permanent or semi-permanent workers in the sense that they indicate more signs of

-call workers, they also tend to be

smokers more frequently. Emotional exhaustion does not appear to relate to contract forms.
Additionally, they find that individuals changing into less secure employment contracts
indicate more signs of depressiveness than individuals changing into more secure employment
contracts. i.e. those transitioning into less secure employment contracts, is also
found to drink more. Quesnel-Vallée, DeHaney & Ciampi (2010) estimate the possible
relationship between temporary employment contracts and depressiveness using American
ey find that working under a temporary employment contract within two years
before depressiveness measurement is associated with worse depressive symptoms compared
to those who did not work under a temporary employment contract. It is found to be even half
as bad as the mean severeness of the whole sample. No significant difference is found for the
four years after working under a temporary employment contract.

Not everyone finds a significant association between type of employment contract and well-
being. De Cuyper and De Witte (2006) find, using Belgian cross-sectional data, no obvious
difference in life satisfaction between permanent employees and temporary employees.
Although contract type does not appear to significantly influence life satisfaction, employment
insecurity seems to do so negatively. Interacting contract type with employment insecurity does
also not seem to significantly influence life satisfaction. Bernhard-Oettel et al. (2008) find no
significant effect of type of employment contract on well-being (in terms of life satisfaction
and general health) either. For this analysis they have used Swedish cross-sectional data.

Even if a negative association is found between type of employment contract and well-being,
this association is biased (when cross-sectional data is used) according to Dawson, Veliziotis,

temporary employment contracts have worse mental health before becoming temporary
employed compared to those that always stay permanently employed using British panel data.

dissatisfaction. Also, whether an association can be found might depend on characteristics of

that women with a temporary employment contract have a higher probability than women with
a permanent employment contract to having mental health problems using Japanese cross-