The Dead Sea

Scrolls (also
Qumran
Caves
Scrolls) are
ancient
Jewish
religious
manuscripts
found in the
Qumran
Caves in the
Judaean
Desert, near
Ein Feshkha
on the
northern
shore of the
Dead Sea.[1]
Scholarly
consensus
dates these
scrolls from
the last three
centuries BCE
and the first
century CE.[2]
The texts
have great
historical,
religious, and
linguistic
significance
because they
include the
second-oldest
known
surviving
manuscripts
of works later
included in
the Hebrew
Bible canon,
along with
deuterocanon
ical and extra-
biblical
manuscripts
which
preserve
evidence of
the diversity
of religious
thought in late
Second
Temple
Judaism.
Almost all of
the Dead Sea
Scrolls are
currently in
the collection
of the
Government
of the State of
Israel, with
ownership
disputed with
Jordan and
the
Palestinian
Authority, and
they are
housed in the
Shrine of the
Book on the
grounds of
the Israel
Museum.
 The Dead
Sea Scrolls

The Psalms
Scroll (11Q5),
one of the 981
texts of the
Dead Sea
Scrolls, with a
partial Hebrew
transcription.

Material Papyrus,
parchment and
bronze

Writing Mostly Hebrew;

Aramaic, Greek,
and Nabataean-
Aramaic

Created Est. 408 BCE to

318 CE

Discovered 1946/47–1956

Present location Various

Many
thousands of
written
fragments
have been
discovered in
the Dead Sea
area. They
represent the
remnants of
larger
manuscripts
damaged by
natural
causes or
through
human
interference,
with the vast
majority
holding only
small scraps
of text.
However, a
small number
of well-
preserved,
almost intact
manuscripts
have survived
– fewer than
a dozen
among those
from the
Qumran
Caves.[2]
Researchers
have
assembled a
collection of
981 different
manuscripts
– discovered
in 1946/47
and in 1956 –
from 11
caves.[3] The
11 Qumran
Caves lie in
the
immediate
vicinity of the
Hellenistic-
period Jewish
settlement at
Khirbet
Qumran in the
eastern
Judaean
Desert, in the
West Bank.[4]
The caves are
located about
one mile (1.6
kilometres)
west of the
northwest
shore of the
Dead Sea,
whence they
derive their
name.
Scholarly
consensus
dates the
Qumran
Caves Scrolls
from the last
three
centuries BCE
and the first
century CE.[2]
Bronze coins
found at the
same sites
form a series
beginning
with John
Hyrcanus (in
office 135–
104 BCE) and
continuing
until the
period of the
First Jewish–
Roman War
(66–73 CE),
supporting
the
radiocarbon
and
paleographic
dating of the
scrolls.[5]

In the larger
sense, the
Dead Sea
Scrolls
include
manuscripts
from
additional
Judaean
Desert sites,
dated as early
as the 8th
century BCE
and as late as
the 11th
century CE.[1]

Biblical texts
older than the
Dead Sea
Scrolls have
been
discovered
only in two
silver scroll-
shaped
amulets
containing
portions of
the Priestly
Blessing from
the Book of
Numbers,
excavated in
Jerusalem at
Ketef Hinnom
and dated c.
600 BCE;
some
scholars also
include the
controversial
Shapira Scroll.
The third-
oldest
surviving
known piece
of the Torah,
the En-Gedi
Scroll,
consists of a
portion of
Leviticus
found in the
Ein Gedi
synagogue,
burnt in the
6th century
CE and
analyzed in
2015.
Research has
dated it
palaeographic
ally to the 1st
or 2nd
century CE,
and using the
C14 method
to sometime
between the
2nd and 4th
centuries
CE.[6]

Most of the
texts use
Hebrew, with
some written
in Aramaic
(for example
the Son of
God text; in
different
regional
dialects,
including
Nabataean),
and a few in
Greek.[7]
Discoveries
from the
Judaean
Desert add
Latin (from
Masada) and
Arabic (from
Khirbet al-
Mird) texts.[8]
Most of the
texts are
written on
parchment,
some on
papyrus, and
one on
copper.[9]
Archaeologist
s have long
associated
the scrolls
with the
ancient
Jewish sect
called the
Essenes,
although
some recent
interpretation
s have
challenged
this
connection
and argue
that priests in
Jerusalem, or
Zadokites, or
other
unknown
Jewish
groups wrote
the
scrolls.[10][11]

Owing to the
poor
condition of
some of the
scrolls,
scholars have
not identified
all of their
texts. The
identified
texts fall into
three general
groups:
1. About 40%
are copies of
texts from the
Hebrew
Scriptures.

2. Approximately
another 30%
are texts from
the Second
Temple
Period which
ultimately
were not
canonized in
the Hebrew
Bible, like the
Book of
Enoch, the
Book of
Jubilees, the
Book of Tobit,
the Wisdom
of Sirach,
Psalms 152–
155, etc.

3. The
remainder
(roughly 30%)
are sectarian
manuscripts
of previously
unknown
documents
that shed light
on the rules
and beliefs of
a particular
group (sect)
or groups
 within greater
Judaism, like
the
Community
Rule, the War
Scroll, the
Pesher on
Habakkuk,
and The Rule
of the
Blessing.[12]

Discover
y

Caves at Qumran

Qumran cave 4,
where ninety
percent of the
scrolls were
found

The Dead Sea

Scrolls were
discovered in
a series of
twelve caves
around the
site originally
known as the
"Ein Feshkha
Caves" near
the Dead Sea
in the West
Bank (then
part of
Jordan)
between 1946
and 1956 by
Bedouin
shepherds
and a team of
archeologists.[13]
The practice
of storing
worn-out
sacred
manuscripts
in
earthenware
vessels buried
in the earth or
within caves
is related to
the ancient
Jewish
custom of
Genizah.

Initial
discovery
(1946–
1947)

The initial
discovery by
Bedouin
shepherd
Muhammed
edh-Dhib, his
cousin Jum'a
Muhammed,
and Khalil
Musa, took
place
between
November
1946 and
February
1947.[14][15]
The
shepherds
discovered
seven scrolls
(See Scrolls
and
fragments)
housed in jars
in a cave near
what is now
known as the
Qumran site.
John C.
Trever
reconstructed
the story of
the scrolls
from several
interviews
with the
Bedouin. Edh-
Dhib's cousin
noticed the
caves, but
edh-Dhib
himself was
the first to
actually fall
into one (the
cave now
called Cave
1). He
retrieved a
handful of
scrolls, which
Trever
identifies as
the Isaiah
Scroll,
Habakkuk
Commentary,
and the
Community
Rule, and took
them back to
the camp to
show to his
family. None
of the scrolls
were
destroyed in
this
process.[16]
The Bedouin
kept the
scrolls
hanging on a
tent pole
while they
figured out
what to do
with them,
periodically
taking them
out to show to
their people.
At some point
during this
time, the
Community
Rule was split
in two. The
Bedouin first
took the
scrolls to a
dealer named
Ibrahim 'Ijha
in Bethlehem.
'Ijha returned
them, saying
they were
worthless,
after being
warned that
they might
have been
stolen from a
synagogue.
Undaunted,
the Bedouin
went to a
nearby
market, where
a Syrian
Christian
offered to buy
them. A
sheikh joined
their
conversation
and
suggested
they take the
scrolls to
Khalil
Eskander
Shahin,
"Kando", a
cobbler and
part-time
antiques
dealer. The
Bedouin and
the dealers
returned to
the site,
leaving one
scroll with
Kando and
selling three
others to a
dealer for 7
Jordanian
pounds
(approximatel
y $28, or $321
in 2019
dollars).[16][17]
The original
scrolls
continued to
change hands
after the
Bedouin left
them in the
possession of
a third party
until a sale
could be
arranged.
(See
Ownership.)

In 1947 the
original seven
scrolls caught
the attention
of Dr. John C.
Trever, of the
American
Schools of
Oriental
Research
(ASOR), who
compared the
script in the
scrolls to that
of The Nash
Papyrus, the
oldest biblical
manuscript
then known,
and found
similarities
between
them. In
March the
1948 Arab–
Israeli War
prompted the
move of some
of the scrolls
to Beirut,
Lebanon, for
safekeeping.
On 11 April
1948, Millar
Burrows, head
of the ASOR,
announced
the discovery
of the scrolls
in a general
press release.

Search for
the Qumran
caves
(1948–
1949)

Early in
September
1948,
Metropolitan
bishop Mar
Samuel
brought some
additional
scroll
fragments
that he had
acquired to
Professor
Ovid R.
Sellers, the
new Director
of ASOR. By
the end of
1948, nearly
two years
after their
discovery,
scholars had
yet to locate
the original
cave where
the fragments
had been
found. With
unrest in the
country at
that time, no
large-scale
search could
be undertaken
safely. Sellers
tried to get
the Syrians to
assist in the
search for the
cave, but he
was unable to
pay their
price. In early
1949, the
government
of Jordan
gave
permission to
the Arab
Legion to
search the
area where
the original
Qumran cave
was thought
to be.
Consequently,
Cave 1 was
rediscovered
on 28 January
1949, by
Belgian
United
Nations
observer
Captain
Phillipe
Lippens and
Arab Legion
Captain
Akkash el-
Zebn.[18]

Qumran
caves
rediscovery
and new
scroll
discoveries
(1949–
1951)

A view of the
Dead Sea from a
cave at Qumran
in which some of
the Dead Sea
Scrolls were
discovered.

The
rediscovery of
what became
known as
"Cave 1" at
Qumran
prompted the
initial
excavation of
the site from
15 February
to 5 March
1949 by the
Jordanian
Department
of Antiquities
led by Gerald
Lankester
Harding and
Roland de
Vaux.[19] The
Cave 1 site
yielded
discoveries of
additional
Dead Sea
Scroll
fragments,
linen cloth,
jars, and other
artifacts.[20]

Excavation
s of
Qumran
and new
cave
discoveries
(1951–
1956,
2017)

In November
1951, Roland
de Vaux and
his team from
the ASOR
began a full
excavation of
Qumran.[21]
By February
1952, the
Bedouin had
discovered 30
fragments in
what was to
be designated
Cave 2.[22]
The discovery
of a second
cave
eventually
yielded 300
fragments
from 33
manuscripts,
including
fragments of
Jubilees and
the Wisdom
of Sirach
written in
Hebrew.[20][21]
The following
month, on 14
March 1952,
the ASOR
team
discovered a
third cave
with
fragments of
Jubilees and
the Copper
Scroll.[22]
Between
September
and
December
1952 the
fragments
and scrolls of
Caves 4, 5,
and 6 were
subsequently
discovered by
the ASOR
teams.[21]

With the
monetary
value of the
scrolls rising
as their
historical
significance
was made
more public,
the Bedouins
and the ASOR
archaeologist
s accelerated
their search
for the scrolls
separately in
the same
general area
of Qumran,
which was
over 1
kilometer in
length.
Between 1953
and 1956,
Roland de
Vaux led four
more
archaeologica
l expeditions
in the area to
uncover
scrolls and
artifacts.[20]
Cave 11 was
discovered in
1956 and
yielded the
last
fragments to
be found in
the vicinity of
Qumran.[23]

Caves 4–10
are clustered
in an area
lying in
relative
proximity 160
yards (ca. 150
metres) from
Khirbet
Qumran, while
caves 1, 2, 3
and 11 are
located 1 mile
(1–2
kilometres)
North, with
Cave 3 being
the most
remote.[24][25]

In February
2017, Hebrew
University
archaeologist
s announced
the discovery
of a new, 12th
cave.[26] There
was one blank
parchment
found in a jar;
however,
broken and
empty scroll
jars and
pickaxes
suggest that
the cave was
looted in the
1950s.[27]

Scrolls
and
fragmen
ts

This section
needs to be Learn more

The Isaiah scroll

(1QIsaa) contains
almost the whole
Book of Isaiah.

The 972
manuscripts
found at
Qumran were
found
primarily in
two separate
formats: as
scrolls and as
fragments of
previous
scrolls and
texts. In the
fourth cave
the fragments
were torn into
up to 15,000
pieces. These
small
fragments
created
somewhat of
a problem for
scholars. G.L.
Harding,
director of the
Jordanian
Department
of Antiquities,
began
working on
piecing the
fragments
together but
did not finish
this before his
death in
1979.[28]

Cave 1

The original
seven scrolls
from Cave 1
at Qumran are
the Great
Isaiah Scroll
(1QIsaa), a
second copy
of Isaiah
(1QIsab), the
Community
Rule Scroll
(1QS), the
Pesher
Habakkuk
(1QpHab), the
War Scroll
(1QM), the
Thanksgiving
Hymns (1QH),
and the
Genesis
Apocryphon
(1QapGen).[29]
 Fragment or
Fragment or Alternative English Bible
Scroll Language Date/Script De
Scroll Name Identifier Association
Identifier

Qumran Cave
1

Con
Isaiah 1:1– 66
31; 2:1–22; wit
3:1–5:30; occ
6:1–13; 7:1– 356–103 lac
Great Isaiah
1QIsaa 25; 8:1–23; Hebrew BCE/150–100 som
Scroll
9:1–20; BCE mis
10:1–34; wo
11:1–45:25; bot
46:1–66:24 som
col

As
cop
The Book of Hasmonean/
1QIsab Isaiah cf. 1Q8 Hebrew por
Isaiah Herodian
the
Isa

Serekh ha-
cf.
Yahad or
1QS Hebrew 4Q2
"Community
5Q
Rule"

Com
Later half of on
Pesher on Habakkuk 1
1QpHab Hebrew the 1st Ha
Habakkuk -2
century BC 1:2
20

cf.
Milhamah or
1QM Hebrew 4Q4
War Scroll
11Q

1QHa Hodayot or Hebrew Som

Thanksgiving are
Hymns pre
 1Q
4Q

Genesis Genesis 25 BCE–50

1QapGen Aramaic
Apocryphon 12:18–15:4 CE

Cairo Geniza
CTLevi or Testament Aramaic
of Levi

Genesis
1:18–21;
3:11–14;
1QGen Genesis 1Q1 Hebrew Herodian
22:13–15;
23:17–19;
24:22–24

Exodus
16:12–16;
19:24–20:2, Hellenistic-
1QExod Exodus 1Q2 Hebrew
20:5–6; Roman
20:25–21:1;
21:4–5

Leviticus
11:10–11;
19:30–34; Hellenistic-
Leviticus – 20:20–24; Roman;
1QpaleoLev 1Q3 Hebrew
Numbers 21:24–22:6; Palaeo-
23:4–8 and Hebrew script
Numbers
1:48–50

Deuteronomy Deuteronomy
1:22–25;
4:47–49;
8:18–19;
9:27–28; Hellenistic-
1QDeuta 1Q4 Hebrew
11:27–30; Roman
13:1–6, 13–
14; 14:21,
24–25; 16:4,
6–7

1QDeutb 1Q5 Deuteronomy Hebrew Hellenistic-

 1:9–13; 8:8– Roman
9; 9:10;
11:30–31;
15:14–15;
17:16; 21:8–
9; 24:10–16;
25:13–18;
28:44–48;
29:9–20;
30:19–20;
31:1–10, 12–
13; 32:17–
29; 33:12–24

Judges
6:20–22;
Hellenistic-
1QJudg Judges 1Q6 8:1(?); 9:2–6, Hebrew
Roman
28–31, 40–
43, 48–49

2 Samuel
18:17–18; 2
Samuel Hellenistic-
1QSam Samuel 1Q7 Hebrew
20:6–10; Roman
21:16–18;
23:9–12

IQIsab Isaiah Parts of Isaiah 7:22– Hebrew Herodian

1QIsab as 25; 8:1;
1Q8 10:17–19;
12:3–6;
13:1–8, 16–
19; 15:3–9;
16:1–2, 7–
11; 19:7–17,
20–25; 20:1;
22:11–18,
24–25; 23:1–
4; 24:18–23;
25:1–8;
26:1–5;
28:15–20;
 29:1–8;
30:10–14,
21–26; 35:4–
5; 37:8–12;
38:12–22;
39:1–8;
40:2–3;
41:3–23;
43:1–13, 23–
27; 44:21–
28; 45:1–13;
46:3–13;
47:1–14;
48:17–22;
49:1–15;
50:7–11;
51:1–10;
52:7–15;
53:1–12;
54:1–6;
55:2–13;
56:1–12;
57:1–4, 17–
21; 58:1–14;
59:1–8, 20–
21; 60:1–22;
61:1–2;
62:2–12;
63:1–19;
64:1, 6–8;
65:17–25;
66:1–24

Parts of
Ezekiel 4:16– Hellenistic-
1QEzek Ezekiel 1QIsab as Hebrew
17; 5:1 Roman
1Q9

1QPsa Psalms 1Q10 Psalm 86:5– Hebrew Hellenistic-

8; 92:12–14; Roman
94:16;
95:11–96:2;
 119:31–34,
43–48, 77–
79

Psalm 126:6;
Hellenistic-
1QPsb 1Q11 127:1–5; Hebrew
Roman
128:3

Psalm 44:3–
1QPsc 1Q12 Hebrew Herodian
5, 7, 9, 23–25

58
Deuteronomy
Hellenistic- frag
1QPhyl Phylactery 1Q13 5:23–27; Hebrew
Roman fro
11:8–11
Phy

Pesher on
1QpMic 1Q14 Hebrew Herodian
Micah

Pesher on Hellenistic-
1QpZeph 1Q15 Hebrew
Zephaniah Roman

Pesher on Hellenistic-
1QpPs 1Q16 Hebrew
Psalms Roman

Hellenistic-
1QJuba 1Q17 Hebrew Jub
Jubilees Roman

1QJubb 1Q18 Hebrew Hasmonean Jub

Par
1QNoah Book of Noah 1Q19 Hebrew Herodian los
No

Fragments of
1QapGen the "Genesis 1Q20 Aramaic Herodian
Apocryphon"

1QTLevi / Testament of Ara

1Q21 Aramaic Hasmonean
1QALD Levi Doc

"Dibrê Moshe"
Hellenistic-
1QDM or "Words of 1Q22 Hebrew
Roman
Moses"

Book of
1QEnGiantsa 1Q23 Aramaic Hasmonean Eno
Giants

Book of Hellenistic-
1QEnGiantsb 1Q24 Aramaic Eno
Giants Roman
1Q "Apocryphal 1Q25 Hebrew Herodian
Apocr.Prophe Prophecy"
cy

1Q Instruction "Instruction" 1Q26 Hebrew Hasmonean

"The Book of Hellenistic-

1QMyst 1Q27 Hebrew
Mysteries" Roman

"Rule of the 1Q28

1QS or 1QSa Hebrew Hasmonean
Congregation" (1Q28a) Fra
"Rule of the fro
Blessing" or "Co
1QSb 1Q28b Hebrew Hasmonean
"Rule of the Rul
Benedictions"

"Lit
1QapocrMose Apocryphon Hellenistic- the
1Q29 Hebrew
sB of Moses Roman Ton
Fire

1Q Liturgical "Liturgical Hellenistic-

1Q30 Hebrew
Text(?) A Text 1" Roman

1Q Liturgical "Liturgical Hellenistic-

1Q31 Hebrew
Text(?) B Text 2" Roman

"New
1QNJ(?) 1Q32 Aramaic Herodian cf.
Jerusalem"

Deuteronomy
Fragment of 20:2–5; 30–1 BCE
the 1QM or Numbers
1QM 1Q33 Hebrew Early
"War Scroll" or 10:9, 24:17–
Herodian
"Milhamah" 19; Isaiah
31:8

"Liturgical
1QPrFetes / Prayers" or
1Q34 Hebrew Herodian
1QLitPr "Festival
Prayers"

"Hodayot" or
1QHb "Thanksgiving 1Q35 Hebrew Herodian
Hymns"

1Q Hymns "Hymns" 1Q36 Hebrew Hellenistic-

Roman
1Q Hymnic
"Hymnic
Composition( 1Q37 Hebrew Herodian
Composition"
?)

