CONGREGACIÓN SIERVAS DEL SANTÍSIMO Y DE LA CARIDAD

ANEXO
NIT.890.980.084-1

SCHOOL: COLEGIO MARIA REINA SUBJECT: English GRADE: 8°

TOPIC(S): 1.1 My World ANEXO No. 1

Personal pronouns
We have both subject pronouns and object pronouns:

Subject Object
Pronouns Pronouns
I me

you you

he him

she her

it it

we us

you you

they them

We use subject pronouns as the subject of a verb:

I like your dress.

You are late.
He is my friend.
It is raining.
She is on holiday.
We live in England.
They come from London.

Be careful!

English clauses always have a subject.

His father has just retired. > He was a teacher. (NOT Was a teacher.)
I'm waiting for my wife. > She is late. (NOT Is late.)

The imperative, which is used for orders, invitations and requests, is an exception:

Stop!
Go away.
Please come to dinner tomorrow.
Play it again, please.

If there is no other subject, we use it or there. We call this a dummy subject.

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We use object pronouns as the object of a verb:

Can you help me, please?

I can see you.
She doesn't like him.
I saw her in town today.
We saw them in town yesterday, but they didn't see us.

and after prepositions:

She is waiting for me.

I'll get it for you.
Give it to him.
Why are you looking at her?
Don't take it from us.
I'll speak to them.

he, she and they

We use he/him to refer to men, and she/her to refer to women. When we are not sure if we are talking about a
man or a woman, we use they/them:

This is Jack. He's my brother. I don't think you have met him.
This is Angela. She's my sister. Have you met her before?
You could go to a doctor. They might help you.
Talk to a friend. Ask them to help you.

you and they

We use you to talk about people in general, including the speaker and the hearer:

You can buy this book everywhere. = This book is on sale everywhere.
You can't park here. = Parking is not allowed here.

We use they/them to talk about institutions and organisations:

They serve good food here. (they = the restaurant)

Ask them for a cheaper ticket. (them = the airline)

especially the government and the authorities:

They don't let you smoke in here.

They are going to increase taxes.
They are building a new motorway.
They say it’s going to rain tomorrow.

it

We use it to talk about ourselves:

 on the telephone:

Hello. It's George.

 when other people cannot see us:

It's me. It's Mary. (Mary is knocking on the door.)

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We also use it to talk about other people:

 when we point people out for the first time:

Look. It's Paul McCartney.

Who's that? I think it's John's brother.

 when we cannot see someone and we ask them for their name:

Hello. Who is it? (someone answering the phone)

Who is it? (someone about to answer the door)

Verb 'to be’ or Verb 'Be'

Use: Use be with:

Names Hello, I’m John.

How old are you?

Your age
I’m 17.

London is in England.
Places The Pyramids are in Egypt.
The bank is one kilometre from here.

This hotel is nice.

Adjectives
I’m hungry.

I’m a student.
My parents are doctors.
Jobs and family
This is my sister.
Ann and Tom are my children.

Jess is a dog.
Other Nouns
‘Hamlet’ is a play.

That’s a nice dress.

Adjective + noun
She’s a good actor.

Form:

Positive sentences

I am / ‘m cold / hungry.
a student / a teacher.
You / We / They are / ’re
at home / in the kitchen.
He / She / It is / ‘s
nice / interesting.
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Negative Sentences

I am not / ‘m not cold / hungry.

a student / a teacher.
You / We / They are not / aren’t / ’re not
at home / in the kitchen.
He / She / It is not / isn’t / ‘s not
nice / interesting.

Questions

Am I
cold / hungry?
Are you / we / they a student / a teacher?
at home / in the kitchen?
Is he / she / it

Short answers

I am. I’m not.

you are. you aren’t. / you’re not.
Yes, he / she / it is. No, he isn’t. / he’s not.
we are. we aren’t. / we’re not.
they are. they aren’t. / they’re not.

Contractions

The verb be has a full form and a contracted form.

I am = I’m
He is = He’s

We normally use the contracted form (‘m / ‘s / ‘re) in speaking and informal writing.
We write the words in full in formal writing.

You can only use one contraction at a time:

eg: He isn’t
He’s not
but NOT He’sn’t

You can contract ‘be’ after pronouns (I, you, she etc) and names.

