP-InitialDP
CAP-Connect B
C ISUP-IAM

• A - MSC gets the CAMEL service info from the VLR. Via its gsmSSF function the MSC sends query to
SCF by service key, A-nr, B-nr, IMSI, location, etc)
• B - SCF can then perform modification such as number translation and sends back to MSC
• C - MSC sets up a call using the received info
• DP = detection point
• The service for the visiting subscriber is executed cooperatively by the visited network (MSC/VLR)
and the home SCF. Home SCF is not alone by itself in providing the service!

137
MT-IN
GMSC+
HLR SCF MSC MS
Other Switching gsmSSF
ISUP-IAM
MAP-SendRouting Info
A
SRInfo result

CAP-InitialDP
B
CAP-Connect

ISUP-IAM
C

A - GMSC queries HLR of the location of the MS. HLR sends the terminating CAMEL service data of the sub
B - GMSC via gsmSSF sends queries to SCF and then SCF returns C-number used for routing the call
C - GMSC sets up the call to C-number. If needed, GMSC can first do a new HLR query

138
Any Time Interrogation
SCF HLR MSS or SGSN MS
AnyTimeInterrogation
ProvideSubscriber Info
Paging

Paging Response
PSI Result
ATI Result (Location, Subs state
IMEI etc.

Subs state reported by SGSN can be one of below:

• Detached : Subscriber is currently switch off
• CAMEL attached, MS not reachable for paging : MS not responding to paging and no active PDP context
• CAMEL attached, MS may be reachable for paging: MS responding to paging but no PDP
• CAMEL PDP active , MS not reachable for paging : one or more PDP context active but there has not been
radio contact for a predefined duration.
• CAMEL PDP active, MS may be reachable for paging : The subscriber is attached with one or more PDP
context active, subs is responding to paging.
• Network Determine Not Reachable : HLR indicates MS is not reachable.

139
ITU-T for IN
• Q.1248.2: SCF-SSF interface
• Q.1248.3: SCF-SRF interface
• Q.1200: General series Intelligent Network • Q.1248.4: SCF-SDF interface
Recommendation structure
• Q.1201/I.312: Principles of intelligent network • Q.1248.5: SDF-SDF interface
architecture
• Q.1202/I.328: Intelligent network – Service plane • Q.1248.6: SCF-SCF interface
architecture • Q.1248.7: SCF-CUSF interface
• Q.1203/I.329: Intelligent network – Global functional
plane architecture • Q.1290: Glossary of terms used in the definition of
• Q.1204: Intelligent network distributed functional intelligent networks
plane architecture
• Q.1205: Intelligent network physical plane • Q.1600: Signalling System No. 7 – Interaction
architecture between ISUP and INAP
• Q.1208: General aspects of the intelligent network
application protocol • Q.1600 bis: Signalling system No. 7 – Interaction
• Q.1210-series intelligent network Recommendation between ISDN user part ISUP '97 and INAP CS-1:
structure Test suite structure and test purposes (TSS & TP)
• Q.1241: Introduction to Intelligent Network Capability
Set 4

Note: CS1, CS2, CS3 is not shown above, can be obtained from ITU-T www.itu.int
140
ETSI for IN

• ETSI ETR 258 ed.1 (1996-03) Intelligent Network (IN); Intelligent Network Capability Set 2 (CS2); Scoping of
Intelligent Network Application Protocol (INAP)
• ETSI ETR 023 ed.1 (1991-06) Intelligent Network (IN); Intelligent networks framework
• ETSI TCRTR 001 ed.1 (1992-03) Network Aspects (NA); Intelligent Network: Framework
• ETSI EN 302 039-2 V1.1.2 (2002-11) Intelligent Network (IN); Intelligent Network Capability Set 4 (CS4);
Intelligent Network Application Protocol (INAP); Protocol specification; Part 2: Service Switching Function -
Switching Control Function (SSF-SCF) Interface
• ETSI EN 302 039-1 V1.1.1 (2002-11) Intelligent Network (IN); Intelligent Network Capability Set 4 (CS4);
Intelligent Network Application Protocol (INAP); Protocol specification; Part 1: Common aspects
• ETSI EN 301 152-2 V1.2.2 (1998-09) Intelligent Network (IN); Intelligent Network Capability Set 1 (CS1)
extension; Intelligent Network Application Protocol (INAP); Customised Applications for Mobile network
Enhanced Logic (CAMEL); Part 2: Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma
specification
• Other standard can be obtained from ETSI www.etsi.org