1Q Hymnic
"Hymnic Hellenistic-
Composition( 1Q38 Hebrew
Composition" Roman
?)

1Q Hymnic
"Hymnic
Composition( 1Q39 Hebrew Herodian
Composition"
?)

1Q Hymnic
"Hymnic Hellenistic-
Composition( 1Q40 Hebrew
Composition" Roman
?)

Unc
1Q41–70 1Q41–70 Hebrew
Fra

Daniel 1:10– Hellenistic-

1QDana 1Q71 Hebrew
17; 2:2–6 Roman
Daniel
Daniel 3:22– Hellenistic-
1QDanb 1Q72 Aramaic
30 Roman

Cave 2
 Fragment or
Fragment or Alternative English Bible
Scroll Language Date/Script Descrip
Scroll Name Identifier Association
Identifier

Qumran Cave
2

Genesis
2QGen Genesis 2Q1 19:27–28;
36:6, 35–37

Exodus
1:11–14;
7:1–4; 9:27–
29; 11:3–7;
2QExoda 2Q2 12:32–41;
21:18–20(?);
26:11–13;
Herodian
30:21(?), 23–
25; 32:32–34

Exodus Exodus 4:31;

Hebrew
12:26–27(?);
18:21–22;
21:37–22:2,
2QExodb 2Q3
15–19;
27:17–19;
31:16–17;
19:9; 34:10

Exodus 5:3– Hellenistic-

2QExodc 2Q4
5 Roman

Hasmonean;
Leviticus Palaeo-
2QpaleoLev Leviticus 2Q5
11:22-29 Hebrew
script

Numbers Numbers Hebrew Herodian

2QNuma 2Q6 3:38–41, 51–
4:3

Numbers
2QNumb 2Q7
33:47–53
2QNumc 2Q8 Numbers
7:88

This
fragme
may be
d?
Numbers Hellenistic-
2QNum 2Q9 to 2Q7;
18:8–9 Roman
possibly
Leviticu
23:1–3

50–25 BCE

Late
Deuteronomy
2QDeuta 2Q10 Hebrew Hasmonean
1:7–9
or Early
Herodian

30 BCE – 68
Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy CE
2QDeutb 2Q11 Hebrew
17:12–15
Herodian

1–68 CE
Deuteronomy
2QDeutc 2Q12 Hebrew Late
10:8–12
Herodian

Jeremiah
Doubtfu
42:7–11, 14;
identifie
43:8–11;
fragme
44:1–3, 12–
2QJer Jeremiah 2Q13 13:22;
14; 46:27–
32:24–2
47:7; 48:7,
48:2–4,
25–39, 43– Hebrew Herodian 41–42
45; 49:10

Psalm
2QPs Psalms 2Q14 103:2–11;
104:6–11

Job 33:28–
2QJob Job 2Q15
30

2QRutha Ruth 2Q16 Ruth 2:13– Hebrew Herodian

23; 3:1–8;
 4:3–4

Ruth 3:13–
2QRuthb 2Q17 Hasmonean
18

"Wisdom of
Sir 6:14–15
Sirach" or
2QSir 2Q18 (or 1:19–20); Hebrew Herodian Ben Sira
"Ecclesiasticu
6:20–31
s"

Book of Genesis
2QJuba 2Q19 Jub 23:
Jubilees 25:7–9

Exodus 1:7;
Genesis Hebrew Herodian
Book of
2QJubb 2Q20 50:26, 22 Jub 46:
Jubilees
(different
order)

Apocryp
2QapMoses
"Apocryphon writing
/2QapocrMos 2Q21 Hebrew Herodian
of Moses" about
es(?)
Moses

2QapDavid Apocryp
"Apocryphon
/2QapocrDavi 2Q22 Hebrew Herodian writing
of David"
d about D

Apocryp
2QapProph prophet
"Apocryphal
/2Qapocr.Pro 2Q23 Hebrew Herodian text in s
Prophecy"
phecy tiny
fragme

Descrip
of the N
"New
2QNJ 2Q24 Aramaic Herodian Jerusal
Jerusalem"
cf. 1Q3
11Q18 a

2Q Juridical "Juridical A juridic

2Q25 Hebrew Herodian
Text Text" text

2QEnGiants "Book of 2Q26 Aramaic Herodian Now kn

Giants" from as part
"Enoch" the "Boo
 of Giant
cf. 6Q8

2Q27

2Q27 2Q28
2Q29
2Q28 2Q29
Unident
2Q30
2Q30 2Q31 Texts
2Q31
2Q32 2Q33
2Q32
2Q33

Debris i
2QX1 2QX1
box

Cave 3
 Fragment
Fragment or Alternative English Bible
or Scroll Language Date/Script Description Ref
Scroll Name Identifier Association
Identifier

Qumran Cave
3

Ezekiel [105]
3QEzek Ezekiel 3Q1 Hebrew
16:31–33

3QPs Psalms 3Q2 Psalm 2:6–7 Hebrew [111]

Herodian
Lamentations
[111]
3QLam Lamentations 3Q3 1:10–12; Hebrew
3:53–62

Pesher on [111]
3QpIsa 3Q4 Isaiah 1:1 Hebrew Herodian
Isaiah

Jubilees
[111]
3QJub Jubilees 3Q5 Hebrew Herodian 23:6–7, 12–
13, 23

Unidentified Hymn of [111]

3QHymn 3Q6 Hebrew Herodian
Hymn Praise

Testament of cf. 4Q484, [111]

3QTJud(?) 3Q7 Hebrew Herodian
Judah(?) 4Q538

3Q Text
Text about
Mentioning [111]
3Q8 Hebrew Herodian an Angel of
Angel of
Peace
Peace

Possible
3QSectarian unidentified [111]
3Q9 Hebrew Herodian
text Sectarian
text

3Q10
Hellenistic- Unclassified [111]
3QUnc Unidentified Hebrew
3Q11 Roman fragments

3Q12
Unclassified Hellenistic- Unclassified [120]
3QUncA-B Aramaic
fragments 3Q13 Roman fragments

3QUncC Unidentified 3Q14 Hebrew? Hellenistic- 21 [121]

 Roman unclassified
fragments

Copper
plaque
The Copper [121]
3QCopScr 3Q15 Hebrew Roman mentioning
Scroll
buried
treasures

Caves 4a and 4b

The Damascus
Document Scroll,
4Q271Df, found
in Cave 4

Cave 4 was
discovered in
August 1952,
and was
excavated on
22–29
September
1952 by
Gerald
Lankester
Harding,
Roland de
Vaux, and
Józef
Milik.[22][124]
Cave 4 is
actually two
hand-cut
caves (4a and
4b), but since
the fragments
were mixed,
they are
labeled as 4Q.
Cave 4 is the
most famous
of Qumran
caves both
because of its
visibility from
the Qumran
plateau and
its
productivity. It
is visible from
the plateau to
the south of
the Qumran
settlement. It
is by far the
most
productive of
all Qumran
caves,
producing
ninety percent
of the Dead
Sea Scrolls
and scroll
fragments
(approx.
15,000
fragments
from 500
different
texts),
including 9–
10 copies of
Jubilees,
along with 21
tefillin and 7
mezuzot.
 Fragment or
Fragment or Alternative English Bible
Scroll Language Da
Scroll Name Identifier Association
Identifier

Qumran Cave
4

Genesis
8:20–21;
Exodus 1–4;
5:3–17; 6:4–
21,25; 7:5–
4QGen-Exoda Genesis–Exodus 4Q1 Hebrew Ha
13,15–20;
8:20–22; 9:8;
22:14; 27:38–
39,42–43;
34:17–21

Genesis Genesis 1:1–

4QGenb 4Q2 27; 2:14–19; Hebrew Ro
4:2–4; 5:13

Genesis 40–
4QGenc 4Q3 Hebrew He
41

Genesis
4QGend 4Q4 Hebrew Ha
1:18–27

Genesis 36–
4QGene 4Q5 Hebrew He
37; 40–43; 49

Genesis
4QGenf 4Q6 Hebrew Ha
48:1–11

Genesis 1:1–
4QGeng 4Q7 11,13–22; Hebrew Ha
2:6–7

4QGenh/4QGe Genesis 1:8– Hebrew He

4Q8
nh1 10

Genesis
4QGenh2 4Q8a
2:17–18
4QGenh-para 4Q8b Genesis
12:4–5

4QGenh-title 4Q8c Genesis

Genesis 41–
4QGenj 4Q9 Hebrew He
43; 45

Genesis
1:9,14–
4QGenk 4Q10 Hebrew He
16,27–28;
2:1–3; 3:1–2

Genesis
50:26; Exodus
1:1–5;
2:10,22–25;
3:1–4,17–21;
8:13–15, 19–
21; 9:25–29,
33–35; 10:1–
5; 11:4–10;
12:1–11, 42–
46; 14:15–24;
Ha
Paleo- 16:2–7, 13–
4QpaleoGen- Pa
Genesis/Exod 4Q11 14,18–20,23– Hebrew
Exodl He
us 25,26–31,33–
scr
35; 17:1–3,5–
11; 18:17–24;
19:24–25;
20:1–2;
22:23–24;
23:5–16;
25:7–20;
26:29–37;
27:1, 6–14;
28:33–35,40–
42; 36:34–36

4QpaleoGenm Paleo-Genesis 4Q12 Genesis Hebrew Ha

26:21–28; Pa
Exodus 6:25– He
30; 7:1–19,29; scr
8:1,5,12–26;
9:5–16,19–
21,35; 10:1–
12,19–28;
11:8–10;
12:1–2,6–
8,13–15,17–
22,31–32,34–
39; 13:3–
7,12–13;
14:3–5,8–
9,25–26;
15:23–27;
16:1,4–5,7–
8,31–35;
17:1–16;
18:1–27;
19:1,7–
17,23–25;
20:1,18–19;
21:5–6, 13–
14,22–32;
22:3–4,6–
7,11–13,16–
30; 23:15–
16,19–31;
24:1–4,6–11;
25:11–12,20–
29,31–34;
26:8,15,21–
30; 27:1–3,9–
14,18–19;
28:3–4,8–
12,22–24,26–
28,30–43;
29:1–
5,20,22–
25,31–41;
 30:10,12–
18,29–31,34–
38; 31:1–
8,13–15;
32:2–19,25–
30; 33:12–23;
34:1–3,10–
13,15–18,20–
24,27–28;
35:1; 36:21–
24; 37:9–16

Exodus 1:1–
6,16–12; 2:2–
4QExodb 4Q13 Hebrew He
18; 3:13 – 4:8;
5:3–14

Exodus 7:17–
19,20–23;
7:26 – 8:1;
8:5–14,16–
18,22; 9:10–
11,15–20,22–
25,27–35;
4QExodc 4Q14 Hebrew He
10:1–5,7–
9,12–19,23–
Exodus 24; 11:9–10;
12:12–16,31–
48; 13:18 –
14:3; 14:3–13;
17:1 – 18:12

Exodus
13:15–16
4QExodd 4Q15 followed Hebrew Ha
directly by
15:1

Exodus 13:3–
4QExode 4Q16 Hebrew Ha
5,15–16
4QExod-Levf Exodus–Leviticus 4Q17 Exodus Hebrew Ea
38:18–22; He
39:3–19, 20–
24; 40:8–27;
Leviticus
1:13–15, 17–
2:1

Exodus
4QExodg 4Q18 Hebrew Ha
14:21–27

4QExodh 4Q19 Exodus 6:3–6 Hebrew He

Exodus
Exodus 7:28–
4QExodj 4Q20 Hebrew He
8:2

Exodus 36:9–
4QExodk 4Q21 Hebrew Ro
10

Exodus 6:25–
7:19,29–8:1,
[5],12–22;
9:5–16, 19–
21, 35–10:12, Ha
4QpaleoExod
m
19–28; 11:8– Pa
(olim Paleo-Exodus 4Q22 Hebrew
12:2,6–8, 13– He
4QExα)
15, 17–22, scr
31–32, 34–
39; 13:3–8,
12–13; ...
37:9–16

Leviticus
13:32–33;
14:22–34,
40–54;
4QLev-Numa Leviticus–Numbers 4Q23 15:10–11, Hebrew Ha
19–24;
16:15–29;...
27:5–
13;...35:4–5

4QLevb Leviticus 4Q24 Leviticus Hebrew Ha

1:11–17; 2:1–
 15; 3:1, 8–14;
21:17–20, 24;
22:1–33;
23:1–25, 40;
24:2–23;
25:28–29,
45–49, 51–52

Leviticus 1:1–
7; 3:16–4:6,
He
4QLevc 4Q25 12–14, 23– Hebrew
Ro
28; 5:12–13;
8:26–28

Leviticus
14:27–29,
He
4QLevd 4Q26 33–36; Hebrew
Ro
15:20–24;
17:2–11

Leviticus 2:4–
6, 11–18;
3:2–4,5–8;
19:34–37; He
4QLeve 4Q26a Hebrew
20:1–3, 27– Ro
21:4, 9–12,
21–24; 22:4–
6, 11–17

Leviticus He
4QLevg 4Q26b Hebrew
7:19–26 Ro

4QNumb Numbers 4Q27 Numbers Hebrew He

11:31–12:11;
13:7–24;
15:41–16:11,
14–16;
17:12–17;
18:25–19:6;
20:12–13,16–
17,19–29;
21:1–2,12–
13; 22:5–21,
 31–34, 37–
38, 41–
23:6,13–
15,21–22,
27–24:10;
25:4–8,16–
18; 26:1–5,7–
10,12,14–
34,62–
27:5,7–
8,10,18–
19,21–23;
28:13–
17,28,30–31;
29:10–13,16–
18,26–30;
30:1–3,5–
9,15–16;
31:2–6, 21–
25, 30–
33,35–
36,38,43–
44,46–
32:1,7–
10,13–
17,19,23–
30,35,37–
39,41; 33:1–
4,23,25,28,31,
45,47–48,50–
52; 34:4–
9,19–21,23;
35:3–
5,12,14–
15,18–25,27–
28, 33–
36:2,4–7

4QDeuta Deuteronomy 4Q28 Deuteronomy Hebrew 17

23:26–24:8 BC
 Tra
Arc
Ha

Deuteronomy 15
29:24–27; BC
b
4QDeut 4Q29 30:3–14; Hebrew
Ea
31:9–17,24–
Ha
30, 32:1–3

Deuteronomy
3:25–26;
4:13–17,31–
32; 7:3–4;
8:1–5; 9:11–
12, 17–19,29;
10:1–2,5–8;
11:2–4,9–
13,18–19;
12:18–
19,26,30–31;
15
13:5–7,11–
BC
4QDeutc 4Q30 12,16; 15:1– Hebrew
5,15–19; Ha
16:2–3,5–
11,20–
17:7,15–18:1;
26:19—
27:2,24–
28:14,18–
20,22–25,29–
30,48–50,61;
29:17–19;
31:16–19;
32:3

124
Deuteronomy
4QDeutd 4Q31 2:24–33; Hebrew Mid
3:14–29; 4:1 Ha

4QDeute 4Q32 Deuteronomy Hebrew 50

 3:24; 7:12– Lat
16,21–26; Ha
8:1–16

Deuteronomy
4:23–27;
7:22–26; 8:2–
14; 9:6–7;
17:17–18;
75
18:6–10,18–
4QDeutf 4Q33 22; 19:17–21; Hebrew Lat
20:1–6; 21:4– Ha
12; 22:12–19;
23:21–26;
24:2–7; 25:3–
9; 26:18–
27:10

Deuteronomy
9:12–14;
23:18–20; 1–
24:16–22;
4QDeutg 4Q34 Hebrew Mid
25:1–5,14–
He
19; 26:1–5;
28:21–25,27–
29

Deuteronomy 50
1:1–17,22–
Tra
23,29–41,43–
4QDeuth 4Q35 Hebrew Ha
2:6,28–30;
to
19:21; 31:9–
He
11; 33:9–22

Deuteronomy
20:9–13; 10
21:23; 22:1–9;
4QDeuti 4Q36 Hebrew Lat
23:6–8, 12–
Ha
16, 22–26;
24:1

4QDeutj 4Q37 Exodus Hebrew 50

12:43–44,
 46–51; 13:1– Lat
5; He
Deuteronomy
5:1–11, 13–
15, 21–33;
6:1–3; 8:5–
10; 11:6–10,
12–13;
30:17–18;
32:7–8

Deuteronomy
30
5:28–31;
4QDeutk1 4Q38 11:6–13; Hebrew Ea
32:17–18, He
22–23, 25–27

Deuteronomy
19: 8–16; 20:
30
6–19; 21:16;
4QDeutk2 4Q38a 23:22–26; Hebrew Ea
24:1–3; 25:19; He
26:1–5, 18–
19; 27:1

50
Deuteronomy
4QDeutk3 4Q38b Hebrew Lat
30: 16–18
He

Deuteronomy
10:1,14–15; 50
28:67–68;
4QDeutl 4Q39 Hebrew Lat
29:2–5; 31:12;
Ha
33:1–2; 34:4–
6,8

50
Deuteronomy
3:18–22; Tra
4QDeutm 4Q40 Hebrew
4:32–33; Ha
7:18–22 to

4QDeutn All Souls Deuteronomy 4Q41 Deuteronomy Hebrew 30

 5:1–33; 6:1; Ea
8:5–10 He

Deuteronomy
2:8; 4:30–34;
75
5:1–5, 8–9;
4QDeuto 4Q42 28:15–18, Hebrew Lat
33–36, 47– Ha
52, 58–62;
29:22–25

75
Deuteronomy
4QDeutp Deuteronomy 4Q43 Hebrew Lat
6:4–11
Ha

50
CE
Deuteronomy
Lat
q
4QDeut 4Q44 32:9–10, 37– Hebrew
Ha
43
or
He

Paleo-Deuteronomy Deuteronomy
7:2–7, 16–25;
11:28,30–
12:1,11–12;
13:19; 14:19–
22, 26–29; 10
15:5–6, 8–10;
Pa
r
4QpaleoDeut 4Q45 19:2–3; 21:8– Hebrew
He
9; 22:3–6,12–
scr
15; 28:15–18,
20; 30:7–8;
32:2–8,10–
11,13–14,
33–35; 33:2–
8, 29; 34:1–2

4QpaleoDeuts 4Q46 Deuteronomy Hebrew 25

26:14–15 BC
 Arc
Pa
He
scr

Joshua 8:34–
35; 5:?,2–7;
6:5–10; 7:12–
4QJosha 4Q47
17; 8:3–14,
18?; 10:2–5,
Joshua Hebrew Ha
8–11.

