Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications E. John Finnemore econ Mae di!Sec Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Properties of Fluids Chapter 2 PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE Special features 2.3 Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity X23. BG V Easy 232 SIV Easy 233° BG V Easy 234 SIV Easy 235 SIV Easy 236 BV Easy 23.7 BG Easy P2u SIV Easy 22. BG V Easy 23 SI Easy 24 BG Easy 25 ‘Sl Medium 2.5 Compressibility of Liquids X25. B Euy 25.2 BG Easy 253 BG Easy 254 SI Easy 255 SI Easy P26 BG Easy 27 BG Easy 2.8 SI Medium 2.6 Specific Weight of Liquids X261 BV Easy 262 B VEasy 263 BG Easy 2.64 SI Easy P29 BG Medium 2.10 SI Medium V Short V Short V Short V Short V Short V Short V Short V Short V Short V Short Medium Short V Short Y Short V Short V Short Short Short Medium, V Short V Short Short Short Short Medium 23.2 23.1 234 23.3 P22 P23 x2.3.5 x23.7 2.5.4 25.2 P27 X2.5.5 262 2.6.1 2-D interpolation; unit conversions Interpolation in 2 directions + Interpolation Jeon. TFor all Exercises (identifed by "X"), answers are given in Appendix F of the textbook. + Answers are sensitive to values that are read from graphs. X = Exercise, P (end-of-chapter) Problem, S ‘Sample Problem.Sec Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts ‘Special features 2.7 Property Relations for Perfect Gases X20.1 SI Easy —_V Short 27.2 BG Easy —_V Short 1 1 Ae oe ey be 0 274 SI Easy Shon 12.7.3 275 BG Easy Shot 2.7.6 BG Easy Shot I Partial pressures 2.7.7 N Medium Short 1 Derivation P 241 SI Easy Shot 2 2.12 BG Easy Short, «32.13, 2.13 SI Easy = Shon 32.12 2.14 BG Easy Shon 3. Partial pressures 215 SI Medium Medium 3 Partial pressures 2.16 BG Medium Medium 5 Partial pressures 2.8 — Compressibility of Gases BG VEasy VShot 1 2.8.2 SI VEay VShort 1 2.8.1 SI Easy Shon 2 BG Medium Short = 1 P2.AD. BG Easy = Short 2-28 Sl Easy = Show = 22:17 SI Medium Shot 1 X2.84 2d X2111 B VEsy Short 1 + Unit conversions (minor) 2112 BG VEsy VShot 1 + 2.113 BG VEsy VShot 1 2.114 SL Easy = VShort 1 2.11.5 2115 BG Easy = WShort «1 2.11.4 2116 B Easy Short 1 Unit conversions 2417 B Easy Short, «3 t 218 SI Easy Shot 2 t 2119 B Easy Short, = 1 P2.23-— Unit conversions 21110 N Easy Short 1 Integration 24111 BG Easy Medium = 1 Unit conversion (minor) 2.12 P 2.20 SI Medium Short 1 Unit conversion (minor) 2.21 BG Medium Short = 12.22 2.2 SI Medium Short = 12.21 223° BG Medium Shot = 1 X2.11.9 224 BG Hard = Medium 1 4+ Integration 2.25 SI Medium Short I Integration 2.26 N Hard = Medium 1 Integration 2.27 SI 2 2.28 SI 3 Jeon,212 23 Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Surface Tension X2121 BG V Easy 2.12.2 SL Easy 2.123 BG V Easy 2.12.4 SI Easy 2.125 BG Easy P229 BG Easy 2.30 SI Easy 231 SI Medium 2.32 BG Medium Vapor Pressure of Liquids X 243.1 SIV Easy 2132 BG Easy P233 BG V Easy 2.36 SI Easy V Short V Short V Short V Short Short Short Short Short Short V Short Short V Short Short E 2.12.2 224 2.32 2.31 2.34 2.13.2 ‘Special features t t Interpolation twice Interpolation twiceSec. 2.3 7 Chapter 2 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS See. 2.3: Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity ~ Exercises (7) 23.1 BG 23.2 SI 23.3 23.4 SI 23.5 23.6 23.7 BG If the specific weight of a liquid is 52 Ib/fe', what is its density? Bq. 2.1: p = 52/322 = 1615 siugsin? If the specific weight ofa liquid is 8.1 RNint, what is its density? Eg. 2.1: p = S100/981 = 826 kg/m? Uf the specific volume of a gas is 375 ft'/slug, what is its specific weight in lb/ft’? Bags. 2.1,22: y= pg = £ = nner ot) = 0.0859 Ibn? 1» 375 fstug\ slug: fysec?) If the specific volume of a gas is 0.70 m'lkg, what is its specific weight in N/m!? 9.81 m/s? oahel v0.70 mpkgl 35] = 1401 Nim < Ages? Eqs. 2.12.2: = pg A certain gas weighs 16.0 Nin at a certain temperature and pressure. What are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity relative to air weighing 12.0 Nim? Eq. 2.1: p = 16/9.81 = 1.631 kg/m? Fg. 2.2: v= 1.631 = 0.613 mike < s= 16/12 = 1333 4 The specific weight of glycerin is 78.6 bif?. Compute its density and specific gravity. What is its specific weight in KNi?? Eg. 2.1: p = 78.6/32.2 = 2.44 slugs? < 5 = 78.6/62.4 = 1.260 4 so p = 1.260 Mg/m? Eg. 2.1: 7 = 9.81(1.260) = 12.36 kNim? << Ifa certain gasoline weights 43 lb/ft’, what are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific ‘gravity relative to water at 60°F? Use Appendix A. Bq 2.1: p = 43/322 = 1335 stugsif? — < Eq 2.2: v = 1/1335 = 0.749 Aslug Table AL: Pye 8 60°F = 1.938 slugs/f?; 5 = 1335/1938 = 0.689 <8 Sec. 2.3, Prob. 2.5 See 2.3: Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity ~ Problems 2.12.5 24 SI 22 23 SI 24 BG 25 Ifthe specific weight of a gas is 12.40 Nim’, what is its specific volume in mike? 1g, 981 mst 22: ve be £98 mst _ . PY 12,40 (kg: ms*)/m? A gas sample weighs 0.108 lb/f? at a certain temperature and pressure. What are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity relative to air weighing 0.075 Ib/f?? Bq. 2.1: p = 0.108/32.2 = 0.00335 stugsin? Bq. 2.2: v = 1/0.00335 = 298 fsug ss = 0.791 mig << 108/0.075 = 1.440 < If a certain liquid weighs 8600 Nim’, what are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity relative to water at 15°C? Use Appendix A. Eq. 2.1: p = 