You can contract ‘is’ after question words.

What is your name? => What’s your name?
But do not contract ‘are’ after question words.
Where are you from? => Where’re you from?

Do not contract short answers:

Yes, I am NOT Yes, I’m

Common mistakes:
1. In English, every sentence must have a verb. Some students write sentences with no verb.
I very hungry. => I’m very hungry
My brother in his bedroom. => My brother is in his bedroom.

2. Some students write questions incorrectly.

She is your sister? => Is she your sister?
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Possessives adjectives

Subject Object Possessive

pronouns prouns adjective
I me my

you you your

he him his

she her her

it it its

we us our

they them their

We use possessive adjectives:

 to show something belongs to somebody:

That's our house.

My car is very old.

 for relations and friends:

My mother is a doctor.
How old is your sister?

 for parts of the body:

He's broken his arm.

She's washing her hair.
I need to clean my teeth.

Be careful!

The possessive adjective its does not have an apostrophe ('):

That bird has broken its wing.

NOT: That bird has broken it’s wing.

(it's always means it is or it has.)

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Plural Nouns

In general the plural of a noun is formed by adding -S to the noun.

Singular Plural

car cars

house houses

book books

bird birds

pencil pencils

However:

1. When the noun ends in S, SH, CH, X or Z*, we add -ES to the noun.

Singular Plural

kiss kisses

wish wishes

match matches

fox foxes

quiz quizzes*

 I have a box in my bedroom.

 I have three boxes in my bedroom.

* With words that end in Z sometimes we add an extra Z to the plural form of the word (such as with the plural of
quiz).

2. When the noun ends in a VOWEL + Y, we add -S to the noun.

Singular Plural

boy boys

holiday holidays

key keys

guy guys
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3. When the noun ends in a CONSONANT + Y, we remove Y and add -IES to the noun.

Singular Plural

party parties

lady ladies

story stories

nanny nannies

city cities

4. If the noun ends in F or FE, we remove the F/FE and add -VES to the noun.

Singular Plural

life lives

leaf leaves

thief thieves

wife wives

Some exceptions: roof - roofs, cliff - cliffs, chief - chiefs, belief - beliefs, chef - chefs

5. If the noun ends in a CONSONANT + O, we normally add -ES to the noun.

Singular Plural

tomato tomatoes

potato potatoes

echo echoes

hero heroes

Some exceptions: piano - pianos, halo - halos, photo - photos

NOTE: Volcano has two correct forms of plural. Both volcanos and volcanoes are accepted.

6. There are a number of nouns that don't follow these rules. They are irregular and you need to learn them
individually because they don't normally have an S on the end.

Singular Plural

man men

woman women

child children

foot feet
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tooth teeth

goose geese

mouse mice

 There is a child in the park.

 There are many children in the park.

7. There are some nouns in English that are the same in the singular and the plural.

Singular Plural

fish fish

sheep sheep

deer deer

moose moose

aircraft aircraft

 I can see a sheep in the field.

 I can see ten sheep in the field.

Sometimes you will hear the word fishes (especially in songs) though it is grammatically incorrect.

Demonstratives Pronouns
this and these
We use this (singular) and these (plural) as pronouns:

 to talk about people or things near us:

This is a nice cup of tea.

Whose shoes are these?

 to introduce people:

This is Janet.
These are my friends John and Michael.

Be careful!
We say, This is John and this is Michael. (NOT These are John and Michael.)

 to begin a conversation on the phone:

Hello, this is David. Can I speak to Sally?

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that and those

We use that (singular) and those (plural) as pronouns to talk about things that are not near us:

What's that?
Those are very expensive shoes.
This is our house, and that's Rebecca's house over there.

We also use that to reply to something someone has said:

'Shall we go to the cinema?' 'Yes, that’s a good idea.'
'I've got a new job.' 'That's great.'
'I'm very tired.' 'Why is that?'

With nouns
We can also use this, these, that and those with nouns. We use this and these for people or things near us:

We have lived in this house for twenty years.

Have you read all of these books?

and that and those for people or things that are not near us:

Who lives in that house?

Who are those people?

