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Review. Electrodeposition of Ni-Fea Alloys, Composites and Nano Coatings PDF
Review. Electrodeposition of Ni-Fea Alloys, Composites and Nano Coatings PDF
Review
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Electrodeposition is considered as an easy and cost effective technique for preparation of alloy coating. A
Received 23 April 2016 wide variety of properties for coatings can be achieved by selecting different parameters of electrode-
Received in revised form position. The electrodeposited Ni-Fe coating is employed in many fields such as corrosion, wear, mag-
25 August 2016
netic and electrical applications, and electrocatalytic materials. In this study, as the evaluation of
Accepted 30 August 2016
Available online 31 August 2016
previous researches will be valuable to guide future researches, electrodeposition of Ni-Fe coating was
investigated from different aspects. The electrodeposition process, effective parameters, properties, and
application of Ni-Fe were summarized considering the previous studies.
Keywords:
Coating
© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Direct current
Electrodeposition
Ni-Fe
Pulsed current
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842
1.1. Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842
1.2. Electroplating of Ni and Ni-Fe alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842
2. Mechanism of Ni-Fe electrodeposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
3. Baths used in electrodeposition process of Ni-Fe coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
3.1. Sulfate and chloride baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
3.2. Fluorborate bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
3.3. Sulphamate bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
3.4. Nonaqueous baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
4. Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
4.1. Boric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
4.2. Citric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
4.3. L-ascorbic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
4.4. Glycolic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
4.5. Saccharin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
5. Electrodeposition methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
5.1. DC electrodeposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
5.2. PC electrodeposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
5.3. PRC electrodeposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846
6. Electrodeposition parameters of Ni-Fe alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
6.1. Current density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
6.2. Electrolyte agitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
6.3. Electrolyte pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: maliofkh@gmail.com, khazraei@modares.ac.ir
(M. Aliofkhazraei).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.329
0925-8388/© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
842 V. Torabinejad et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 691 (2017) 841e859
1. Introduction corrosion resistance, and wear and thermal resistance of the sub-
strate material. Electrodeposition process can be performed with
1.1. Preface both types of direct (DC) and pulse current (PC) [6]. In the DC
method current is continuously applied to the system. However, in
The mechanical, thermal, chemical and electrochemical inter- a PC electrodeposition process, the electrical current is alternated
action of a material in a given environment initiate from its surface. swiftly between two different values [7]. The properties of depos-
Therefore, the surface of a material is the most important engi- ited coatings can vary because of pulsating parameters in PC elec-
neering part. Among the standards which are developing contin- trodeposition process. The progress in electronics made it possible
uously for production and manufacturing process, the use of to control the properties of the coating by using the PC instead of
surface modification technologies in the manufacturing process is DC method. The better dispersion of elements in the coating,
inevitable. Since the surface of materials is often under threat of compact and nonporous nanostructure coating, a decrease in ab-
wear and corrosion [1], tribology and corrosion are the most sorption of gasses in coatings, a reduced need for organic additives
essential and important fields in surface technology. The tribolog- and thus a decrease in environmental pollution are advantages of
ical and corrosion phenomena impose huge damages to economy PC electrodeposition process.
and industry. The damages will be irrecoverable if wear and
corrosion phenomena are not controlled correctly. Therefore, the
1.2. Electroplating of Ni and Ni-Fe alloy
surface technology can be considered as a key technology in the
production engineering process. The use of appropriate surface
Because Ni and its alloys have a variety of merits such as good
technologies can prevent the damages or at least delay them. The
corrosion and wear resistance, they have been receiving a great
selection of a proper method to create distinctive surface properties
attention in deposition applications. Almost 12% of Ni consump-
is a complex process as it includes modifying the various charac-
tion in the world is allocated to the electrodeposition of Ni coating
teristics and properties. Furthermore, the selection of suitable
[8]. The use of Ni coating for decorative purposes is the main
process usually requires the economic and environmental in-
application of electroplated Ni coating [9]. The Ni deposits are used
vestigations [2].
in the industry to improve wear and corrosion resistance, to repair
Electrodeposition is an electrochemical process applied for
eroded metals, to change the dimensions of small size pieces, to
surface structure modification. The electrodeposition process is an
improve magnetic properties, to prepare the substrate surface for
old method in surface engineering processes which has a long
glazing or producing the organic coating, and other purposes [10].
history. The electrodeposition technique was firstly applied more
In addition to pure Ni coating, it is possible to produce a Ni-based
than 2000 years ago in several hypothesizes [3,4]. The production
alloy coating by an electrodeposition process. The Ni-Fe alloy
of a galvanic cell with Volta in about 1800 and then progress in
coating is used in order to decrease the cost production and also
electrical motors from 1800 to 1900 led to use electrodeposition
provide soft magnetic properties, good electrical conductivity,
technique as a cost effective process to produce a coating. In this
proper corrosion resistance and special optical properties [11]. This
process, a monolayer or multilayer coating is formed because of the
type of coating is widely used in electronic, sensors, communica-
electrochemical reactions occurred at the electrode/electrolyte
tion and optic industries. There are several processes used to
interface and deposition of ions from the electroplating bath on the
produce Ni-Fe coating as follows: sputtering, molecular beam
surface [5]. The coating may be deposited on the surface to enhance
epitaxy, evaporation and electrodeposition [12]. The special con-
the solderabilty, lubricant properties, electrical conductance,
ditions of temperature and pressure, ultra-high vacuum and
V. Torabinejad et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 691 (2017) 841e859 843
Fig. 1. The Fe-Ni phase diagram [23]. Fig. 2. The content of Fe as a function of Ni/Fe ion ratio in the electrolyte [24,33e35].