141
142
Site Element
Shelter:
• Perangkat Telko
• Grounding perangkat Data center/Core site
• Battery bank • Perangkat Telko: Core, Backbone, RNC dll
• Air Conditioning & fan unit • Perangkat IT
• Monitoring system: Sensors, controller • Power: Genset, UPS
• Fire protection • Element Tower
Genset • Fire protection
Element tower • Building Cooling System
• Tower,
• Aviation Lamp
• Mounting pole
• Lightening Arrester
• Antenna (two band, tri band, penta band)
• Vertical cable tray
• Grounding

143
 Tower
Tipe lokasi tower:
• Rooftop: di atas gedung
• Greefield: di atas tanah
Tipe tower:
• Self support tower 4 kaki:
konstruksinya mampu menahan beban
besar. Ketinggiandpt melebihi 70m 3 kaki
Rooftop
• Self support tower 3 kaki: medium
strength, medium height, medium
load. Besi diameter > 2cm. Dapat
mencapai ketinggian 40m. Disusun Monopole
Green field
dalam stages, @4m atau 5m.
4 kaki
• Pole: memakai pipa baja diameter 40 s/d
50cm. Dapat mencapai 30m
• Guy masts: tower ringan menggunakan Guyed
rentang kabel baja sbg penguat. masts

144
Tower Strength Factors

• Survival wind Speed.

• Physical size, Type, Number and levels of Antennas.
• Twist & Sway (degree)
• Most important: wind speed and antenna loading
(checked by looking into detailed design calculations
before closing contract)  determine stability of
tower and cost
• Factors such size, type and level of antenna,
considerable effect on the required tower strength.
• Posisi antenna pada tengah ketinggian dpt
mengurangi beban tower 50%.
• Wind speed double, mengakibatkan gaya pada tower
4 kali lipat
• Kekuatan tower ditentukan oleh bagian terlemah. Jika
ada salah satu kakinya lemah maka keseluruhan tower
strength ditentukan oleh bagian lemah tsb.
• Kekuatan pondasi tower ditentukan oleh kondisi tanah

146
Tower Height
Tinggi tower ditentukan oleh RF designer, Diameter Fresnel
tergantung pada:
• Tinggi permukaan bumi d1 d2
clearance
• Fresnel Zone clearance
• Tinggi obstacle
• Reliability yg diperlukan (sensitivitas
perangkat)

Fresnel zone clearance di titik tertentu:

𝑛𝜆𝑑1 𝑑2
• Fn = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2
Fn:
Rumus practical Diameter max 1st first zone (di
tengah):
𝐷[𝐾𝑚]
• 𝐹1 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 8.656
𝑓[𝐺𝐻𝑧]

147
Beberapa Temuan dari Hasil Inspeksi Tower

Bekisting dan Perkuatan. Tanah

• Kualitas material • IS 6403-Code of Practice for determining Bearing Capacity of Shallow
Foundation
• Irregularity of Foundation bolts
• Sufficient number of undisturbed samples of 40-100mm ø are
• Leveling bekisting required for testing
• Ketidaksesuaian pembangunan column extension • Budget for soil test on a 6mx12m site is Rs.8000
• Required Ld is 200mm but available length was 75mm. • Lack of laboratory in vicinity
• Congested Reinforcement • Achieving required depth for foundation
• Bekisting tidak kokoh • IS 1080-1985-Code of Practice foe Design and Construction of Shallow
Foundation in Soils
Concrete
• Min. required foundation depth is 3m
• Improper mix
• Validity of the soil test report when compared to the actual conditions
• Concrete menutupi sekrup
Ketidaksesuaian struktur
• Improper Finishing
• Missing Bracings/Fasteners
• Retak besar maupun retak rambut
• Movement of foundation
• Lack of concrete strength test
• Ad hock site modifications
• Template Setting

149
Beberapa Temuan dari Hasil Inspeksi Tower (2)

Pekerja
• Lack of skill
• Safety rules tidak dipatuhi
• Tidak mengetahui
• Lack of coordination among labor
• Poor Handling & Storage of materials
• Difficult to access the site