The imperative
Commands and orders
The imperative is used to give commands and orders. The form of the verb used for the imperative is the base
form of the main verb, which is used without a subject.

 Walk to the corner, turn right, and cross the road.

 Open your mouth and say ‘Aaaah’.

 Although the main feature of sentences in the imperative is that they have no grammatical subject, they
do have an understood subject, ‘you’.

The basic form of the imperative remains the same whether it is addressed to one or more people.

 Come on, Mary; I’m waiting.

 Come on, girls; you’re late.

There is also a special type of imperative, using let’s, that is used when you need to include the speaker.

The word order of a sentence in the imperative is: verb + object (if needed).The negative imperative is made
with do + not or don’t.

 Don’t lose that key.

 Do not come back without it!

The uses of the imperative are as follows:

 to give an order.

 Go away.

 Stop that.

 Keep quiet.

 to give instructions.

 Don’t use this spray near a naked flame.

 Apply the glue thinly and leave it for ten minutes.

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 to give advice or warnings.

 Don’t forget to take your passport with you.

 Be careful!

 Don’t go on the ice.

 to make an offer or an invitation.

 Have a piece of cake.

 Come round and see me some time.

The imperative of do + a main verb can be used:

 for polite emphasis.

 Do take your coat off.

 to be persuasive.

 Do try to eat a little of this; it will be good for you.

 to show irritation.

 Do stop talking! I’m trying to work.

 Note that the imperative is not the only way to form a command or an order. You can also issue a
command when you use a sentence in the declarative or the interrogative.

 I’m certainly not going to get it – you get it.

 Would you get it, then? I’m busy.

The days of the week in English:

Monday

It comes from the Latin dies lunae which means "Moon's Day."

Tuesday

It means "Tiw's Day", name based on Týr, a god from the Norse mythology.

Wednesday

Name is taken from the Old English Wōdnesdæg, which means the day of Odin.

Thursday

This day's name comes from the name of the Norse god Thor, meaning "Thor's day."

Friday

Meaning "day of Frigg", comes from the name of the old Norse goddess Frigg.

Saturday

Named after the planet Saturn, this day's name means "day of Saturn."

Sunday

The "day of the Sun", named after our well-known star, the Sun

As you can see, there are 7 days of the week, but they can be divided into two
categories: weekdays and weekend. There are 5 weekdays: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and
Friday; while Saturday and Sunday are part of the weekend.
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There are also abbreviations, here they are!

Mon.

Tue.

Wed.

Thu.

Fri.

Sat.

Sun.

Plural forms of the days of the week

The plurals of the days' name are formed by adding an "s" at the end of the word, like this:

Mondays

Tuesdays

Wednesdays

Thursdays

Fridays

Saturdays

Sundays
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Cardinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers

1 One 1st First
2 Two 2nd Second
3 Three 3rd Third
4 Four 4th Fourth
5 Five 5th Fifth
6 Six 6th Sixth
7 Seven 7th Seventh
8 Eight 8th Eighth
9 Nine 9th Ninth
10 Ten 10th Tenth
11 Eleven 11th Eleventh
12 Twelve 12th Twelfth
13 Thirteen 13th Thirteenth
14 Fourteen 14th Fourteenth
15 Fifteen 15th Fifteenth
16 Sixteen 16th Sixteenth
17 Seventeen 17th Seventeenth
18 Eighteen 18th Eighteenth
19 Nineteen 19th Nineteenth
20 Twenty 20th Twentieth
21 Twenty one 21st Twenty-first
22 Twenty two 22nd Twenty-second
23 Twenty three 23rd Twenty-third
24 Twenty four 24th Twenty-fourth
25 Twenty five 25th Twenty-fifth
… … … …
30 Thirty 30th Thirtieth
31 Thirty one 31st Thirty-first
32 Thirty two 32nd Thirty-second
33 Thirty three 33rd Thirty-third
34 Thirty four 34th Thirty-fourth
… … … …
40 Forty 40th Fortieth
50 Fifty 50th Fiftieth
60 Sixty 60th Sixtieth
70 Seventy 70th Seventieth
80 Eighty 80th Eightieth
90 Ninety 90th Ninetieth
100 One hundred 100th Hundredth
… … … …
1000 One thousand 1000th Thousandth
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