SESSION 3

Plasma Membrane

has greater carbohydrate content

•due to glycolipids and glycoproteins

has greater cholesterol content

•which contributes to mechanical stability and fluidity of the
membrane

Passive Active
process process
cellular energy
move down from is used to
its drive substance
concentration uphill against
using its own its
kinetic energy comcentration

Types:
a. Diffusion Types:
b. Osmosis a. Ion pumps
c. Facilitated b. Endocytosis
Diffusion
c. Exocytosis
d. Filtration

Diffusion

solute transport is from left to right

•movement of solutes is due to concentration gradient

rate of diffusion across a plasma membrane is affected by:

•steepness of the concentration gradient
•temperature
•mass of diffusing substance
•surface area
•distance in which diffusion must occur
Types of Passive Process

Simple Facilitated
Osmosis Filtration
Diffusion Diffusion

Nonpolar, Molecules move Water move from Molecules are

hydrophobic across a area of lower to forced through
molecules (e.g. membrane with higher solute membranes by
O2, CO2, N, aid of carrier concentration mechanical
steroids, and protein through a pressure
Vitamins A, D, semipermeable
E, K membrane
Small, polar,
uncharged
molecules (H2O,
urea, and small
alcohol)
diffuse through
lipid bilayer

Types of Active Process

Ion Pumps Endocytosis Exocytosis

Molecule attaches Materials move Materials move out

to carrier protein into cell by their of the cell
in a membrane inclusion into
vescicles Cellular secretion
It then moves
through prtein Phagocytosis =
from low to high cell eating
concentration
Pinocytosis = cell
drinking

Cell Membrane

Cytosol Organelles

- located at
cytoplasm Membranous Nonmembranous
- clear fluid
portion
 Organelles
cellular structures
embedded in cytoplasm

Membranous Nonmembranous

Endoplasmic
Nucleus Cytoskeleton Cilia
Reticulum

Golgi
Lysosomes Flagella Ribosomes
Apparatus

Mitochondria Centrioles

Membranous Organelles

Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum

- "control center (DNA)"
(a) Nuclear Envelope -->
nuclear pores
Nucleolus --> manufactures
ribosomes
- network of channels running
through cytoplasm
- Rough ER (protein synthesis),
smooth ER (lipid and steroid
synthesis)

Golgi Apparatus
- near the nucleus
Lysosomes
- associated with ER - contains digestive enzymes
(for degradation)
- Packages and secretes
proteins, carbohydrates, and - produced by Golgi Apparatus
lipids

Mitochondria
- energy (ATP) synthesis
- double walled (cristae &
matrix)
- mtDNA (inherited from
mother)
- all cells possess this
except erythrocyre
 Nucleus

•RNA attaches Codon

•DNA is used as Transcription •rule that
template for to ribosome relates DNA
protein •info in RNA triplet
synthesis •info is translated •complementa
ry sequence sequence to
•DNA & RNA store encoded into sequence corresponding
of amino of 3
genetic info from DNA to nucleotides codons of RNA
(base triplets) produce RNA acids to form and amino acids
Gene new protein •specifies
they specify
Expression amino acid
Translation Genetic Code

Krebs or Citric Acid Cycle

- occurs in the mitochondria

- produces virtually all carbon dioxide that results during cell

respiration

Electron Transport Chain

- action is for ATP production

- they are integral part of the inner membrane (shelf membrane) of the
mitochondrion

H atoms
are e- gives
H atoms e- fall
delivered off
removed down an
by Forms energy in
during energy
coenzymes part of H atoms small
1st 2 hill
to mitochond are split amounts
metaboic (carrier
protein rial to H+ and to attach
phase are to
carriers cristae e- phosphate
loaded carrier
of membranes to ADP
with of low
electron and make
energy energy)
transport ATP
chain
Nonmembranous Organelles

Cytoskeleton
- protein framework
- microfilaments = involved in muscle
contraction and intracellular movements
(actin & myosin )
- microtubules = support cell and gives shape
- intermediate filaments = stable; resists
mechanical forces
Cilia
- formed from Flagella
microtubules - e.g. sperm cell
- moves substances along - moves entire cell
surface/ moves entire
cell

Centrioles
- located near nucleus Ribosomes
- functions in cell - attached to rough ER
reproduction - site of protein
- 9 bundles of synthesis
microtubules

Membrane Junctions
allows chemicals' impermeable, very strong,
Junctions
Gap
Junctions

Tight

Desmosomes

passage through block water and resist stretching

cells solutes and twisting
Cell Division

resting
division
M G0 phase

growth
period

growth and
replication
G2 G1 preparation

needs
folate
S DNA repair
DNA
synthesis

Cells and Aging

changes in
decreased membranes &
capacity to enzymes
divide and occur when
reproduce DNA is
damaged
ability of
cells to
repair
themselves
decline
cells
function
less
efficiently
as we age

Apoptosis Necrosis
- natural/ programmed - cell murder/
cell death uncontrolled death