8600981 = 877 kgim? Bare , 20 , 200735 Nim) «147 Nin < a = 0.001 m in-diameter soap bubble floating in air, given the surface Determine the excess pressure inside an 0. tension of the soap solution is 0.0035 lb/ft. ‘Cut the bubble on a plane through its center, and consider force equilibrium, noting that surface tension acts on both the inside and outside surfaces. ox 2 x circumference = p x area; 2o(2r) = p(x?) dare _ 40 _ 40.0035 Ib/f) ee ie 0.25/12 ft P= 0.004 67 psi 0.672 t/t26 sec. 2.13, Prob. 2.34 Sec. 2.13: Vapor Pressure of Liquids — Bxereises (2) 2.43.1 SI At what pressure in millibars absolute will 70°C water boil? Table A.1 at 70°C: p, = 31.16 kN/m? abs. Inside cover: 10 mb = 1 KN/n? ‘The water will boil at 31.16 KN/m? abs = 311.6 mb abs 4 At approximately what temperature will water boil in Mexico City (elevation 7400 ft? Refer to Appendix A. Table A.3, by interpolation: p, = 11.21 psia at 7400 ft elevation Table A.1, by interpolation: p, water = 11.21 psia at about 198.6% - Water boils at 198.6°F Sec. 2.13: Vapor Pressure of Liquids ~ Problems 2.33-2.34 2.33 BG 2.34 st Water at 170°F in a beaker is placed within an airtight container, Air is gradually pumped out of the container. What reduction below standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psia must be achieved before the water boils? Table A.1 at 70°F: p, = 5.99 psia 14,7 ~ 5.99 = 8.71 psi; the pressure must be reduced by 8.71 psi ‘At approximately what temperature will water boil on top of Mount Kilimanjaro (elevation 5895 m)? Refer 10 Appendix A. ‘Table A.3, by interpolation: py = 47.934 kPa abs at 5895 m elevation. ‘Teble A.A, by interpolation: p, of water = 47.934 kPa abs at about 80.26°C. So water will boil there at about 80.3°C27 Chapter 3 Fluid Statics PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE Sec Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar ial features 3.2 Variation of Pressure in a Static Fluid X'3.2.1 BG VEasy VShot 13.2.2 3.22 SI VEay VShot 1 3.2.1 323 BG VEsy VShot 1 P31 Uses Sec. 2.3 324 BG VEasy VShot 1 P 3a St VEasy VShort 1 3.2.3 Uses Sec. 2.3, 3.2 BG = Medium Medium 1 33 BG Hard © Medium 1 Differ'n, integr’n. Uses Secs 2.3 & 2.5, 3.3 Pressure Expressed in Height of Fluid X331 Sl VEsy VShort 2 3.3.2 33.2 BG VEsy VShot 2 3.3.1 33.3 SI VEsy VShort 1 P34 «BG Bey = Ston Integration 3.5 BG Medium Long = Trial & error; uses Secs. 2.3, 2.7, 2.12 3.4 Absolute and Gage Pressures X341 BG Bay © VShon 1 3.4.2 3.4.2 Sl Easy = Shot 13.4.1 3.4.3 St Easy Short 1 aa Gt heya Sat I 3.4.5 St Easy Shon 1 3.4.3.4 34.6 BG Easy Shon = 2 P36 Bo Easy = Medium 1 Unit conversions 3.7 BG Medium = Medium 1 3.8 Uses pu = RT (See. 2.7) 3.8 SI Medium Medium 2 3.7 Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) Jeont... TFor all Exercises (identified by "X"), answers are given in Appendix F of the textbook. X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, $ = Sample Problem.28 Sec Exer/Prob Units 3.5 Measurement of Pressure X351 BG V Eny 3.5.2 SIV Easy 3.53 Sl V Easy 35.4 BG Easy 355 BG Easy 3.5.6 SI Easy 35.7 BG Easy 35.8 BG Easy 359 BG Easy 3.5.10 BG Easy 3.5.11 SI Easy P39 St Easy 3.10 = N Medium 3.1 SI Medium 3.122 BG Medium 3.7 Center of Pressure X37.1 oN Bay 372 oN Easy 3.73 N Medium 3.74 N Medium 375 N_ Medium 3.1.6 SI Easy 3.7.7 Sl Easy 3.78 BG Easy 3.7.9 SI Easy 3.7.10 BG Easy 3.7.11 BG Medium 37.12 SI Easy 3.7.13 BG Easy 3714 SI Easy 37S SI Easy 3.716 BG Easy P 3.13 N_ | Medium 3.14 St Medium 3.15 BG Medium 3.16 SI Medium 3.17 BG i 3.18 BG 3.19 BG V Short V Short Short Short Short Short Short Short Short Short Short Medium Short Medium Long V Short V Short Short Short Medium Short Short Short Short Medium Short Medium, Medium, Medium Medium Medium, 3.5.6 35.5 3.5.11 3.5.10 3.7.14 3.7.13 Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features Unit conversions Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.1) Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) Interpolation ‘Symbols only Optional integration Integration ‘Moments Moments Moments Moments ‘Moments Jeont...Sec 38 39 3.10 Exer/Prob Units Difficulry Length Force on Curved Surface X381 BG VEsy —V Short 3.8.2 BG 383 st 384 OB 3.8.5 BG 386 BG 387 BG 3.8.8 SI 389 SI 3.8.10 BG P 3.20 BG 3.21 SI 32 st 323 BG Buoyancy and Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies 39.1 BG VEasy —V Short 3.9.2 SIV Easy V Short 3.93 BG Easy Short 3.9.4 SI Easy Short 39.5 BG Easy Short 39.6 BG Easy — Short 3.9.7 Sl Easy Short 3.9.8 Sl Easy Medium 3.9.9 Sl Easy Medium 3.9.10 BG Medium Medium 3.9.11 BG Medium Medium 3.9.12 SI Medium Medium P 3.24 SI Medium — Medium 3.25 BG = Medium = Medium 3.26 BG = Medium = Medium 3.27 BG Medium = Medium 3.28 BG Medium = Medium 3.29 SI Medium — Medium 3.30 BG Medium Long Fluid Masses Subjected to Acceleration X3.10.1 BG Easy Short 3.10.2 Sl Easy Short 3.103 BG Easy Short 3.10.4 SI Easy Short 3.105 BG Easy Short 3.10.6 SI Easy Short 3.10.7 BG Easy = Medium 3.10.8 SI Easy = Medium P 331 SI Medium — Medium 332 BG Medium = Medium Parts 3.9.12 3.9.11 3.26 3.25 3.29 3.28 3.10.2 3.10.1 3.10.4 3.10.3 3.10.6 3.10.5 3.10.8 3.10.7 $3.10 Unit conversions Integration; moments Requires planimetry; moments or cutout Moments or cutout ‘Simultaneous equations ‘Simultaneous equations Differentiation Moments Moments Moments Uses pu