Subjects preliminary nuclear physics

MINI RESEARCH

'APPLICATION MAKING WITH RADIOACTIVE gold nanoparticles NEUTRON

ACTIVATION''

DosenPengampu: Drs.Jonny Haratua Panggabeaan, M.si.

ARRANGED

BY:

RIA DHEANA

sintia

PHYSICS DIK B 2016

Prodi PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE

FIELD STATE UNIVERSITY

MEDAN, 2019

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 PART I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background

Lately, the use of nanotechnology in the health sector recorded strong growth [1-4]. Among
them is a new breakthrough in the field of therapy by utilizing nanoparticles. A team of
researchers from Rice University successfully tested cancer treatment using nanoparticles is
120 nm. Nanoparticles of gold wrapped in a peptide or antibody is inserted into the body and
carried by the bloodstream to the gold particles attached to cancer cells. Gold particles are
heated using infrared light from outside the body to kill cancer cells in nearby have maximum
energy 961 keV. This radiation has a high enough energy to kill cancer cells. In addition,
198Au also emits gamma radiation at 412 keV energy. This gamma radiation can be used for
imaging the distribution of gold nanoparticles in the body using a gamma camera [5]. In use,
these nanoparticles need to be guided by the antibodies or peptides to bring on cancer cells
quickly to reduce the impact on healthy cells.

From the description above, the gold nanoparticles holds the potential to be developed in
cancer therapy. Therefore, it is necessary to study the manufacture of radioactive gold
nanoparticles using radioisotope production facility that is in homeland ie nuclear reactor
versatile GA Siwabessy National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN). The purpose of this
study is to obtain the characteristics of the radioactive gold nanoparticles that can be made by
neutron activation of neutron irradiation facility in the country. This study is expected to be
obtained from the estimated value of radioactivity 198Au and radioisotope radioisotopes
formed from impurities that also activated.

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 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

shedding radioactive (Also called nuclear decay or radioactivity) is a process where a nuclei Unstable loss
of energy (in the form of a mass in silence) by radiating radiation, as alpha particle, beta particle with
neutrino, gamma raysor electron in the case of internal conversion, Material that contains unstable
nucleus is considered to be radioactive.

Decay occurs in a parent nucleus and produces a daughter nucleus. Radioactive decay is a process of
"random" (stochastic) where, according toquantum theory, It is impossible to predict when a an atom will
decay[1][2][3], No matter how long it has existed atom. However, for a set of atoms, which is expected to
speed decay can be characterized throughdecay constant or half-time, This became the basis
forradiometric measurements, The half-life of radioactive atoms have no boundaries, stretches across 55
orders of magnitude, from almost spontaneously to far exceedthe age of the universe,

International units (SI) For the measurement of radioactive decay is becquerel(Bq). If a radioactive
material decay events produce 1 piece every 1 second, then the material is said to have activity 1 Bq.
Because usually a sample of radioactive material contains many atoms, one becquerel would appear to be
a low level of activity; unit used is in the order of gigabecquerel.

neutron and proton who compiled nuclei, Looks just like other particles, governed by several interactions.
Strong nuclear force, Which was not observed in scale macroscopic, Is the strongest force on the
subatomic scale. Coulomb's law or electrostatic force also has a significant role in this size. The weak
nuclear force little effect on this interaction. Gravity no effect on the nuclear process.

The interaction of these forces on the nuclei occurs with high complexity. There are properties owned by
the arrangement of particles in atomic nuclei, if they are slightly shifted from their position, they can fall
into the arrangementenergylower. Maybe it could be a little illustrated with towersand we make at the
beach: when friction that occurs between the sand can sustain the height of the tower, a disorder that
comes from outside can release the force of gravity and make the tower collapsed.

The collapse of the tower (decay) needsactivation energycertain. In the case of sand towers, this energy
comes from outside the system, can be in the form of being kicked or shifted hands. In the case of atomic
nuclei decay, the activation energy is readily available from within. Particlequantum mechanicsnever at
rest, they continue to move randomly. Regular movement on the core particles can be made instantly

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unstable. The changes will affect the composition of atomic nuclei; so that it is included innuclear
reaction, Contrary to chemical reaction which only involve changes in the composition electron outside
the nucleus.

(Some nuclear reactioninvolves an energy source that comes from outside, in the form of "collision" with
the external particles for example. However, such reactions are not considered as decay. Such reactions
will usually be included in thenuclear fission/nuclear fusion,

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 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS

Pure gold that exists today has more than 99.9995% purity. The main impurities in it are silver,
copper and lead with a content of less than 1.0 ppm. In this study carried out calculations with gold
specs like these [7].