Joshua 2:11–
12; 3:15–16;
4QJoshb 4Q48
4:1–3; 17:11–
15

Judges 6:2–6,
4QJudga 4Q49
11–13
Judges Hebrew He
Judges 19:5–
4QJudgb 4Q50
7; 21:12–25

4QSama Samuel 4Q51 1 Samuel 1:9, Hebrew He

11–13, 17–
18, 22–26, 28;
2:1–10,16–
36; 3:1–4,18–
21; 4:9–12;
5:8–12; 6:1–
7,12–13,16–
18,20–21; 7:1;
8:9–20; 9:6–
8,11–12,16–
24; 10:3–
18,25–27;
11:1,7–12;
12:7–8,14–
19; 14:24–
25,28–34,47–
51; 15:24–32;
17:3–6; 24:4–
5,8–9,14–23;
 25:3–12,20–
21,25–26,39–
40; 26:10–
12,21–23;
27:8–12;
28:1–2,22–
25; 30:28–30;
31:2–4; 2
Samuel 2:5–
16,25–27,29–
32; 3:1–8,23–
39; 4:1–4,9–
12; 5:1–3,6–
16; 6:2–9,12–
18; 7:23–29;
8:2–8; 10:4–
7,18–19;
11:2–12,16–
20; 12:4–5,8–
9,13–20,30–
31; 13:1–
6,13–34,36–
39; 14:1–
3,18–19;
15:1–6,27–
31; 16:1–
2,11–13,17–
18,21–23;
18:2–7,9–11;
19:7–12;
20:2–3,9–
14,23–26;
21:1–2,4–
6,15–17;
22:30–51;
23:1–6;
24:16–20

4QSamb 4Q52 1 Samuel Hebrew Ea

16:1–11; He
19:10–17;
 20:27–42;
21:1–10;
23:9–17

1 Samuel
25:30–32; 2
4QSamc 4Q53 Hebrew Ha
Samuel 14:7–
33; 15:1–15

1 Kings 7:31–
4QKgs Kings 4Q54 41; 8:1–9,16– Hebrew He
18

Isaiah Isaiah 1:1–3;

2:7–10; 4:5–
6; 6:4–7;
11:12–15;
12:4–6; 13:4–
4QIsaa 4Q55 6; 17:9–14; Hebrew Ha
19:9–14;
20:1–6; 21:1–
2,4–16;
22:13–25;
23:1–12

4QIsab 4Q56 Isaiah 1:1–6; Hebrew He

2:3–16; 3:14–
22; 5:15–28;
9:10–11;
11:7–9; 12:2;
13:3–18;
17:8–14;
18:1,5–7;
19:1–25;
20:1–4;
21:11–14;
22:24–25;
24:2; 26:1–
5,7–19; 35:9–
10; 36:1–2;
37:2932;
39:1–8; 40:1–
4,22–26;
 41:8–11;
43:12–15;
44:19–28;
45:20–25;
46:1–3;
49:21–23;
51:14–16;
52:2,7; 53:11–
12; 61:1–3;
64:5–11; 65:1;
66:24

Isaiah 9:3–12;
10:23–32;
11:4–11,15–
16; 12:1;
14:1–5,13;
22:10–14;
23:8–18;
24:1–15,19–
23; 25:1–2,8–
12; 30:8–17;
c
4QIsa 4Q57 33:2–8,16– Hebrew
23; 45:1–4,6–
13; 48:10–
13,17–19;
50:7–11;
51:1–16;
52:10–15;
53:1–3,6–8;
54:3–17;
55:1–6;
66:20–24

4QIsad 4Q58 Isaiah 46:10– Hebrew

13; 47:1–6,8–
9; 48:8–22;
49:1–15;
52:4–7; 53:8–
12; 54:1–11;
 57:9–21;
58:1–3,5–7

Isaiah 2:1–4;
7:17–20; 8:2–
14; 9:17–20;
10:1–10;
e
4QIsa 4Q59 11:14–15; Hebrew
12:1–6; 13:1–
4; 14:1–
13,20–24;
59:15–16

Isaiah 1:10–
16,18–31;
2:1–3; 5:13–
14, 25; 6:3–
8,10–13;
7:16–18,23–
25; 8:1,4–11;
4QIsaf 4Q60 Hebrew Ha
20:4–6;
22:14–22,25;
24:1–3;
27:1,5–6,8–
12; 28:6–
9,16–
18,22,24; 29:8

Isaiah 42:14–
g
4QIsa 4Q61 25; 43:1– Hebrew He
4,17–24

Isaiah 42:4–
4QIsah 4Q61 Hebrew He
11

Isaiah 56:7–8;
4QIsai 4Q62 Hebrew Ha
57:5–8

4QIsaj 4Q63 Isaiah 1:1–6 Hebrew He

Isaiah 28:26–
4QIsak 4Q64 Hebrew Ha
29:9

Isaiah 7:14–
4QIsal 4Q65 Hebrew Ha
15; 8:11–14
4QIsam 4Q66 Isaiah 60:20– Hebrew Ha
61:1,3–6

Isaiah 58:13–
4QIsan 4Q67
14
Hebrew Ha
Isaiah 14:28–
4QIsao 4Q68
15:2

Isaiah Isaiah 5:28–

4QIsap 4Q69
30

Isaiah 54:10– Hebrew Ha

4QIsaq 4Q69a
13

4QIsar 4Q69b Isaiah 30:23

Jeremiah Jeremiah Hebrew 20

6:30?, 7:1–2, BC
15–19, 28–
9:2, 7–15;
10:9–14, 23;
11:3–6, 19–
20; 12:3–7,
13–16, 17;
4QJera 4Q70 13:1–7, 22–
23? [or 22:3],
27; 14:4–7;
15:1–2; 17:8–
26; 18:15–23;
19:1; 20:14–
18; 21:1?;
22:3–16;
26:10?

Jeremiah
4QJerb 4Q71 9:22–25;
10:1–21

4QJerc 4Q72 Jeremiah 4:5,

13–16; 8:1–3,
21–23; 9:1–5;
10:12–13;
19:8–9; 20:2–
5, 7–9, 13–15;
 21:7–10;
22:4–6, 10–
28; 25:7–
8,15–17, 24–
26; 26:10–13;
27:1–3, 13–
15; 30:6–9,
[10–17], 17–
24; 31:1–14,
19–26; 33:?,
16–20

4QJerd (olim Jeremiah

4Q72a
4QJerb) 43:2–10

4QJere (olim Jeremiah

4Q72b
4QJerb) 50:4–6

Ezekiel 10:5–
16, 17–22;
11:1–11;
4QEzea 4Q73
23:14–15,
17–18, 44–

Ezekiel 47; 41:3–6 Hebrew He

Ezekiel 1:10–
4QEzeb 4Q74 13, 16–17,
19–24

Ezekiel 24:2–
4QEzec 4Q75
3

The Twelve Zechariah Hebrew He

Minor 14:18;
Prophets Malachi 2:10–
4QXIIa 4Q76
3:24; Jonah
1:1–5, 7–2:1,
7; 3:2

Zephaniah
1:1–2; 2:13–
4QXIIb 4Q77 15; 3:19–20;
Haggai 1:1–2;
2:2–4

4QXIIc 4Q78 Hosea 2:13–

 15; 3:2–4;
4:1–19; 5:1;
7:12–13;
13:3–10, 15;
14:1–6; Joel
1:10–20; 2:1,
8–23; 4:6–21;
Amos 1:1?;
2:11–16; 3:1–
15; 4:1–2;
6:13–14; 7:1–
16; Zephaniah
2:15; 3:1–2;
Malachi 3:6–
7?

Hosea 1:6–
4QXIId 4Q79
2:5

Haggai 2:18–
19, 20–21;
Zechariah
1:4–6, 8–10,
4QXIIe 4Q80 13–15; 2:10–
14; 3:2–10;
4:1–4; 5:8–
6:5; 8:2–4, 6–
7, 12:7–12

Jonah 1:6–8,
f
4QXII 4Q81 10–16; Micah
5:1–2

4QXIIg 4Q82 Hosea 2:1–

5,14–19, 22–
25; 3:1–5; 4:1,
10–11, 13–
14; 6:3–4, 8–
11; 7:1, 12–
13, 13–16;
8:1; 9:1–4, 9–
17; 10:1–14;
11:2–5, 6–11;
 12:1–15; 13:1,
6–8?, 11–13;
14:9–10; Joel
1:12–14; 2:2–
13 4:4–9, 11–
14, 17, 19–20;
Amos 1:3–15;
2:1, 7–9, 15–
16; 3:1–2;
4:4–9; 5:1–2,
9–18; 6:1–4,
6–14; 7:1, 7–
12, 14–17;
8:1–5, 11–14;
9:1, 5–6, 14–
15; Obadiah
1–5, 8–12,
14–15; Jonah
1:1–9; 2:3–
11; 3:1–3;
4:5–11; Micah
1:7,

12–15; 2:3–4;
3:12; 4:1–2;
5:6–7 (7–8);
7:2–3, 20;
Nahum 1:7–9;
2:9–11; 3:1–
3, 17;
Habakkuk
2:4?;
Zephaniah
3:3–5;
Zechariah
10:11–12;
11:1–2; 12:1–
3

4QPsa Psalms 4Q83 Psalm 5:9– Hebrew Ha

13; 6:1–4;
 25:15; 31:24–
25; 33:1–12;
35:2,14–
20,26–28;
36:1–9; 38:2–
12,16–23;
47:2; 53:4–7;
54:1–6; 56:4;
62:13; 63:2–4;
66:16–20;
67:1–7; 69:1–
19; 71:1–14

Psalm 91:5–
8,12–15;
92:4–8,13–
15; 93:5;
94:1–4,8–
14,17–18,21–
22; 96:2; 98:4;
99:5–6;
100:1–2;
4QPsb 4Q84 Hebrew He
102:5,10–29;
103:1–6,9–
14,20–21;
112:4–5;
113:1; 115:2–
3; 116:17–19;
118:1–3,6–
11,18–20,23–
26,29

4QPsc 4Q85 Psalm 16:7– Hebrew He

9; 18:3–
14,16–18,33–
41; 27:12–14;
28:1–2,4;
35:27–28;
37:18–19;
45:8–11;
49:1–17;
 50:14–23;
51:1–5; 52:6–
11; 53:1

Psalm 146:10;
147:1–3,13–
17,20; 104:1–
4QPsd 4Q86 Hebrew Ha
5,8–11,14–
15,22–25,33–
35

Psalm 76:10–
12; 77:1;
78:6–7,31–
33; 81:2–3;
86:10–11;
88:1–4;
89:44–46,50–
53; 104:1–
3,20–21;
4QPse 4Q87 Hebrew He
105:22–
24,36–45;
109:13;
115:15–18;
116:1–3;
120:6; 125:2–
5; 126:1–5;
129:8; 130:1–
3

Psalm 22:14–
17; 107:2–
4,8–11,13–
15,18–19,22–
30,35; 109:4–
6, 25–28;
4QPsf 4Q88 Hebrew Ha
Apostrophe to
Zion;
Apostrophe to
Judah;
Eschatologica
l Hymn
4QPsg 4Q89 Psalm Hebrew He
119:37–
43,44–46,49–
50,73,81–
83,90

Psalm
4QPsh 4Q90 Hebrew He
119:10–21

Psalm 48:1–
4QPsj 4Q91 7; 49:6,9– Hebrew He
12,15,17

Psalm 26:7–
12; 27:1;
4QPsk 4Q92 Hebrew Ha
30:9–13;
135:7–16;

Psalm 104:3–
4QPsl 4Q93 Hebrew He
5,11–12

Psalm 93:3–
5; 95:3–6;
4QPsm 4Q94 Hebrew He
97:6–9; 98:4–
8

Psalm 135:6–
4QPsn 4Q95 9,11–12; Hebrew He
136:23–24

Psalm 114:7;
4QPso 4Q96 115:1–2,4; Hebrew He
116:3, 5, 7–10

4QPsp (olim Psalm 143:2–

4Q97 Hebrew He
4Q237) 4, 6–8

Psalms Psalm 31:24– Hebrew He

4QPsq 4Q98 25; 33:1–18;
35:4–20

Psalm 26:7–
4QPsr 4Q98a 12; 27:1;
30:9–13

Psalm 5:8–
4QPss 4Q98b
13; 6:1

4QPst 4Q98c Psalm 88:15–

 17

4QPsu 4Q98d Psalm 42:5

4QPsv (olim
4Q98e Psalm 99:1
4QPsu frg. 2)

Psalm 112:1–
4QPsw 4Q98f
9

Psalm 89:20–
4QPsx (olim
4Q98g 22, 26, 23,
4Q236)
27–28, 31

Job 31:14–
19; 32:3–4;
33:10–11,
24–26, 28–
4QJoba 4Q99 30; 35:16; Ha
36:7–11, 13–
Job 27, 32–33; Hebrew
37:1–5, 14–
15

Job 8:15–17;
9:27; 13:4;
4QJobb 4Q100 He
14:4–6;
31:20–21

Ea
Job 13:18– He
4QpaleoJobc Paleo-Job 4Q101 20, 23–27; Hebrew Pa
14:13–18 He
scr

Proverbs
4QProva 4Q102 Hebrew He
1:27–33; 2:1

Proverbs
13:6–9; 14:5–
Proverbs
10, 12–13,
4QProvb 4Q103 Hebrew He
31–35; 15:1–
8, 19–31; 7:9,
11?

4QRutha Ruth 4Q104 Ruth 1:1–12 Hebrew Ha

4QRuthb 4Q105 Ruth 1:1–6, Hebrew He

 12–15

Song of
Songs 3:4–5,
4QCanta 4Q106 7–11; 4:1–7; Hebrew He
6:11?–12;
7:1–7

Song of
Canticles (Song of Songs) Songs 2:9–
17; 3:1–2, 5,
4QCantb 4Q107 Hebrew He
9–11; 4:1–3,
8–11, 14–16;
5:1

Song of He
4QCantc 4Q108 Hebrew
Songs 3:7–8 Ro

Ecclesiastes
5:13–17;
4QQoha 4Q109 Hebrew Ha
6:1?,3–8,12;
Ecclesiastes
7:1–10,19–20

Ecclesiastes
4QQohb 4Q110 Hebrew He
1:10–15

Lamentations
4QLam Lamentations 4Q111 1:1–15, 17, Hebrew He
16, 18; 2:5

Daniel Daniel 1:16–

20; 2:9–11,
19–49; 3:1–2;
4:29–30; 5:5–
4QDana 4Q112 7, 12–14, 16– Hebrew Ha
19; 7:5–7,
25–28; 8:1–5;
10:16–20;
11:13–16

4QDanb 4Q113 Daniel 5:10– Hebrew He

12, 14–16,
19–22; 6:8–
22, 27–29;
7:1–6, 11?,
 26–28; 8:1–8,
13–16

Daniel 10:5–9,
11–16, 21;
4QDanc 4Q114 Hebrew Ha
11:1–2, 13–
17, 25–29

Daniel 3:8–
10?, 23–25;
4QDand 4Q115 Hebrew He
4:5–9, 12–16;
7:15–23

Daniel 9:12–
4QDane 4Q116 Hebrew Ha
17

Ezra 4:2–6,
4QEzra Ezra 4Q117 9–11; 5:17; Hebrew Ha
6:1–5

4QChr/4QChr 2 Chronicles
Chronicles 4Q118 Hebrew He
on 28:27; 29:1–3

Leviticus
4QLXXLeva gr 4Q119 Greek Ha
26:2–16

Leviticus 1:11;
2:3–5, 7–8?;
3:4, 7, 9–14;
4QpapLXXLev
Septuagint Leviticus 4:3–4, 6–8,
b
/
4Q120 10–11, 18– Greek Ha
pap4QLXXLev
b
19, 26–28, 30;
gr
5:6, 8–10,
16–24; [6:1–
5]

Numbers
3:40–43,50–
4QLXXNumb
Septuagint Numbers 4Q121 51?; 4:1?,5– Greek He
gr
9,11–16;
3:39?