Uses pu Moments Moments Moments Moments RI (See. 2.7) RI (See. 2.7) Sketch, ‘Sketch30 sec. 3.2, Prob. 3.1 Chapter 3 FLUID STATICS Sec 3.2: Variation of Pressure in a Static Fluid — Exercises (4) 321 BG 32.2 SI 3.2.3 BG 324 BG [Neglecting the pressure on the surface and the compressibility of water, what isthe pressure in pounds per square inch on the ocean floor at a depth of 15,500 ft? The specific weight of ocean water under ordinary conditions is 64.0 lb/ft. Eq. 3.4: p = yh = 64,0(15,500)/144 = 6890 psi Neglecting the pressure on the surface and the compressibility of water, what is the pressure in KPa at a depth of an instrument 4600 m below the surface of the ocean? The specific weight of ocean water under ordinary conditions is 10.05 kN/n?. Eq. 3.4: p = yh = 10.05(4600) = 46700 KNim? =< A pressure gage at elevation 18.0 ft on the side of an industrial tank containing a liquid reads 11.4 psi. Another gauge at elevation 12.0 ft reads 13.7 psi. Compute the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the liquid. From Eq.3.3: 4p = (Ah); (13.7 ~ 11.4146 = 708-12); 7 = 55.2Ib 55.2 2 W241: p=te = 1.714 slugv/f? 4s = = 0.8854 . ene 2 = ea Where an underground oil pipeline crosses under a stream in a gully, it is 68 ft deeper than on either side. When the oi (5 = 0.88) is not flowing, what is the oil pressure in the line under the stream, if itis 32 psi at each side of the gully? P, = 32 psi. Using Eq. 3.4: p, = py + 1d = p, + Syvt = 32.0 + 0.88(62.4)68/144 = 57.9 psi ‘Sec. 3.2: Variation of Pressure in a Static Fluid — Problems 3.1-3.3 341 A pressure gage at elevation 4.8 m on the side of a storage tank containing oil reads 34.7 kPa. Another ‘gage at elevation 2.2 m reads 57.5 kPa. Compute the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the liquid. From Bq. 3.3: y= 42 = GIS= 37H) _ gy pin? 4h G8 - 22 m) ai: p= 1 = STONIm _ 8770 Ckg-ms*¥m _ 499 Kgins ee ee oma 9.81 myst a Seo.23: 5° Li Se 08m 432 33 Sec. 3.3, Prob. 3.3 31 On a certain day the barometric pressure at sea level is 30.0 inklg and the temperature is 60°F. The ‘pressure gage on an airplane flying overhead indicates that the atmospheric pressure at that point is 9.7 ‘Psia and that the temperature is 42°F. Calculate as accurately as you can the height of the airplane above ‘Sea level. Assume a linear decrease of temperature with elevation. At sea level: p, = 30.0 inFlg(14.696 psia/29.92 inHg) = 14.74 psia Per Sample Prob. 3.1(d) with linear lapse rate b: T= a + bz and so axbey@ (ry 9.7 _ (42 +460ye" : . a (4) Fle ass el } —B/Rb = 10g0.658/10g0.965 = 11.87 Table A.S for ai: R= 1715 £7/s00%"R). Tat be: 42 + 460 = 60 + 460 — 0.001582; z 32.2/(1715b) = 11.87; b = -0.001 582°F/f 1380 << Repeat Exer. 3.2.1, but consider the effects of compressibility (E, = 330,000 psi). Neglect changes in density caused by temperature variations. (Hint: As a starting point, express Eq. (2.3) in terms of y and integrate to determine y as a function of z.) Exer. 3.2.1: Find the pressure (psi) at a depth of 15,500 ft in the ocean (y = 64.0 pof at the surface). Neglect the pressure on the surface. From Eqs. 2.2 and 2.1: » = Up = gly Differentiating, * a + from Eq. 2.3: E, But also (Eq. 3.2): y = ~dpldz (Note: p increases as elevation z decreases.) Equating expressions, separating variables, and integrating: : 5 oe oer [oro Teme «(eof #.. (64 pet(-15,500 £) ] = 6960 psi < = (330,000 psi) |in 1 ~ In {1 + _ vsoh ( (330,000 Tbyin?\(144 in?/f?), Sec 3.3: Pressure Expressed in Height of Fluid - Exercises (3) 33.1 SI An open tank contains 5.0 m of water covered with 2 m of oil (y = 8.0 kN/m’). Find the gage pressure (a) dt the interface between the liquids and (b) at the bottom of the tank. @ Eq. 3.4: p= yh = @kN/m)2 m= 16 KN/m? = 16 kPa at interface << (©) py = 16 + (9.8195 = 65.1 kN/m? = 65.1 kPa at tank bottom32 sec. 3.3.2 BG 33.3 3.8, Prob. 3.5 ‘An open tank contains 7 ft of water covered with 2.2 ft of oil (s = 0.88). Find the gage pressure (a) at the interface between the liquids and (b) at the bottom of the tank. (@) Bq. 3.4: p = yh = 0.88(62.4)2.2/144 = 0.839 psi at interface () Py = 0.839 + 62.4(7)/144 = 3.87 psi at tank bottom < If air had a constant specific weight of 12 Nim? and were incompressible, what would be the height of air surrounding the earth to produce a pressure at the surface of 101.3 kPa abs? Eq. 3.5: k= ply 101.3/12.00 84¢km 4 Sec. 3.3: Pressure Expressed in Height of Fluid — Problems 3.4—3.5 34 35 BG If the specific weight of a sludge can be expressed as y = 64.0 + 0.20h, determine the pressure in psi at a depth of 14 ft below the surface. y isin Ib(f, and his in feet below the surface. Eq. 3.2: dp = ydh = (64+022A)dh ; integrating both sides: p = 64h + 0.110? Fork = 14 ft: p = 64(14)/144 + 0.11(14)'/144 = 6.37 psi A bubble 4 in below the water surface contains 2 x 107 Ib of air. If the temperature is 60°F and the barometric pressure is 14.7 psia, calculate the diameter of the bubble. Refer to Secs. 2.7 and 2.12, and ignore the partial pressure of water vapor inside the bubble. Appendix A, Table A.1 for water at 60°F: 0 = 0.005 04 Ib/ft Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 f(se%"R). Let bubble radius = r ft. a yRT W_ 2x107 From Eq. 2.5: Inside bubble py, = 722 where y = © = 2 8 V3)? Pag = 2XIO7 ye 1715460 + 60) _ 0.001322 «Gr ‘32. r Also, inside bubble Pic = Pam + Peace + AP son —- eee “

