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Contents

Background ....................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Research Questions ........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 2

Policy Making ...................................................................................................................... 2

Challenges to policy making ................................................................................................ 3

Role of Actors/Players ......................................................................................................... 4

Data Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 4

Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 5

References ....................................................................................................................................... 6
 1

Background

Policy making is the most important stage for any developing country. It is a very critical phase

which explicitly designs and gives shape to the nation. Policies are made based on the decisions to

guide the country with certain goals. For this, there needs to be identification of policy alternatives

and several tools are necessary to address the problem. Once the genuine problem is identified, it

is easy to find the final solution. The utter challenge of policy formation lies with division of

communities and the policy networks (Joan Corkery, Anthony Land, and Jean Bossuyt, 1995). The

economic development of the developing country entirely depends on the quality of policy making

and enforcement of those policies. The basic aspect of policy formulation is to find out the

problems and objectives for the nation and then design the solutions and priorities for the growth

and development of the country. Policy making is always analyzed based on the efficiency to

allocate the resources wisely and the approach of dynamics to handle the situations effectively

(Prof. Dr. Do Phu Hai, 2016). Dynamics refers to a long term perspective to manage a sustainable

development and progress. The policy makers must always be ready for the worst case scenarios

including disasters as they must handle every situation and must always be prepared for emergency

situations. The policy making process requires a lot of players from different areas to work and

design as per the needs of the public. Oliver S. Saasa says that the technique being employed for

policy making is challenges and needs to be chosen as per the conviction of the problem. The

conventional policy making has been nothing but understanding the genuine problems of the

people and solving them with better ideas. The somewhat same idea is being used in the modern

day policy making process.

 Research Questions

Why policy making is important for a developing country?

What are the major challenges for policy making in developing countries?

Who all are involved in the policy and its making?

How resources will be allocated for policy implementation?

Which players or actors play a crucial role in policy formation?

Methodology

The methodology of this research paper is qualitative where we find the issues by considering

several peer reviewed papers and try to propose the solutions from the research papers itself. The

target audience of this research paper is the population of each developing country which is under

crisis and requires a strong policy making.

Literature Review

 Policy Making

The policy making process make use of the basic policy design concept which is a systematic step

to develop an efficient policy using the available and acquired knowledge from experience and

rich data conclusions. Policy making is a four step process which requires an agenda building as

the first step (Cliffnotes). It is nothing but setting up the future goals and aspirations for the entire

nation describing the individual sectors and specific events. The second step to the policy
formulation is the formulation and adaptation which is regarding the developing of the plans to

tackle the problems. Adopting several polices from experiences countries or a private institution

is a well feasible solution as it allows deploying a policy which has been already tested (Cliffnotes).

The third step is the implementation where the policies are implemented to affect for the good of

the people and the country. The final step in the policy design process is the evaluation and

termination. The post implementation analysis of policy is very important as it checks for the

growth as well as pitfalls on the either side of the problem domain (Prof. Dr. Do Phu Hai (2016).

This allows enhancing the policies for the betterment of the society.

 Challenges to policy making

The first and foremost challenge to the policy making process is regarding what is a public policy?

This is a diversified challenge as it involves various dimensions and factors which state the

definition and the use of the policy. Political realities are a major challenge because the political

situations of the nations are a major challenge to deploy the policies which directly impacts the

economic structure of the nation (Thomas Otieno Juma, 2015). In policy making process who is

involved is a major concern. The main actors/players in policy making process are major

stakeholders: government, public servants, political parties, legal system and mainly the citizens

(Public). Other challenges are based on what policies are formed and how they are formulated.

The policies should contribute to the economy and the wellbeing of the society and hence proper

policy formation is a huge task which requires keeping the wellbeing of all groups of the society

which can be divided on the basis of caste, creed, cultural background, religion, financial situation,

age as well as income. The policy formation team has a certain level of challenges as they must

have capable knowledge and expertise in the area of their work. There are systematic, structural

and institutional challenges which a developing nation faces on a large account (Joan Corkery,
Anthony Land, and Jean Bossuyt, 1995). Global and international relationships are a challenge to

a developing nation. The role of internal and external stakeholders plays a crucial role in the

development, implementation and enactment of the policies (Thomas Otieno Juma, 2015). The last

and the important challenge the policy maker face is during the evaluation of the policies which is

to check if the policies are in place and evaluates the performance of the policies.

 Role of Actors/Players

In the policy formations process all the actors and the institution exist in a mutual relationship.

The actors include public servants, government officials, business actors, labors, political parties,

media, interest groups of various sections, defense officials, scientists, research organizations and

planners. The planning committee of the policies has a collective participation of all the sections

and groups of the society. All these actors basically help in information or data gathering and later

helps to develop the ideas and theories of the people of different groups. An efficient involvement

of all the actors helps in the proper policy making for a developing. All these actors are necessary

because a developing nation needs to unite all the sections of the society and must improve the

economy at priority.

Data Analysis

From the peer reviewed papers, it is evident that there are a lot of challenges for the policy making

like the involvement of the political parties in various issues from the varying localities. As a

matter of fact, the policy making also face challenges from Structural and Institutional subjects.

Policy making is an amalgamation of various processes, though these processes are not clearly

differentiated, the political scientist has identified some processes for analysis like finding the

policy problems, designing, implementing and developing the policy proposals. A different variety
of educated and low educated people are involved in the policy making team which is a matter of

fact as well as constrain as it is difficult to explain things to all on a common platform. Research

papers shows that policy making process involves each section of the society. This is made to

ensure that the policies are beneficial to all and in a way helpful for the nation for its growth and

economy. The policy making process will specify the resources to be allocated and this will allow

equal distribution of resources, opportunities and development to all the people of the developing

nation.

Conclusion

From the paper it is very evident that the policy making is a very important process for any

developing country as it is much needed to guide the nation in a right track and to improve the

economy. There are a lot of challenges to the policy making process. We have also discussed that

there are several players or actors which are involved as well as affected by the policy making

process (Prof. Dr. Do Phu Hai, 2016). It is important that all the actors become a part of the policy

making process to help establish equality to all. There are several challenges to the Policy making

process and their remedies are discussed in the Data Analysis section of the paper.

Discussion

In a broader picture we can understand that the policy making for a developing country is not a

simple task but requires several steps to be fulfilled during its formulation process. There are a lot

of people involved in the policy making process and many people in the nation are affected by the

policies. The paper can be discussed further for the individual roles of all the actors. From the
agenda finalizing to the evaluation phase the player or actors play a big role which can be research

further in depth.

References

Thomas Otieno Juma (2015), The challenges of Public Policy Formation and Evaluation Through

the Questions What, Who, How and When? International Journal of Economics, Commerce and

Management Vol. 3

Prof. Dr. Do Phu Hai (2016), Process of Public Policy Formation in Developing Countries,

Graduate Academy of Social Sciences

Joan Corkery, Anthony Land, and Jean Bossuyt (1995) “the Process of policy formulation:

Institutional Path or Institutional Maze?”, European Centre for Development Policy Management

Frank Louis kwaku Ohemeng (2014), Civil society and policy making in Developing Countries:

Assessing the Impact of Think Tanks on Policy Outcomes in Ghana, Journal of Asian and African

Studies

Theodoulu, Stella Z. and Chris Kofins (2003), The Art of Game: Understanding Public Policy,

Wadsworth Publishing

SAASA, OLIVER S (1985), Public policy-making in developing countries: the utility of

contemporary decision-making models, Public Administration & Development

Cliffnotes, Policy Making Process, Retrieved From: https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-

guides/american-government/public-policy/the-policymaking-process