150
Peraturan Terkait Tower
• Undang-Undang No. 18 Tahun 1999 tentang Jasa
Konstruksi
• Permenkominfo No: 02/PER/M.KOMINFO/3/2008
Pedoman Pembangunan Dan Penggunaan Menara
Bersama Telekomunikasi
• Peraturan Bersama Menteri Dalam Negeri, Menteri
Pekerjaan Umum, Menteri Komunikasi Dan
Informatika Dan Kepala Badan Koordinasi
Penanaman Modal Nomor: 18 TAHUN 2009 No:
07/ PRT/M/2009 No:
19/PER/M.KOMINFO/03/2009 No: 3/P/2009
• Perda terkait, contoh: Perda 09/2011 Kota Depok,
Pergub DKI Jakarta 89/2006
• SNI 1729/2015 Spesifikasi Bangunan Gedung Baja
Struktural
156
Beberapa poin-poin Permenkominfo No.
2/PER/M.KOMINFO/3/2008
• Pasal 2 Demi efisiensi dan efektifitas penggunaan ruang,
maka Menara harus digunakan secara bersama dengan
tetap memperhatikan kesinambungan pertumbuhan
industri telekomunikasi.
• Pasal 3.1 Pembangunan menara dapat dilaksanakan oleh:
a. Penyelenggara telekomunikasi; b. Penyedia menara;
dan/atau c.Kontraktor Menara.
• Pasal 3.2 Pembangunan tersebut harus memiliki Izin
Mendirikan Menara dari instansi yang berwenang.  IMB
• Pasal 5.1 Bidang usaha jasa konstruksi untuk
pembangunan Menara sebagai bentuk bangunan dengan
fungsi khusus merupakan bidang usaha yang tertutup
untuk penanaman modal asing.
• Pasal 5.2 Penyedia Menara, Pengelola Menara atau
Kontraktor Menara yang bergerak dalam bidang usaha
sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 5 ayat (1) adalah
Badan Usaha Indonesia yang seluruh modalnya atau
kepemilikan sahamnya dimiliki oleh pelaku usaha dalam
negeri
Peraturan Terkait Tower (2)

Beberapa poin-poin Permenkominfo No. • Pasal 7.2. Sarana pendukung harus sesuai dengan
2/PER/M.KOMINFO/3/2008 ketentuan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, antara
lain:
• Pasal 6. Pembangunan menara harus sesuai dengan • pentanahan (grounding)
standar baku tertentu untuk menjamin keamanan • penangkal petir
lingkungan dengan memperhitungkan faktor-faktor • catu daya
yang menentukan kekuatan dan kestabilan konstruksi • lampu Halangan Penerbangan (Aviation Obstruction
Light)
menara, antara lain: • marka Halangan Penerbangan (Aviation Obstruction
• tempat/space penempatan antena dan perangkat Marking)
telekomunikasi untuk penggunaan bersama; • Pasal 7.3. Identitas hukum terhadap Menara antara
• ketinggian Menara; lain:
• struktur Menara;
• rangka struktur Menara; • nama pemilik Menara
• pondasi Menara; dan • lokasi Menara
• kekuatan angin • tinggi Menara
• Pasal 7.1. Menara harus dilengkapi dengan sarana • tahun pembuatan/pemasangan Menara
• Kontraktor Menara
pendukung dan identitas hukum yang jelas. • beban maksimum Menara
• Pasal 21. Pemerintah dan/atau Pemerintah Daerah
dapat memberikan sanksi administrative berupa
teguran, peringatan, pengenaan denda, atau
pencabutan izin sesuai dengan peraturan
perundangan-undangan

157
About Civil Engineering - Tower

• Allowable Strength Design (ASD). Metode lama. • 𝑅𝑢 ≤ 𝜙 𝑅𝑛

• LSD (Limit State Design atau LRFD (Load & Ru = kekuatan perlu
Resistance Factor Design): metode desain untuk Rn = kekuatan nominal
structural engineering berdasarkan faktor  = faktor ketahanan
pembebanan dan ketahanan menggunakan teori Rn = kekuatan desain.
probability. Yaitu kondisi suatu struktur yang
melebihi kriteria. Istilah SNI = DFBK (Desain
Faktor Beban dan Ketahanan)  Kekuatan • Kekuatan tarik, geser, tekan. Tekuk lentur, teku
Design >= kekuatan perlu. torsi, tekuk lokal.
• Kriteria dimaksud adalah integrity, fitness for • Elemen langsing, tidak langsing, diperkaku, tidak
use, durability dan requirement lainnya. diperkaku
• Faktor beban antara lain: beban simultan, beban • Panjang efektif
ekstrim, diviasi beban normal vs. aktual, efek
beban • Jenis profile baja.
• Faktor ketahanan antara lain: deviasi material • Penampang kompak tidak kompak
strength, ketidaksempurnaan, kesalahan dan • Momen lentur, leleh, plastis.
kegagalan yg timbul saat pengerjaan.
• Baut, ring mur. Batang angkur, batang berulir.

