4 Summary-Measures

Basic Statistical Analysis
Descriptive Statistics
August 13-17, 2018, Angeles City, Pampanga
Resource Persons
Michael Dominic C. del Mundo
Rocky T. Marcelino
PHILIPPINE STATISTICAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

Course Outline
BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 2

Course Outline
 Introduction
 Methods of Collecting Data
 Methods of Presenting Data
• Summary Measures
• Software in Constructing Charts and
Generating Descriptive Statistics

Summary Measures

Chapter Outline

Course Outline
Summary Measures
o Measures of Central Tendency
o Measures of Dispersion
o Measures of Location
o Measures of Skewness
o Measures of Kurtosis
o Rates, Ratios, Proportions,
Percentage, Percent Change

Learning Objectives

Learning Objectives
• To describe data using summary measures;

• To use MS Excel® in computing for the
different summary measures; and
• To interpret correctly MS Excel® summary
measures output.

Illustration
Describing the Data

You want to determine the change in the
physical characteristics of janitor fish in
Laguna de Bay. You measured the length of
seven fish samples that were collected in 2016
and 2017. The data obtained are as follows:
Year Length (mm)
2016 82 82 83 83 83 84 91
2017 129 83 82 83 50 46 115

Summary Measures

Summary Measures
A summary measure is a single numeric figure

that describes a particular feature of the
collection of observations.
If the summary measure is computed
using population data then it is a
parameter. While if the summary measure
is computed based on sample data then
it is as a statistic.

Summary Measures
o Measures of Central Tendency

o Measures of Location
o Measures of Variability
o Measures of Skewness
o Measures of Kurtosis
o Proportions, Rates, Ratios, Percent Change

Measures of Central Tendency

A measure of central tendency is a summary

measure that can be used to represent all
the other values in the collection.
Notes:
• Some people refer to this measure as
the “average”.
• This measure tells us where the “center”
of the distribution lies.

• Arithmetic Mean
• Median
• Mode
Note:
The use of this measure will facilitate the
comparison of two or more data sets.

Measures of Central Tendency: Arithmetic Mean
The arithmetic mean is the sum of all

observed values divided by the total
number of observations.
Let the population data = {x1, x2, …, xN} with
N population units
Let the sample data = {x1, x2, …, xn} with
n sample units

N n
 xi
x 1  x 2  ...  x N  xi
x 1  x 2  ...  x n
μ  i1
 x  i
1

N N n n
Population Mean Sample Mean

is a parameter is a statistic
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 17
Examples:
1. Five foresters reported the number of illegal
loggers they have apprehended as follows:
1, 2, 5, 5, 7
1  2  5  5  7 20
μ   4
5 5
The mean number of illegal loggers
apprehended is 4.

Examples:
2. The change in fixed assets (in percent)
of 6 government agencies are as follows:
1.2, -1.5, 3.4, 2.1, -2.7, 4.1
1.2  1.5  3.4  2.1  2.7  4.1 6.6
μ    1.1
6 6
The mean percent change in fixed assets
of the government agencies is 1.1

The Mean as a “Center” of Mass
o What would happen if the first measurement

had been 7 instead of 8?
o What would happen this time if the last
measurement had been 1000 instead of 10?

Effect of an Outlier on the Mean
Outliers are observations that are markedly
different from the rest of the data items.
• As “center of mass”, its value is gravely
affected by outliers.
• An outlier will pull the value of the mean in
its direction and away from the location
of majority of the observations.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1  2  3  4  5 15 1  2  3  4  16 26
 3   5.2
5 5 5 5
The mean is affected by extremes.

Effect of an Outlier on the Mean

• With the presence of outliers, the mean might
not be a suitable measure of central
tendency because it may not be a good
representative of the observations in the
collection.

Example: (Effect of an Outlier on the Mean)

Monthly income of five households in a certain
community.
P8,000 P5,000 P12,000 P5,000 P200,000
Compute for the mean.