0, the dam is safe against overturning, assuming water does not get under the block, ) + (2560)5.31x, = 0554 ft A rectangular plate submerged in water is 5 by 4 m, the 5-m side being horizontal and the 4-m side being vertical. Determine the magnitude of the force on one side of the plate and the depth to its center of ressure if the top edge is (a) at the water surface; (6) 1 m below the water surface; (c) 100 m below the water surface. Bq. 3.16: F = yhA = @.81)A44 x 5m) = 196.21, @ he = 2m; F = 196.20) =392kN < (©) A, = 3m; F = 196.23) = 589kN (© fh, = 102m; F = 196.2(102) = 20000kn bh? Pa Bq. 3.18: sg @ a 261m 4 2 am 2 wim; 4-34 3am 4 @ yea Smi hy = Begg = SA m 102 12>" _- mom < Ox m Tay 7 0m The right-triangular plate shown in Fig. X3.7.13 is submerged in a vertical lane with its base horizontal. Determine the depth and horizontal position (of the center of pressure when a = I ft, b = 3 ft, and d = 4.5 ft. = bh 36 TableA7 : h bk? 6.15 ft; y, = 241 = 25 fy I, = <= 7.59 ft ere fel a aiisa 159-2958 256.73) 55 ft Below P: y!= 1445-9, = To median, x, = 10.553, = 085044 sec. 3.7, Prob, 3.12 3.7.14 st 3.7.15 3.7.16 BG Repeat Exer. 3.7.13, but with a = 0.2m, b = 1.0m, and d = 2.0m. ‘Exercise 3.7.13: For the submerged, vertical right triangular plate of Fig. X3.7.13, find the depth and horizontal postion of the center of pressure. 7 | BAB: yy = ye 5 Table Ea. 3.18: y, = ¥,+ 53 Tabled A= (1.0)2.0/2 = 1.000 m? os yy = 0867 Figure X3.7.13 Below P: y/ = 02+20-y, = 1077 m; to median, x, = 0SC.07D1.020 -0269m << A rectangular area is 5 by 6 m, with the 5 m side horizontal, It is placed with its centroid 4 m below a water surface and rotated about a horizontal axis in the plane area and through its centroid. Find the ‘magnitude of the force on one side and the distance between the center of pressure and the centroid of the lane when the angle with the horizontal, @ = 90, 60, 30, and 0°. Eq. 3.16: F = yhA = (9.81)4(5%6) = 1177 KN for any angle @ << Sree ara eenls yA ytd) Ty,” By From Bq. 3.18: y,-¥% From which Mp 7Ye 0.750 m 0.650 m 0.375 m om e88alo aaa Figure X3.7.16 shows a cylindrical tank with 0.25-in-thick walls, containing water. What is the force on the bottom? What is the force on the annular surface MM? What is the weight of the water? Find the longitudinal (vertical) tensile stress in the sidewalls BB if (a) the tank is suspended from the top: (b) it is supported from the bottom. Neglect the weight of the tank. Eq, 3.16: Force on bottom Fy = yh,A = 624Q)x = 3921 < Force on surface MM, Fy = yh,A = 624(1)(x/4)(2?-1) = 14701 Zaina Weight of water = 62.4 x[1 + (1/271 = 2451b 4 = = Figure X3.7.16 Fy 392. 392 (@ Suspended from top, @ = —* = = A g?-)— x{12?-@3.52)"1 = 392/18.65 = 21.0 Ib/in? (©) Supported from bottom, = F,/A = 147/186 = 7.88 Ib/in?See. 3.7: 3.13 N 3.14 st Sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.14 45 Center of Pressure ~ Problems 3.13—3.19 A vertical semicircular area has its diameter in a liquid surface. Derive an expression for the depth to its ‘center of pressure. ar, a Eq. 3.18 and Table A.7: hy = a Ww Bn @rBaarp) 3" 2B aye = 2 Se 7 = Fs aan 4} 1-22 -am (32) = £ + +3) = 0.424r + 0.1659 = 0.590r << The Utah-shaped plate shown in Fig. P3.14 is submerged in oil (¢ = 0.94) ‘and lies in a vertical plane, Find the magnitude and location of the ‘hydrostatic force acting on one side of the plate. Eq. 3.16: F = 7hA F, = @81x0.94)(15 +2.3)2.3x4.6) = 371 kN I, 3.18: A, ote Eq. enya OD Fy = @81x0.94)(15 +2.+ 1.3)(15x2.6) = 173 KN 4 ONINS 2.8 aaa 47 FeRsR=5QmN 4 Fb) = FL), FDa 4 = T1426 + 1734 92YS43 = 447 m below oll suace, 4 (hs = 4846 sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.16 3.15 3.16 The commom type of irrigation head gate shown in Fig. P3.15 is a plate that slides over the opening to a culvert. The coefficient of friction between the gate and its sliding ways is 0.6. Find the force required to slide open this 600-Ib gate if it is set (a) vertically; (@) on a 2:1 slope (n = 2), as is common. (@ Gate vertical: Eq. 3.16: h, = 12 +472 = 145 F, = ph,A = 62.4(14) » 13,980 Ib Let T = force parallel to gate required to open gate: BE = 0; T-600-0.6(13,980) = 0; T= 990 Ib (®) On 2:1 slope: Eq. 3.16: h, = [12+(4/2) sind] F = yh = 62.4{12 + (42)sin 64 = 12,870 tb BR «0; N= F+Weosd BE = 0; T= aN+Wsind = u(F+Weos6) + Wsind 2), 600 T = 0.6(12,870 + 6002 |+° - g3101b ( | 5 In the drainage of irrigated lands it is frequently desirable to install automatic ‘flap gates to prevent a flood from backing up into the lateral drains from a river. Suppose a square flap gate, of side b = 1.5 m and weight 8 kN, is hinged I m above its center (a = 0.25 m), as shown in Fig. P3.16, and the face is sloped 4° from the vertical. To what depth will water rise behind the gate before it will open? Closing moment of gate about hinge = 8000(1.0)sin4° = 558 Nem Find the depth A which produces an opening moment of 558 N-m ae ish Eq. 3.16: F = yhA osro() 23 7380K' Moment arm = (1.5+0.25) ae 75 -0.334h ‘Then 7380h7(1.75 -0.334h) = 558; h?