Deuteronomy Ea
4QLXXDeut gr Septuagint Deuteronomy 4Q122 Greek
11:4 He

4QpaleoparaJ Paraphrase 4Q123 Joshua Hebrew Pa

osh on Joshua He
 scr

4Qpap
paraExod / Paraphrase
4Q127 Exodus Greek He
pap4QParaEx on Exodus
od gr

Phylactery Scrolls Deuteronomy

5:1–14,27–
He
4Qphyla 4Q128 6:3; 10:12– Hebrew
Ro
11:21; Exodus
12:43–13:7

Exodus 13:9– He
4Qphylb 4Q129 Hebrew
16 Ro

Exodus
13:13–16;
He
4Qphylc 4Q130 Deuteronomy Hebrew
Ro
6:4–9; 11:13–
21

Deuteronomy He
4Qphyld 4Q131 Hebrew
11:13–21 Ro

Exodus 13:1– He
4Qphyle 4Q132 Hebrew
10 Ro

Exodus He
4Qphylf 4Q133 Hebrew
13:11–16 Ro

Deuteronomy
5:1–21; He
4Qphylg 4Q134 Hebrew
Exodus Ro
13:11–12

Deuteronomy
5:22–6:5; He
4Qphylh 4Q135 Hebrew
Exodus Ro
13:14–16

Deuteronomy
6:6–7; 11:13– He
4Qphyli 4Q136 Hebrew
21; Exodus Ro
12:43–13:10

4Qphylj (olim 4Q137 Deuteronomy Hebrew

4Qphyla) 5:24–32; 6:2–
 3

Deuteronomy He
4Qphylk 4Q138 Hebrew
10:12–11:17 Ro

Deuteronomy He
4Qphyll 4Q139 Hebrew
5:7–24 Ro

Exodus
12:44–13:10; He
4Qphylm 4Q140 Hebrew
Deuteronomy Ro
5:33–6:5

Deuteronomy
He
4Qphyln 4Q141 32:14–20, Hebrew
Ro
32–33

Deuteronomy He
4Qphylo 4Q142 Hebrew
5:1–16, 6:7–9 Ro

Deuteronomy
He
4Qphylp 4Q143 10:22– Hebrew
Ro
11:3,18–21

Exodus 13:4–
9; He
4Qphylq 4Q144 Hebrew
Deuteronomy Ro
11:4–18

Exodus 13:1– He
4Qphylr 4Q145 Hebrew
10 Ro

Deuteronomy He
4QPhyls 4Q146 Hebrew
11:19–21 Ro

He
4Qphylt 4Q147 Hebrew
Ro

He
4Qphylu 4Q148 Hebrew
Ro

4QMeza Mezuzah Scrolls 4Q149 Hebrew Ha

Deuteronomy
4QMezb 4Q150 6:5–6; 10:14– Hebrew He
11:2

Deuteronomy
4QMezc 4Q151 5:27–6:9; Hebrew He
10:12–20
4QMezd 4Q152 Deuteronomy Hebrew He
6:5–7

Deuteronomy He
4QMeze 4Q153 Hebrew
11:17–18 Ro

Deuteronomy
4QMezf 4Q154 Hebrew Ha
13:1–4

He
4QMezg 4Q155 Hebrew
Ro

Leviticus
Targum of
4QtgLev 4Q156 16:12–15,18– Hebrew Ha
Leviticus
21

Targum of Job 3:5–6;

4QtgJob 4Q157 Aramaic He
Job 4:17–5:4

Genesis
32:25–30;
32:31 ?;
Exodus 3:12;
4:27–28;
19:17–23;
24:4–6;
20:12–17,19–
4QRPa Reworked Pentateuch A 4Q158 21 Hebrew He
(Samaritan),
22–26;
21:15–25,
32–37; 22:1–
13; 30:32.34;
Deuteronomy
5:30–31;
21:1–10

4QOrdinances
a
Ordinances A 4Q159 Hebrew He

Vision of
4QVisSam 4Q160 Hebrew Ha
Samuel

Pesher on
4QpIsaiaha 4Q161 Hebrew He
Isaiah

4QpIsaiahb 4Q162 Hebrew He

 Pesher on
4QpHosA 4Q166 Hebrew He
Hosea A

Pesher on
4QpHosB 4Q167 Hebrew He
Hosea B

Pesher on
4QpMic(?) 4Q168 Hebrew He
Micah?

Nahum 1:3–6;
2:12–14; 3:1–
4QpNah Pesher on Nahum 4Q169 Hebrew He
5, 6–9, 10–12,
14

2 Samuel
7:10–14 (1
Chronicles
17:9–13);
Exodus
15:17–18;
4Q Amos 9:11;
Florilegium or
Eschatologica Psalm 1:1;
Midrash on 4Q174 Hebrew He
l Commentary Isaiah 8:11;
the Last Days
A Ezekiel
37:23?; Psalm
2:1; Daniel
12:10; 11:32;
Deuteronomy
33:8–11, 12,
19–21

4QTest Testimonia 4Q175 Deuteronomy Hebrew He

5:28–29; Ha
18:18–19; scr
33:8–11

Numbers
24:15–17
Joshua 6:26,
quoted in
Psalms of
Joshua
 (4Q379, frag.
22)

Apocryphal
4QapocrLam
Lamentations 4Q179 Lamentations Hebrew He
A
A

4Q Horoscope Physiognomies/Horoscopes 4Q186 Hebrew He

4QpapTobita Tobit 4Q196 Tobit Aramaic Ha

4QTobitb Tobit 4Q197 Tobit Aramaic He

4QTobitc Tobit 4Q198 Tobit Aramaic Ha

4QTobitd Tobit 4Q199 Tobit Aramaic Ha

4QTobite Tobit 4Q200 Tobit Hebrew He

The Enoch
4QEna 4Q201a Aramaic Ha
Scroll

4Q213
The Aramaic 4Q213a
4QALD / Levi 4Q213b
Aramaic Ha
4QLevia-f ar Document 4Q214
(ALD) 4Q214a
4Q214b

4QTNaph Testament of Naphtali 4Q215 Hebrew He

Pesher on
4QCanta(?) Canticles/Son 4Q240 Song of Songs Hebrew He
g of Songs

Aramaic
Apocalypse or
4QapocrDan 4Q246 Aramaic He
The Son of
God Text

4QCommenta Commentary/ 4Q252 Genesis 6:3; Hebrew He

ry on Gen A Pesher on 7:10–8:18;
/4QCommGe Genesis 9:24–27;
nA 11:31; 15:9,
17, 17:20?;
 18:31–32
(with
Deuteronomy
13:16, 17;
20:11, 14);
22:10–12;
28:3–4; 36:12;
49:3–4, 10
(with
Jeremiah
33:17), 20–21

4QCommenta
ry on Gen B
4Q253 Genesis Hebrew He
/4QCommGe
nB

4QCommenta
Genesis
ry on Gen C
4Q254 9:24–25; Hebrew He
/4QCommGe
22:5?, 17?
nC

4QCommenta
ry on Gen D Genesis
4Q254a–820 Hebrew Herodian [321
(olim 6:15
4QpGenc)

Serekh ha-
Yahad or
4QSd 4Q258 Hebrew He
Community
Rule

The
4Q265–
4QD Damascus Hebrew Ha
273
Document

4Q Sefer ha-
Rule of War 4Q285 Hebrew He
Milhamah

4QMysta The Book of Mysteries 4Q299 Hebrew He

4QMystb The Book of Secrets 4Q300 Hebrew He

4QMystc The Book of Mysteries 4Q301 Hebrew He
The Book of Secrets

Reworked Pentateuch Genesis

25:18–21;
26:7–8; 27:39;
28:6; 29:32–
33; 30:8–
14,26–36;
31:47–53;
32:18–20,26–
30; 34:2;
35:28; 37:7–8;
38:14–21;
44:30–34;
45:1,21–27;
48:14–15;
Exodus
21:14–22; Lat
4QRPb 4Q364 19:17; 24:12– Hebrew Ha
14,18; 25:1–2; or
26:1,33–35;
Numbers
14:16–20;
33:31–49;
20:17–18;
Deuteronomy
2:8–14, 30–
37; 3:2,18–23;
9:6–7,12–18,
21–25,27–29;
10:1–4, 6–7,
10–13,22;
11:1–2,6–
9,23–24;
14:24–26

4QRPc 4Q365 Exodus 8:13– Hebrew Lat

19; 9:9–12; Ha
10:19–20; Ea
14:10,12–21; He
 15:6-[21],22–
26; 17:3–5;
18:13–16;
26:34–36;
28:16–20;
29:20–22;
30:27–38;
31:1–2; 35:
[2]–5; 36:32–
38; 37:29;
38:1–7; 39:1–
19; Leviticus
11:1[3],17-
[25],32-[33],
[39]-[46];
13:6–8,15-
[19],51–52;
16:6–7; 18:
[25]-[29];
23:42–44;
24:1–2; 25:7–
9; 26:17–32;
27:34;
Numbers 1:1–
5; 3:26–30;
4:47–49;
7:1,78–80;
8:11–12;
9:15–23; 10:1-
[4]; 13:[11]–
25,[28]–30;
15:26-[29];
17:20–24;
27:11; 36:1–2;
Deuteronomy
2:24; 19:20–
21; 20:1

4QRPd 4Q366 Exodus Hebrew He

21;35–37;
22:1–5;
 Leviticus
24:20–22;
25:39–43;
Numbers
29:14-[25],
32–39; 30:1;
Deuteronomy
16:13–14; 14:
[13]–21

Leviticus
11:47; 12:1–8;
13:1; 15:14–
4QRPe 4Q367 Hebrew Ha
15; 19:1–4,9–
15; 20:13;
27:30–34

4QapocrJosh
a
4Q378 Hebrew He
Apocryphon
of Joshua
4QapocrJosh
b
4Q379 Hebrew Ha

4Q385
4Q385b
4Q385c
4QpsEzek Pseudo-Ezekiel Hebrew He
4Q386
4Q388
4Q391

Miqsat
Ma'ase Ha-
Torah or
4QMMT /4Q Some 4Q394–
Hebrew He
Cal.Doc.D Precepts of 399
the Law or the
Halakhic
Letter

4Q Non- Songs of 4Q400– Hebrew Ha

Canonical Sabbath 407
Psalms A Sacrifice or
 the Angelic
Liturgy

Sapiential
4QInstruction Hebrew
Work A
4Q415–
Paraphrase of He
418
4QParaphrase Genesis and Hebrew
Exodus

Barkhi Nafshi
4Q Barkhi
– Apocryphal 4Q434 Hebrew He
Nafshia
Psalms

Hymn to King
Jonathan or
4Q Apocr.
The Prayer
Psalm and 4Q448 Psalms 154 Hebrew Ha
For King
Prayer
Jonathan
Scroll

Genesis
pap-Genesis
4QpapGen or 1:28–29, or
or pap- 4Q483 Hebrew He
papJub Book of
Jubilees
Jubilees

Songs of the
Sage 4Q510–
4QShira-b Hebrew He
or Songs of 511
the Maskil

4Q Messianic Messianic
4Q521 Hebrew Ha
Apocalypse Apocalypse

4Q Jonathan 4Q523 Hebrew Ha

4QTempleScr
Temple Scroll 4Q524 Hebrew Ha
ollb

Matthew 5:3 –12

4QBeatitudes 4Q525 Hebrew He
(Beatitudes)

4Q TJoseph Testament of Joseph 4Q539 Aramaic Ha

4QapocrLevi(
Testament of Levid 4Q541 Aramaic Ha
?)b

4QTKohath
Testament of Qahat 4Q542 Aramaic Ha
(4QTQahat)

4QNJc New Jerusalem 4Q555 Aramaic He

Genesis
4QGenn Genesis 4Q576 Hebrew Ha
34:7–10; 50:3

Unnumbered Hebrew

Cave 5

Cave 5 was
discovered
alongside
Cave 6 in
1952, shortly
after the
discovery of
Cave 4. Cave
5 produced
approximately
25
manuscripts.[22]
Fragment or
Fragment or Alternative English Bible
Scroll Language Date/Script Description R
Scroll Name Identifier Association
Identifier

Qumran Cave
5

Deuteronomy
Early [
5QDeut Deuteronomy 5Q1 7:15–24; Hebrew
Hellenistic
8:5–9:2

1 Kings
5QKgs Kings 5Q2 1:1,16– Hebrew Hasmonean [

17,27–37

Isaiah [
5QIsa Isaiah 5Q3 Hebrew Herodian
40:16,18–19

5QAmos Amos 5Q4 Amos 1:2–5 Hebrew [

Psalm
119:99– [
5QPs Psalms 5Q5 Hebrew Herodian
101,104,113–
20,138–42

Lamentations
4:5–8,11–
5QLama 5Q6 16,19–22; Hebrew Herodian [

Lamentations 5:1–13,16–
17

Lamentations
5QLamb 5Q7 Hebrew Herodian [
4:17–20

Phylactery in
Hellenistic- [
5QPhyl Phylactery 5Q8 Hebrew its unopened
Roman
case

Seven
5QapocrJosh
fragments [
or Toponyms 5Q9 Hebrew Herodian
with names
5QToponyms
of places

Apocryphon Hellenistic- Apocryphon [

5QapocrMal 5Q10 Hebrew
of Malachi Roman of Malachi
[
5QS Rule of 5Q11 Hebrew Herodian
Community
 (Serek ha-
Yahad)

Damascus Damascus [
5QD 5Q12 Hebrew Herodian
Document Document

Fragments
5QRule or Rule of Hellenistic- [
5Q13 Hebrew related to
5QRégle Community Roman
1QS

Liturgical
[
5QCurses Curses 5Q14 Hebrew Herodian compositions
with curses

New Description
Hellenistic- [
5QNJ Jerusalem 5Q15 Aramaic of the New
Roman
Scroll Jerusalem

5Q16– Hellenistic- Unidentified [

5QUnid Unidentified Hebrew
5Q24 Roman fragments

Hellenistic- Unclassified [
5QUnc Unclassified 5Q25 Hebrew
Roman fragments

Cave 6

Cave 6 was
discovered
alongside
Cave 5 in
1952, shortly
after the
discovery of
Cave 4. Cave
6 contained
fragments of
about 31
manuscripts.[22]

List of groups
of fragments
collected
from Wadi
Qumran Cave
6:[371][372]
 Fragment or
Fragment or Alternative English Bible
Scroll Language Date/Script Desc
Scroll Name Identifier Association
Identifier

Qumran Cave
6

Early
Hellenistic;
Genesis
6QpaleoGen Genesis 6Q1 Hebrew Palaeo-
6:13–21
Hebrew
script

Early
Hellenistic;
Leviticus
6QpaleoLev Leviticus 6Q2 Hebrew Palaeo-
8:12–13
Hebrew
script

A few
of
pap6QDeut or Deuteronomy Hellenistic-
Deuteronomy 6Q3 Hebrew Deute
6QpapDeut(?) 26:19 Roman
26:19
papyru

1 Kings
3:12–14;
12:28–31;
22:28–31; 2 Made
6QpapKgs Kings 6Q4 Kings 5:26; Hebrew Hasmonean 94
6:32; 7:8– Fragm
10,20; 8:1–5;
9:1–2;
10:19–21

pap6QPs or Psalm
Psalms 6Q5 Hebrew Herodian
6QpapPs(?) 78:36–37

Song of
6QCant Song of Songs 6Q6 Hebrew Herodian
Songs 1:1–7

6QpapDan Daniel 6Q7 Daniel 8:20– Hebrew Herodian 13 pap

21; 10:8–16; fragm
11:33–36,38;
8:16–17
6QpapGiants
Book of Part o
or
Giants from 6Q8 Aramaic Herodian "Book
pap6QEnGian
Enoch Giants
ts

6Qpap Samu
apocrSam- Apocryphon Kings
Kgs or on Samuel– 6Q9 Hebrew Hasmonean apocr
pap6QapocrS Kings Writte
am/Kgs papyru

6QpapaProph Unidentified Proph

or prophetic 6Q10 Hebrew Hasmonean text. W
pap6QProph fragment in pap

Fragm
conta
Allegory of
6QAllegory 6Q11 Herodian an Alle
the Vine
menti

Hebrew vine

An apocryphal
6QapProph 6Q12 Herodian
prophecy

6QPriestProp Priestly A prie

6Q13 Herodian
h Prophecy proph

Two
fragm
6Q Apocalyptic
6Q14 Aramaic Herodian with
Apocalypse text
apoca
text

Hebrew Dama
Docum
Damascus 4:19–
6QD 6Q15 Herodian
Document 5:13–
21; 6:1
2,20–

Blessi
6QpapBened papBenedictio relate
6Q16 Herodian
or pap6QBen n 1QSb.
papyru

6QCalDoc Calendrical 6Q17 Herodian Calen

 Document fragm

Fragm
a hym
pap6QHymn Hymn 6Q18 Herodian
relate
1QM

6Q Text Relate
Possibly
Related to Genesis 6Q19 Aramaic Herodian Genes
from Genesis
Genesis 10:6,2

Possibly Relate
Hellenistic-
6QDeut(?) Deuteronomy 6Q20 from Hebrew Deute
Roman
Deuteronomy 11:10

Proph
6QfrgProph or
Possibly fragm
6Q Prophetic 6Q21 Hebrew Herodian
prophetic text conta
Text
words

Unclassified
pap6QUnidA 6Q22 Hebrew Herodian
fragments

Relate
pap6QUnidA Unclassified "Word
6Q23 Aramaic Herodian
ar fragments the Bo
Micha

Unclassified Hellenistic-
6QUnidB 6Q24 Hebrew
fragments Roman

Unclassified
6QUnidB 6Q25 Aramaic Herodian
fragments

6QUnidB or
Accounts or Hellenistic-
6QpapAccoun 6Q26 Aramaic
contracts Roman
t or Contract

Unclassified 6Q27– Hellenistic-

6QUnidB Hebrew
fragments 6Q28 Roman

Proverbs
Single
6QpapProv Proverbs 6Q30 11:4b– Hebrew Roman
line fra
7a,10b

Unclassified
6QUnidB 6Q31 Aramaic Herodian
fragments

Cave 7
  

Dead Sea Scroll

fragments 7Q4,
7Q5, and 7Q8
from Cave 7 in
Qumran, written
on papyrus.

Cave 7
yielded fewer
than 20
fragments of
Greek
documents,
including 7Q2
(the "Letter of
Jeremiah" =
Baruch 6),
7Q5 (which
became the
subject of
much
speculation in
later
decades), and
a Greek copy
of a scroll of
Enoch.[404][405][406]
Cave 7 also
produced
several
inscribed
potsherds and
jars.[407]

Lists of
groups of
fragments
collected
from Wadi
Qumran Cave
7:[371][372]
 Fragment or Fragment English
Alternative
Scroll or Scroll Bible Language Date/Script Description Refe
Identifier
Identifier Name Association

Qumran Cave
7

Greek
7QpapLXXExo Exodus [408]
Exodus 7Q1 Greek Hasmonean fragment of
d 28:4–7
Exodus

Letter of
Epistle of
Letter of Jeremiah [409]
7QpapEpJer 7Q2 Greek Hasmonean Jeremiah.
Jeremiah verses 43–
On papyrus.
44

Unknown [410]
7Q3 Unidentified 7Q3 Greek Herodian
biblical text

Unknown [411]
7Q4 Unidentified 7Q4 Greek Hasmonean
biblical text

Unknown
biblical
text.
7Q5 Unidentified 7Q5 Greek Herodian Believed by [412]

some to be
Mark 6:52–
53

Very tiny
Hellenistic- unidentified
[80]
7Q6–18 Unidentified 7Q6–18 Greek Roman; fragments
Herodian written on
papyrus

Unidentified
papyrus
imprint.
[413]
7Q papImprint Unidentified 7Q19 Greek Herodian Very tiny
fragments
written on
papyrus

Cave 8
Cave 8, along
with caves 7
and 9, was
one of the
only caves
that are
accessible by
passing
through the
settlement at
Qumran.
Carved into
the southern
end of the
Qumran
plateau, cave
8 was
excavated by
archaeologist
s in 1957.