Characteristics of the Mean

• The mean is the “center of mass”.
• It uses all the observed values in the
calculation.
• It may or may not be an actual
observed value in the data set.
• Its value is gravely affected by outliers.

Characteristics of the Mean

• The mean of a finite collection always
exists and is unique.
• Data values should be measured using
at least an interval scale for it to be
interpretable.

Measures of Central Tendency: Weighted Mean
Weighted Mean assigns weights (or measures

of relative importance) to the observations to
be average. If observation xi assigns is assigned
to a weight wi where i = 1, 2, 3, …, n, then the
weighted sample mean is
n
 wi xi
w 1x 1  w 2 x 2  ...  w n x n
x  i
1

n
w 1x 1  w 2 x 2  ...  w n

i
wi
1

Examples:
A government agency is granting scholarship to
staff pursuing graduate degree. Course in
graduate programs earn credits of 1 to 5 units. A
staff only get a partial scholarship for next term, if
he/she get a weighted mean of 1.5 to 1.75;
otherwise, a full scholarship will receive for a
weighted mean better than 1.5 (from 1.0 to 1.49).
Determine the kind of scholarship that the two
staff will get considering their obtained grades.
Examples:
Staff A Staff B
Subject Units Grade Subject Units Grade
A 1 1.00 A 1 2.00
B 2 1.25 B 2 1.75
C 3 1.50 C 3 1.50
D 4 1.75 D 4 1.25
E 5 2.00 E 5 1.00

Examples:
Weighted Average of Staff A
= 1.00(1) + 1.25 (2) + 1.50 (3) + 1.75 (4) + 2.00(5)
1+2+3+4+5
= 1 + 2.5 + 4.5 + 7 + 10 = 1.67
15

Examples:
Weighted Average of Staff B
= 2.00(1) + 1.75 (2) + 1.50 (3) + 1.25 (4) + 1.00(5)
1+2+3+4+5
= 2 + 3.5 + 4.5+ 6 +5 = 1.33
15
Staff A will get a partial scholarship while
Staff B will get a full scholarship.

Measures of Central Tendency: Median
The median divides the sorted observations

into two equal parts

How to Determine the Median:

• Sort the observations from lowest to highest.
Let {x(1), x(2),…, x(n)} be the sorted observations.
• Thus, x(1) = smallest observation and
x(n) = largest observation.

How to Determine the Median:

• Use the following formula to get the median:
Case 1: n is odd
(the median is the value in the
Md  x  n 1 
 
 2 
middle of sorted observations)
Case 2: n is even x  n2   x ( n2  1)
(the median is the average of Md 
the 2 middle observations 2

Examples:
1. The following are the total receipts of 7
mining companies (in million pesos):
1.2, 4.5, 6.5, 7.2, 10.4, 12.5, 50.6
The median is 7.2.
At least fifty percent of the seven mining
companies have total receipts less than or
equal to 7.2 million pesos.

Examples:
2. The following are the number of operating
years of 8 mining companies:
8, 10, 10, 11, 16, 17, 17, 18
The median is (11+16) / 2 = 13.5
At least half of the eight mining companies
have been operating for at most 13.5
years.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
x(3)= 3 x(3) = 3
The median is not affected by extremes.
Characteristics of the Median

• The median is also a measure of location.
It indicates the relative position of an
observation in the distribution.
• If the observation is smaller than the median
then it belongs in the lower half of the
distribution; while if the observation is larger
than the median then it belongs in the upper
half of the distribution.

Characteristics of the Median

• The median is affected by the position of
each observation in the sorted data but
not by the value of the observation.
Consequently, outliers do not affect the
median.
• It is interpretable even if the level of
measurement is as low as ordinal.