158
Managing Site
• Database
• Operation Management
Database includes:
• Lokasi: nama site, lat, long, owner, alamat lengkap,
propinsi, kab/kota, kecamatan, kelurahan, RW, RT
• Location naming rule
• Identifikasi building di site: shelter, tower, genset house.
• Identifikasi perangkat: floor plan, siapa saja penyewa,
perangkat apa saja.
• Data engineering tower: life cycle, design strength, win
speed, physical dimension, type, , siapa saja penyewa dan
perangkatnya apa saja, jumlah and level of antennas,
twist & sway.
• ME data: genset capacity, cooling system, connection
diagram, grounding diagram, lightning protection, single
line diagram, power consumption.
• Penggunaan SW, misal Tarantula
• Site rent: who, what, start, expiry, contract, special
condition
Operation Management includes:
• Contact Person: general, Electrical PIC, civil
PIC
• Disaster and crisis procedure
• Scheduled routine maintenance: genset start
test, pengisian BBM, electrical cut test.
• Fault management: catatan faults, list of
complaints, tracking, solution and status,
escalation procedures.
• Network operating and control center (NOCC)
• Performance data: hourly, daily, weekly,
monthly. Site Availability. Cooling
performance (suhu, humidity). Genset
availability. Telco equipment availability.

159
HVAC (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning) for Telco
• Sistem terintegrasi yang menyediakan distribusi udara,
suhu dan kualitas udara yang tepat untuk perangkat
telco, baik di Data center (Core site) maupun di RAN
site
• Perangkat: Chillers, AC, Package System, Fan, sensors,
duct, controllers.
• Designer HVAC hendaknya membuat prosesnya
mudah untuk O&M dan menjaga suhu yang
diinginkan, serta memperhatikan aspek safety
• Designer hendaknya membuat manual yg berisi:
• Maintenance list, schedule
• Parameter apa saja yg harus dilakukan dalam
commissioning
• Tanpa manual maka pekerjaan O&M tidak efektif dan
memerlukan banyak troubleshooting
• Hendaknya dibuat diagram routing Duct dan control
sebagai referensi cepat bagi staff maintenance baik
untuk preventif maupun troubleshooting
160
• Hendaknya dibuat dokumentasi unit-unit HVAC,
sensors, ducts, air handling components, controllers,
dan diagram koneksinya
• Performance diukur rutin (disarankan dg automatic
system measurement hourly period). Minimal:
• Suhu
• Pemakaian energy
• Humidity
• Scheduled maintenance
• Maintenance due to failure
• Reporting ditinjau setiap bulan dan quarterly.
• Sensor dan control sering diletakkan di tempat yg
terpisah agar mudah diamati
• Goal HVAC: Menyediakan kondisi thermal dan udara
yg diinginkan secara kontinu dengan energy yg hemat
Maintenance Notes

• Filter sangat penting dalam sistem HVAC, harus

dibersihkan secara rutin sesuai petunjuk perangkat, agar
menjaga performansi HVAC jangka waktu yg panjang
• Beberapa tipe filter dapat dibersihkan dg semprotan air.
Ada juga tipe yg harus diganti.
• Komponen lain perlu dibersihkan secara rutin
• Duct harus dibersihkan secara regular agar tidak
terakumulasi kotoran, debu, adukan semen rontokan
tembok, sisa kabel dan partikel lainnya.
• Saluran dan duct harus diperiksa rutin thdp kebocoran yg
akan membuat boros energi.
• Coils yg terdapat debu akan menghalangi aliran udara,
mengurangi efektifitas cooling system.
• Drains harus dicek rutin terhadap kondensasi air AC,
sehingga akan bocor dan membanjiri perangkat
• Temperature, Occupancy, Humidity calculating sensors
harus dicek rutin bekerja dg baik. Sensor yg kurang baik
akan mengakibatkan temperature yg tidak sesuai, boros
energy dan umur perangkat berkurang.

