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ANASTOMOSIS
Dr Tridip Dutta Baruah
Asst Prof, Deptt Of Surgery
MGMCRI
OBJECTIVES
To learn basic surgical techniques
• –Surgical scrubbing
• –Gowning and gloving for surgery
• –Basic suturing techniques
• –Treatment of various wounds
• –Appropriate antibiotic use
HAND WASHING
Hand washing: the single most important
measure for prevention of infection
• Plain soap and water is effective for removal
of visible contaminants
• Wash with vigorous mechanical action on all
hand surfaces for at least 40 seconds; washing
above wrists, removing jewellery
• Nails are areas of greatest contamination
• Rinse under poured or running water
HOW TO HAND WASH
To effectively
reduce the growth
of germs on hands,
hand rubbing must
be performed by
following all of the
illustrated steps.
This takes only 20–
30 seconds
SCRUBBING
•Remove jewellery
•Use soap, brush, running
water to clean thoroughly
around nails
•Scrub hands, arms up to
elbows
•After scrubbing, hold up
arms to allow water to drip
off elbows
•Turn off tap with elbow
SCRUBBING
Primary repair:
• Primary closure requires clean tissue to be
approximated without tension
• Leave skin sutures in place for an average 7 days;
longer if healing expected to be slow due to blood
supply of particular location (back or legs) or
patient’s condition
• Close deep wounds in layers; absorbable sutures for
deep layers
WOUND MANAGEMENT
• Wound closure
-Less than 24 hours from injury, cleaned properly: primary closure
-Greater than 24 hours, contaminated or animal bite: do not close
-Wounds not closed primarily should be packed lightly with damp
gauze
-If clean after 48 hours, delayed primary closure
-If wound infected, pack lightly, heal by secondary intention
PREVENTION OF INFECTIONS
TETANUS VACCINATION
• EPITEL TO EPITEL
• ALL SURFACE MUST
• RIGHT MATERIAL
• NOT TENSION
NO • NO EVERSI
• NO INVERSI
• NO DEAD SPACE
SUTURE TECHNIQUES
Spread Drain
ANASTOMOSIS
PRINCIPLES OF ANASTOMOSIS
A. Access and exposure :
Intestinal anastomosis become difficult if access and exposure are
unsatisfactory as may result from :
- Inadequate anaesthesia and muscle relaxation
- Poor assistance
- Inappropriate incision
- Imperfect illumination
- Inadequate mobilization of viscera especially fixed and deeply
placed viscera like oesophagus, colon and rectum.
PRINCIPLES OF ANASTOMOSIS
B. Blood supply :
Poor blood supply is inimical to the healing of all anastomosis. Causes
of poor blood supply are:
- Undue tension on suture line
- From inadequate mobilization
- Devascularization during mobilization of bowel
- Strangulation of the tissues by tightly knotted sutures
- Excessive use of diathermy
- Tight clamp application to bowel mesentery. In oesophagus no
clamps are applied by some surgeons because blood supply is
through intramural blood flow.
PRINCIPLES OF ANASTOMOSIS
C. Suture technique :
Basic principles of intestinal sutures were established 100 years ago
and have undergone little modification.
• Secure healing is dependent on accurate apposition of the serosal
surface and is achieved by the use of a inverting suture of cut edges.
• Ravitch et al (1967) claimed that everting technique of suture gave
better results in animals study2 however clinical study of anastomosis
have proved that everting technique results in higher incidence of
anastomotic dehiscence.
• One aspect of the technique of intestinal suture which has remained
the subject of some controversy is use of one or two layers of sutures
in anastomosis.
• Two layers inverting suture technique devised by Czerny is the method
used by surgeons. Halsted and Cushing recommended use of single
layer of sutures in anastomosis.
PRINCIPLES OF ANASTOMOSIS
A. Single layer technique -
• Less ischaemia and tissue necrosis.
• Less narrowing of the intestinal lumen. Single layer technique is used in Colon and
Rectum.
B. Two layer technique -
• Narrowing of lumen is hardly a problem
• No evidence of single layer as better anastomosis over two layers.
• Excellent results of single layer obtained by some surgeons are probably because of
expertise of surgeon rather than the technique3.Two layer technique is used in
Oesophagus, Stomach, Duodenum and Small Intestine
• Studies have shown that single layer technique is better in extraperitoneal rectum
so recommended for very low rectal anastomosis.
• It has been shown that single layer interrupted sutures are reliable for all
gastrointestinal anastomoses.
PRINCIPLES OF ANASTOMOSIS
D. Suture material :
• Two -layer anastomoses are made with an inner layer of absorbable suture and
outer layer of non-absorbable sutures. Single layer anastomoses are usually made
with non-absorbable materials.
• Polyglycolic acid and Polyglactin most popular absorable suture material.
