VD" for water at 60°F (V in ft/sec × D in inches)

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 600 1000 2000 4000 6000 10000
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VD" for atmospheric air at 60°F
2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 600 1000 2000 4000 6000 10000 20000 40000 60000 100000
−1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
10
Laminar → Critical ← Transition zone →← Complete turbulence, rough pipes, R > 3500/r ; 1/√f = 1.14 − 2 log r
9 flow zone
0.07
8
0.06

0.05
7
0.045
0.04
6 0.035
0.03
5.5
0.025
5
Darcy−Weisbach friction factor f = 2hDg/(LV 2)

0.02
0.0175
4.5
0.015
0.0125
4

Relative roughness r = ε/D

0.01

3.5 0.008

0.006
3
0.004
f = 64/R
0.003
2.5
0.002
0.0015

2 Material εε (ft)
0.001
bbbbbbbbbbbbbb bbbbbbbbbbb
Rivited steel 0.003−0.03 0.0008
1.8
Concrete 0.001−0.01 0.0006
Wood stave 0.0006−0.003
1.6 Cast iron 0.00085 Smooth pipes, r = 0 0.0004
Galvanized iron 0.0005 1/√f = 2 log(R √f ) − 0.8
1.4 Asphalted cast iron 0.0004
Commercial steel 0.0002
or wrought iron 0.00015 Colebrook equation, R ≥ 2300
Drawn tubing 0.000005 1/√f = −2 log(r /3.7 + 2.51/(R √f ))
1.2 0.0001
2
Fluid at 60°F ν (ft /sec) r = 5e−006
bbbbbbbbbbbbbb bbbbbbbbbbb A = πD2/4; V = Q/A = 4Q/(πD2) 5e−005
−2
10 Water 1.217e−005 h = f LV 2/(2Dg) = 8f LQ2/(π2D5g)
Air (14.70 psia) 1.580e−004
9 2e−005
r = 1e−006
1e−005
8
6 7 8 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8
10 10 10 10 10 10
Moody Diagram Reynolds number R = VD/ν (V in ft/sec, D in ft, ν in ft /sec) 2