Measures of Central Tendency: Mode
The mode is the most common

observation in a data set.
It is determined by the frequency
of each value and finding the
value with the highest frequency
of occurrence

Examples: Find the mode
1. The following are waistlines (in inches) of 12 males:
25, 26, 29, 30, 30, 29, 30, 30, 30, 31, 34, 36
2. Given the number of children of 20 male

respondents:
2,5,5,2,2,5,1,3,5,4,2,5,5,2,2,5,5,2,2,1

3. The following are ages (in years) of 12 participants

in descriptive statistics training course: 25, 26, 29,
30, 30, 29, 30, 30, 30, 31, 34, 36
4. Given the type of waste disposal of six
households: compost pits, garbage collector,
compost pits, garbage collector, garbage
collector, dump in open pits

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mo = Does Not Exist Mo = Does Not Exist
The mode may or may not exist.
Characteristics of the Mode

• It does not always exist; and if it does, it may
not be unique.
• It is not recommended if there are only a few
observations.
• It is not affected by outliers.
• The mode can be used even if the level of
measurement is as low as nominal.

Measures of Location

Measures of Location
A measure of location indicates the

relative position of an observation in the
distribution.
• Percentiles
• Quartiles
• Deciles

Measures of Location: Percentile
Percentiles divide the sorted observations

into 100 equal parts.
There are 99 percentiles where:
P1 is read as the first percentile.
P2 is read as the second percentile.
:
P99 is read as the ninety-ninth percentile

The kth percentile, Pk is a value such

that at least k% of the ordered data
are less than or equal to it and at least
(100 - k)% are greater than or equal to
it, where k = 1, 2, 3, …, 99.

Example:
The 80th percentile of a distribution is a value such that
at least 80% of the ordered observations are less than its
value and at least 20% of the ordered observations are
larger than its value.
If P80 = 75: At least 80% of the ordered
observations are less than 75. or
At least 20% of the ordered
observations are larger than 75.

Example:
Then, any observation that is smaller than
P80 value belongs in the lower 80% of the
distribution while any observation greater
than P80 value belongs in the upper 20% of
the distribution.

Example:
Consider the forest cover (in thousand hectare) of
the different regions in the Philippines during 2010:
778, 125, 1045, 521, 2, 264, 917, 202, 138, 174, 379,
429, 249, 684, and 306. Find the 75th percentile.
P75 = 602.5
Any region with forest cover that is lower than
602,500 hectares belongs in the lower 75% of the
distribution.

Measures of Location: Examples of Percentile
Example:
The annual per capita poverty threshold in pesos of
the different regions of the Philippines are as follows:
15,693, 13,066, 12,685, 11,128 13,760, 13,657, 11,995,
11,372, 11,313, 9,656, 9,518, 9,116, 10,503, 10,264,
10,466, 10,896, 12,192. Find the 75th percentile.
The 75th percentile is 12,685. This implies that any

region with annual per capita poverty threshold that is
lower than PhP12,685 belongs in the lower 75% of the
distribution.
Measures of Location: Example of Percentiles
Example:
The following are the number of telephone lines
of 16 regions for the year 2004: 2799079,
94079,190335, 42860, 410841, 1049413, 125157,
427497, 470299, 151652, 35945, 147513, 295334,
82616, 117116, 33315.
Find the 50th percentile.
The 50th percentile is 149,582. Thus, any region with

number of telephone lines lower than 149,582 belongs
in the lower 50% of the distribution.
Measures of Location: Quartile
Quartiles divide the sorted observations

into 4 equal parts.
1st Quartile = 25th Percentile
2nd Quartile = 50th Percentile
3rd Quartile = 75th Percentile

Measures of Location: Quartile
• Third quartile, Q3, divided the bottom 75% of

the sorted observations from the top 25%.
Thus, it is equal to P75.
• Second quartile, Q2, divided the bottom 50%
of the sorted observations from the top 50%.
Thus, it is equal to P50and the median.
• First quartile, Q1, divided the bottom 25% of
the sorted observations from the top 75%.
Thus, it is equal to P25.