162
Maintenance Note for BTS Site
Cabinet outdoor
Indoor • Tidak dapat dilakukan maintenance dg cara biasa
• Pembersihan condenser coil dg non acid based karena cabinet mengandung perangkat telco yg
cleaner. sensitive terhadap air.
• Penggantian filter udara • Lokasi di rooftop atau sulit dijangakau perangkat
• Mengencangkan semua koneksi listrik maintenance
• Pemeriksaan semua komponen listrik dari • Air tidak dapat dipakai untuk membersihkan
kerusakan evaporator dan condenser coil
• Pemeriksaan indoor and outdoor motor beroperasi • Pemasangan filter udara di air intake untuk
dg baik menangkap debu dan kotoran
• Pemeriksaan compressor amperage and level • Digunakan pembersih non toxic dan biodegradable
refrigerant bertekanan tinggi yang mudah menguap sebelum
sempat mencapai perangkat telco
• Pemeriksaan environment controller for bekerja dg
baik • Pemeriksaan semua perangkat HVAC di shelter list.
• Pemeriksaan environment alarm • Pembersihan debu dan kotoran dari intake
• Membersihkan grill udara serta mengatur frill agar • Pemeriksaan air dampers bekerja dg baik
aliran udara bekerja dg baik • Pemeriksaan controller bekerja dg baik
• Pemeriksaan panas mengalir dg lancar tanpa • Pemeriksaan environmental alarm
blockage • Service log
• Service log
163
Thermal Management Technologies

Thermal management consideration: Methodology:

• Availability • Direct Expansion: small to medium data center.
Capex optimization. Minimum installation
• Temperature Control impact. Direct/Indirect freecooling or pumped
• Humidity Control refrigerant technologies
• Air Filtration • Chilled Water: Medium to large data center.
Efficiency and availability.
• Air Contamination
• Adiabatic Chilled Water: Large data center. High
• Target Efficiency availability data center. Dynamic water control
• Equipment Replacement Cycle logic to provide best coordination of internal –
external cooling system.
• Evaporative Air Cooling: CREC System (Computer
Ambient temperature adalah suhu environment Room Evaporative Cooling). Extra large data
dari suatu obyek. Dalam hal perangkat, berarti center footprint. Saving in electrical. Reduction
suhu di sekitar perangkat. Ambient temperature in TCO. Minimized energy consumption PUE to
sangat penting dalam memberikan suasana agar <1.1. Comply to ASHRAE 9.9. Reducing Carbon
perangkat dapat berfungsi normal dan untuk footprint.
jangka waktu yg lama.

167
FAN

Forward Curved Centrifugal Backward Curved Centrifugal Axial

• Forward Curved centrifugal fan: High pressure low air flow

• Backward curved centrifugal fan: medium pressure medium air flow
• Axial: low pressure high air flow

http://www.axair-fans.co.uk/industrial-fans/

168
Data Center/Core Site Power

• Pertimbangan data center/core site power: Design strategy type:

• Facility’s up time • No Redundancy
• Electrical equipment deployed
• Electrical design strategy • Parallel UPS Redundant
• Facility’s uptime ~ how much downtime can • Block Redundant
occur? Due to revenue generating equipments, • Distribute Redundant
business criticality, etc.
• Max redundancy with 2 identical system
• Electrical equipment to deploy:
• Konfigurasi power supply: single, dual, line to
line, line to neutral.
• Perangkat apa saja dan konsumsi dayanya
• Power factor
• Voltage/current total harmonic distortion (THD)
• Surge/inrush current
• Design strategy: N, N+1, 2N

169
Availability

ON
MTTR • MTTR = Mean Time to Repair (hours)
OFF
• MTTF = Mean Time to Failure (hours)
MTTF
• MTBF = Mean Time Between Failure (hours)
MTBF • MTBF = MTTR + MTTF
• Availability = A = MTTF/MTBF
• Unavailability = U = 1-A
• Failure rate= λ = 1/MTTF
• Reliability = R = 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
• Probability of failure = R = 1-R

Source: Hwaiyu Gang, PE, Data Center Handbook, Joh Wiley & Sons, 2015

171
Data Center Standard Cabling

• ANSI/TIA-568-C.0: generic cabling • Cable type dan panjang maksimum

requirements including cable installation and • Penempatan rak dan cabinet. Hot and cold
testing isle.
• ANSI/TIA-569-C pathways, spaces, cabinets,
and racks • Cable pathways
• ANSI/TIA-606-B administration and labeling • Tie, bending
• ANSI/TIA-607-B bonding and grounding
• ANSI/TIA-758-B campus/outside cabling and
pathways
• ANSI/TIA-862-A cabling for building
automation systems termasuk IP cameras,
security systems, and monitoring systems for
untuk infrastruktur data center electrical and
mechanical