-5.24h7+0.226 = 0 This cubic equation may be solved by trial and error, etc. (see Sample Prob. 3.5), yielding f= 0.212 m or 5.23 m (impossible) or ~0.204 m (meaningless). Soh =Sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.18 47 3.7 Find the minimum value of z for which the gate in Fig. P3.17 will rotate counterclockwise ifthe gate is (a) rectangular, 5 ft high by 4 ft wide: (2) iriangular, 4 ft base as axis, height 5 ft. Neglect friction in bearings. (@ Closing moment due to (Sx4)(3%144)2.5 = 21,600 feIb ‘Opening moment due to water: ~|BV "O) Figure P3170 Sew Je i be nA <2 Foal, -(€-5)}, where h, = (¢-2.5)+ @-2.5320 2s = 1248¢¢-2.5)25+—25_] » 104@02-50) = 31202-5200 ce af re =a] (202-50) 2 Equate moments and solve for z: 31202-5200 = 21,600 ; 7 aae-256afe-25 = CUI? es} 59 4 (©) Moment due to water: Fully (2-5), where 4,- (22) a - ade Bees + 08045) 5) (- Pho - ey Eee s -2.5) = = = oo 36 Teta * PAIDNE-2) = 1OHO2 -2600 Moment due to gas: @x144)(2%5)5/3) = 7200 fetb ; equating moments, z= 942i 4 3.18 Repeat Exer. 3.7.12 for the case where a 2-m-thick layer of oil (s = 0.8) is resting on the water, and replace "water surface” by “oil surface.” Exer, 3.7.13: A rectangular plate, 5m H by 4 m V, is submerged in water. Determine the magnitude of the force on one side of the plate and the location of its center of pressure ifthe top edge is (a) at the water surface; (@) 1 m below the water surface; (c) 100 m below the water surface. st PRD Ly yA) 7° Tay, 5 yA Eq. 3.18: y, @ F,= 7hA = 089.81)12xS) = 78.5 KN at y, = 1.333 m i Fy = 08(9.81)2@x5) = 157.0 kN at y,+2 = 2+2 = 3m delow the oil surface e | ® 2 Fe = 981(1/2x2)2x5) = 98.1 KN at y,+2 = 2Q)+2 = 3.33 m UF = 78.5 +157.0+98.1 = 334kN 23344, 8.5(1.333) + 157.0(3) + 98.13.33) ; h, = 2.71 m (See alternate solution below)A8 sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.19 3.19 BG p = 0.8(9.81)1.5(1x5) = 58.9 KN =1s+oF ots ©) F, > 08O.811.S(1x5) = 58.9 KN at y, may 7 5m F, = 08(081)2Gx5) = 235 KN at y,+2 © 242 = 350m Fe = 98105 x3)Gx5) = WI KN at y,+2 = 20)+2 = 4008 EF = 589+235+221 = SISKN 4 S1SH, = 58.9(1.556) +235(3.50) +221(4.00) ; hy = 349m OR-0 Fy = 0:80.81)2(4x5) = 314 KN at y,+2 = 10042 = 102 m 4 e 1¢4 + 98)(4x5) = 19620 KN +2 = 100+ +2 = 1021 Fz = 9B1G +9845) a», ong 02.01 m F = 0+314 + 19620 = 19930 kN 4 199304, = 0 + 314(102) + 19620(102.01) ; A, = 100m 4 Alternate solution (a): Fg = 08(9.81)2(4x5) = 314 KN at y, = 2(4) = 267 m Fwa-va = 029-81)1(2x5) = 19.62 KN at y,+2 = 2Q)+2 = 3.33 m BF = 314+1962 = 3341N 334h, = 3142.67) + 19.62.33) ; A, Refer to Sample Problem 3.7. Ifthe oil depth were 2 ft rather than 1.5 f, (a) compute the total force and (©) determine the depth ofits center of pressure. Sample Prob. 3.7 (refer to it): For component D, h = y, = 0.424 ft below the water top surface; for the semicircular end, D = 2 fr, 1 = 0.393 fi, I, = 0.1098 ff, (@ For A (oil): h = ye = 0.5(2 M) = 1.00 ft below the free oil surface, so Fy = YalhcAey = 0.8 X 62.4)1.002 X 2) = 199.7 Ib For B: Fy = pA = yhA = (0.8 X 624)2(x17/2) = 156.8 Ib For D: he = ye = 0.424 ft below the water top surface (as before) Fp = YHA = 62.4(0.424) 17/2 = 41.6 Ib (as before) Total force = Fy + Fp + Fy = 3981b < (©) For semicircular end: D = 2 ft, = 0.393 ft, J, = 0.1098 ft* Below the oil surface: (4 = 20.00) = 1.3338; ply = 2 + 0.424 = 2.42 8; 0108 _ La 59 Oamarp Finally: Fy = FxQp)a + Fa0p)s + FoOpo 398y, = 199.7(1.333) + 156.8(2.42) + 41.62.59); y, = Eq. 3.18: (jp = 2.00 + 0.424 +Sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.19 49 Sec 3.8: Force on a Curved Surface ~ Exercises (10) 3.8.1 BG 3.8.2 BG 3.8.3 st 3.8.4 A vertical-thrust bearing for a large hydraulic gate consists of a 9-in-radius bronze hemisphere mating into a steel hemispherical shell in the gate bottom. What minimum oil pressure will maintain a complete oil film if ‘the vertical thrust on the bearing is 600,000 lb? Projected area = xr? = 81m in? ; p = FJA = 600,000/(812) = 2360 psi The cross section of a tank is as shown in Fig. X3.8.2. BC is a cylindrical surface with r = 6 ft, and h = 10 ft. Ifthe tank contains gas at a pressure Of 8 psi, determine the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical-force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. Eq. 3.14: & = pA = @x144)10 = 11,520 Ib located 5 ft below the top. E, = (8x144)6 = 6910 Ib {located 3.0 ft to the left of AB Find the answers called for in Exer, 3.8.2 ifr = 2m, h = 3.5 m, and the tank contains gas at a pressure of 50 kPa, ‘Exer. 3.8.2: In Fig. X3.8.2 BC is a cylindrical surface. Find the ‘magnitude and location ofthe horizontal- and vertcal-force components ‘acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. F, = 50.5) = 175 kNim 4 at 1.75 mbelow the top 4 F, = 502) = 100 KNim 4 at LO mtothe left of AB 4 A spherical steel tank of 15-m diameter contains gas under a pressure of 350 kPa, The tank consists of two half spheres joined together with a weld. What will be the tensile force across the weld in kNim? If the steel is 20.0 mm thick, what is the tensile tress in the steel? Express in kPa and in psi. Neglect the effects of cross-bracing and stiffeners. Eq. 3.14: Force pulling on weld = pA = (3S0kN/m?)