844 V. Torabinejad et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 691 (2017) 841e859
surface with Feþ prohibit from the deposition of Ni ions. According 3.3. Sulphamate bath
to this model, the hydrogen evolution and increase in pH values
near the electrode is not essential in the anomalous deposition The sulphamate baths have some advantages such as high
process. This model has been confirmed by electrochemical throwing power, high deposition rate, and low internal stress of
impedance spectroscopy measurements [32]. deposited coating. The hydrolysis process and formation of azodi-
sulfonate are the major defects of these baths. The high concen-
3. Baths used in electrodeposition process of Ni-Fe coating tration of Ni sulphamate leads to decreased hydrolysis, but the
intensified formation of azodisulfonate impurities. Azodisulfonate,
3.1. Sulfate and chloride baths persulfate, sulfate and sulfite are some of the impurities which may
be generated in sulphamate baths. Among these impurities, the
Sulfate-based and chloride-based baths are most widely used azodisulfonate is the main source of sulfur which decreases the
baths in the industry and previous investigations. From economic ductility and compressive stresses [44,45].
aspects, sulfate and chloride baths are the best choices for elec-
trodeposition process. Beside the sulfate compounds, Ni chloride is 3.4. Nonaqueous baths
used in a sulfate bath. The presence of Cl due to the addition of Ni
chloride to the electrolyte causes dissolution of Ni anodes and in- The Ni-Fe alloys are usually deposited from aqueous baths. The
creases the conductivity of the solution [8,36]. The Fe chloride and discharging process of Hþ ions and formation of hydrogen during
Ni chloride are usually used in sulfate baths of Ni-Fe electroplating. electrodeposition process is the most important drawback of
The absence of chlorides in electrolyte can lead to a decrease in the aqueous bath. It has been observed that hydrogen discharging in
internal stresses of the coating. In electroplating bath in which the the electrodeposition process degrades some of the deposit prop-
consumable anodes are not used, the absence of chlorides will be erties. Therefore, the use of an appropriate solvent without active
favorable. In comparison, in the presence of consumable anodes, hydrogen or a solvent, in which the hydrogen bonds are stronger
chlorides and other reactive agents are used in electroplating bath than that of water bonds, is preferred. For this purpose, the organic
[37,38]. Moreover, the chloride baths alone is also used in electro- electrolytes are preferred over the aqueous ones. Ethylen glycol
deposition of Ni-Fe alloy. The coatings produced in chloride baths solution was used for Ni-Fe electrodeposition process. This solution
compared to the one prepared in sulfate baths is harder and have has a good amphoteric and complexing properties. Because the
more stresses in its structure. The reason for this effect is unclear in boiling point of this solution is higher than that of water, it is
many studies concerned the internal stress of electrodeposits possible to use at higher temperatures. In comparison to water,
[39e41]. Furthermore, the corrosion resistance of these coatings is ethylene glycol provides a lower adhesion, better wettability,
low and some special plans should be proposed to protect from appropriate surface charge, higher viscosity and density. These
corrosion attacks [42]. It has been found that in both chloride and properties cause the increased stability of ethylene glycol in sus-
sulfate baths, current efficiencies were independent of Fe2þ con- pensions. In this electrolyte, since the chance of hydrogen releasing
centrations, although their values in chloride baths were higher by decreases, a coating with low content of hydrogen can be obtained
about 20%. The higher limiting current for Hþ in the sulfate bath [46,47]. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is another solvent, which
rather than chloride bath was the main reason of latter. Accord- has least or no active hydrogen, is employed for electrodeposition
ingly, significant decrease in the overpotential of Ni-Fe in chloride of Ni-Fe-Si3N4 coating [48]. There are no information concerning
baths attributed to the catalysis effect of chloride through the for- the comparison of deposition rate and properties of deposited Ni-Fe
mation of a Cl bridge between the electrode and the metal ions coatings in nonaqueous electrolyte with the ones deposited in
[39,43]. The electrodeposits fabricated in sulfate baths have larger aqueous solutions.
grains and less internal stress than chloride bath; however, the
anode passivates and causes the metal ion concentration and so- 4. Additives
lution pH to change [43].
4.1. Boric acid
3.2. Fluorborate bath
The boric acid is added to chloride and sulfate baths used in the
The use of some special additives such as saccharine in chloride, electrodeposition process of Fe group metals. In electrodeposition
sulfate or sulphamate baths allows deposition of some other process of Fe group metals, a part of the electrical current is
products beside the metallic coating [20]. The presence of these consumed to form hydrogen. This reaction decreases the current
products in the coating can affect the properties of the coating. For efficiency and leads to an increase in the pH value of cathode sur-
instance, the properties of coating deposited from a bath con- face and thus affects the kinetics of reduction reactions for metallic
taining citrate additives can be changed due to the presence of ions. Boric acid improves the range of required current density for
active carbon in the composition of electroplating bath [22]. If electrodeposition process. Furthermore, the presence of Boric acid
consumable anodes such as Ni or Ni powder are used in above in an electroplating bath improves the appearance of the coating
mentioned baths, the dissolution rate of the consumable anode and decreases the coating brittleness [49,50] Many researchers
cannot compensate the decrement rate of Ni ions in the bath. believe that boric acid acts as a buffering agent and prevents pH
Therefore, local changes in pH value and composition of bath occur increment on cathode surface [51,52]. Some researchers believe
that could be effective on the properties of the coating. To over- that boric acid can act as a catalyst for the reduction reaction of
come these problems fluorborate baths can be used in the elec- metallic ions by the formation of some complexes with Ni [53]. This
trodeposition process. In this case, the problems issued from the mechanism has been proven for Fe in chloride baths [54]. Zech [55]
presence of additive agents such as saccharine and sulfur will be evaluated the effect of boric acid in Ni-Fe electroplating bath. This
solved. Furthermore, the dissolution of Ni and Fe powders in the author found that boric acid act as a source to produce proton in the
bath is easy and thus the decrement of Ni ions in the composition solution in a potential range in which reduction reactions occur and
of the bath can be compensated. In addition, the deposition rate in reduction of water is also possible. Therefore, the increase in the pH
this bath is also high [22]. This bath has some drawbacks such as value of the cathodic areas occurs in nobler potentials. The pres-
high cost and corrosivity. ence of boric acid in an electroplating bath inhibits pH raise and
V. Torabinejad et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 691 (2017) 841e859 845
Fig. 4. The various modes of current density for electrodeposition; (a) DC, (b) PC and (c) PRC.