Measures of Location: Decile
Deciles divide the sorted observations

into 10 equal parts.
Each part contains 10 percent of the
observations.
There are nine deciles and these are
D1, D2, D3, . . . , D9.

Measures of Location: Decile
Example: Table 1. Average Income, Average Expenditure and Average Savings of Families
at Current Prices per Capita Income Decile, Philippines 2012 and 2015.
Per Capita Income Decile 2015 (in thousand pesos) 2012 (in thousand pesos)
Income Expenditure Savings Income Expenditure Savings
Philippines 267 215 52 235 193 42
First Decile 86 89 (3) 69 73 (4)
Second Decile 114 110 4 92 91 1
Third Decile 133 122 11 108 102 6
Fourth Decile 156 140 16 130 121 9
Fifth Decile 182 161 22 153 139 15
Sixth Decile 218 189 29 182 161 22
Seventh Decile 259 217 42 229 196 32
Eight Decile 320 260 60 286 237 49
Ninth Decile 415 326 89 381 302 79
Tenth Decile 786 534 252 715 503 213
Ratio of Tenth
Decile to First 9.1 6.0 10.4 6.9
Note: Details may not add up to total due to rounding.
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Family Income and Expenditure Survey, 2012 and 2015

Illustration

Year Length (mm)
2016 82 82 83 83 83 84 91
2017 129 83 82 83 50 46 115
Compare data between years using MCT.

Measures of Dispersion

A measures of dispersion indicate the

extent to which observations in the
data differ from the average value.

Measures of Dispersion: Importance
MCTs are not enough to describe the data

Measures of Dispersion: Two Types
Measures of Absolute Dispersion
• carries the unit of measure of the observations
• can be used to compare data sets with the
same means and the same units of
measurement
Measures of Relative Dispersion
• unitless so it can be used to compare the
dispersion of two or more data sets with different
means or different units of measurement.
Measures of Dispersion: Two Types
• Range
• Standard deviation
Measures of Relative Dispersion
• Coefficient of Variation
• Standard Score

Measures of Absolute Dispersion: Range
The range is the difference between the

maximum and minimum values of a
data set.
Range = maximum - minimum
Measures of Absolute Dispersion: Range
Properties of the Range

• It does not take into account middle
observations.
• It is affected by outliers
• It tends to be smaller for smaller samples
than for larger samples.

Measures of Absolute Dispersion: Variance
The variance describes how far the

observations are from the mean. It
comes in square of the unit of
measure of the observations.
Measures of Central Tendency: Variance
N n
 (x i  μ ) 2
 i
( x  x ) 2
σ  2 i 1
s2  i 1
N n 1
Population Variance Sample Variance
where xi = ith observation of the variable X

N = number of observations in the population
n = number of observations in the sample
Measures of Absolute Dispersion: Standard Deviation
The standard deviation is the

positive square root of the variance.
Its unit is the same as the unit of
measurement of the observations.
• The population standard deviation σ  σ
2
• The sample standard deviation s  s

2
Example:
Consider the pre-test scores of eight sampled
participants in descriptive statistics training course:
10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 18, 24
10  12  14  15  17  18  18  24 128
x    16
8 8

Example:
Consider the pre-test scores of eight sampled
participants in descriptive statistics training course:
10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 18, 24
2 2 2
s 
10  16   12  16     24  16 
 4.3095
8-1
On the average, the pre-test scores of the sampled
participants deviates from 16 by 4.3095

Example:
Site A: Heights (inches) of five trees
180” 180” 180” 180” 180”

Find the mean, range, and standard deviation.

Example:
Site B: Heights (inches) of five trees
130” 188” 170” 194” 120”

Find the mean, range, and standard deviation.