(x15%/4 m2) = 61900 kN Foree/length = 61 900/( xD) = 61 900/(15x) = 1313 KNim Foreeflength _ 1313 KNIm _ 65 609 yy thickness ~~ 0.022 m (65 600 kPa)(1000 Pa/kPa}(0.000 1450 psi/Pa) = 9520 psi From inside back cover50 sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.19 3.8.5 BG 3.8.6 3.8.7 Determine the force F required to hold the cone in the position shown in Fig. X3.8.5. Assume the cone is weightless. ‘Sketch shows vertical projection of 1/2 cone above opening. Opening r = 4tan 15° = 1.072 Ppa = 0.5 psi ~ 0.8(62.4)6/144 = 0.5 psi — 2.08 psi = —1.58 psi 1.58(144) (1.072)? = 821 Tb 62.4(0.8) (1.07210 = 1802 Ib 4 (62.4)0.8(/3)1.072%4) = 240 Ib bse " DE, = 821 - 1802 +240+F = 0 F-140b 4 ‘The hemispherical body shown in Fig. X3.8.6 (r = 2 t) projects into a tank. Find the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the hemispherical projection for the following cases: (a) the tank is full of water with the free surface 5 ft above A; (b) the tank contains CCl, ($= 1.59) to the level of A overlain with water having its free surface 5 ft above'A; (c) the tank is closed and contains only gas at a pressure of 6 si; (d) the tank is closed and contains water to the level of A overlain with gas at a pressure of 2 psi. Assume the gas weighs 0.075 Ib/fi’. Projected area on vertical plane = xr? = 22? = 12.57 2 Table A.8: Volume of hemisphere = Bar (@) Eq. 3.16: F, = yh,A = 624(5(1257) = 39201b <_F, = 62.4(16.76) = 1046 1b < 292! = 16.76 8? 3 &) = wm-ass-oed222)as7 ~ 420m < F, = 1086, 1046 4 55) = 13541 ee (© F = (144)12.57 = 10,860 <4 F, = 0.075(1/2)(473) x2? = 1257 @ F, = 40441257 sooa($2) B87 = 3950 Ib < F, = (10462) + (16.762)0075 = 5231b < Repeat Exer, 3.8.2 where the tank is open at the top and contains water to a depth h = 10 ft Exer, 3.8.2: In Fig. X3.8.2 BC is a cylindrical surface with r = 6 ft. Find the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F = yh,A = 62.4(1/2x10)10 = 31201H/R Facts at: y, = 2/3)10 = 6.67 ft below surface (HIS = 28.3 A? ; 10(6) 28.3 = 31.7 A? Table AT: x, = 4r/@x) = 255 f Bg. 3.21: B= W = 624317) = 1980Ib/ Moments of areas about AB: (31.7)x, + 28.3)2.55 = (10x63 3.40 fe toleft of AB < Facts at: 2,Sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.19 51 3.8.8 Repeat Exer. 3.8.2 where r = 2m, and the tank is open at the top and contains water to a depth h = 3.5 m. Exer. 3.8.7: In Fig. X3.8.2 BC is a cylindrical surface. Find the ‘magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertcal-force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. st Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: = 7hA = 981(2%35)35 = 6O.1kNm F, acts at: y, = @2/3)3.5 = 2.33 mbelow surface (wi4y? = xm? ; 3.5Q)- x = 3.86 m? Table A.J: x, = 4r/(x) = 0.849 m Eq. 3.21: F = W = 9813.86) = 379 kNim 4 Moments of areas about AB: (3.86), + (n)0.849 = (35 x2)1 1.123 mio the left of AB 3.4 mt Facts at: x, 3.8.9 A tank with vertical ends contains water and is 6 m long normal to the plane of Fig. X3.8,9. The sketch shows a portion of its cross-section where MN is one- ‘quarter of an ellipse with semiaxes b and d. If a = 1.0 m, b = 2.5 m, and d 4 m, find, for the surface represented by MN, the magnitude and position of the line of action of (a) the horizontal component of force; (b) the vertical component of the force; (c) the resultant force and its direction relative to the horizontal. sr 00 m @h.zatdn=1+4n= Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F, = yh,A = (9.81)3.00(4x6) = 706 KN 4 Acts I, ie e bans g mae 3.00+ = 3.44 m below surface By, “260 As = 1.025 = 2.5 m? (©) Using Table A.7: Eq. 3.21: B= W = 6785 +2.5)981 = 609 IN 4 For (E), quarter ellipse (Table A.7): x, = 2 fem = 1.061 m to right of N br = 2.5/2 = 1.25 m = Bide* Ards _ 7.85(1.061) +2.5(1.25) . 1197 m ad TES s+ Vertical component acts at 1.107 m to the right of VN (© R= {Fr+F = (TOF +GH = o33KN ‘Acts through intersection of F, and F,. 4 @ = tan(R/R) = tan"'(609/706) = 408°52 sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.20 3.8.10 Find the answers called for in Exer. 3.8.9 if a = 2, b = 6 ft, d = 9 ft, the tank is 12 ft long, and MN represents a parabola with vertex at N. Exer. 3.8.9: The tank length is perpendicular to Fig. X3.8.9, it has vertical ends, and contains water. Find, for the surface represented by MN, the ‘magnitude and position of the line of action of (a) the horizontal component of ‘force; (b) the vertical component of the force; (c) the resultant force and its direction with the horizontal @ h=a+d2=2492= 6.508 Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F = rh,A = (62.4)6.50(9x12) = 43,800 Ib < + ay 26500 © yA 1y, 126.50) = 7.54 ft below surface (©) Using Table AT: dp = 2106) = 367; Ay = 2x6 = 12 8? Eq. 3.21: B= W= 1206+ 129624 = 359001 For (E), semi-parabola (Table A.7): x, 26 2.25 fe to right of N For (S), water above b: x, = b/2 = 6/2 = 3.008 Arde + (AEs _ 36(2.25) + 12(3.00) ads FT + Vertical component acts at 2.44 ft to the right of V4 (© R= [EP+R = 43,800 35,900 = 56,7001 ‘Acts through intersection of F, and F,, 4 0 = tan"'(R,/F,) = tan"%35,900/43,800) = 394° For both together: x, = 2.44 ft See. 3.8: Force on Curved Surface — Problems 3.20-3.23 3.20 (a) Find the horizontal and vertical forces per foot of width ‘acting on the Tainter gate shown in Fig. P3.20. (6) Locate the horizontal force and indicate the line of action of the vertical force without actually computing its location. (c) Locate the vertical force (hint: consider the resultant). (@) Eq. 3.16: = yh,A = 62.4(18/2)18 = 10,110 Ih Eq. 3.21: F, = W = y(Area ABCD - Area ACD) = 62.4(Area of segment ABC) = eadnqagy S. - 181800830" ad a7 Z ‘e © A, = QB)8= 12H «Facts