Cave 8
produced five
fragments:
Genesis
(8QGen),
Psalms
(8QPs), a
tefillin
fragment
(8QPhyl), a
mezuzah
(8QMez), and
a hymn
(8QHymn).[414]
Cave 8 also
produced
several tefillin
cases, a box
of leather
objects, tons
of lamps, jars,
and the sole
of a leather
shoe.[407]

List of groups
of fragments
collected
from Wadi
Qumran Cave
8:[371][372]
Fragment Fragment
Alternative English Bible
or Scroll or Scroll Language Date/Script Description Referen
Identifier Association
Identifier Name

Qumran Cave
8

Genesis
17:12–13,
[80]
8QGen Genesis 8Q1 15, 18–19; Hebrew Herodian
18:20–22,
24–25

Psalm 17:5–
8QPs Psalms 8Q2 9, 14; 18:5– Hebrew Herodian [80]

12

Exodus
13:1–16;
12:43–51;
20:11

Deuteronomy
6:4–5; 6:1–3; 1–100 CE Fragments
8QPhyl Phylacteries 8Q3 10:20–22; Hebrew from a [42]
Herodian
10:12–19; "Phylactery"
5:1–14;
10:13; 11:2–
3; 10:21–22;
11:1; 11:6–
12

30 BCE–68
Deuteronomy CE [42]
8QMez Mezuzah 8Q4 Hebrew
10:1–11:21
Herodian

Unidentified Non-biblical [80]

8QHymn 8Q5 Hebrew Herodian
hymn composition.

Cave 9

Cave 9, along
with caves 7
and 8, was
one of the
only caves
that are
accessible by
passing
through the
settlement at
Qumran.
Carved into
the southern
end of the
Qumran
plateau, Cave
9 was
excavated by
archaeologist
s in 1957.
There was
only one
fragment
found in Cave
9.

Fragment Fragment English

Alternative
or Scroll or Scroll Bible Language Date/Script Description Reference
Identifier
Identifier Name Association

Qumran Cave
9

Written on [415]
9Qpap Unidentified 9Q1 Hebrew Roman
papyrus.

Cave 10

In Cave 10
archaeologist
s found two
ostraca with
writing on
them, along
with an
unknown
symbol on a
grey stone
slab.

Fragment or Fragment English

Alternative
Scroll or Scroll Bible Language Date/Script Description Referenc
Identifier
Identifier Name Association

Qumran Cave
10

Two letters
written on [15]
10QOstracon Ostracon 10Q1 Hebrew
a piece of
pottery.

Cave 11

A view of part of

the Temple Scroll

that was found in
Qumran Cave 11.

Cave 11 was
discovered in
1956 and
yielded 21
texts, some of
which were
quite long.
The Temple
Scroll, so
called
because more
than half of it
pertains to
the
construction
of the Temple
of Jerusalem,
was found in
Cave 11, and
is by far the
longest scroll.
It is now
26.7 feet
(8.15 m) long.
Its original
length may
have been
over 28 feet
(8.75 m). The
Temple Scroll
was regarded
by Yigael
Yadin as "The
Torah
According to
the Essenes".
On the other
hand, Hartmut
Stegemann, a
contemporary
and friend of
Yadin,
believed the
scroll was not
to be
regarded as
such, but was
a document
without
exceptional
significance.
Stegemann
notes that it is
not
mentioned or
cited in any
known
Essene
writing.[416]

Also in Cave
11, an
eschatologica
l fragment
about the
biblical figure
Melchizedek
(11Q13) was
found. Cave
11 also
produced a
copy of
Jubilees, and
a proto-
Masoteric
text of the
Torah scroll
(only a
fragment of
the Book of
Leviticus
surviving),
known as the
Paleo-Hebrew
Leviticus
scroll.
According to
former chief
editor of the
DSS editorial
team John
Strugnell,
there are at
least four
privately
owned scrolls
from Cave 11,
that have not
yet been
made
available for
scholars.
Among them
is a complete
Aramaic
manuscript of
the Book of
Enoch.[417]

List of groups
of fragments
collected
from Wadi
Qumran Cave
11:
Fragment or
Fragment or Alternative English Bible
Scroll Language Date/Script D
Scroll Name Identifier Association
Identifier

Qumran Cave
11

Leviticus
4:24–26;
10:4–7;
11:27–32;
13:3–9;
13:39–43;
14:16–21;
14:52–15:5;
Herodian/pala
Paleo- 16:2–4;
11QpaleoLeva 11Q1 Hebrew eo-Hebrew
Leviticusa 16:34–17:5;
script
18:27–19:4;
20:1–6; 21:6–
11; 22:21–27;
23:22–29;
24:9–14;
25:28–36;
26:17–26;
27:11–19

Herodian/pala
11QLevb Leviticusb 11Q2 Leviticus Hebrew eo-Hebrew
script

Deuteronomy 50 CE
11QDeut Deuteronomy 11Q3 1:4–5; 2:28– Hebrew
Late Herodian
30

11QEzek Ezekiel 11Q4 Ezekiel Hebrew Herodian

11QPs The Great 11Q5 Psalms Hebrew Herodian Au

Psalms Psa
Scroll wit
abo
qua
Ma
psa
 aty
ord
Syr
psa
fro
and
kno
of t
uni
psa
for
De
Apo
Zio
Hy
Cre
wh
una
oth
as
sho
Dav
Co
.

11QPsa Psalms 11Q5 Hebrew Herodian

Psalm 77:18–
21; 78:1;
109:3–4;
118:1;
11QPsb 11Q6 118:15–16; Hebrew Herodian
119:163–165;
133:1–3;
141:10;
144:1–2

11QPsc 11Q7 Psalm 2:1–8; Hebrew Herodian

9:3–7; 12:5–
9; 13:1–6;
14:1–6; 17:9–
15; 18:1–12;
 19:4–8; 25:2–
7

Psalm 6:2–4;
9:3–6; 18:26–
29; 18:39–42;
36:13; 37:1–4;
39:13–14;
40:1; 43:1–3;
45:6–8; 59:5–
11QPsd 11Q8 Hebrew Herodian
8; 68:1–5;
68:14–18;
78:5–12;
81:4–9;
86:11–14;
115:16–18;
116:1

11QPse 11Q9 Psalm 50:3–7 Hebrew Herodian

Au
Ara
tra
the
11QtgJob Targum Job 11Q10 Job Aramaic Herodian Job
Job
som
mo
fav

Apo
Apocryphal
11QapocrPs 11Q11 Psalm 91 Hebrew Herodian par
Psalms
Psa

Eth
of J
4:6
11QJub Jubilees 11Q12 Hebrew Herodian 14;
4:2
2; 1
12:

11QMelch Melchizedek 11Q13 Contains Hebrew 50–25 BCE or Des

Pesher/com 75–50 BCE ten
 mentary on Late and
Leviticus Hasmonean Me
25:13; or Early as
Deuteronomy Herodian me
15:2; Psalm age
7:8–9; 82:2; sal
Isaiah 52:7; usi
Daniel 9:25; lan
Leviticus 25:9 tha
Jes
He
suc
"He
Pri
Me

An
the
esc
l ba
Isra
Sefer ha- the
11Q Sefer ha- Milmah ("The (Ro
11Q14 Hebrew Herodian
Milmah Book of inc
War") me
figu
the
the
Co
"

11QHymnsa 11Q15 Hebrew Herodian

Hymns
11QHymnsb 11Q16 Hebrew Herodian

Co
13
Songs of the
des
11QShirShabb Sabbath 11Q17 Hebrew Herodian
hea
Sacrifice
tem
ser

11QNJ New 11Q18 Aramaic Herodian Ap

 Jerusalem an
apo
vis
inc
som
arc
det
ver
(cf
and
Rev

Rep
Pen
Temple
11QTa 11Q19 Hebrew Herodian law
Scroll
spi
De
see
11QTb 11Q20 Hebrew Herodian res
Temple bib
Scroll con
11QTc 11Q21 Hebrew Herodian exp
law

11Q22 Hebrew Hasmonean

Hellenistic-
11Q23 Hebrew
Roman

11Q24 Aramaic Hasmonean

11Q 11Q25 Hebrew Herodian Un

Unidentified
Unidentified 11Q26 Hebrew Herodian fra

Hellenistic-
11Q27 Hebrew
Roman

Hellenistic-
11Q28 Hebrew
Roman

Ser
11Q29
Yah

11Q Un
Unidentified 11Q30 Hebrew Herodian
Unidentified fra

11Q Unidentified 11Q31 Un

Unidentified wa

Hellenistic-
11Q9999 Unidentified
Roman

Cave 12

Cave 12 was
discovered in
February
2017 on cliffs
west of
Qumran, near
the
northwestern
shore of the
Dead Sea.[26]
Archaeologic
al
examination
found
pickaxes and
empty broken
scroll jars,
indicating that
the cave had
been
discovered
and looted in
the 1950s.
One of the
joint Hebrew
University of
Jerusalem
and Liberty
University of
Virginia
project's lead
researchers,
Dr. Oren
Gutfeld,
stated,
"Although at
the end of the
day no scroll
was found,
and instead
we 'only'
found a piece
of parchment
rolled up in a
jug that was
being
processed for
writing, the
findings
indicate
beyond any
doubt that the
cave
contained
scrolls that
were
stolen."[27]

Fragments
with
unknown
provenance

Some
fragments of
scrolls have
neither
significant
archaeologica
l provenance
nor records
that reveal in
which
designated
Qumran cave
area they
were found.
They are
believed to
have come
from Wadi
Qumran
caves, but are
just as likely
to have come
from other
archaeologica
l sites in the
Judaean
Desert
area.[421]
These
fragments
have
therefore
been
designated to
the temporary
"X" series.
 Fragment/Scr Fragment/Scr KJV Bible
Description
oll # oll Name Association

Deuteronomy First
"Tefillin from 5:1 – 6:3; published in
XQ1-3
Qumran" 10:12 – 1969;
11:12.[421] Phylacteries

"Tefillin from
XQ4 Phylacteries
Qumran"

Jubilees 7:4–
XQ5a
5

XQ5b Hymn

XQ6 Offering Small

fragment with
only one word
in Aramaic.

Strong
possibility
Unidentified
XQ7 that it is part
fragment
of
4QInstruction.

One small
fragment
Book of
XQpapEn written in
Enoch 9:1
Hebrew. =
XQ8

Gallery
  

The War Scroll,

found in
Qumran Cave
1.

A portion of
the second
discovered
copy of the
Isaiah scroll,
1QIsab.

Part of Dead
Sea Scroll 28a
from Qumran
Cave 1. The
Jordan
Museum,
Amman
  

Dead Sea
Scroll, Pesher
Isaiah, from
Qumran Cave
4. The Jordan
Museum,
Amman

Dead Sea
Scroll 175,
Testimonia,
from Qumran
Cave 4. The
Jordan
Museum,
Amman
  

Dead Sea
Scroll 109,
Qohelet or
Ecclesiastes,
from Qumran
Cave 4. The
Jordan
Museum,
Amman

Origin

There has
been much
debate about
the origin of
the Dead Sea
Scrolls. The
dominant
theory
remains that
the scrolls
were the
product of a
sect of Jews
living at
nearby
Qumran
called the
Essenes, but
this theory
has come to
be challenged
by several
modern
scholars.[422]

Qumran–
Essene
theory

The view
among
scholars,
almost
universally
held until the
1990s, is the
"Qumran–
Essene"
hypothesis
originally
posited by
Roland Guérin
de Vaux[423]
and Józef
Tadeusz
Milik,[424]
though
independently
both Eliezer
Sukenik and
Butrus
Sowmy of St
Mark's
Monastery
connected
scrolls with
the Essenes
well before
any
excavations
at
Qumran.[425]
The Qumran–
Essene theory
holds that the
scrolls were
written by the
Essenes, or by
another
Jewish
sectarian
group,
residing at
Khirbet
Qumran. They
composed the
scrolls and
ultimately hid
them in the
nearby caves
during the
Jewish Revolt
sometime
between 66
and 68 CE.
The site of
Qumran was
destroyed and
the scrolls
never
recovered. A
number of
arguments
are used to
support this
theory.

There are
striking
similarities
between the
description of
an initiation
ceremony of
new members
in the
Community
Rule and
descriptions
of the Essene
initiation
ceremony
mentioned in
the works of
Flavius
Josephus – a
Jewish–
Roman
historian of
the Second
Temple
Period.

Josephus
mentions the
Essenes as
sharing
property
among the
members of
the
community,
as does the
Community
Rule.

During the
excavation of
Khirbet
Qumran, two
inkwells and
plastered
elements
thought to be
tables were
found,
offering
evidence that
some form of
writing was
done there.
More inkwells
were
discovered
nearby. De
Vaux called
this area the
"scriptorium"
based upon
this discovery.

Several
Jewish ritual
baths
(Hebrew:
miqvah =
‫ )מקוה‬were
discovered at
Qumran,
offering
evidence of
an observant
Jewish
presence at
the site.

Pliny the Elder

(a geographer
writing after
the fall of
Jerusalem in
70 CE)
describes a
group of
 Essenes living
in a desert
community on
the northwest
shore of the
Dead Sea
near the
ruined town
of 'Ein Gedi.

Qumran–
Sectarian
theory

Qumran–
Sectarian
theories are
variations on
the Qumran–
Essene
theory. The
main point of
departure
from the
Qumran–
Essene theory
is hesitation
to link the
Dead Sea
Scrolls
specifically
with the
Essenes.
Most
proponents of
the Qumran–
Sectarian
theory
understand a
group of Jews
living in or
near Qumran
to be
responsible
for the Dead
Sea Scrolls,
but do not
necessarily
conclude that
the sectarians
are Essenes.

A specific
variation on
the Qumran–
Sectarian
theory that
has gained
much recent
popularity is
the work of
Lawrence H.
Schiffman,
who proposes
that the
community
was led by a
group of
Zadokite
priests
(Sadducees).[426]
The most
important
document in
support of
this view is
the "Miqsat
Ma'ase Ha-
Torah"
(4QMMT),
which cites
purity laws
(such as the
transfer of
impurities)
identical to
those
attributed in
rabbinic
writings to the
Sadducees.
4QMMT also
reproduces a
festival
calendar that
follows
Sadducee
principles for
the dating of
certain
festival days.

Christian
origin
theory

Spanish
Jesuit José
O'Callaghan
Martínez
argued in the
1960s that
one fragment
(7Q5)
preserves a
portion of text
from the New
Testament
Gospel of
Mark 6:52–
53.[427] This
theory was
falsified in the
year 2000 by
paleographic
analysis of
the particular
fragment.[428]

Robert
Eisenman has
advanced the
theory that
some scrolls
describe the
early Christian
community.
Eisenman
also argued
that the
careers of
James the
Just and Paul
the Apostle
correspond to
events
recorded in
some of these
documents.[429]

Jerusalem
origin
theory

Some
scholars have
argued that
the scrolls
were the
product of
Jews living in
Jerusalem,
who hid the
scrolls in the
caves near
Qumran while
fleeing from
the Romans
during the
destruction of
Jerusalem in
70 CE.[430]
Karl Heinrich
Rengstorf first
proposed that
the Dead Sea
Scrolls
originated at
the library of
the Jewish
Temple in
Jerusalem.[431]
Later, Norman
Golb
suggested
that the
scrolls were
the product of
multiple
libraries in
Jerusalem,
and not
necessarily
the Jerusalem
Temple
library.[432][433]
Proponents of
the Jerusalem
Origin theory
point to the
diversity of
thought and
handwriting
among the
scrolls as
evidence
against a
Qumran origin
of the scrolls.
Several
archaeologist
s have also
accepted an
origin of the
scrolls other
than Qumran,
including
Yizhar
Hirschfeld[434]
and more
recently
Yizhak Magen
and Yuval
Peleg,[435]
who all
understand
the remains
of Qumran to
be those of a
Hasmonean
fort that was
reused during
later periods.

Physical
characte
ristics
  

Fragments 1 and
2 of '7Q6' from
Cave 7 are
written on
papyrus.

Radiocarbo
n dating

Parchment
from a
number of the
Dead Sea
Scrolls has
been carbon
dated. The
initial test
performed in
1950 was on
a piece of
linen from
one of the
caves. This
test gave an
indicative
dating of
33 CE plus or
minus 200
years,
eliminating
early
hypotheses
relating the
scrolls to the
medieval
period.[436]
Since then
two large
series of tests
have been
performed on
the scrolls
themselves.
The results
were
summarized
by
VanderKam
and Flint, who
said the tests
give "strong
reason for
thinking that
most of the
Qumran
manuscripts
belong to the
last two
centuries BCE
and the first
century
CE."[17]:32

Paleograph
ic dating

Analysis of
letter forms,
or
palaeography,
was applied
to the texts of
the Dead Sea
Scrolls by a
variety of
scholars in
the field.
Major
linguistic
analysis by
Cross and
Avigad dates
fragments
from 225 BCE
to 50 CE.[437]
These dates
were
determined by
examining the
size,
variability, and
style of the
text.[438] The
same
fragments
were later
analyzed
using
radiocarbon
dating and
were dated to
an estimated
range of
385 BCE to
82 CE with a
68% accuracy
rate.[437]

Ink and
parchment

The scrolls
were analyzed
using a
cyclotron at
the University
of California,
Davis, where
it was found
that all black
ink was
carbon
black.[439] The
red ink on the
scrolls was
found to be
made with
cinnabar
(HgS, mercury
sulfide).[440]
There are only
four uses of
this red ink in
the entire
collection of
Dead Sea
Scroll
fragments.[440]
The black inks
found on the
scrolls that
are made up
of carbon
soot were
found to be
from olive oil
lamps.[441]
Honey, oil,
vinegar, and
water were
often added
to the mixture
to thin the ink
to a proper
consistency
for
writing.[441] In
order to apply
the ink to the
scrolls, its
writers used
reed pens.[442]

The Dead Sea

scrolls were
written on
parchment
made of
processed
animal hide
known as
vellum
(approximatel
y 85.5–90.5%
of the scrolls),
papyrus
(estimated at
8.0–13.0% of
the scrolls),
and sheets of
bronze
composed of
about 99.0%
copper and
1.0% tin
(approximatel
y 1.5% of the
scrolls).[442][443]
For those
scrolls written
on animal
hides,
scholars with
the Israeli
Antiquities
Authority, by
use of DNA
testing for
assembly
purposes,
believe that
there may be
a hierarchy in
the religious
importance of
the texts
based on
which type of
animal was
used to create
the hide.
Scrolls written
on goat and
calf hides are
considered by
scholars to be
more
significant in
nature, while
those written
on gazelle or
ibex are
considered to
be less
religiously
significant in
nature.[444]

In addition,
tests by the
National
Institute of
Nuclear
Physics in
Sicily, Italy,
have
suggested
that the origin
of parchment
of select
Dead Sea
Scroll
fragments is
from the
Qumran area
itself, by using
X-ray and
Particle
Induced X-ray
emission
testing of the
water used to
make the
parchment
that were
compared
with the water
from the area
around the
Qumran
site.[445]

Preservatio
n
  

Two of the
pottery jars that
held some of the
Dead Sea Scrolls
found at Qumran.

