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UNIT 10
Earthing
Learning Objectives
• To understand purpose of Earthing.
• To learn system of earthing.
Introduction
The very purpose of earthing is to safe against dangers of shock and fire
etc. It is essential to have good and effective ‘earthing’ or grounding
The word ‘earthing’ and ‘grounding’ have the same meaning but the
equipment is different from neutral point earthing. This chapter deals with the
equipments earthing only.
A poor safety ground or one that is wired incorrectly is more dangerous
than no ground at all. The poor ground is dangerous because it does not offer
full protection while the user is lulled into a false sense of security. The incorrectly
wired ground is a hazard because one of the wires and the safety ground are
transposed; making the shell of the tool ‘hot’ the instant the plug is connected.
Thus the unwary user is trapped, unless by poor chance the safety ground is
connected to the grounded side of the line on a single-phase ground system, on
no ground are present on the ungrounded system, this instance the user again
goes blithely along using the tool until he encounters a receptacle which has bits
wires transposed or a ground appears on the system.
Paper - II Electrical Engineering Materials and Wiring 275
Because there is absolutely Fullproof method of insuring that all tools are
safely grounded (and because of the tendency of the average technician to ignore
the use of the grounding wire) the old method of using a separate external wire
has been discontinued. Instead a 3-wire, standard, colorcoded cord with a
polarized plug and a ground pin is required. In this manner safety ground is
made a part of the connecting cord and plug. Since the polarized plug can be
connected only to a mating receptacle, the user has no choice but to use the
safety ground.
All new tools properly connected, Use the green wire as the safety ground.
This wire is attached to the metal case of the tool at one end and to the polarized
grounding pin in the connector at the other hand. It normally carries no current,
but is used only when tool insulation fails, in which case it short circuits the
electricity ground around the user to ground and protects him from shock. The
green lead must never be mixed with the black or white leads which are the true
current carrying conductors.
Check the resistance of the grounding system with a low reading ohmmeter
to conform that the grounding is adequate (less than 1 ohm is acceptable). If the
resistance indicate greater than 1 ohm, use a separate ground strap.
Some old installations are not equipped with receptacles that will accept
the grounding plug. In this events use one of the following methods:
1. Use an adapter fitting
2. Use the old type plug and bring the green ground wire out separately.
3. Connected an independent safety ground line.
When using the adapter, be sure to connect the ground lead extension to a
good ground. (Do not use the centre screw which holds the cover plate on the
respectable). Where the separate safety ground leads are externally connected
to a ground, be certain to first connect the ground and then plug in the tool, first
remove the line plug and then disconnect the safety ground. The safety ground is
always connected first and removed last.
10.1 Purpose of Earthing
Fig 10.1 illustrates an electric iron connected to supply through 3-core
cable. The line and neutral and connected to heating element where as the earth
wire (green shown dotted) is connected to the metal frame of the iron. The earth
terminal in turn connected to the neutral earthing at sub-station through mass of
earth. Due to insulation damage or otherwise, the live wire touches the metal
frame of iron, it effectively gets connected to the earth.
276 Electrical Technician
If the person holds the iron current will not pass through his body because
the resistance of the earth will be less than the human body resistance. Hence
the person will be protected from the electric shock. Meanwhile the current will
pass through the low resistance path of the earth wire causing the fuse wire in
the live wire to blow and thus protect the circuit.
If the earth wire is not provided (i.e. 2-core cable is used) then the live wire
accidentally makes contacts with the iron frame, the latter will be at the same
potential as the live wire (i.e. 230-v). If the person holds the wire unknowingly
the current flows through the body of the person as shown in the fig 10.2 which
is very dangerous to life.
Neutral
Earthing
Hence from the above it is clear that the non-current carrying metallic parts
in the neighborhood of electrical circuits must be earthened, which ensures safety
to human life. The non-current carrying parts include the following:
(i) Motor body, switch gear metal enclosure, transformer tank, conduits of
wiring etc.
(ii) Support structures, tower poles etc.
Paper - II Electrical Engineering Materials and Wiring 277
3. Pipe earthing
In this method of earthing,a 38mm internal diameter, perfornated galvanized
pipe of length 2.5mm is placed vertically (up right) in a permanently wet soil.
Where the rock is encountered at the length of less than 2.5m the electrode may
be buried inclined to the vertical.
The inclination should not be more than 30 degrees from the vertical. The
pipe is surrounded by a pieces of coke or charcoal and salt in alternate layers of
about 15cm around the pipe is used to decrease the resistance as shown in fig
10.4. Another pipe of 19mm dia and length 1.25m is connected through the
buried pipe through reducing socket.
Paper - II Electrical Engineering Materials and Wiring 279
Schedule of Material