Comparing Standard Deviations
Mean = 15.5
Data A 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 s = 3.338
Mean = 15.5
Data B 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 s = 0.9258
Mean = 15.5
Data C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 s = 4.57

Remarks:
If there is a large amount of variation in the
data set, then on the average, the data
values will be far from the mean. Hence, the
standard deviation will be large; otherwise
the standard deviation will be small.
BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Properties of the Standard Deviation

• It is affected by the value of every
observation. It may be distorted by
outliers.
• It cannot be negative.

Measures of Relative Dispersion: Coefficient of Variation
The coefficient of variation is unitless

and is used to compare the scatter
of one distribution with the scatter of
another distribution.
σ s
CV  100% CV  100%
μ x
Population CV Sample CV
  population standard deviation s  sample standard deviation

  population mean x  sample mean
Example:
Suppose you have two options in buying a stock. Stock 1 is
currently priced at P2000 per share and stock 2 is priced
P550 per share. In buying stocks, risk is reduced by
choosing a stock with stable price. However, once could
take a chance on a stock that shows greater variation in
price, hoping the prices go up rather than down. A sample
of prices of Stock 1 and Stock 2 were collected at the
close of trading for the past months.

Example:
Stock Mean Price Std. Deviation
1 P1975 P578
2 P 565 P85
578 85
CV stock1   100  29.3% CV stock2   100  15.0%
1975 565
Stock 1 price is more variable than stock 2 price.

Measures of Relative Dispersion: Standard Score
The standard score (z-score) helps determine

the relative position of an observed value in
the collection where the observed value
came from.
A positive z-score measures the number of
standard deviations an observation is
above the mean while a negative z score
gives the number of standard deviations an
observation is below the mean.
x μ x x
Z  Z 
σ s
Population z-score Sample z-score
  population standard deviation s  sample standard deviation
  population mean x  sample mean
Example:
The mean score of participants in Exercise 1 of the
training course is 70% with standard deviation of 10%;
while in Exercise 2, the mean score is 80% with a
standard deviation of 10%.
1. If you got a score of 75% in Exercise 1 and a score of
85% in Exercise 2, in which exercise did you perform
better if we consider the score of the other
participants in the two training courses?

Example:
75 − 70 85 − 80
Zexer1 = = 0.5 Zexer2 = = 0.5
10 10
Considering the scores of the other participants in the

two exercises, your score in Exercise 1 is just as good as
your score in Exercise 2. Based on the z-scores, your
scores in both training courses are 0.5 standard
deviations above their respective mean scores.

Example:
2. Your seatmate got a grade of 70% in both Exercises 1
and 2. In which exercise did your seatmate perform
better if we consider the scores of the other
participants in the two training courses?
3. One participant got a perfect score in Exercise 1.
Compute for the z-score and interpret.

Remark on the Standard Score

• It can be used in identifying possible
outliers in the data set. By rule of thumb, if
the absolute value of the standard score is
at least 3 then that observation is marked
as a possible outlier.

Year Length (mm)
2016 82 82 83 83 83 84 91
2017 129 83 82 83 50 46 115
Compare the variability of the janitor fishes in

terms of length between years.
Measures of Skewness

Summary Measures: Shapes of the Data Distribution

Symmetric Distribution
• The graph of the frequency distribution or

relative frequency distribution is
symmetric if it can be folded along the
vertical axis so that the left hand side is
the mirror image of the right hand side.
• If the distribution has one mode and is symmetric, the
mean, the median, and the mode are equal.

Other Symmetric Distributions

Skewed Distribution
• If the two sides do not coincide, the

distribution is said to be asymmetric
• A distribution that is asymmetric
with respect to a vertical axis is said
to be skewed.

Skewness: Types
Positively Skewed (Skewed to the Right)

The longer upper tail indicates that there are
observations in the data whose values are so much
larger compared to the others. Consequently, these
observations will pull the mean to the right.
Frequency Polygon of Annual Fam ily Incom e in the Philippines:
2000
The mean will then be larger
than the median. The median
No. of Families (in thousands)
1600
1400
1200
1000
will be larger than the mode.