Two Dead Sea

Scrolls jars at the

Jordan Museum,
Amman

The Dead Sea

Scrolls that
were found
were
originally
preserved by
the dry, arid,
and low
humidity
conditions
present within
the Qumran
area adjoining
the Dead
Sea.[446] In
addition, the
lack of the
use of tanning
materials on
the
parchment of
the Dead Sea
Scrolls and
the very low
airflow in the
Qumran caves
also
contributed
significantly
to their
preservation.[447]
Some of the
scrolls were
found stored
in clay jars
within the
Qumran
caves, further
helping to
preserve them
from
deterioration.
The original
handling of
the scrolls by
archaeologist
s and
scholars was
done
inappropriatel
y, and, along
with their
storage in an
uncontrolled
environment,
they began a
process of
more rapid
deterioration
than they had
experienced
at
Qumran.[448]
During the
first few years
in the late
1940s and
early 1950s,
adhesive tape
used to join
fragments
and seal
cracks
caused
significant
damage to
the
documents.[448]
The
Government
of Jordan had
recognized
the urgency of
protecting the
scrolls from
deterioration
and the
presence of
the
deterioration
among the
scrolls.[449]
However, the
government
did not have
adequate
funds to
purchase all
the scrolls for
their
protection
and agreed to
have foreign
institutions
purchase the
scrolls and
have them
held at their
museum in
Jerusalem
until they
could be
"adequately
studied".[449]

In early 1953,
they were
moved to the
Palestine
Archaeologic
al Museum
(commonly
called the
Rockefeller
Museum)[450]
in East
Jerusalem
and through
their
transportation
suffered more
deterioration
and
damage.[17]:63–65
The museum
was
underfunded
and had
limited
resources
with which to
examine the
scrolls, and,
as a result,
conditions of
the "scrollery"
and storage
area were left
relatively
uncontrolled
by modern
standards.[17]
The museum
had left most
of the
fragments
and scrolls
lying between
window glass,
trapping the
moisture in
with them,
causing an
acceleration
in the
deterioration
process.
During a
portion of the
conflict during
the 1956 war
waged by
Israel, Britain
and France
against Egypt,
the scrolls
collection of
the Palestine
Archaeologic
al Museum
was stored in
the vault of
the Ottoman
Bank in
Amman,
Jordan.[451]
Damp
conditions
from
temporary
storage of the
scrolls in the
Ottoman Bank
vault from
1956 to the
Spring of
1957 led to a
more rapid
rate of
deterioration
of the scrolls.
The
conditions
caused
mildew to
develop on
the scrolls
and
fragments,
and some
fragments
were partially
destroyed or
made illegible
by the glue
and paper of
the manila
envelopes in
which they
were stored
while in the
vault.[451] By
1958 it was
noted that up
to 5% of some
of the scrolls
had
completely
deteriorated.[449]
Many of the
texts had
become
illegible and
many of the
parchments
had darkened
considerably.[17][448]

Until the
1970s, the
scrolls
continued to
deteriorate
because of
poor storage
arrangements
, exposure to
different
adhesives,
and being
trapped in
moist
environments.[448]
Fragments
written on
parchment
(rather than
papyrus or
bronze) in the
hands of
private
collectors and
scholars
suffered an
even worse
fate than
those in the
hands of the
museum, with
large portions
of fragments
being
reported to
have
disappeared
by 1966.[452]
In the late
1960s, the
deterioration
was
becoming a
major
concern with
scholars and
museum
officials alike.
Scholars John
Allegro and
Sir Francis
Frank were
among the
first to
strongly
advocate for
better
preservation
techniques.[17]
Early
attempts
made by both
the British
and Israel
Museums to
remove the
adhesive tape
ended up
exposing the
parchment to
an array of
chemicals,
including
"British
Leather
Dressing," and
darkening
some of them
significantly.[17]
In the 1970s
and 1980s,
other
preservation
attempts
were made
that included
removing the
glass plates
and replacing
them with
cardboard
and removing
pressure
against the
plates that
held the
scrolls in
storage;
however, the
fragments
and scrolls
continued to
rapidly
deteriorate
during this
time.[448]

In 1991, the
Israeli
Antiquities
Authority
established a
temperature-
controlled
laboratory for
the storage
and
preservation
of the scrolls.
The actions
and
preservation
methods of
Rockefeller
Museum staff
were
concentrated
on the
removal of
tape, oils,
metals, salt,
and other
contaminants
.[448] The
fragments
and scrolls
are preserved
using acid-
free
cardboard
and stored in
solander
boxes in the
climate-
controlled
storage
area.[448]

Nine tiny
phylactery
slips were
rediscovered
by the Israel
Antiquities
Authority
(IAA) in 2014,
after they had
been stored
unopened for
six decades
following their
excavation in
1952. The IAA
is preparing to
unroll the
phylacteries
or tefillin once
a safe
procedure has
been decided
upon.[453][454]

Photogr
aphy
and
assembl
y

Since the
Dead Sea
Scrolls were
initially held
by different
parties during
and after the
excavation
process, they
were not all
photographed
by the same
organization.

First
photograph
s by the
American
Schools of
Oriental
Research
(1948)

The first
individual
person to
photograph a
portion of the
collection
was John C.
Trever (1916–
2006), a
Biblical
scholar and
archaeologist,
who was a
resident for
the American
Schools of
Oriental
Research.[17]:68
He
photographed
three of the
scrolls
discovered in
Cave 1 on 21
February
1948, both on
black-and-
white and
standard
color
film.[17]:26[455][456]
Although an
amateur
photographer,
the quality of
his
photographs
often
exceeded the
visibility of
the scrolls
themselves
as, over the
years, the ink
of the texts
quickly
deteriorated
after they
were removed
from their
linen
wrappings.

Infrared
photograph
y and plate
assembly
by the
Palestine
Archaeolog
ical
Museum
(1952–
1967)

A majority of
the collection
from the
Qumran caves
was acquired
by the
Palestine
Archaeologic
al Museum.
The Museum
had the
scrolls
photographed
by Najib
Albina, a local
Arab
photographer
trained by
Lewis
Larsson of
the American
Colony in
Jerusalem,[457]
Between 1952
and 1967,
Albina
documented
the five-stage
process of the
sorting and
assembly of
the scrolls,
done by the
curator and
staff of the
Palestine
Archaeologic
al Museum,
using infrared
photography.
Using a
process
known today
as broadband
fluorescence
infrared
photography,
or NIR
photography,
Najib and the
team at the
Museum
produced over
1,750
photographic
plates of the
scrolls and
fragments.[17]:68[458][459][460]
The
photographs
were taken
with the
scrolls laid
out on animal
skin, using
large format
film, which
caused the
text to stand
out, making
the plates
especially
useful for
assembling
fragments.[17]:68
These are the
earliest
photographs
of the
museum's
collection,
which was the
most
complete in
the world at
the time, and
they recorded
the fragments
and scrolls
before their
further decay
in storage, so
they are often
considered
the best
recorded
copies of the
scrolls.[461]

Israel
Antiquities
Authority
and NASA
digital
infrared
imaging
(1993–
2012)

A previously
unreadable
fragment of the
Dead Sea Scrolls
photographed by
the Jet
Propulsion
Laboratory using
digital infrared
technology.
Translated into
English it reads:
"He wrote the
words of Noah."

Beginning in
1993, the
United States
National
Aeronautics
and Space
Administratio
n used digital
infrared
imaging
technology to
produce
photographs
of Dead Sea
Scrolls
fragments.[462]
In partnership
with the
Ancient
Biblical
Manuscript
Center and
West Semitic
Research,
NASA's Jet
Propulsion
Laboratory
successfully
worked to
expand on the
use of
infrared
photography
previously
used to
evaluate
ancient
manuscripts
by expanding
the range of
spectra at
which images
are
photographed
.[463] NASA
used this
multi-spectral
imaging
technique,
adapted from
its remote
sensing and
planetary
probes, in
order to reveal
previously
illegible text
on fragments
of the Dead
Sea
Scrolls.[463]
The process
uses a liquid
crystal
tunable filter
in order to
photograph
the scrolls at
specific
wavelengths
of light and,
as a result,
image
distortion is
significantly
diminished.[462]
This method
was used with
select
fragments of
the Dead Sea
Scrolls to
reveal text
and details
that cameras
that take
photographs
using a larger
light
spectrum
could not
reveal.[462]
The camera
and digital
imaging
assembly was
developed
specifically
for the
purpose of
photographin
g illegible
ancient
texts.[464]

On 18
December
2012[465] the
first output of
this project
was launched
together with
Google on the
dedicated site
Deadseascroll
s.org.il.[466]
The site
contains both
digitizations
of old images
taken in the
1950s and
about 1000
new images
taken with the
new NASA
technology.[467]

Israel
Antiquities
Authority
and DNA
scroll
assembly
(2006–
2012)

Scientists
with the
Israeli
Antiquities
Authority have
used DNA
from the
parchment on
which the
Dead Sea
Scrolls
fragments
were written,
in concert
with infrared
digital
photography,
to assist in
the
reassembly of
the scrolls.
For scrolls
written on
parchment
made from
animal hide
and papyrus,
scientists
with the
museum are
using DNA
code to
associate
fragments
with different
scrolls and to
help scholars
determine
which scrolls
may hold
greater
significance
based on the
type of
material that
was used.[444]

Israel
Museum of
Jerusalem
and Google
digitization
project
(2011–
2016)

In partnership
with Google,
the Museum
of Jerusalem
is working to
photograph
the Dead Sea
Scrolls and
make them
available to
the public
digitally,
although not
placing the
images in the
public
domain.[468]
The lead
photographer
of the project,
Ardon Bar-
Hama, and his
team are
utilizing the
Alpa 12 MAX
camera
accompanied
with a Leaf
Aptus-II back
in order to
produce ultra-
high
resolution
digital images
of the scrolls
and
fragments.[469]
With photos
taken at 1,200
megapixels,
the results are
digital images
that can be
used to
distinguish
details that
are invisible
to the naked
eye. In order
to minimize
damage to
the scrolls
and
fragments,
photographer
s are using a
1/4000th of a
second
exposure time
and UV-
protected
flash
tubes.[468] The
digital
photography
project was
estimated in
2011 to cost
approximately
3.5 million
U.S.
dollars.[469]

Scholarl
y
examina
tion

Eleazar Sukenik
examining one of
the Dead Sea
Scrolls in 1951.

After most of
the scrolls
and
fragments
were moved
to the
Palestine
Archaeologic
al Museum in
1953,
scholars
began to
assemble
them and log
them for
translation
and study in a
room that
became
known as the
"Scrollery".[470]

The text of
the Dead Sea
Scrolls is
written in four
different
languages:
Hebrew,
Aramaic,
Greek, and
Nabataean.

Percentage of Centuries of
Language Script
Documents Known Use

3rd century
Estimated
Hebrew Assyrian block script[471] BCE to
76.0–79.0%
present

Cryptic
scripts "A" "B" Estimated
Hebrew Unknown
and 0.9–1.0%[475]
"C"[472][473][474]

Biblical 10th century

Paleo-Hebrew script[476]
Hebrew Estimated BCE to the
Biblical Paleo-Hebrew scribal 1.0–1.5%[474] 2nd century
Hebrew script[476] CE

Estimated 8th century

Aramaic Aramaic square script 16.0– BCE to
17.0%[477] present

3rd century
Estimated
Greek Greek uncial script[476] BCE to 8th
3.0%[474]
centuries CE

2nd century
Estimated
Nabataean Nabataean script[478] BCE to the 4th
0.2%[478]
century CE
Publicati
on

Physical
publication
and
controvers
y

Scholars
assembling Dead
Sea Scrolls
fragments at the
Rockefeller
Museum
(formerly the
Palestine
Archaeological
Museum).

Some of the
fragments
and scrolls
were
published
early. Most of
the longer,
more
complete
scrolls were
published
soon after
their
discovery. All
the writings in
Cave 1
appeared in
print between
1950 and
1956; those
from eight
other caves
were released
in 1963; and
1965 saw the
publication of
the Psalms
Scroll from
Cave 11. Their
translations
into English
soon
followed.

Controversy

Publication of
the scrolls
has taken
many
decades, and
delays have
been a source
of academic
controversy.
The scrolls
were
controlled by
a small group
of scholars
headed by
John
Strugnell,
while a
majority of
scholars had
access
neither to the
scrolls nor
even to
photographs
of the text.
Scholars such
as Hershel
Shanks,
Norman Golb,
and many
others argued
for decades
for publishing
the texts, so
that they
become
available to
researchers.
This
controversy
only ended in
1991, when
the Biblical
Archaeology
Society was
able to
publish the
"Facsimile
Edition of the
Dead Sea
Scrolls", after
an
intervention
of the Israeli
government
and the Israeli
Antiquities
Authority
(IAA).[479] In
1991 Emanuel
Tov was
appointed as
the chairman
of the Dead
Sea Scrolls
Foundation,
and
publication of
the scrolls
followed in
the same
year.

Physical
description

The majority
of the scrolls
consist of tiny,
brittle
fragments,
which were
published at a
pace
considered by
many to be
excessively
slow. During
early
assembly and
translation
work by
scholars
through the
Rockefeller
Museum from
the 1950s
through the
1960s, access
to the
unpublished
documents
was limited to
the editorial
committee.

Discoveries in
the Judaean
Desert
(1955–2009)

Emanuel Tov,
who was Editor-
in-Chief of the
Dead Sea Scrolls
Publication
Project and, as a
result,
responsible for
the publication of
32 volumes of
the Discoveries in
the Judaean
Desert series. He
also worked to
publish a six-
volume printed
edition with a
majority of the
non-Biblical Dead
Sea Scrolls and
make the same
volumes
available

electronically on
CD in a collection
titled "The Dead
Sea Scrolls
Reader".

The content
of the scrolls
was
published in a
40 volume
series by
Oxford
University
Press
published
between 1955
and 2009
known as
Discoveries in
the Judaean
Desert.[480] In
1952 the
Jordanian
Department
of Antiquities
assembled a
team of
scholars to
begin
examining,
assembling,
and
translating
the scrolls
with the intent
of publishing
them.[481] The
initial
publication,
assembled by
Dominique
Barthélemy
and Józef
Milik, was
published as
Qumran Cave
1 in 1955.[480]
After a series
of other
publications
in the late
1980s and
early 1990s
and with the
appointment
of the
respected
Dutch–Israeli
textual
scholar
Emanuel Tov
as Editor-in-
Chief of the
Dead Sea
Scrolls
Publication
Project in
1990
publication of
the scrolls
accelerated.
Tov's team
had published
five volumes
covering the
Cave 4
documents by
1995.
Between 1990
and 2009, Tov
helped the
team produce
32 volumes.
The final
volume,
Volume XL,
was
published in
2009.