particular extent and then remains constant. This layer hinders (3) The decrease in frequency of generated pores and cracks
diffusion of ions. The discharging of this layer during off-time in PC because of reduced oxygen and hydrogen gases on the
electrodeposition permits diffusion of ions toward the cathode cathode surface: The decrease of pores in coating can be
surface [7]. In addition to electroplating bath variables (tempera- attributed to two factors; (i) during electrodeposition pro-
ture, composition, and pH) which are effective in any type of cess, the released gases on the cathodic such as oxygen and
electrodeposition process, peak current density (Ipeak), pulse On- hydrogen have enough time to leave the surface of the
time (ton) and off-time (toff) are the other effective parameters in cathode and thus the possibility of their entrapment in the
PC electrodeposition process. These parameters are shown in Fig. 4. coating is low. (ii) The volume of gasses released from the
The pulse frequency and duty cycle are used for better evaluation of water electrolysis during pulse on-time compared to DC
pulse variables in electrodeposition process. Pulse frequency and electrodeposition is very low [67]. The micrometer and
duty cycle are calculated according to Equations (1) and (2), nanometer sized bubbles are formed during pulse on-time in
respectively: PC electrodeposition in which the joining of bubbles to form
a larger bubble is impossible. Nevertheless, the possibility of
1 joining these bubbles and formation of porosity in DC elec-
f ¼ (1) trodeposition process is high.
toff þ ton
(4) Increasing the content of ceramic particles in nanocomposite
electrodeposition [71e73]: Once the electrodeposition pro-
ton cess starts, a negative charge layer is formed on the cathode
d% ¼ 100 (2)
toff þ ton in the presence of ceramic particles suspended in an elec-
trolyte. This layer acts as a barrier between ceramic charged
where, f is the pulse frequency and d% is pulse duty cycle in each nanoparticles and surface of the electrode. Within PC elec-
pulse. The average current density can be defined as follows: trodeposition, this negatively charged layer is discharged
during pulse off-time in pulse current electrodeposition
ton process. In this case, diffusion of ceramic particles into the
Iavg ¼ Ipeak ¼ d% Ipeak (3) adjacent layer and finally reaching the electrode surface
toff þ ton
become easier [74].
where Ipeak is the pulse peak current density and Iave is the average
current density in each pulse. Each of these variables can be
changed independently in a wide range and thus a wide variety of 5.3. PRC electrodeposition
coating properties can be obtained by changing any of these pa-
rameters [65]. The current required for reduction of ions reaches to zero by a
In general, the advantages of pulse current in comparison to change in polarity in the PRC electrodeposition process and thus
direct current is summarized as follows: the oxidation reaction occurs on the cathode surface. In this case, at
the anodic potential of electrode dissolution rate of Ni is very low
(1) Yielding a more compact structure: Pulse off-time in PC while the dissolution rate of Fe from the cathode is higher than that
electrodeposition inhibits the grain growth and increases n of Ni [75,76]. Therefore, the pulse electrodeposition process is a
the possibility of nucleation on the cathode surface. When a useful method to reduce the anomalous deposition of Fe. The
pulse is fully completed, the next pulse will start immedi- higher dissolution rate of Fe in comparison to Ni during exerting
ately [66]. This condition leads to an increase in the nucle- anodic current can be attributed to the oxidation of absorbed H2 on
ation rate and a decrease in growth rate, which in turn cause the surface of the substrate [77]. When cathodic current is applied
the formation of a more compact structure [67]. to the cathode, hydrogen gas is released. Such high fraction of
(2) The ability to control the chemical composition and micro- released hydrogen does not have enough time to leave the surface.
structure: The change in pulse parameters such as Ipeak, duty The presence and oxidation of hydrogen gas on the surface of
cycle and frequency make it possible to control the adsorp- coating prevents the increment of pH value which in turn leads to a
tion and desorption of various species in the electrolyte decrease in the extent of anomalous deposition [30]. Another effect
[68,69]. Therefore, the microstructure, chemical composition of PRC is lowering the internal stresses in the deposits. Fig. 5 shows
and properties of coatings can be controlled in PC electro- the internal stress of PRC electrodeposited Ni-Fe coating in com-
deposition [70]. parison to DC deposited one. Clearly, the internal stress increases
V. Torabinejad et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 691 (2017) 841e859 847
Fig. 7. The effect of pH and stirring rate on the chemical composition and current efficiency of electrodeposited Ni-Fe alloy from a fluorborate bath [86].
