Prepared by: Mark Jhon Cardoza Oxillo

DEFINITION OF HISTORY
Derived from the Greek word
“historia” which means
“knowledge acquired through
inquiry or investigation”
Also known as the study of
the past
DEFINITION OF HISTORY
Is the account of the
past of a person or a
group of people through
written documents and
historical evidences
DEFINITION OF HISTORY
History also focused on
writing about wars,
revolutions, and other
important breakthroughs
NO DOCUMENT, NO HISTORY

It means that unless a

written document can
prove a certain historical
event, then it cannot be
considered as a
historical fact.
 SOME VALID HISTORICAL
DOCUMENTS
Government Records
Chronicle’s Accounts
Personal Letters
Receipts, etc.
 DISCRIMINATION IN THE
VALIDITY OF HISTORY
Restricting historical
evidence as exclusively
written is a discrimination
against other social
classes who were not
recorded in paper.
 DISCRIMINATION IN THE
VALIDITY OF HISTORY
Others got their
historical documents
burned or destroyed in
the events of war or
colonization.
 QUESTIONS
AND ISSUES IN
HISTORY
 QUESTIONS ON HISTORY

What is history?
Why study history?
And history for whom?
HISTORIOGRAPHY
 HISTORIOGRAPHY
Is the history of history
It covers how historians
have studied and
developed history
including its sources,
techniques, and
theoretical approaches
 HISTORIOGRAPHY

It should not be

confused with History
because history is the
study of the past, the
events that happened in
the past.
 HISTORIOGRAPHY
It focuses on how a certain
historical text was written,
who wrote it, what was the
context of its publication,
what historical method was
employed, what sources
were used
 POSITIVISM
 Is the school of thought
that emerged between the
18 and 19 century. This
th th
thought requires empirical
and observable evidence
before one can claim that a
particular knowledge is
true.
 POSITIVISM
Historians were
required to show
written primary
documents in order to
write a particular
historical narrative.
 POST-COLONIALISM
 Is the school of thought that
emerged in the early 20 th
century when formerly
colonized nations grappled
with the idea of creating their
identities and understanding
their societies against the
shadows of their colonial past.
 POST-COLONIALISM
Two Things in Writing History:
1. Tell the history of their
nation that will highlight
their identity free from that
colonial discourse and
knowledge
 POST-COLONIALISM
Two Things in Writing History:
2. To criticize the
methods, effects, and
idea of colonialism
 HISTORY AND
THE HISTORIAN
 HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN
Facts cannot speak for
themselves. It is the
historian’s job not just to seek
historical evidences and facts
but also to interpret them. It is
their job to give meaning to
these facts and organize them
into timeline, establish
causes, and write history.
 HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY

It comprises certain

techniques and rules that
historians follow in order
to properly utilize sources
and historical evidences
in writing history.
HISTORICAL
SOURCES
 HISTORICAL SOURCES
Two Classification:
1. Primary Sources
2. Secondary Sources
 PRIMARY SOURCES
Are those sources
produced at the same
time as the event,
period, or subject being
studied
 PRIMARY SOURCES
Ex: (Commonwealth 1935)
- Minutes
- Newspaper clippings
- Records
- Photographs
- Eyewitness(es)
SECONDARY SOURCES
Are those sources
produced by an author
who used primary
sources to produce the
material
 SECONDARY SOURCES
Ex: (Phil. Revolution 1935)
- Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of
the Masses 1956
 HISTORICAL SOURCES
 When examining a
source, the historian must
conduct:
(a). External Criticism
(b). Internal Criticism
 EXTERNAL CRITICISM
- the practice of verifying the
authenticity of evidence by
examining the physical
characteristics; consistency with
the historical characteristic of the
time when it was produced, and
the materials used for the
evidence
 INTERNAL CRITICISM
- Is the examination of the
truthfulness and factuality of the
evidence. It looks at the content
of the source and examines the
circumstance of its production. It
could be done by looking at the
author, its context, agenda, the
purpose behind its creation
 DECEPTION CASES IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
-Hoax Code of
Kalantiaw
-Ferdinand Marcos as
WWII Soldier
 HOAX CODE OF KALANTIAW
- The code was a set of rules
contained in an epic Maragtas
which was allegedly written by
Datu Kalantiaw. The document
was sold to National Library and
was regarded as an important
precolonial document
 HOAX CODE OF KALANTIAW
- In 1968, an American historian
William Henry Scott debunked
the authenticity of the code
due to lack of evidence to
prove that the code existed in
precolonial Philippine society.
 FERDINAND MARCOS AS
WORLD WAR II SOLDIER
- This was widely believed by
students of history and Marcos
had war medals to show. This
claim was disproven when
historian counterchecked
Marcos’s claims with the war
records of the United States.
END