172
Power Elements and Power Consumption Efficiency

• UPS • PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) adalah KPI yg

umum untuk efisiensi power dari suatu data
• Battery bank center. Semakin rendah PUE semakin bagus
• Air conditioning efisiensinya. Nilai idealnya adalah 1.
• Cabling Total Data Center Energy
• Grounding PUE =
Telco & IT Equipment Energy
• Power Monitoring System
• Fire Protection
• Cooling System
• Fan • PUE=2.0  Average. PUE = 1.5  Efficient. PUE
1.2  Very Efficient
• Lighting
• Telko Equipment (Core elements, Monitoring
System
• IT Equipment (Servers, switch, routers)

173
BTS Site Power
Tipe BTS berdasarkan sumber energinya:
• Grid = PLN
Inisiatif Power efisiensi:
• Off Grid = Genset 24 hours or CDC
• Perangkat Outdoor cabinet
• Remote site with alternative energy
• Menggunakan Fan
Konsumsi daya BTS: • Routine preventive maintenance
• Dipengaruhi oleh tipe equipment • Implementation of power efficiency feature of
BTS
• Dipengaruhi oleh trafik
• Dipengaruhi oleh environment sekitarnya

174
Power Maintenance
• Electrical cabling inspection, including
grounding, lamps and lightening/surge
protection
• Pemeriksaan grounding resistance setiap 3
bulan (dibawah 1 ohm).
• Pemeriksaan safety equipment
• Pemeriksaan unused equipment.
• Inspeksi kondisi cabinet
• Forms preventive check list.
175
Power measurement:
• Power Quality: harmonisa, phase lead,
availability, failure
• Trip and failure
• Hourly, daily, weekly, monthly
• Shortlist of 20% most problematic sites:
contribute to 80% availability.
• Breakdown per kecamatan instead of per
region atau per kota.
SKKNI for CME (1)

Perencanaan CME Deployment CME

• SKKNI 131/2015 “Ahli Perencanaan Sistem Tata Udara”
• SKKNI 277/2010 Ahli Perencana Pondasi
• SKKNI 106/2015 Ahli Rekayasa Konstruksi Bangunan
Gedung
• SKKNI 92/2015 Ahli Penilai Kegagalan Bangunan
• SKKNI 372/2013 Ahli Perencanaan Proyek
Infrastruktur
• SKKNI 170/2007 Unit Kompetensi KTL.IR02.304.01
Merancang Instalasi Listrik Tegangan Rendah untuk
Bangunan Industri (kecil dan menengah)
• SKKNI 170/2007 Unit Kompetensi KTL.IR02.305.01
Merancang Instalasi Listrik Tegangan Menengah dan
Rendah untuk Bangunan Industri (besar)
• SKKNI 350/2014 “Analisis dan uji teknis bidang K3
Konstruksi Ahli Pekerjaan Muda K3 Konstruksi
(ADK3K)”
• SKKNI 92/2015 Ahli Penilai Kegagalan Bangunan
• SKKNI 387/2013 Quality Assurance Engineer
• SKKNI 107/2015 Pengawas Pekerjaan Mekanikal
Bangunan Gedung
• SKKNI 340/2013 Pengawas Pekerjaan Struktur
Bangunan
• SKKNI 193/2013 Ahli Pemeriksa Kelaikan Struktur
Bangunan

176
SKKNI CME (2)

Operasional CME
• SKKNI 382/2015 Ahli Mekanik Engine Tingkat Dasar
• SKKNI 127/2015 Pengkaji Teknis Proteksi Kebakaran
• SKKNI 52/2015 Inspektur Kelistrikan
• SKKNI 304/2009 Teknisi Fire Alarm
• SKKNI 298/2009 Mekanik Heating Ventilation Air Condition(HVAC)
• SKKNI 113/2015 Penilai Kelaikan Bangunan Gedung (Aspek Arsitektur dan Tata Ruang Luar)
• SKKNI 268/2007 Unit Kompetensi KTL.DI23.204.01: Menginspeksi Instalasi Penangkap Petir (Lighting
Arrester)
• SKKNI 268/2007 Unit Kompetensi KTL.DH23.217.01 Memelihara Instalasi Kubikel Tegangan Menengah Semi-
Automatic Change Over (SACO) atau Automatic Changeover (ACO)
• SKKNI 268/2007 Unit Kompetensi KTL.DH26.230.01 Memelihara Sistem UPS Rectifier – Inverter

177