not effective on the chemical composition of the Ni-Fe coating. 7. Properties of electrodeposited Ni-Fe
The change in grain size is a known influence of frequency vari-
ation on the coating microstructure [70]. The pulse duration is 7.1. Microstructure
very short in high frequencies. Therefore, the time of charging and
discharging process in pulse on-time and off-time is very short. The XRD patterns of Ni-Fe coatings with different Fe content is
Under such a condition, the nucleation rate increases and growth depicted in Fig. 8. As shown, the characteristic peaks of FCC phase
rate decreases which in turn results in the formation of a compact are clear and increasing Fe to 43 wt% affects the intensity of (1 1 1)
structure [66,90]. This behavior was also observed in the previous and (2 0 0). In comparison, increasing the Fe to 58 wt% in the
reports [24]. In fact, when the nuclei are formed on the surface the deposited coating leads to the appearance of a new peak at (1 1 0)
grain growth is limited due to the repeated interruption of current which is the characteristic peak of BCC phase. This observation
(high frequencies) and thus, so many nuclei are formed on the determined the approximate range of phase stability in electro-
surface which eventually leads to a decrease in grain size [5]. The deposited Ni-Fe coatings. This patterns illustrates that Ni1-xFex alloy
influence of pulse frequency on the microstructure of Ni-Fe has at x<58% is FCC phase, while at 58% < x<65% mixed state of FCC and
received less attention in the literature. The possible effect of this BCC is observed. Finally, at x>65% the only phase is BCC [86].
parameter on the resultant properties of the coatings may be The deposition of Ni-Fe alloys results in a solid solution alloy.
attractive for many field of science and technology. The lattice strains are generated in the coating structure due to the
difference in atomic radius of Fe and Ni atoms. An increase in Fe
6.5. Duty cycle content causes lattice distortion and thus lattice defects such as
vacancies and dislocations are developed in the coating structure.
The chemical composition, grain size and texture of the coating When the number of dislocations reaches to a certain value, the low
can be affected by variation of the duty cycle. In PC electrodepo- angle boundaries are formed which leads to grain refinement of
sition of Ni-Fe alloy, the decrease in duty cycle increases Fe coating structure. The effect of Fe content on the grain size of the
deposition. This phenomenon was confirmed in several recent coating is shown in Fig. 9. When Fe content in Ni-Fe coating is lower
studies [19,91]. The mechanism of Fe deposition in Ni-Fe coating is than 25 wt%, the grain size decreases with a decrease in the Fe
an anomalous process and thus the events observed can be content of the coating. However, the variation of grain size with Fe
explained accordingly. In an anomalous deposition, the deposition
of Ni is an activation controlled process, while the deposition of Fe
is controlled by diffusion. Since the concentration of Fe ions in the
electrolyte is lower than that of Ni ions, the chemical composition
of the coating is more dominated by diffusion of ions to reach the
cathode surface. The presence of pulse off-time helps eliminate the
concentration gradients near the cathode surface and thus the Fe
ions have enough time to move toward the cathode surface [92].
The mass transfer is a continuous process in PC electrodeposition
because of stirring the electrolyte, while the charge transfer occurs
just at pulse on-times. At short duty cycles in the PC electrode-
position, the off-time of a cycle is much longer than that of on-
time. In this case, the depletion of Fe ions adjacent the cathode
surface is compensated with diffusion of Fe ions from bulk. In the
presence of ions on the cathode surface, the reduction continues
without restrictions and thus the content of Fe in Ni-Fe coating
increases [93]. The above discussion is a summary of speculations
in the literature. Thus, there is a serious need for research in this
area to explore the exact mechanism of deposition at different
duty cycles by taking the electrochemical aspects into
consideration. Fig. 8. The XRD results of electrodeposited Ni-Fe alloys with different Fe content [86].
V. Torabinejad et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 691 (2017) 841e859 849
Fig. 10. Engineering stress-strain curves of tensile tests for electrodeposited Ni-Fe Fig. 11. Stressestrain curves of Ni-Fe during loadeunload tensile test. The black dashed
alloys and Ni at a strain rate of 10-41/s [98]. line represents the continuous tensile experiment [101].
850 V. Torabinejad et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 691 (2017) 841e859
overpotential of oxygen evolution reaction is considered as the main Nie29% Fe and Nie41% Fe. Torabinejad et al. [133], taking this fact
factor for energy loss in water electrolysis reaction [122,123]. Ni is a into consideration, deposited functionally graded coating. By using
good choice to use in electrolysis reaction, because of its appropriate the continuous alteration of duty cycle and Ipeak in eight steps from
chemical stability. Furthermore, Ni can be used as a catalyzer for 88% duty cycle to 11% duty cycle, the content of Fe from 37 wt% in
anodic and cathodic reactions. Preparation of an alloy coating with the interface of coating-substrate was reduced to 15 wt% in the
Ni and Fe elements improves the electrocatalytic behavior of Ni outer layer of coating. This variation in chemical composition is
[124e126]. The results show that activity of Ni-Fe anodes for oxygen displayed in Fig. 16 that is ascribed to Ipeak. Therefore, content of
evolution reaction is controlled by the chemical composition of active element in the top layer of coating is lower than that of the
electrodes and the morphology of coating [125]. The entrance of Fe beneath layers, leading to the improved corrosion resistance. To
into the electrodes (as Fe oxide or Fe hydroxide) changes the elec- improve the corrosion resistance of Ni-Fe alloys, the addition of
trical properties of electrodes so that these variations enhances the neutral ceramic particles to the matrix is proposed. In this respect,
activity of OER [127]. Ullal and coworkers [128] investigated various Starosta [132] added the micrometric particles of Al2O3 into the Ni-
Ni-Fe coatings deposited with different current densities. They re- Fe matrix, which deteriorated the corrosion resistance of coatings.