through the centroid of segment ABC 4 |-ss1me (© Since all forces are normal to the circular arc, the resultant R must pass through O, and x, may be determined from similarity of force and space triangles. Thus Fy, (2-182), , _ 10.110) gsc x [eae 18313.21 st 3.22 SI Sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.22 53 ‘The cross-section of a gate is shown in Fig. P3.21. Its dimension normal to the plane of the paper is 8 m, and its shape is such that x = 0.2y', The gate is pivoted about O, Develop anatytic expressions in terms of the water depth y upstream of the gate for the foliowing: (a) ‘horizontal force; (b) vertical force; (c) clockwise moment acting on the gate. Compute (a), (b), and (c) for the case where the water depth is 2.5m. (@) For 8m width: F, = rh,A = rO92)0y = 4ry? Fory = 2.5m, F, = 4(981)25? = 245kN 4 ©) F, = W= yside area)8 = 10y/7 xdy = By{?02y*dy = 7(02y'/9)8 = 0.5337y* Fory = 2.5m, F, = 0.5339.81)25° = 818kN 4 (© Clockwise M = 4yy*(UB)y + By x(a?2)dy = (4/3)7y? + 47(0.04y°I5) = (4/3)1y? +0.032079° 2.5m, M = (4/3)(9.81)2.5° + 0.0320(9.81)2.5° = 235 KN-m clockwise 4 Fory A tank has an irregular cross section as shown in Fig. P3.22, Determine as ‘accurately as possible the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical-force components on a one-meter length of the wall ABCD when the tank contains water to a depth of 2 m. To determine areas, use a planimeter or count squares (0.25 m grid); make a cardboard cutout, or take approximate moments of the squares, 10 locate the centroid, Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F, = yh,A = 981(1/2x2)2 = 19.62 kNim 4 F, acts at: y, = (2/3)2 = 1.333 m below the surface 4 Figure 3.22 Planimeter or count squares to determine water column area 4, above BCD. A, = 26.1 squares = 1.630 m? (by caleulation!). Eq. 3.21: F, = W= 7A, = 9.81(1.630) = 1599 kNim < ‘Make a cardboard cutout or take moments of squares to locate the centroid of 4,: 4%» = 0,690 m (by calculation!) F, acts about 0.690 mo left of AB54 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 3.23 Repeat Exer. 3.8.2 where the tank contains 4 ft of water overlain with a gas ‘that is under a pressure of 0.8 psi. Exer, 3.8.2: In Fig. X3.8.2 h = 10 ft and BC is a cylindrical surface with r = 6 ft. Find the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical-force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. BG Effect of gas pressure is transmitted throughout the water. Fy, = Fogg + Feucg = (0.8% 144)10 + 62.4(1/2<4)4 Figure X3.8.2 152 +499 = 1651 Ibjft Moments about the top: (1152 +499)z, = 1152(5) + 499(10-4/2) ; 6; O= 418° A, = 76%(41.8/360) = 13.14 ft? ; Ay = 0.5(4)/20 = 8.94 ft? A,+A,+Ay = A3 A, $13.14 +894 © 6(4) 5.91 ft below top of tank 4 sin¢ A, = 1.921 ft? = water area vertically above curved surface. F, = (08x 144)6 + 62.4(1.921) = 69141198 = 811 Ie ‘Take moments about AB (or use cardboard cutouts) to find centroid of F Using Table A.7: x, = 418 1491 ft from AB 1.921%, + 13.14.65) + 8.94(1.491) = 24@) ; from which x, = 5.55 ft from AB (691 + 119.8), ~ (691)3 + (119.8555; x, = 3.38 ft fromAB Sec 3.9: Buoyancy and Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies — Exercises (12) 3.9.1 A balloon weighs 160 lb and has a volume of 7200 fi’. It is filled with helium, which weighs 0.0112 lb/f? ‘at the temperature and pressure of the air, which in tum weighs 0.0807 lb/ft. What load will the balloon support, or what force in a cable would be required to keep it from rising? BG (Buoyant force) (Wt of helium) (Balloon) EF, = 0; 7200(0.0807) - 720000112) - 160 - T= 0 Required force in the cable, T= 340 Ib 4 3.9.2 For the conditions shown in Figure X3.9.2, find the force F required to lift the concrete-block gate if the concrete weighs 23.6 KN/m’. Neglect friction. st BF, = 05 F+(caltw.) ~ (freshw.) ~ (cone. block) F +9.81(1.025)1.8x(0.3)? - 9.81()90.3 - 23,6(0.3) 0.3? = 0 F +512 8.32 -2.00 FeS2\KN 43.9.3 3.94 st 39.6 Sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 55 An iceberg in the ocean floats with one-eighth of its volume above the surface. What is its specific gravity relative 40 ocean water, which weight 64 lb/ft’. What portion of its volume would be above the surface if the ice were floating in pure water? Let ¥ = total volume of iceberg ; volume submerged = % = (7/8)¥ W=B; 7 = (RYH; <5! = (ly) = 718 = 0.875 relative to ocean water and y/ = (7/8)64 = 56.0 Ibjh?, —s = 56.0/62.4 = 0.897, and so (4 = 0.897)100% = 10.26% of its volume would be above the water surface in fresh water. Determine the volume of an object that weighs 200 N in water and 300 N in oil (s = 0.88). What is the specific weight of the object? W ~ ¥(9810) = 200 N o W — ¥(0.88 x 9810) = 300N @) Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously to find W-= 1033N and ¥ = 0.0849m? Specific weight = 1033/0.0849 = 12160 Nim? 4 ‘An 8.in diameter solid cylinder 3 in high weighing 3.4 Ibis immersed in liquid (y = 52 lb/ft?) contained in a tall, upright metal cylinder of 9 in diameter (Fig. X3.9.5). Before immersion, the liquid was 3 in deep (= x + 2. At what level will the solid cylinder float? Find the distance z between the bottoms of the two cylinders. Volume A = Volume B ; so nx = (49-)y; 16x = 425y or x = 0266y san (a/2Fe+yf2 so x+y = 225in 3-x=253in < Weight « F, ie. 34 Solving, y = 1.776 in, x= 0472 in, 2 ‘A metal block 1.5 ft square and I ft deep is floated on a body of liquid which consists of a 10-in layer of ‘water above a layer of mercury. The block metal weighs 120 lb/ft. (a) What is the position of the bottom of the block? (6) Ifa downward vertical force of 600 Ib now acts on the center of this block, what is the ‘new position of the bottom of the block? Assume that the tank containing the fluid is of infinite dimensions. (@ Block weighs (1 x1.5°)120 = 270 Ib 20 = [(x/12\13.6x62.4) + (10/12)62.4]1.5? ; x = 0.962 inches into the mercury (©) In this case the top of the block is below the water surface. 