800
600
400
200
0
95000 195000 295000 395000 495000 595000 695000
Income

Skewness: Types
Negatively Skewed (Skewed to the Left)

The longer lower tail indicates that there are
observations in the data whose values are so much
smaller compared to the others so consequently
these observations will pull the mean to the left.
FIGURE 1c. Example of a Skewed to the Left
Distribution
35
30
The mean will then be smaller
than the median. The median
Number of Provinces
25
20
will be smaller than the mode.

15
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
mean < median < mode

Pearson’s First and Second Coefficient of
Skewness
x  mo 3  x  md 
SK  SK 
s s
First-order Second-order
s  sample standard deviation md  sample median

x  sample mean mo  sample mode

Measures of Skewness: Interpretation
Pearson’s First and Second Coefficient of
Skewness
SK = 0 SK > 0 SK > 0
symmetric positively skewed negatively skewed
x  md  mo x  md  mo x  md  mo

Year Length (mm)
2016 82 82 83 83 83 84 91
2017 129 83 82 83 50 46 115
Describe the distribution of the lengths of the

sampled fishes in each year.
Measures of Kurtosis

Measure of Kurtosis
A measure of kurtosis indicates the

extent of peakedness or flatness of the
distribution

Measures of Kurtosis: Interpretation
Coefficient of Kurtosis
K=0 K>0 K<0
Mesokurtic Leptokurtic Platykurtic
Normal Heavy-tailed Light-tailed

Box-and-Whiskers Plot or Boxplot

Box-and-Whiskers Plot
• It is used to display the following features
of the data:
o location
o spread
o symmetry
o extremes
o outliers
• It is a simple graphical method used to
display the 5-number summary.
Step in constructing the Boxplot

1. Construct a rectangle with one end at Q1
and the other end at Q3.
2. Draw a line within the rectangle at the value
of the median.
3. Compute for the IQR, interquartile range.
IQR = Q3 – Q1


4. Compute for the lower and upper fences.
Lower fence = Q1 – 1.5IQR
Upper fence = Q3 + 1.5IQR
These are the outlier cutoffs.
5. Excluding outliers, identify the two data
values that are closest to the lower and
upper fences. Draw a line from these values
to each side of the rectangle (whiskers).

6. Plot outliers at their corresponding values
using an x mark or any symbol.
..
Q1 Md Q3
55 60 75 80 85 98 100

Examining the components of the

boxplot:
1. The line inside the rectangle shows the
location of the median, the measure of
central tendency
2. The sides of the rectangle, which are
plotted either at the fourths or the
quartiles, indicate where the middle 50%
of observations lie

boxplot:
3. The length of the rectangle represents the
IQR’s magnitude, the measure of dispersion;
4. The relative position of the line inside the
rectangle to its sides gives idea of the
degree and direction of symmetry since this
shows the respective distances of the
median to the lower and upper fourths

boxplot:
• A line that is in the middle of the rectangle
indicates that the distribution is symmetric
• A line that is closer to the 1st quartile indicates
that the distribution is skewed to right
• A line that is closer to the 3rd quartile indicates
that the distribution is skewed to the left


boxplot:


boxplot:
5. If there are no outliers, then the ends of the
whiskers indicate the respective values of
both extremes. But, if there are outliers then
the farthest outlier is the extreme
6. The outliers are clearly identified by the
distinctive mark (x) used to plot them

Example:
Figure 1. Daily air quality measurements in New York,

May to September 1973

Proportions, Ratios, Rates, Percent Change

Proportion
The proportion among elements in the

collection belonging in a given category
is defined as:
the number of elements belonging in the
category divided by the total number of
elements in the collection.