ported that coating with 35 wt% Ni provides a high efficiency for OER Such a behavior may be attributed to the large size of particles
and HER. According to this report, the surface conditions which embedded in the matrix. Fig. 17 shows the influence of SiC nano-
improve the HER have a negative effect on the OER. Ni-Fe alloy has particles on the corrosion behavior of Ni-Fe alloy. It is obvious that
been also used as an electrocatalyst in an air-hydrazine fuel cell. The the corrosion potential shifted to the positive value and the
main problem with an air-hydrazine fuel cell is the use of expensive corrosion current reduced to a lower value indicating the better
noble metals as a catalyzer; though having many benefits [129]. corrosion resistance of Ni-Fe-SiC coating [134]. The main mecha-
Multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) filled with Ni-Fe alloy are used nisms effective in improving the corrosion resistance will be
for oxidation of hydrazine [130]. This alloy is embedded in nanotubes explained in the next sections.
using the electrodeposition process in the presence of methyl-
benzene. Fig. 15 displays the cyclic voltammograms of MWCNT
based alloys with in comparison to graphene based alloys. As 7.6. Wear behavior
observed the catalytic activity of MWCNT-based Ni-Fe is higher than
the graphene-based one, and the reason of this phenomenon is not Limited studies have been performed on wear properties of Ni-
clear up to now. Thorough dispersion of Ni-Fe alloy on the carbon Fe. These studies found that Fe addition reduces the wear resistance
cathodes led to the high catalytic activity of MWCNT- and graphene- in comparison to Ni coating. Also, the wear resistance of the com-
based Ni-Fe alloy. The significant result of this graph is that Ni is the posite Ni-Fe-Al2O3 coating is higher than the Ni-Fe coating. To
active catalyst, while iron has a synergistic role in the oxidation of improve the wear resistance of Ni-Fe, several methods have been
hydrazine hydrate [131]. applied in the recent years; the addition of hard ceramic particles
such as Al2O3 and employing the PC electrodeposition parameters
is one of these methods. The low duty cycle leads to the high
7.5. Corrosion behavior fraction of embedded ceramic particles. Hence, the deposited Ni-Fe
composite coatings at low duty cycle may have a higher wear
A widely used method for measuring the corrosion resistance is resistance. This fact has used also to deposit functionally graded
polarization curve of alloys. Addition of Fe as an active element and multilayer coatings for wear-resistant applications [91,133].
rather than Ni reduces the corrosion resistance. According to Star- Continuous variation of duty cycle during the PC electrodeposition
osta et al. [132], the corrosion rate has a proportional relation while can result in the high fraction of ceramic particles in the top layers
the corrosion potential is inversely proportional to iron content. For rather than the layers adjacent to the substrate. Fig. 18 shows the
instance, the difference between corrosion potentials for nickel and variation of hardness across the functionally graded composite
Nie19% Fe coatings were small but it rose to over 330 mV for coating. It is obvious that the hardness of the surface layer is greater
than the beneath layers, leading to improved wear resistance of the
functionally graded coating. Although there are few studies on the
wear behavior of Ni-Fe coatings, researchers have claimed that
using multilayer coatings can improve their wear resistance
[19,135]. These studies are still in progress.
Fig. 15. Cyclic voltammetric measurements of MWCNT- and graphene-based alloys in Fig. 16. Variation of Fe content across the functionally graded Ni-Fe-Al2O3 coating at
0.1 M hydrazine hydratee0.015 M KOHe1 M NaCl solution, 60 C, 20 mV s1 [131]. different frequencies [133].
852 V. Torabinejad et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 691 (2017) 841e859
Fig. 18. Variation of microhardness across the functionally graded Ni-Fe-Al2O3 coating.
Retrieved from Ref. [133].
leads to a decrease in ductility and an increase in coating strength. particles in the composite coating can affect the corrosion and
It is known that the plastic deformation of metals is controlled with tribological properties of the coating. The hard (rigid) particles
activities of dislocations and grain boundaries [138]. In the case of improve the tribological properties and hardness of composite
large grain size metals, the movement of dislocations plays a layer by dispersion hardening mechanism. The presence of a hard
dominant role in plastic deformation. The production and disper- ceramic phase in a metallic matrix leads to the increased hardness
sion of dislocation initiate from grain boundaries and then inter- of composite because of the Orowan and Hall-Petch effects. The
granular glide occurs. The grain growth of coatings annealed at rigid particles can act as a barrier against grain boundary mobility
250 C is negligible while relaxation of grain boundaries in this and thus prevent grain growth (Hall-Petch effect). The increase in
temperature leads to the ordering of grain boundaries. Therefore, the number of rigid particles leads to a subsequent rise in the
the dislocation dispersion from grain boundaries hindered and number of locked dislocations and thus, according to Orowan ef-
strength increases. The presence of dislocation and dividing them fect, the required stress for movement of dislocations will be
into the partial dislocations facilitates generation of the Lomer- increased [142]. However, the interfacial intersections in the pres-
Cottrell locks which act as a barrier against the other dislocations, ence of particles with smaller grain size lead to the decreased
leading to the enhanced strain hardening. The decrease in dislo- mobility of grain boundaries due to the increase in surface area of
cation density in the grain boundaries of the annealed coating in- particles [143]. The ceramic particles can improve the corrosion
dicates the reduced Lomer-Cottrell locks. This behavior leads to a resistance of coating with various mechanisms. These particles can
decrease in the rate of strain hardening which can be another act as a barrier against the corrosive agents and prevent diffusion of
reason for the reducing ductility [34,98,100,138]. them into the coating and subsequently leads to the reduced
The changes in the microstructure of Ni-Fe coating after number of defects potentially created by corrosion attacks in the
annealing process depend on the chemical composition of the coating [144]. However, the embedding of nanoparticles in the
coating and electroplating bath additives. The addition of Fe coating decreases the defects and intergranular discontinuity and
element into the Ni nanocrystalline coating enhances thermal sta- thus a high quality smooth coating can be created [145]. It was also
bility of the coating. Fig. 20 represents the effect of heat treatment stated with Praveen et al. [146] that the embedded particles on the
on the grain size of Ni-Fe coatings. According to previous studies, the surface decrease the exposed area against corrosion attacks and
lattice strain and hardness of Ni-21%Fe coating decrease signifi- accordingly, the corrosion resistance of the coating can be
cantly through heat treatment at 100 C; although the heat treat- increased.