A Preliminary
Edition of the
Unpublished
Dead Sea
Scrolls (1991)

In 1991,
researchers at
Hebrew Union
College in
Cincinnati,
Ohio, Ben
Zion
Wacholder
and Martin
Abegg,
announced
the creation
of a computer
program that
used
previously
published
scrolls to
reconstruct
the
unpublished
texts.[482]
Officials at
the
Huntington
Library in San
Marino,
California, led
by Head
Librarian
William
Andrew
Moffett,
announced
that they
would allow
researchers
unrestricted
access to the
library's
complete set
of
photographs
of the scrolls.
In the fall of
that year,
Wacholder
published 17
documents
that had been
reconstructed
in 1988 from
a
concordance
and had come
into the hands
of scholars
outside of the
International
Team; in the
same month,
there
occurred the
discovery and
publication of
a complete
set of
facsimiles of
the Cave 4
materials at
the
Huntington
Library.
Thereafter,
the officials of
the Israel
Antiquities
Authority
agreed to lift
their long-
standing
restrictions
on the use of
the
scrolls.[483]

A Facsimile
Edition of the
Dead Sea
Scrolls (1991)

After further
delays,
attorney
William John
Cox
undertook
representatio
n of an
"undisclosed
client", who
had provided
a complete
set of the
unpublished
photographs,
and
contracted for
their
publication.
Professors
Robert
Eisenman and
James
Robinson
indexed the
photographs
and wrote an
introduction
to A Facsimile
Edition of the
Dead Sea
Scrolls, which
was
published by
the Biblical
Archaeology
Society in
1991.[484]
Following the
publication of
the Facsimile
Edition,
Professor
Elisha Qimron
sued Hershel
Shanks,
Eisenman,
Robinson and
the Biblical
Archaeology
Society for
copyright
infringement
for publishing,
without
authorization
or attribution,
his
decipherment
of one of the
scrolls, MMT.
The District
Court of
Jerusalem
found in favor
of Qimron in
September
1993.[485] The
Court issued
a restraining
order, which
prohibited the
publication of
the
deciphered
text, and
ordered
defendants to
pay Qimron
NIS 100,000
for infringing
his copyright
and the right
of attribution.
Defendants
appealed the
Supreme
Court of
Israel, which
approved the
District
Court's
decision, in
August 2000.
The Supreme
Court further
ordered that
the
defendants
hand over to
Qimron all the
infringing
copies.[486]
The decision
met Israeli
and
international
criticism from
copyright law
scholars.[487][488][489][490][491]

The Facsimile
Edition by
Facsimile
Editions Ltd,
London,
England
(2007–2008)

In November
2007 the
Dead Sea
Scrolls
Foundation
commissione
d the London
publisher,
Facsimile
Editions
Limited, to
produce a
facsimile
edition of The
Great Isaiah
Scroll (1QIsa),
The Order of
the
Community
(1QS), and
The Pesher to
Habakkuk
(1QpHab).[492][493]
The facsimile
was produced
from 1948
photographs,
and so more
faithfully
represents
the condition
of the Isaiah
scroll at the
time of its
discovery
than does the
current
condition of
the real Isaiah
scroll.[492]

Of the first
three
facsimile
sets, one was
exhibited at
the Early
Christianity
and the Dead
Sea Scrolls
exhibition in
Seoul, South
Korea, and a
second set
was
purchased by
the British
Library in
London. A
further 46
sets including
facsimiles of
three
fragments
from Cave 4
(now in the
collection of
the National
Archaeologic
al Museum in
Amman,
Jordan)
Testimonia
(4Q175),
Pesher Isaiahb
(4Q162) and
Qohelet
(4Q109) were
announced in
May 2009.
The edition is
strictly limited
to 49
numbered
sets of these
reproductions
on either
specially
prepared
parchment
paper or real
parchment.
The complete
facsimile set
(three scrolls
including the
Isaiah scroll
and the three
Jordanian
fragments)
can be
purchased for
$60,000.[492]
The
facsimiles
have since
been
exhibited in
Qumrân. Le
secret des
manuscrits de
la mer Morte
at the
Bibliothèque
Nationale,
Paris, France
(2010)[494]
and Verbum
Domini at the
Vatican,
Rome, Italy
(2012).[495]

Digital
publication
Olive Tree
Bible
Software
(2000–2011)

The text of
nearly all of
the non-
biblical scrolls
has been
recorded and
tagged for
morphology
by Dr. Martin
Abegg, Jr., the
Ben Zion
Wacholder
Professor of
Dead Sea
Scroll Studies
at Trinity
Western
University
located in
Langley,
British
Columbia,
Canada.[496] It
is available on
handheld
devices
through Olive
Tree Bible
Software -
BibleReader,
on Macs and
Windows via
emulator
through
Accordance
with a
comprehensiv
e set of cross
references,
and on
Windows
through
Logos Bible
Software and
BibleWorks.

The Dead Sea

Scrolls Reader
(2005)

The text of
almost all of
the non-
Biblical texts
from the Dead
Sea Scrolls
was released
on CD-ROM
by publisher
E.J. Brill in
2005.[497] The
2400 page, 6
volume series,
was
assembled by
an editorial
team led by
Donald W.
Parry and
Emanuel
Tov.[498] Unlike
the text
translations in
the physical
publication,
Discoveries in
the Judaean
Desert, the
texts are
sorted by
genres that
include
religious law,
parabiblical
texts,
calendrical
and sapiental
texts, and
poetic and
liturgical
works.[497]

Israel
Antiquities
Authority and
Google
digitization
project
(2010–2016)

High-
resolution
images,
including
infrared
photographs,
of some of
the Dead Sea
scrolls are
now available
online on two
dedicated
websites.

On 19
October 2010,
it was
announced[499]
that Israeli
Antiquities
Authority
(IAA) would
scan the
documents
using multi-
spectral
imaging
technology
developed by
NASA to
produce high-
resolution
images of the
texts, and
then, through
a partnership
with Google,
make them
available
online free of
charge,[500] on
a searchable
database and
complemente
d by
translation
and other
scholarly
tools. The
project is
scheduled for
completion
within five
years.

On 25
September
2011 the
Israel
Museum
Digital Dead
Sea Scrolls
site went
online.[501][502]
It gives users
access to
searchable,
high-
resolution
images of the
scrolls, as
well as short
explanatory
videos and
background
information
on the texts
and their
history. As of
May 2012,
five complete
scrolls from
the Israel
Museum have
been digitized
for the project
and are now
accessible
online: the
Great Isaiah
Scroll, the
Community
Rule Scroll,
the
Commentary
on Habakkuk
Scroll, the
Temple Scroll,
and the War
Scroll.

Biblical
significa
nce

Before the
discovery of
the Dead Sea
Scrolls, the
oldest
Hebrew-
language
manuscripts
of the Bible
were
Masoretic
texts dating to
the 10th
century CE,
such as the
Aleppo
Codex.[503]
Today, the
oldest known
extant
manuscripts
of the
Masoretic
Text date
from
approximately
the 9th
century. The
biblical
manuscripts
found among
the Dead Sea
Scrolls push
that date back
a full
thousand
years, to the
2nd century
BCE.[504] This
was a
significant
discovery for
Old
Testament
scholars who
anticipated
that the Dead
Sea Scrolls
would either
affirm or
repudiate the
reliability of
textual
transmission
from the
original texts
to the oldest
Masoretic
texts at hand.
The discovery
demonstrated
the unusual
accuracy of
transmission
over a
thousand-year
period,
rendering it
reasonable to
believe that
current Old
Testament
texts are
reliable
copies of the
original
works.

According to
The Dead Sea
Scrolls by
Hebrew
scholar Millar
Burrows,

Of the 166
words in
Isaiah 53,
there are
only
 seventeen
letters in
question.
Ten of these
letters are
simply a
matter of
spelling,
which does
not affect
the sense.
Four more
letters are
minor
stylistic
changes,
such as
conjunction
s. The
remaining
three letters
comprise
the word
"light,"
which is
added in
verse 11,
and does
not affect
the
meaning
greatly.[505]

It is important
to note that
differences
were found
among
fragments of
texts.
According to
The Oxford
Companion to
Archaeology:

While some
of the
Qumran
biblical
manuscript
s are nearly
identical to
the
Masoretic,
or
traditional,
Hebrew
text of the
Old
Testament,
some
manuscript
s of the
books of
Exodus and
Samuel
found in
Cave Four
exhibit
dramatic
differences
in both
language
and
content. In
their
astonishing
range of
textual
variants,
the Qumran
biblical
discoveries
have
prompted
scholars to
reconsider
the once-
accepted
theories of
the
developme
nt of the
modern
biblical text
from only
three
manuscript
families: of
the
Masoretic
text, of the
Hebrew
original of
the
Septuagint,
and of the
Samaritan
 Pentateuch.
It is now
becoming
increasingl
y clear that
the Old
Testament
scripture
was
extremely
fluid until
its
canonizatio
n around
A.D.
100.[506]

The
conclusion,
then, is that
the Dead Sea
scrolls have
taken Biblical
scholarship to
a new era
where much
of what was
previously
believed can
now be
confirmed,
and some of
what was
accepted as
fact should
now be
reexamined
so Biblical
texts can
correspond
precisely with
what was
originally
written. To
quote
Gleason
Archer's A
Survey of Old
Testament
Introduction:

In
conclusion,
we should
accord to
the
Masoretes
the highest
praise for
their
meticulous
care in
preserving
so
sedulously
the
consonanta
l text of the
Sopherim
which had
been
entrusted to
them. They,
together
with the
Sopherim
themselves,
gave the
most
diligent
attention to
the
accurate
preservatio
n of the
Hebrew
Scriptures
that has
ever been
devoted to
any ancient
literature,
secular or
religious, in
the history
of human
civilization.
..

Because of
their
faithfulness
, we have
today a
form of the
Hebrew
text which
in all
essentials
duplicates
the
recension
which was
considered
authoritativ
e in the
days of
Christ and
the
apostles, if
not a
century
earlier. And
this in turn,
judging
from
Qumran
evidence,
goes back
to an
authoritativ
e revision
of the Old
Testament
text which
was drawn
up on the
basis of the
most
reliable
manuscript
s available
for
collation
from
previous
centuries.
These bring
us very
close in all
essentials
to the
original
autographs
themselves,
and furnish
us with an
authentic
record of
God's
revelation.
As W. F.
Albright
has said,
"We may
rest assured
that the
consonanta
l text of the
Hebrew
Bible,
though not
infallible
has been
preserved
with an
accuracy
perhaps
unparallele
d in any
other Near
 Eastern
literature."[507]

Biblical
books
found

There are 225

Biblical texts
included in
the Dead Sea
Scroll
documents, or
around 22% of
the total, and
with
deuterocanon
ical books the
number
increases to
235.[508][509]
The Dead Sea
Scrolls
contain parts
of all but one
of the books
of the Tanakh
of the Hebrew
Bible and the
Old
Testament
protocanon.
They also
include four
of the
deuterocanon
ical books
included in
Catholic and
Eastern
Orthodox
Bibles: Tobit,
Ben Sirach,
Baruch 6
(also known
as the Letter
or Epistle of
Jeremiah),
and Psalm
151.[508] The
Book of
Esther has
not yet been
found and
scholars
believe Esther
is missing
because, as a
Jew, her
marriage to a
Persian king
may have
been looked
down upon by
the
inhabitants of
Qumran,[510]
or because
the book has
the Purim
festival which
is not
included in
the Qumran
calendar.[17]:180
Listed below
are the most
represented
books, along
with the
deuterocanon
icals, of the
Bible found
among the
Dead Sea
Scrolls,
including the
number of
translatable
Dead Sea
texts that
represent a
copy of
scripture from
each Biblical
book:[511][512]
 Number
Book
found

Psalms 39

Deuteronomy 33

1 Enoch 25

Genesis 24

Isaiah 22

Jubilees 21

Exodus 18

Leviticus 17

Numbers 11

Minor Prophets 10[note 1]

Daniel 8

Jeremiah 6

Ezekiel 6

Job 6

Tobit 5[note 2]

1 & 2 Kings 4

1 & 2 Samuel 4

Judges 4[515]

Song of Songs (Canticles) 4

Ruth 4

Lamentations 4

Sirach 3

Ecclesiastes 2

Joshua 2

Non-
biblical
books

The majority
of the texts
found among
the Dead Sea
Scrolls are
non-biblical in
nature and
were thought
to be
insignificant
for
understandin
g the
composition
or
canonization
of the Biblical
books, but a
different
consensus
has emerged
which sees
many of these
works as
being
collected by
the Essene
community
instead of
being
composed by
them.[516]
Scholars now
recognize that
some of these
works were
composed
earlier than
the Essene
period, when
some of the
Biblical books
were still
being written
or redacted
into their final
form.[516]

Museum
exhibitio
ns and
displays

Visitors
examining Dead
Sea Scrolls
displayed at the
Shrine of the
Book in
Jerusalem.

Strip of the
Copper Scroll
from Qumran
 Cave 3 written in
the Hebrew
Mishnaic dialect,
on display at the
Jordan Museum,
Amman

Small
portions of
the Dead Sea
Scrolls
collections
have been put
on temporary
display in
exhibitions at
museums and
public venues
around the
world. The
majority of
these
exhibitions
took place in
1965 in the
United States
and the
United
Kingdom and
from 1993 to
2011 in
locations
around the
world. Many
of the
exhibitions
were co-
sponsored by
either the
Jordanian
government
(pre-1967) or
the Israeli
government
(post-1967).
Exhibitions
were
discontinued
after 1965
due to the Six-
days War
conflicts and
have slowed
down in post-
2011 as the
Israeli
Antiquities
Authority
works to
digitize the
scrolls and
place them in
permanent
cold storage.

The majority
of the Dead
Sea Scrolls
collection
was moved to
Jerusalem's
Shrine of the
Book (a part
of the Israel
Museum)
after the
building's
completion in
April
1965.[517] The
museum falls
under the
auspices of
the Israel
Antiquities
Authority, an
official
agency of the
Israeli
government.
The
permanent
Dead Sea
Scrolls
exhibition at
the museum
features a
reproduction
of the Great
Isaiah Scroll,
surrounded by
reproductions
of other
famous
fragments
that include
Community
Rule, the War
Scroll, and the
Thanksgiving
Psalms
Scroll.[518][519]

Some of the
Dead Sea
Scrolls
collection
held by the
Jordanian
government
prior to 1967
was stored in
Amman rather
than at the
Palestine
Archaeologic
al Museum in
East
Jerusalem. As
a
consequence,
that part of
the collection
remained in
Jordanian
hands under
their
Department
of Antiquities.
In 2013 parts
of this
collection
have been put
on display at
The Jordan
Museum in
Amman, to
which they
were moved
from the
Jordan
Archaeologic
al
Museum.[520]
Among the
display items
are artifacts
from the
Qumran site
and the
Copper
Scroll.[521]
Owners
hip

Past
ownership
This section
needs expansion. Learn more

Advertisement in
the Wall Street
Journal dated 1
June 1954 for
four of the "Dead
Sea Scrolls."

Arrangements
with the
Bedouin left
the scrolls in
the hands of a
third party
until a
profitable sale
of them could
be negotiated.
That third
party, George
Isha'ya, was a
member of
the Syriac
Orthodox
Church, who
soon
contacted St
Mark's
Monastery in
the hope of
getting an
appraisal of
the nature of
the texts.
News of the
find then
reached
Metropolitan
Athanasius
Yeshue
Samuel,
better known
as Mar
Samuel. After
examining the
scrolls and
suspecting
their antiquity,
Mar Samuel
expressed an
interest in
purchasing
them. Four
scrolls found
their way into
his hands: the
now famous
Isaiah Scroll
(1QIsaa), the
Community
Rule, the
Habakkuk
Pesher (a
commentary
on the book
of Habakkuk),
and the
Genesis
Apocryphon.
More scrolls
soon
surfaced in
the antiquities
market, and
Professor
Eleazer
Sukenik and
Professor
Benjamin
Mazar, Israeli
archaeologist
s at Hebrew
University,
soon found
themselves in
possession of
three, The War
Scroll,
Thanksgiving
Hymns, and
another, more
fragmented,
Isaiah scroll
(1QIsab).

Four of the
Dead Sea
Scrolls
eventually
went up for
sale in an
advertisemen
t in 1 June
1954, Wall
Street
Journal.[522]
On 1 July
1954, the
scrolls, after
delicate
negotiations
and
accompanied
by three
people
including the
Metropolitan,
arrived at the
Waldorf-
Astoria Hotel
in New York.
They were
purchased by
Professor
Mazar and the
son of
Professor
Sukenik,
Yigael Yadin,
for $250,000
(approximatel
y $2,400,000
in 2019
dollars[523]),
and brought
to
Jerusalem.[524]
Since 2002,
forgeries of
alleged Dead
Sea Scrolls
have
appeared on
black
markets.[525]
Current
ownership

Almost all of
the Dead Sea
Scrolls
collection is
currently
under the
ownership of
the
Government
of the state of
Israel, and
housed in the
Shrine of the
Book on the
grounds of
the Israel
Museum. This
ownership is
contested by
both Jordan
and by the
Palestinian
Authority.

A list of
known
ownership of
Dead Sea
Scroll
fragments:
 Number of
Claimed
Year Acquired Fragments/S
Owner
crolls Owned

Azusa Pacific University[526] 2009 5

Oriental
Institute at
the University 1956 1
of
Chicago[527]

Southwestern
Baptist 2009; 2010;
8
Theological 2012
Seminary[528]

Rockefeller
Museum –
Government 1967 > 15,000
of
Israel[529][530]

The Schøyen
Collection
1980; 1994;
owned by 115[532]
1995
Martin
Schøyen[531]

The Jordan
Museum –
1947–1956 > 25
Government
of Jordan[520]

Museum of
the Bible aka
Green 2009–
11
Collection – 2014[532][534]
Green
Family[533]

Syrian
Orthodox
Church's 1
eastern U.S.
archdiocese[535]
archdiocese

Ashland
Theological 1
Seminary[535]

Lanier 1
Theological
Library[535]

Pasadena
Private 1
Collection[535]

Ownership
disputes

The official
ownership of
the Dead Sea
Scrolls is
disputed
among the
Hashemite
Kingdom of
Jordan, the
State of Israel,
and the
Palestinian
Authority. The
debate over
the Dead Sea
Scrolls stems
from a more
general
Israeli–
Palestinian
conflict over
land and state
recognition.
 Parties Explanation
Party Role
Involved of Role

Jordan Disputant; Alleges that

Minority the Dead Sea

Owner Scrolls were
stolen from
the Palestine
Archaeologic
al Museum
(now the
Rockefeller
Museum)
operated by
Jordan from
1966 until the
Six-Day War
when
advancing
Israeli forces
took control
of the
Museum, and
that therefore
they fall under
the rules of
the 1954
Hague
Convention
for the
Protection of
Cultural
Property in
the Event of
Armed
Conflict.[536]
Jordan
regularly
demands
their return
and petitions
 and petitions
third-party
countries that
host the

scrolls to
return them to
Jordan
instead of to
Israel,
claiming they
have legal
documents
that prove
Jordanian
ownership of
the
scrolls.[537]

After the Six-

Day War Israel
seized the
scrolls and
moved them
to the Shrine
of the Book in
the Israel
Museum.
Israel
Disputant; disputes
Current Jordan's
Israel
Majority claim and
Owner states that
Jordan never
lawfully
possessed
the scrolls
since it was
an unlawful
occupier of
the museum
and
[538][539][540]
 region.[538][539][540]

Palestinian Disputant The

Authority Palestinian

Authority also
holds a claim
to the
scrolls.[541]

Canada Neutral In 2009, a part

Exhibition of the Dead
Host Sea Scrolls
collection
held by the
Israeli
Antiquities
Authority was
moved and
displayed at
the Royal
Ontario
Museum in
Toronto,
Canada. Both
the
Palestinian
Authority and
Jordan
petitioned the
international
community,
including the
United
Nations,[542]
for the scrolls
to be seized
under
disputed
international
law. Ottawa
dismissed the
 demands and
the exhibit
continued,
with the
scrolls
returning to
Israel upon its
conclusion.[543]

A planned
exhibition in
Germany was
cancelled, as
the German
government
could not
guarantee a
return of the
scrolls to
Israel [1]

Copyright
disputes
This section
needs attention Learn more

There are
three types of
documents
relating to the
Dead Sea
Scrolls in
which
copyright
status can be
considered
ambiguous;
the
documents
themselves,
images taken
of the
documents,
and
reproductions
of the
documents.
This
ambiguity
arises from
differences in
copyright law
across
different
countries and
the variable
interpretation
of such law.