Proportions
Example:
Proportion of males in the population
no. of males in the population
N
Proportion of males in the sample

no. of males in the sample
n

Proportions
Example:
SDG indicator 5.5.1:
Proportion of seats held by women in
(a) national parliaments and
(b) local governments
no. of local government seats occupied by women
total no. of local government seats occupied by women

Proportions
Note:
The proportion is actually a special case
of the arithmetic mean.
Let P= population proportion of males
where:
X 1  X 2  ...  X N
P 
N
1, if ith element in the population is male
Xi  
0, otherwise
Proportions
Table 8. CLASSIFIED WATER BODIES BY REGION AS OF 2016
Example: Region Principal River Other Rivers Marine Waters Lakes Total
1 14 10 1 0 25
2 26 26 0 0 52
3 16 43 5 0 64
4A 26 32 1 2 61
4B 31 27 18 1 77
5 29 26 7 4 66
6 31 27 15 0 73
7 19 14 11 0 44
8 23 29 9 1 62
9 17 27 5 0 49
10 12 29 3 1 45
11 17 16 5 0 38
12 14 28 6 2 50
CAR 11 28 0 1 40
CARAGA 19 13 6 1 39
NCR 2 3 1 0 6
Total 307 378 93 13 791

Proportions
Example:
Proportion of principal river classified
waterbodies as of 2016:
= 307/791
= 0.39
Note:
The sum of the proportions in the different
categories of the variable is 1.00

Percentages
Percent means “per hundred”, “by

the hundred”, or “out of a hundred”.
A proportion can be converted to a
percentage by multiplying it by 100.

Proportions
Example:
Percentage of principal river classified
waterbodies as of 2016:
= 0.39x100
= 39%
For every 100 classified waterbodies as of 2016,
there are 39 principal rivers.

Ratios
Averaging Percentages:
Arithmetic Mean vs. Weighted Mean
There are different ways of averaging
percentages, each one assigning a different
set of weights to the percentages.

Ratios
Example: (Averaging Ratios)
Exam 1 Exam 2 Exam 3
No. of correct answers 48 70 10
Total no. of items 50 80 100
Percentage 96% 87.5% 10%
Arithmetic Mean
= (96% + 87.5% + 10%)/3 = 64.5% .
All of the 3 exams are given the same
weights.

Ratios
Example: (Averaging Ratios)
Exam 1 Exam 2 Exam 3
No. of correct answers 48 70 10
Total no. of items 50 80 100
Percentage 96% 87.5% 10%
Weighted Mean
= [(50)(96%) + (80)(87.5%) + (100)(10%)]/(50+80+100)
= 55.65%.
The percentage with the largest base is given the
greatest importance.
Ratios
The ratio of a number x to another number

y expresses the size of one measure x with
respect to the size of another measure y.
• It is written as x:y and is read as “x is to y”.
• When the measure x is divided by the
measure y, the relationship that x bears to
y is then expressed as a ratio to one.
• The measure y in the denominator is called
the base.

Ratios
Example:
Pupil-Teacher Ratio = Total pupils / total teachers
= 33,681/991 = 34
There are 34 pupils to 1 teacher.

Ratios
Example: Table 2: Sex Ratio and Dependency Ration by Region 2010*
Region Sex Ratio Dependency Ratio
Philippines 102 221
NCR National Capital Region 97 196
CAR Cordillera Administrative Region 104 57
I Ilocos Region 102 60
II Cagayan Valley 104 58
III Central Luzon 102 57
IV-A CALABARZON 100 56
IV-B MIMAROPA 106 70
V Bicol Region 104 75
VI Western Visayas 103 61
VII Central Visayas 102 62
VIII Eastern Visayas 106 73
IX Zamboanga Peninsula 104 66
X Northern Mindanao 104 64
XI Davao Region 105 60
XII SOCCSKSARGEN 105 63
XIII Caraga 106 67
ARMM Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 99 80
*Excludes 2,739 Filipinos in Philippine Embassies, consulates and mission abroad

Sex ratio = (Total males/Total females) x 100
Dependency Ratio = (0 to 14 years + 65 years and over)/Total of 15 to 64 years x 100
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