• Non-absorbable sutures on the mucosal aspect of gut provoke a significant foreign
body reaction and granuloma formation. This is of little practical significance in
small and large intestinal anastomoses but in gastric mucosa may result in
ulceration and clinical symptoms. Theoretically monofilament sutures like nylon or
polypropylene may cause less tissue reaction than braided sutures , but the
difference in the intestine appears to be relatively minor 5 and the monofilament
sutures have inferior handling qualities. Most surgeons prefer braided silk because
of good handling.
• The size of the gauge used for anastomoses is not standard but mostly surgeons
use 2-0/3-0 sutures in adult surgery as the finer sizes will have tendency to cut
through.
PRINCIPLES OF ANASTOMOSIS
E. Factors affecting the healing of anastomoses
Dehiscence is chiefly a problem in anastomoses in oesophagus, colon and rectum.
Local factors :
i. Sepsis: Peritoneal sepsis has adverse effect on healing of anastomoses especially in large
intestine7. Anastomotic dehiscence is significant in carcinoma and traumatic injuries of the
colon. Faecal soiling of peritoneum during surgery should be avoided.
ii. Mechanical state of the bowel: This is a factor which determines the failure or success of
anastomoses in the left colon or rectum. This is major factor for dehiscence which follows
primary anastosis of left colon in acute obstruction.Bowel preparation and prophylactic
antimicrobial therapy especially systemic is more effective in prevention of postoperative
sepsis in colonic surgery8
iii. Drains: Peritoneal drains are put for the purpose of removing any blood or serum after
operations involving dissection or mobilization of viscera and in cases having faecal
contamination. The drains are not deliberately placed in the vicinity of anastomoses and
removed after 48 hrs. Protagonists of use of drain claim that they safeguard the patient by
permitting enterocutaneous fistula when anastomotic dehiscence occurs rather than
causing faecal peritonitis
iv. Faecal diversion:A proximal loop colostomy may be used for temporary protection of high
risk anastomoses such as very low colorectal anastomoses or anastomoses in the presence
of unfavourable local conditions. Septic complications will be less severe if diversion has
been done in case of dehiscence rather than preventing the dehiscence10.
PRINCIPLES OF ANASTOMOSIS
Systemic factors :
i. Advanced malignancy
ii Malnutrition- reduced collagen synthesis
impaired healing
iii Extensive intraoperative blood loss-
Hypovolaemia and tissue hypoxia & Sepsis
iv Old age
v Preoperative irradiation
vi Anaemia
THE ANASTOMOSIS
Anastomoses may be made end to end,end to side,side to side, but the method used is
fairly standard.
A. End To End Anastomosis
1. Small bowel anastomoses :
Insertion of posterior outer layer of suture- Non-absorbable silk interrupted submucosal
sutures are placed. Inner layer of sutures- (a) A continuous chromic catgut over –and-
over suture technique starting from antimesenteric border through all the layers. (b)
Mesenteric corner invagination by Connell suture technique (fig 2). (c) Anterior aspect
of the inner layer by over-and-over suture technique but a continuous Connell suture
technique is generally preferred. (d) Mucosa and edges of bowel on antimesenteric
aspect are invaginated as last Connell suture is pulled tight and tied with starting
suture. Insertion of anterior outer layer- Non-absorbable interrupted submucosal silk
sutures. Alternatively, Anastomosis beginning with inner layer of sutures: Inner layer,
Outer layer on anterior aspect and then outer layer on posterior aspect after rotating
the anastomosis.
2. Ileocolic anastomoses :
Correction for unequal ends of the bowel: This is required in cases of right
hemicolectomy or small bowel obstruction.
(a). Widening the orifice of smaller lumen. Outer layer of submucosal sutures is inserted
obliquely on the antimesenteric border.
(b). The open end of the bowel is widened by cutting along the antimesenteric border.
THE ANASTOMOSIS
3. Gastroduodenal anastomosis:
Billroth I gastroduodenal anastomosis- (a). Meticulous haemostasis to be achieved to prevent
serious postoperative bleeding from suture line because stomach has rich blood supply. (b).
Connell suture technique is not haemostatic so ’Loop on the serosa’ technique to be used.
This provides effective haemostasis and adequate inversion.
4.Colorectal anastomosis:
Two layer Method: Modified two layer technique is used in extraperitoneal rectal
anastomosis. In low colorectal anastomosis where access is restricted, outer layer of
submucosal horizontal mattress sutures is inserted. In extraperitoneal rectum these sutures
are at right angle to the longitudinal muscle fibres and thus causing less cutting through. A
similar technique is recommended for in two layer oesophageal anastomoses.
Single layer Method: This is simple and more satisfactory method for low rectal
anastomoses. Mesenteric and antimesenteric silk sutures through all the layers of the bowel
wall are inserted. The posterior layer of all the through-and-through sutures are passed and
tied at the end. The interval between these sutures should be very small otherwise there is
tendency for the eversion of mucosa. Anterior layer is again through all the layers , knotted
on the mucosa. A small gap in the last is closed by horizontal submucosal suture. An
alternative method of suturing anterior layer is submucosal horizontal mattress sutures.
THE ANASTOMOSIS
B.End-to-side Anastomosis