Ohm’s Law (published in 1827)

Current in a resistive circuit E



Directly proportional to its applied voltage

I
Chapter 04 R


 Inversely proportional to its resistance

 Express all quantities in base units of volts,
ohms, and amps

Ohm’s Law, Power,  Also expressed as E = IR and R = E /I

and Energy

Source:
C-C Tsai Circuit Analysis: Theory and Practice Delmar Cengage Learning C-C Tsai 2

Fixed Resistance for Ohm’s Law Fixed Voltage for Ohm’s Law
Doubling voltage doubles the current Doubling resistance halves the current

E E
I I
R R

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Examples for Ohm’s Law Examples for Ohm’s Law

Example 1 Example 2

R=?

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 Examples for Ohm’s Law Ohm’s Law in Graphical Form
Example 3  Linear relationship between current and voltage
y = mx versus I = E / R = G E , where G = 1/R
Show the current direction for each circuit
 y is the current
 x is the voltage
 m is the slope
 Slope (m) determined by resistance or conductance

R=E/I

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Open Circuits Voltage Symbols

 Current can only exist where there is a
conductive path  Voltage source by E
 Open circuit: Occurs when there is no  Voltage drop at a load by V
conductive path  V = IR , voltages often referred to as IR drops
 An open circuit has infinite resistance ∞
If I = 0, Ohm’s Law gives
R = E /I = E / 0  infinity ∞

Voltage drop or
IR drop
Voltage source

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Example: Voltage Polarities

 Polarity of voltage drops across resistors is
important in circuit analysis
 Drop is + to – in the direction of conventional
V1 = ? current
 To show this, place plus sign at the tail of
current arrow

V2 = ?

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 Examples: Voltage Polarities Examples:
V=?

V=? V=?

V=?

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Examples: Current Direction

 Current usually proceeds out of the positive
V=? V=? V=? V=? terminal of a voltage source E
 If the current is actually in this direction, it will
be supplying power to the circuit
 If the current is in the opposite direction (going
into the positive terminal), it will be absorbing
power (like a resistor)
 Notice that a negative current actually proceeds
in a direction opposite to the current arrow

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Current Direction How to light LEDs

 Notice that a negative current actually
proceeds in a direction opposite to the current
arrow
 In forward direction, LED on, 10~20mA, 1.7V
 In reverse direction, LED off.
For example:
If E = 6V, determine R for lighting the LED.
If E =19V, determine R for lighting the LED.

R
E

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 Power Power Applications
 Power is the rate of doing work For example:
Power = Work / time  The greater the power rating of a light, the
more light energy it can produce each second
P =W / t or W = P  t
Power (P) is measured in watts (W)
 The greater the power rating of a heater,
Work (W) and energy measured in joules (J) the more heat energy it can produce each
 Power is related to energy second
One watt = One joule per second
1W=1J/s  The greater the power rating of a motor,
 1 hp = 746 watts the more mechanical work it can do per
second

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Power Conversion for Applications Power in Electrical Systems

 From V = W /Q and I = Q / t, we get
P=VI (I = V/R )
 From Ohm’s Law, we can also find that

P = I 2R and P = V 2/R

 Power is always in watts

 We should be able to use any of the power

equations to solve for V, I, or R if P is given
For example:
P
I 
R R=?
V  PR
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Examples: Power in Electrical Systems Power Rating of Resistors

Example 1 Example 2  Resistors must be able to safely dissipate
P1 = ? and P2 = ? their heat without damage
P=?
 Common power ratings of resistors are 1/8W,
1/4W, 1/2W, 1W, or 2W
 Customary safety margin: two times the
expected power
 An overheated resistor
 Often the symptom of a problem rather than its cause

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 Power Direction Convention for
Power Direction Convention Electric Vehicles
supplying power absorbing power

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Energy Watthour Meter

 Energy = Power × time  Energy use is measured by
W = P ×t watthour meter in kilowatt-
 Units are joules, Watt-seconds, Watt-hours or hours (kWh), by the power
kilowatt-hours (kWh) company
 For multiple loads  Electromechanical devices
 Motor with speed proportional to
 Total energy is sum of the energy of individual
the load
loads
 Electronic meters perform
經濟部105.3.15召開電價費率審議委員會敲定電價調降， function electronically
每度(kWh)電價平均從2.8181元降為2. 5488 元，平均每  Display results on digital
度電調降0.2693元。若以住宅用電每月平均用電330度估 readouts
算，家戶可月省約89元。
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Energy in Cost Law of Conservation of Energy

 Cost = Energy (W) × cost per unit  Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
or  Converted from one form to another

 Cost = Power (P) × time (t) × cost per unit Examples:

Electric energy into heat
For example: Mechanical energy into electric energy
Find the cost of running a 2000-watt heater  Energy conversions
for 12 hours if electric energy costs $3 per  Some energy may be dissipated as heat,
kilowatt-hour(kWh): giving lower efficiency
Solution:
Energy = 2000W × 12 h = 24kWh
Cost = $3/kWh × 24kWh = $ 72
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 Efficiency Efficiency
 Poor efficiency in energy transfers results in  Heat removal requires fans and heat sinks
wasted energy
 Always less than (or equal to) 100%
 An inefficient piece of equipment generates
 Efficiencies vary greatly:
more heat
 Power transformers may have efficiencies
 Efficiency (in %) is represented by η
of up to 98%
(Greek letter eta)
 Some amplifiers have efficiencies below

Pout 50%
  100 %
Pin

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Total Efficiency Example: Total Efficiency

 To find the total efficiency of a system
Obtain product of individual efficiencies of all subsystems:
Total = 1 × 2 × 3 × ∙∙∙
Total =?

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Nonlinear and Dynamic

Resistances Computer Analysis
Nonlinear: Linear: Multism
R ≠V / I R =V / I

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 Kernel abilities Problem 12
1. What is Ohm’s law? Please give an example. If E=28V, what does the meter indicate?

2. How to light a LED? Please give an example.

3. How to calculate the dissipated power on a resistor?

Please give an example.

4. How to estimate the power fee per month for a

family? Please give an example.

E=28V

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Another Problem An Energy Problem

Solve the current I of the loop Given electric products that used per day as
below, what cost a family pay per month?
I=? (NT$2.5 is for a kWh)
100W-Lamp 6 hours
300W-TV 5 hours
500W-Refrigenator 10 hours

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