In 1992 a
copyright
case Qimron
v. Shanks was
brought
before the
Israeli District
court by
scholar Elisha
Qimron
against
Hershel
Shanks of the
Biblical
Archaeology
Society for
violations of
United States
copyright law
regarding his
publishing of
reconstructio
ns of Dead
Sea Scroll
texts done by
Qimron in A
Facsimile
Edition of the
Dead Sea
Scrolls which
were included
without his
permission.
Qimron's suit
against the
Biblical
Archaeology
Society was
done on the
grounds that
the research
they had
published
was his
intellectual
property as he
had
reconstructed
about 40% of
the published
text. In 1993,
the district
court Judge
Dalia Dorner
ruled for the
plaintiff,
Elisha Qimron,
in context of
both United
States and
Israeli
copyright law
and granted
the highest
compensation
allowed by
law for
aggravation in
compensation
against
Hershel
Shanks and
others.[544] In
an appeal in
2000 in front
of Judge
Aharon Barak,
the verdict
was upheld in
Israeli
Supreme
Court in
Qimron's
favor.[545] The
court case
established
the two main
principles
from which
facsimiles are
examined
under
copyright law
of the United
States and
Israel:
authorship
and
originality.
The court's
ruling not only
affirms that
the
"deciphered
text" of the
scrolls can
fall under
copyright of
individuals or
groups, but
makes it clear
that the Dead
Sea Scrolls
themselves
do not fall
under this
copyright law
and scholars
have a degree
of, in the
words of U.S.
copyright law
professor
David
Nimmer,
"freedom" in
access.
Nimmer has
shown how
this freedom
was in the
theory of law
applicable,
but how it did
not exist in
reality as the
Israeli
Antiquities
Authority
tightly
controlled
access to the
scrolls and
photographs
of the
scrolls.[544]

See also

Ancient Hebrew writings

Cairo Geniza

Jordan Lead Codices

Nag Hammadi library

Oxyrhynchus Papyri

Teacher of Righteousness

The Book of Mysteries

Notes

1. 10 Scrolls
containing
fragments of
all 12 of the
"Minor
Prophets"
were found in
Cave 4,
although no
fragment
contains
portions of
more than
three
prophets.[513]

2. There are four

Aramaic
 fragmentary
texts of Tobit,
and one
Hebrew
text.[514]

Referenc
es

Citations
1. "The Digital
Library:
Introduction
" . Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library.
Archived from
the original
on 13 October
2014.
Retrieved
13 October
2014.

2. "The Digital
Dead Sea
Scrolls:
Nature and
Significance
" . Israel
Museum
Jerusalem.
Retrieved
13 October
2014.
3. "Hebrew
University
Archaeologist
s Find 12th
Dead Sea
Scrolls
Cave" . The
Hebrew
University of
Jerusalem.
Retrieved
7 June 2017.

4. Donahue,
Michelle Z.
(10 February
2017). "New
Dead Sea
Scroll Find
May Help
Detect
Forgeries" .
nationalgeogr
aphic.com.

5. Leaney, A. R.
C. From
Judaean
Caves: The
Story of the
Dead Sea
Scrolls. p.27,
Religious
Education
Press, 1961.
6. Michael
Segal,
Emanuel Tov,
William Brent
Seales,
Clifford Seth
Parker, Pnina
Shor, Yosef
Porath; with
an Appendix
by Ada
Yardeni
(2016). "An
Early Leviticus
Scroll from
En-Gedi:
Preliminary
Publication"
(PDF). Textus.
26: 1–29.
Archived from
the original
(PDF) on 22
September
2016.
Retrieved
22 January
2017.

7. Vermes, Geza
(1977). The
Dead Sea
Scrolls.
Qumran in
Perspective.
London:
Collins. p. 15.
ISBN 978-0-
00-216142-8.
 8. "Languages
and
Scripts" .
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library.
Retrieved
13 October
2014.

9. McCarthy,
Rory (27
August 2008).
"From
papyrus to
cyberspace"
. The
Guardian.

10. Ofri, Ilani (13

March 2009).
"Scholar: The
Essenes,
Dead Sea
Scroll
'authors,'
never
existed" .
Ha'aretz.
Archived from
the original
on 6 January
2018.
Retrieved
26 May 2017.
11. Golb, Norman
(5 June
2009). "On the
Jerusalem
Origin of the
Dead Sea
Scrolls"
(PDF).
University of
Chicago
Oriental
Institute.

12. Abegg, Jr.,

Martin, Peter
Flint, and
Eugene Ulrich,
The Dead Sea
Scrolls Bible:
The Oldest
Known Bible
Translated for
the First Time
into English ,
San
Francisco:
Harper, 2002.

13. "Dead Sea

Scrolls" .
virtualreligion.
net.

14. Humphries,
Mark. Early
Christianity .
2006.

15. Evans, Craig.

Guide to the
Dead Sea
Scrolls. 2010.
16. Trever, John
C. The Dead
Sea Scrolls.
Gorgias Press
LLC, 2003.

17. VanderKam,
James; Flint,
Peter (2005).
The Meaning
of the Dead
Sea Scrolls:
Their
Significance
For
Understanding
the Bible,
Judaism,
Jesus, and
Christianity .
A&C Black.
p. 5.
ISBN 978-0-
567-08468-2.
Retrieved
15 March
2013.

18. Trstensky,
Frantisek.
"The
Archaeologic
al Site of
Qumran and
the
Personality of
Roland De
Vaux" (PDF).
Retrieved
22 May 2012.
19. VanderKam,
James C., The
Dead Sea
Scrolls Today,
Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans,
1994. p. 9.

20. S.S.L.
Frantisek
Trstensky.
"The
Archaeologic
al Site of
Qumran and
the
Personality of
Roland De
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22. VanderKam,
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24. Yizhar
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Archived from
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2016. "Some
of these
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are located
ca. 160 yd
from the site,
while others,
such as 1, 2, 3
and 11, are at
a distance of
1 mile to its
north (Fig.
12)"
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helaar (1999).
The Dead Sea
Scrolls
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Caves 1 to 11
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au pays des
aromates, pp.
413, 425, 430)

26. "Hebrew
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February
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Bethan
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28. Wise, Michael;

Abegg Jr.,
Martin; Cook,
Edward
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06-076662-7. |
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The Complete
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14-024501-4.

30. The Great

Isaiah Scroll
at The Digital
Dead Sea
Scrolls . The
Israel
Museum,
Jerusalem.

31. Fitzmyer
2008, pp. 14–
15.

32. 1Q8 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

33. Fitzmyer
2008, pp. 15–
16.

34. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 18.
35. Bruce,
F.F.,"The Dead
Sea Habakkuk
Scroll," The
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36. Fitzmyer
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37. Fitzmyer
2008, pp. 16–
18.

38. Schiffman,
Lawrence H.
(2000).
Encyclopedia
of the Dead
Sea Scrolls.
New York,
N.Y.: Oxford
University
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39. 1Q1 at the

Leon Levy
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Scrolls Digital
Library

40. 1Q2 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
41. 1Q3 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

42. OakTree
Software, Inc.
Accordance
10: Bible
Software.
2008.

43. 1Q4 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

44. 1Q5 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

45. 1Q6 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

46. 1Q7 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

47. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 19.
48. 1Q9 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

49. 1Q10 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

50. 1Q11 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

51. 1Q12 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

52. 1Q13 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

53. 1Q14 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

54. 1Q15 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
55. 1Q16 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

56. 1Q17 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

57. 1Q18 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

58. 1Q19 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

59. 1Q20 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

60. 1Q21 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

61. 1Q22 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
62. 1Q23 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

63. 1Q24 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

64. 1Q25 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

65. 1Q26 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

66. 1Q27 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

67. 1Q28 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

68. 1Q28 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
69. 1Q29 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

70. 1Q30 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

71. 1Q31 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

72. 1Q32 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

73. 1Q34 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

74. 1Q35 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

75. 1Q36 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
76. 1Q37 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

77. 1Q38 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

78. 1Q39 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

79. 1Q40 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

80. "Leon Levy

Collection" .
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library. Israel
Antiquities
Authority.
Retrieved
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81. 1Q71 at the

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Scrolls Digital
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Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

83. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 25.

84. 2Q1 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

85. 2Q2 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

86. 2Q3 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

87. 2Q4 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

88. 2Q5 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

89. 2Q6 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
90. 2Q7 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

91. 2Q8 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

92. 2Q9 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

93. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 26.

94. 2Q13 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

95. 2Q14 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

96. 2Q15 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

97. 2Q16 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
 98. 2Q17 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

99. 2Q18 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

100. 2Q19 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

101. 2Q20 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

102. 2Q21 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

103. Fitzmyer
2008, pp. 26–
27.

104. 2Q22 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

105. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 27.
106. 2Q23 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

107. 2Q24 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

108. 2Q25 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

109. 2Q26 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

110. 3Q1 at Leon

Levy
Collection

111. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 28.

112. 3Q2 at Leon

Levy
Collection

113. 3Q3 at Leon

Levy
Collection

114. 3Q4 at Leon

Levy
Collection
115. 3Q5 at Leon
Levy
Collection

116. 3Q6 at Leon

Levy
Collection

117. 3Q7 at Leon

Levy
Collection

118. 3Q8 at Leon

Levy
Collection

119. 3Q9 at Leon

Levy
Collection

120. Fitzmyer
2008, pp. 28–
29.

121. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 29.

122. 3Q14 at Leon

Levy
Collection

123. 3Q15 at Leon

Levy
Collection
124. Milik (1957).
Dix ans de
découverte
dans le désert
de Juda |
Discoveries in
the Judaean
Desert; Milik
(1976). The
Books of
Enoch:
Aramaic
Fragments
Qumran Cave
4 with the
collaboration
of Black M.

125. 4Q1 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

126. 4Q2 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

127. 4Q3 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

128. 4Q4 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
129. 4Q5 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

130. 4Q6 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

131. 4Q7 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

132. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 30.

133. 4Q8 4QGen

h1 at the Leon
Levy Dead
Sea Scrolls
Digital
Library

134. 4Q8 4QGen

h2 at the Leon
Levy Dead
Sea Scrolls
Digital
Library

135. 4Q8 4QGen h-

para at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
136. 4Q8 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

137. 4Q9 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

138. 4Q10 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

139. 4Q11 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

140. 4Q12 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

141. 4Q13 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

142. 4Q14 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
143. 4Q15 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

144. Martinez and

Tigchelaar,
The Dead Sea
Scrolls Study
Edition (Brill
1997): page
246

145. 4Q14 at the

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Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

146. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 31.

147. 4Q17 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

148. 4Q18 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

149. 4Q19 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
150. 4Q20 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

151. 4Q21 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

152. 4Q22 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

153. 4Q23 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

154. Fitzmyer
2008, pp. 31–
32.

155. 4Q24 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

156. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 32.

157. 4Q25 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
158. 4Q26 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

159. 4Q27 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

160. 4Q28 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

161. 4Q29 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

162. Fitzmyer
2008, pp. 32–
33.

163. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 33.

164. 4Q38 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library .
Accessed 20
May 2013

165. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 34.
166. 4Q47 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

167. Fitzmyer
2008, pp. 34–
35.

168. 4Q48 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

169. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 35.

170. 4Q49 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

171. 4Q50 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

172. 4Q51 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

173. 4Q52 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
174. 4Q53 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

175. 4Q54 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

176. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 36.

177. 4Q55 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

178. 4Q56 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

179. 4Q57 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

180. 4Q58 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

181. 4Q59 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
182. 4Q60 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

183. 4Q61 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

184. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 37.

185. 4Q62 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

186. 4Q63 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

187. 4Q64 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

188. 4Q65 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

189. 4Q66 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
190. 4Q67 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

191. 4Q68 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

192. 4Q69 at the

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Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

193. Martinez and

Tigchelaar,
The Dead Sea
Scrolls Study
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1997): page
270

194. Schiffman,
Lawrence;
VanderKam,
James
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Encyclopedia
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Oxford
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5084504.
195. Flint, Peter
(2013). The
Dead Sea
Scrolls.
Nashville, TN:
Abingdon
Press. p. 68.
ISBN 978068
7494491.

196. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 38.

197. 4Q73 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

198. 4Q74 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

199. Sanderson
1997. DJD 15:
215–218.

200. 4Q75 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

201. 4Q76 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
202. 4Q77 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

203. 4Q78 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

204. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 39.

205. 4Q79 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

206. 4Q80 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

207. 4Q81 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

208. 4Q82 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

209. 4Q83 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
210. 4Q84 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

211. 4Q85 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

212. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 40.

213. 4Q86 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

214. 4Q87 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

215. 4Q88 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

216. 4Q89 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

217. 4Q90 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
218. 4Q91 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

219. 4Q92 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

220. 4Q93 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

221. 4Q94 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

222. 4Q95 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

223. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 41.

224. 4Q96 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

225. 4Q97 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
226. 4Q98 4QPsr
at the Leon
Levy Dead
Sea Scrolls
Digital
Library

227. 4Q99 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

228. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 42.

229. 4Q100 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

230. 4Q101 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

231. 4Q102 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

232. 4Q103 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
233. 4Q104 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

234. 4Q105 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

235. 4Q106 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

236. 4Q107 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

237. 4Q108 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

238. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 43.

239. 4Q109 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

240. 4Q110 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
241. 4Q111 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

242. 4Q112 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

243. 4Q113 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

244. 4Q114 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

245. 4Q115 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

246. 4Q116 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

247. 4Q117 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
248. 4Q118 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

249. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 44.

250. 4Q119 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

251. 4Q120 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

252. 4Q121 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

253. 4Q122 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

254. 4Q123 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

255. 4Q127 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
256. Fitzmyer
2008, pp. 44–
45.

257. 4Q128 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

258. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 45.

259. 4Q129 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

260. 4Q130 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

261. 4Q131 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

262. 4Q132 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

263. 4Q133 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
264. 4Q134 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

265. 4Q135 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

266. 4Q136 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

267. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 46.

268. 4Q138 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

269. 4Q139 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

270. 4Q140 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

271. 4Q141 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
272. 4Q142 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

273. 4Q143 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

274. 4Q144 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

275. 4Q145 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

276. 4Q146 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

277. 4Q147 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

278. 4Q148 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
279. Fitzmyer
2008, pp. 46–
47.

280. 4Q149 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

281. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 47.

282. 4Q150 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

283. 4Q151 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

284. 4Q152 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

285. 4Q153 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

286. 4Q154 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
287. 4Q155 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

288. Wise, Michael

O.; Abegg,
Martin G.;
Cook, Edward
M. (2005).
The Dead Sea
Scrolls: A New
Translation .
New York:
HarperCollins
Publishers.
p. 577 .
ISBN 978006
0766627.

289. 4Q156 at the

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Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

290. Fitzmyer
2008, pp. 47–
48.

291. 4Q157 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
292. Martinez and
Tigchelaar,
The Dead Sea
Scrolls Study
Edition (Brill
1997): page
305ff

293. 4Q158 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

294. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 48.

295. 4Q159 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

296. 4Q160 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

297. 4Q161 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

298. 4Q162 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

299. "The Qumran

Library:
Scrolls" .
300. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 49.

301. 4Q166 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

302. 4Q167 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

303. 4Q168 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

304. 4Q169 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

305. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 50.

306. 4Q174 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

307. 4Q175 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
308. 4Q179 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

309. 4Q186 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

310. 4Q196 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

311. 4Q197 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

312. 4Q198 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

313. 4Q199 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

314. 4Q200 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
315. 4Q201 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

316. Fitzmyer
2008, pp. 54–
55.

317. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 55.

318. 4Q215 at the

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Library

319. Gault, Brian P.

(2010)
"Fragments of
Canticles at
Qumran" .
Revue de
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p.352

320. 4Q246 at the

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Scrolls Digital
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321. Fitzmyer
2008, p. 62.

322. 4Q252 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library
323. 4Q253 at the
Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

324. 4Q254 at the

Leon Levy
Dead Sea
Scrolls Digital
Library

325. 4Q254a-820
at the Leon
Levy Dead
Sea Scrolls
Digital
Library

326. 4Q258 at the

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385-48121-7,
(Schiffman has
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Shanks,
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Stegemann,
Hartmut. "The
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Union in Late
Second Temple
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Congress:
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Congress on the
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Thiede, Carsten
Peter, The Dead
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Thiering,
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VanderKam,
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Grand Rapids:
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Vermes, Geza,
The Complete
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English,
London:
Penguin, 1998.
ISBN 0-14-
024501-4 (good
translation, but
complete only
in the sense
that he includes
translations of
complete texts,
but neglects
fragmentary
scrolls and
more especially
does not
include biblical
texts.) (7th ed.
2011 ISBN 978-
0-14-119731-9)

Wise, Michael
O., Martin
Abegg, Jr., and
Edward Cook,
The Dead Sea
Scrolls: A New
Translation,
(1996), Harper
San Francisco
paperback
1999, ISBN 0-
06-069201-4,
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Yadin, Yigael.
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Hidden Law of
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Other sources
Dead Sea
Scrolls Study
Vol 1: 1Q1 –
4Q273, Vol. 2:
4Q274 –
11Q31,
(compact disc),
Logos
Research
Systems, Inc.,
(contains the
non-biblical
portion of the
 scrolls with
Hebrew and
Aramaic
transcriptions
in parallel with
English
translations)

Comprehensive
Cross
Reference
interactive
module for
Dead Sea
Scrolls,
Josephus,
Philo, Nag
Hammadi
Library,
Pseudepigraph
a, Old
Testament
Apocrypha,
New Testament
Apocrypha,
Plato,
Pythagoras,
Dhammapada,
Egyptian Book
of the Dead,
Tacitus,
Talmud, New
and Old
Testaments,
Apostolic and
Early Church
Fathers

Further
reading

Harrison, R.K.,
The Dead Sea
Scrolls: an
 Introduction,
in series, The
Cloister
Library, New
York: Harper
Torchbooks,
1961.

External
links

Wikimedia
Commons
has media
related to
Dead Sea
Scrolls.

Wikisource
has original
text related to
this article:
Dead Sea Scrolls

Bible Places:
Qumran
Caves

Chabad.org:
What are the
Dead Sea
Scrolls?

The Leon
Levy Dead
Sea Scrolls
Digital
Library

Israel
Museum,
Jerusalem:
Shrine of the
Book – Dead
Sea Scrolls

My Jewish
Learning:
Dead Sea
Scrolls