We have been developed gold nanoparticles with a diameter of 120 nm and proven effective for cancer
therapy using infrared [4]. Therefore, the calculations carried out on gold nanoparticles with diameters
of 100, 200, 300 and 400 nm. In this calculation used a specific gravity of gold at 19.3 g / cm3 [8].
Assumed to be spherical gold nanoparticles to determine the number of gold atoms per nanoparticle.

Isotopes 197Au is the only one stable isotope of gold, if it captures a neutron, it will turn into a
radioisotope 198Au which has a half-life of 2.69 days. Neutron capture reaction cross section by 197Au
be 198Au is 98.65 barn [6].

198Au radioactivity calculations performed using the equation 3. The value of the neutron flux in the
central irradiation position (CIP) nuclear reactor GA Siwabessy of 1.26 x 1014 ns-1cm- 2. The
calculation was performed for irradiated for 12 days in accordance with the operating cycle of the
reactor GA Siwabessy [9 ].

In the calculation of the decay of radioactivity 198Au use equation 4. Decrease in radioactivity
calculated up to 10 days. 10 days is more than 3 times the half-life of 2.69 days 198Au that. Exposure
dose rate radiation emitted by the radioisotope is proportional to the radioactivity. After 3 times the half-
life, dose rate radiation exposure given live-eighth than the rate of the initial dose. After three half-lives,
the number of doses given have reached 87.5% of the total number of doses that can be given from
existing radioisotopes

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 CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

It has been reported that gold nanoparticles proved to be used for cancer therapy by utilizing the
thermal effect. Murder cancer cells can also be done by utilizing a radioisotope radiation. To that end,
it has carried out the study with the radioactive gold nanoparticles manufacture of neutron activation in
central irradiation position (CIP) Siwabessy GA nuclear reactor with neutron flux of 1.26 x 1014
neutron s-1cm-2. From these studies it is known that from the neutron irradiation of natural gold
produced one type of radioisotope that is 198Au. The calculations show that the radioactivity 198Au
resulting from irradiation for 12 days amounted to 0.366 Bq, 2,93 Bq, 9.90 Bq and 23.4 Bq for gold
particle size of 100, 200, 300 and 400 nm. By irradiation for 12 days, the saturation level of
radioactivity 198Au 96.5%. After decay for 10 days, 198Au radioactivity inside the particles with a
diameter of 100,200, 300, 400 nm of 0.027 Bq, 0.223 Bq, 0.753 Bq and 1.78 Bq. Impurities
radioisotopes that can be generated in the gold particles is 108Ag, 110mAg, 64Cu, 66Cu, 205Pb and
209Pb with a total radioactivity of 4.31 x 10-5% of the radioactivity 198Au at the end of irradiation.

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 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

From the study of the manufacture of radioactive gold nanoparticles through central neutron activation
in a nuclear reactor irradiation position BATAN GA Siwabessy result that from the results of neutron
irradiation on the nature of gold produced one type of radioisotope that is 198Au. 198Au radioactivity
resulting from irradiation for 12 days for a gold particle size of 100, 200, 300 and 400 nm of 0.366 Bq,
2,93 Bq, 9.90 Bq and 23.4 Bq. By irradiation for 12 days, the saturation level of radioactivity 198Au
96.5%. After decay for 10 days, 198Au radioactivity inside the particles with a diameter of 100, 200,
300, 400 nm of 0.027 Bq, 0.223 Bq, 0.753 Bq and 1.78 Bq. Radioisotope impurities resulting from
impurities in the gold particles is 108Ag, 110mAg, 64Cu, 66Cu, 205Pb and 209Pb with a total
radioactivity of 4, 3110-5% of the total radioactivity 198Au at the end of irradiation. Radioactivity is so
small that it can be said that radioisotopes produced murni198Au.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Anonymous, Nat Materials, 5 (2006) 243.

[2] V. Wagner, A. Dullaart, AK Bock, A. Zweck, Nat Biotechnol, 24 (2006) 1211.
[3] R. Minchin, Nature Nanotechnology 3 (2007) 12.
[4] C. Loo, A. Lin, L. Hirsch, MH Lee, J. Barton, N. Halas, J. West, R. Drezek, Technol Cancer Res
Treat 3 (2004) 33.