Ratios
Ratio of Sums or Ratio of Means
If the collection of measurements consists of
ratios, X 1 , X 2 ,..., X N , then the average of
 
 Y1 Y2 YN 
these ratios wherein those ratios with larger
bases are given heavier weights is the ratio
of sums, R,
X1  X 2   XN
R 
Y1 Y2  YN

Ratios
Example: (Ratio of Sums)

Data=  48 , 70 , 10 
 50 80 100 
The average of these ratios wherein those
ratios with larger bases are given heavier
weights is
48  70  10 128
R   0.5565
50  80  100 230
Note: This is exactly the same as the weighted mean
computed in the previous example.
Ratios

Per capita income: the numerator
characteristic is income while the denominator
characteristic is the number of members in a
household.
Household 1 2 3 4 5
Income(in thousands) 10 15 20 25 15
No. of Members 3 4 2 5 3
Ratio 3 ⅓ 3.75 10 5 5
(Income/no. of members)
Ratios
10  15  20  25  15
Per capita income 
34253
 P5 thousand per person
The same as getting the weighted mean of the individual
ratios (income/no of members), where the ratio for the largest
household is given the largest weight.
3  3.33  4  3.75   2 10   5 10   3 5 
Per capita income 
34253
 P5 thousand per person
Ratios
Example:

Ratios
Example:
Policemen to population ratio (Philippines)
total no. of policemen: total population = 1:817
(divide both sides by total no. of policemen)
Total population 95814244
  817.165
Total no. of policemen 117252
For every 1 policeman in the Philippines, there
are 817 people in his charge.

Rates
Example:
No. of policemen per 100,000 population (Phils.)
total no. of policemen: total population
=122:100,000
Total no. of policemen 117252
 100000   100000  122.374
Total population 95814244
There are 122 policemen for every 100,000
persons in the Philippines.

Percent Change
When the new amount is less than the

original amount, the number on top will
be a negative number and the result will
be a percent decrease; otherwise, the
percentage change is positive and is
called a percent increase.
Percent Change = new amount - original amount x 100
original amount

Percent Change
Example:
The population of the Philippines in 2007
and 2010 were 88,548,366 and 92,337,852,
respectively.
Find the percent change in the Philippine
population from 2007 to 2010.

Percent Change
Example:
From the given problem,
new amount = 92,337,852
original amount = 88,548,366
= 92,337,852 – 88,548,366 x 100
88,548,366
= 4.3%
There was a 4.3% increase in the Philippine
population from 2007 to 2010.

Exercise 4

Resource Persons
Michael Dominic C. del Mundo
Rocky T. Marcelino

4 Summary-Measures

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4 Summary-Measures

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Basic Statistical Analysis

PHILIPPINE STATISTICAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 2

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 3

PHILIPPINE STATISTICAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 5

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 6

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 7

• To describe data using summary measures;

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 8

Describing the Data

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 9

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 10

A summary measure is a single numeric figure

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 11

o Measures of Central Tendency

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 12

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 13

A measure of central tendency is a summary

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 14

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 15

The arithmetic mean is the sum of all

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 16

Population Mean Sample Mean

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 18

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 19

The Mean as a “Center” of Mass

o What would happen if the first measurement

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 20

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 21

The mean is affected by extremes.

Effect of an Outlier on the Mean

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 23

Example: (Effect of an Outlier on the Mean)

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 24

Characteristics of the Mean

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 25

Characteristics of the Mean

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 26

Weighted Mean assigns weights (or measures

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 27

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 29

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 30

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 31

The median divides the sorted observations

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 32

How to Determine the Median:

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 33

How to Determine the Median:

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 34

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 35

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 36

The median is not affected by extremes.

Characteristics of the Median

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 38

Characteristics of the Median

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 39

The mode is the most common

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 40

2. Given the number of children of 20 male

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 41

3. The following are ages (in years) of 12 participants

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 42