ment process is not effective on the grain size. The relaxation of In the case of composite coating with Ni-Fe matrix, the effect of
grain boundaries is the most common event at 100 C. The grain size Al2O3, SiC, Si3N4, ZrO2, and In2O on properties of the coating was
increases in the temperature range of 100e264 C and accelerates at investigated. Table 1 indicates the condition of electroplating used
264 C. The mechanism of grain growth at a temperature lower than in these studies. The effect of these particles on the properties of
264 C is grain boundary diffusion and above this temperature, the coating can be described as follows:
grain growth is controlled by lattice diffusion mechanism [138].
According to Fig. 20, the effect of temperature on the grain size can 9.1. Effect of Al2O3 particles
be divided into two distinct stages. The grain size variations with
temperature are negligible at temperature below 327 C, while Starosta et al. [132] reported that a fine grain composite coating
above that a fast grain growth occurs. According to previous in- with good coherency can be achieved with the addition of Al2O3
vestigations [98,139], the grain growth in this range of temperature micro particles. The amount of ceramic particles embedded in
is abnormal. In this case, some of the grains with a better orientation coating increases with the increase in the content of Fe. Also, it is
than the neighbors are grown and surround the other grains. found a decrease in content of ceramic particles from 50 to 250 g/
Therefore, the difference in grain sizes increases in this region and dm3 in the electrodeposition bath led to a decrease in contents of
thus a bimodal structure is formed [139]. ceramic particles embedded in the coating. The embedded ceramic
particles increases the roughness of coating. The hardness of the
coating increases with Fe contents while the size and content of
9. Ni-Fe composite coating
ceramic particles have a slight effect on hardness. An increase in Fe
content of the coating causes an increase in corrosion current; thus,
The Ni-Fe composite coating produced by electrodeposition
the maximum corrosion attacks occur in Fe-reached areas. This
process has been rarely investigated. The presence of second phase
behavior may be due to the formation of a Ni-Fe Galvanic cells. The
functionally graded coatings have been produced in recent studies
[91]. The constant variation in duty cycle results in a gradual in-
crease in alumina content from interface toward the surface. The
maximum content of particles is in the outer layer at the minimum
duty cycle.
Table 1
The bath condition for different Ni-Fe composite coatings.
Ni-Fe- 250 g/l NiSO4$7H2O, 40g/l H3BO3, 0e50g/l FeCl2$4H2O, special chemicals 0.6g/l IM-PEX NF and 3 55 50e250 0.5e5 [132]
Al2O3 0.1g/l IMPEX NZ
Ni-Fe-SiC 112g/l NiSO4$6H2O, 5g/l FeSO4$7H2O, 2g/l H3BO3, 0.5 g/lsodiumdodecylsulfate, 1g/l L-ascorbic 4 50 0e25 0.05 [134]
acid
Ni-Fe- 100g/l H4N2NiO6S2$4H2O, 4g/l FeSO4$7H2O, 30g/l H3BO3 (Ethylene glycol solution) 3 34 5 <0.1 [47]
ZrO2
Ni-Fe- NiSO4$7H2O, FeSO4$7H2O, NiCl2$6H2O H3BO3, Saccharina 3 55 50 0.086 [20]
Si3N4
Ni-Fe- 100g/l H4N2NiO6S2$4H2O, 4g/l FeSO4$7H2O, 30g/l H3BO3 3 34 2 <0.1 [46]
In2O
a
The quantity of chemical compounds didn't mentioned in the reference.
9.3. Effect of ZrO2 particles technique and requires a metal from Fe group for this purpose
[149,150]. The presence of an oxide layer as an intermediate phase
Ni-Fe-ZrO2 nanocomposite has been produced using sulphamate for deposition of alloy has been introduced as the main mechanism
bath in ethylene glycol solution. According to obtained results, the to produce an alloy coating of W and Fe group metals. The W ions
content of particles in the composite is not the only effective are adsorbed on the hydroxyl species of Ni. Therefore, the occur-
parameter on the composite hardness; however, the maximum rence of parallel reactions leads to the formation of a heteropoly-
contents of particles embedded in the composite coating reached tungstate film on the surface. Some microcrack can be generated
36%. The hardness value for Ni-Fe coating was between 570 and 750 on the surface due to the presence of high stresses in the presence
HV while the hardness value obtained for nanocomposite coating of W alone in Ni-W coating. Despite the fact that Fe-W coatings
was between 590 and 842 HV. The microstructure, nature, and have a good adhesion to the substrate, their appearance and surface
dispersion of reinforcing particles and electrodeposition parameters roughness is not favorable. To overcome this problem, Fe, Ni, and W
such as the current and chemical composition of electroplating bath alloys are used with together [151]. Incorporation of W in the
are some other parameters effective on hardness value. The grain composition of Ni-Fe alloy leads to the increased hardness of the
size for this nanocomposite was between 50 and 60 nm [47]. coating. However, the presence of Fe and a decrease in stresses can
lead to a significant decrease in the number of microcracks. An
9.4. Effect of Si3N4 particles increase in W content improves the strength and hardness, since W
in the lattice which acts as a barrier against dislocations movement
The effect of the ratio of Si3N4 particles to saccharine in the [152,153]. The temperature rise has a significant effect on the
electroplating bath has been investigated. In general, the presence structure and mechanical properties of the coating. The tempera-
of saccharin in Ni-Fe coating can lead to grain refinement. An in- ture increase to 500 C during heat treatment can lead to an in-
crease in Si3N4 to saccharine ratio leads to a decrease in grain size crease in hardness while by exceeding this temperature the
and an increase in hardness of the coating. The use of Si3N4 ceramic hardness value is decreased [150].
particles can help grain refinement so that the presence of these
particles prevents grain growth [20]. Furthermore, the presence of 10.2. Ni-Fe-Cr
Si3N4 particles can increase the surface roughness of the coating
[147,148]. Increasing the current density enhanced the embedment Various efforts have been made to enhance the corrosion
of Si3N4 particles into the Ni-Fe matrix as well as the microhard- resistance of Ni-Fe coating. The addition of alloy elements such as
ness. Presence of Si3N4 particles shifted the reduction potential of chromium is one of the methods to increase the corrosion resis-
Ni-Fe to the less negative potential by 287 mV. This ascribed to the tance. To apply trivalent chromium, Cr(III), which has fewer risks
availability of more active sites on the surface offered by conducting compared to Cr(VI), the chloride bath is used in the electrodepo-
Si3N4 particles [48]. sition process. FeCl2, NiCl2, and CrCl3 as well as some other addi-
tives, are used in chloride electroplating baths [154]. The effect of
9.5. Effect of In2O3 nanoparticles current density and PC electrodeposition parameters on the
deposition of alloying elements in Ni-Fe-Cr system has been
Indium oxide particles have a good electrical conductance, investigated [154,155]. The content of Cr in these coatings often is in
because of their small band gap energy and a high number of car- the range of 2e14 wt% and depends on the electrodeposition
riers in comparison to other ceramic particles. In addition, these condition. The increase in current density led to a decrease in the
particles are widely used considering their high chemical stability deposition of Fe and Ni, while the deposition of Cr increased. This
at high temperatures, excellent transparency, and luminescence. behavior is attributed to the fact that the potential of Cr element is
The use of indium oxide promotes the corrosion resistance, hard- lower (more negative) than that of Ni and Fe. The lower potential
ness, magnetic properties, and electrical conductance. The current (more overpotential) for Cr can stimulate the reduction of Cr at
density is not effective on the content of embedded nanoparticles more negative potentials. Therefore, the increased current density,
in this coating [46]. which leads to higher overpotential, provides the condition for
deposition of Cr on the substrate [154]. The increase in pulse fre-
10. Addition of other elements to Ni-Fe coating quency leads to a decrease in the deposition of Cr and an increase in
deposition of Ni in PC electrodeposition process. In comparison, the
10.1. Ni-Fe-W Fe content does not change significantly with a variation of fre-
quency. A decrease in duty cycle leads to an increase in the Cr
The W metal cannot deposit alone with electrodeposition content in the chemical composition of the coating. The reduction
V. Torabinejad et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 691 (2017) 841e859 855
reaction of trivalent Cr occurs in two steps. At the initial step, the reaction because of its high catalytic activity and a good stability
reduction of Cr3þ to Cr2þ occurs and then next reduction reaction [161]. The appropriate activity of this coating is attributed to the
converts Cr2þ to Cr. At lower duty cycles, which the pulse toff is long, natural activity of carbon, which is entered into Ni-Fe coating. The
Cr2þ ions have sufficient time to exit from cathode surface which, in Lysine is used in sulfate based solution for embedding carbon in Ni-
turn, leads to a decrease in Cr content in the chemical composition Fe coating. Song et al. [162]reported that the maximum content of
of the coating. The results of studies indicated that the corrosion carbon in the coating can reach 1.59%. The overpotential value for a
resistance of three component coatings produced by PC is higher coating with a carbon content of 1.59% is very low and thus this
than that produced by DC [155]. Furthermore, the use of heat coating is very convenient for HER. The catalytic behavior of the
treatment process immediately after coating resulted in a signifi- coating can be influenced by the content of carbon and grain size. A
cant decrease in microcracks [154]. In the more recent work, using decrease in grain size causes an increase in density of grain
the pulse duty cycle in an alternative manner between two values boundaries which act as preferred places for HER, leading to the
of 20% and 90% resulted in a multilayer Ni-Fe-Cr coating. This work reduced values of overpotential.
showed that at high duty cycles the content of deposited Cr in the
coating is higher than the one deposited at a low duty cycle of 20% 11. Applications
[156].
Nowadays, the main use of Ni-Fe is related to its magnetic
10.3. Ni-Fe-P properties. The magnetic properties of the coating can be improved
by a decrease in coercivity and an increase in saturated current
The control of Fe in Ni-Fe coating produced by electrodeposition density and saturated magnetization. Some of the industrial ap-
process is difficult due to anomalous deposition. In addition, the plications of Ni-Fe deposits are shown in Fig. 21. The Ni-Fe alloy
properties of Ni-P coating is weakened because of the fast grain deposits are used in the electronic industry for memory, recording
growth at temperatures above 350 C [44]. Some studies indicate and storage devices in computers, Null-balance transformer for
that the control of Fe content in the coating is possible by use of residual current devices with medium response sensitivity, mea-
phosphorus element in the electroplating bath. The use of phos- surement transducers, pulse transformers, thyristor protective
phorus and the presence of Fe in the chemical composition of the chokes, transducer cores, relay parts, stator laminations for step-
coating facilitates the control of grain growth [45]. Furthermore, ping motors in quartz watches, shielding for low temperature ap-
the presence of phosphorus in the composition of the coating can plications (e.g. liquid helium or nitrogen), storage chokes, flux
lead to the formation of an amorphous structure. The use of conductors and pole pieces in magnetic valves, printer, electro
phosphorus leads to the enhanced ductility, corrosion resistance, valves, magnetic heads for tape recorders [51,52,58,160,163e167].
and magnetic properties of the coating, although it increases the The above mentioned applications have used extensively in prac-
stresses of coating structure. To reduce the residual stresses in the tical applications, however there are some ongoing applications
coating the sulphamate baths can be used. One of the most that is expected to be expanded in near future. These cases are
important limitations to applying this type of bath is the formation briefly demonstrated in the following.
of impurities in coating structure [157]. Ni-Fe powders are widely used as functional filler for electro-
magnetic wave absorbent composites. Presently, Ni-Fe powder
10.4. Ni-Fe-Mo with a disk-shaped morphology is produced using mechanical
alloying [168]. The high density of Ni-Fe powders is a drawback for
The incorporation of Mo into the chemical composition of Ni-Fe fabrication of light-weight magnetic absorbent composites. To
was carried out by the addition of molybdate into sulphamate and/ overcome this drawback, the core-shell particles are used as a
or chloride baths. This ternary alloy is used for electrocatalytic substrate in the electrodeposition of Ni-Fe alloy. For this purpose,
applications and HER [158]. The results show that this alloy pro- Diatomite particle, which is a kind of silica stone, is used in the
vides a good stability and catalytic activity in KOH 30%. electrodeposition process. At first, a copper coating is applied on
Zn and Mo were also used simultaneously in the chemical the surface of these particles using the electroless technique to
composition of Ni-Fe coating. Zn element can be dissolved by the increase their electrical conductivity and subsequently a Ni-Fe
use of leaching treatment. In this case, a structure with a high coating is produced by an electrodeposition process. Therefore, a
surface area is created. The high activity of produced structure particle with low density is produced which provide good magnetic
provides a favorable HER condition [159]. properties and can be used as a magnetic absorbent functional filler
Permalloy is widely used for applications that need soft magnetic [169].
properties. The electrical resistance is also one of the most important NiFe2O4 spinel is used in microwave devices, storage of large
physical features for magnetic applications. The oxidation resistance volumes of data in the magnetic form, solid oxide fuel cell, and
and special resistance of this alloy can be promoted by addition of neutral anodes for the electrolysis process of aluminum. Ni-Fe
Mo and Cr elements [94]. The electrical resistance is also an coatings produced by electrodeposition process have been
important characteristic of soft magnetic films which can increase considered recently for fabrication of NiFe2O4 spinel [35]. Electro-
the performance of these films. The electrical resistance of Permal- deposition process is a cost effective process which is ideal for
loy can be built up from 180 to 240 Umcm by the adding small coating the components with complex geometry. In order to pro-
amounts of Mo. The presence of Mo and Cr in the chemical duce the NiFe2O4 spinel, the thermal oxidation process for Ni-Fe
composition of coating leads to a decrease in magnetoresistance of coatings is performed at high temperatures. The heat treatment
Permalloy. This behavior can be attributed to the structural varia- process in the presence of oxygen or air can lead to a change in
tions such as a change in grain size and chemical composition. The microstructure which is dependent on the properties of the coating
addition of above-mentioned elements can cause a decrease in grain produced by an electrodeposition process.
size, which in turn leads to a decrease in magnetoresistance [160].
12. Future scope and conclusion
10.5. Ni-Fe-C
This article summarized different aspects of Ni-Fe electrode-
Electroplated Ni-Fe-C coating is used for hydrogen evolution position and its properties. The process, effective parameters and
856 V. Torabinejad et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 691 (2017) 841e859
Fig. 21. Examples of different Ni-Fe based coatings applied on components in various industries.
related properties were reviewed. The effects of alloying elements properties of these coatings become the popular issues for re-
to Ni-Fe electrodeposits and reinforcements are briefly discussed searchers. In addition, electrochemical aspects of PC electrodepo-
and eventually applications of Ni-Fe alloy were mentioned. sition is more important in future. Incorporation of alloying
Based on the mentioned assessments in previous sections, elements into the Ni-Fe deposits may be interesting as they may
although the magnetic and electrical properties of electrodeposited improve the corrosion or wear resistance. Maintenance of magnetic
Ni-Fe alloy has attracted attentions, corrosion and wear resistance properties is the most important subject in this field and the
of the Ni-Fe coating is not still appropriate. It is obvious that using dedicated works seem not to be sufficient up to now.
the coating in various industries need an improvement of corrosion Electrodeposited Ni-Fe coatings could have bright future for
and wear resistance. For instance, this alloy has used in electro- electrocatalytic applications. Combination of electrodeposition and
valves, relay parts and printers as a coating or electroformed ma- other methods for production of a system with more exposed area
terial. In these situations, resistance to wear and corrosion is critical for HER or OER may be useful. In this regard, electrodeposits of Ni-
for this coating. In the case of wear and corrosion behavior of Ni-Fe Fe on CNT and MWCNT and hierarchically structured coatings [173]
coating in various conditions, not only few studies have been were fabricated and probably will be used in future.
considered but also for improvement of these properties little ef-
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