2 Thus, 600 +270 [arse 2A}? ; x = 495 inches into the mercury56 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 3.9.7 39.8 si 3.9.9 st Two spheres, each of 1.5 m diameter, weigh 8 and 24 KN respectively. They are connected with a short ‘rope and placed in water. (a) What is the tension in the rope and what portion ofthe lighter sphere's volume portrudes from the water? (&) What should be the weight of the heavier sphere in order for the lighter sphere to float halfway out of the water? Assume that the sphere volumes remain constant. (@ Lower sphere: Fy = y(vol. displaced) = 9.81(x/6)1.5* = 17.34 KN T = 24-1734 = 6.66N 4 Upper sphere: Fy = 8EN+T = 14.66 kN % above water = (17.34 — 14,66)/17.34 = 15.41% of volume @) Upper sphere: Fy = (1/2)7(vol. sphere) = (1/2)9.81(x/6)1.5* = W=B; W,+8 = 17344867; W,=1800KN < A hydrometer (Fig. 3.22a) consists of a 6-mm-diameter cylinder of length 180 mm attached to a 20-mm-diameter weighted sphere. The cylinder has @ mass of 0.6 g and the mass of the sphere is 6.4 g. At what level will this device float in liquids having specific gravties 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2? Is the sale spacing on the cylindrical stem uniform? Why or wity not? Vol of sphere = (2/6)(20) = 4190mm? Volume of submerged cylinder = 3% = 28.3y mm?, where y is the submerged length of the cylinder in mm, Mass of hydrometer = 7 grams = 5(4190 + 28.3y)/1000 grams ; y = [(7000/s) ~ 4190)/28.3 mm Ifs=08, y=1613mm 4 Figure 3.22(a) dit = 61.9 mm Ifs=10, y=994mm Ifs=1.2, y=582mm 4 ‘Scale spacing is not uniform because submergence is not directly proportional to specific gravity, as from the above equation: y = 7000/(28.3s) — 4180/28.3 and dy/ds = -7000/28.3s) < diff = 41.2 mm A ollindrical bucket of 250 mm diameter and 400 mm high weighing 20.0 N contains oil (5 = 0.80) toa ddepth of 180 mm. (a) When placed to float in water, what will be the immersion depth to the the bottom of the bucket? (6) What is the maximum volume of oil that the bucket can hold and stil float? (@) EF, = Wy* Wea Youh#t® = 0; 0.020 KN + (0.8)9.81 7(0.125)'0.18 - 9.81h7(0.125) 0.020 + 0.0693 -0.482h = 0; h = 0893/0482 = 0.1855 m= 1855 mm 4 © When immersed 400 mm, the oil depth h is given by 0.020 + (0.8)9.81%(0.125)"h - 9.81(0.40)x(0.1257* = 0 0.020 + 0.385 - 0.1926 f= 0.1726/0.385 = 448 mm > 400 mm, therefore the bucket will float when full of oil Max vol = (0.125)'0.40 = 0.01963m? = 1963L 448 m = 448 mm3.9.10 3.9.11 BG Sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 57 End D of an 8-ft-long, uniformly thin wooden rod (s = 0.7) is held 1 ft below the surface of still water. (a) How much of the rod remains above the water surface? (6) Ifthe rod diameter is 1 inch, what force at D is required to hold it in place? (@) Let A = cross-sectional area of rod. Let = specific weight of water. We A+ y0.7y 3 Fy = Aty sas 0 4) (52 ge Mes y = ACMI YE, yy 2 OM ry fae Foren - BA yey « SEE P = O.71@+yP; x= VOT@+y) = O78 f) = 6.69 ye 8-1 8-669 1307 4 (®) A = (wid)1? = 0.785 in? = 0.0654 f° By = 1¥ = Ax = 62.4(0.0654)6.69 = 27.3 Ib W = 0.7/7" = 0.7(62.4)0.0654(8) = 22.9 Ib DB -0: P=Fj-W=273-29=447 A solid, half-cylinder-shaped log, of 1.50 ft radius and 10 ft long, floats in water with the flat face up (Fig. X3.9.11). (a) Ifthe draft (immersion depth of the lowest point) is 0.90 ft, What is the uniform specific weight of the log? (6) The log tilts about its axis (zero net applied force) by less than 23°. Is it in stable equilibrium? Justify your answer with a sketch and logic. (c) If the log tilts by 20° (right side down; zero net applied force), what is the magnitude and sense of any Figure X3.9.11 ‘moment that results? 212 = 62.42% grt - 2) a @ yar1p od 3s A;psiis oe bh cose = O65 = 04; a = 664° 7 = @242.61-0.825)3.53 = 315 1/R? TH (®) When the body tilts per the sketch, B remains below axis O, but G moves to the left. So W and Fy create a righting moment. Therefore, yes the log is in stable equilibrium. (© From sketch (6) above and Table A.7: OG = 471(32) = (1.5)(3x) = 0.637 fe Moment = Wa = W(OG sin 20°) = 31.5 (10 1.57/2(0.637sin20°) = 242 ft-lb counterclockwise 458 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.24 3.9.12 st A solid, half-cylinder-shaped log, of 0.48 m radius and 2.5 m ong, floats in water with the flat face up (Fig. X3.9.11). (a) If the draft immersion depth of the lowest point) is 0.30 m, What is the uniform specific weight of the log? (b) The log tilts about its axis (zero net applied force) by less than 22°. Is it in stable equilibrium? Justify your answer with a sketch and logic. (c) If the log tilts by 18° (left side down; zero net applied force), what is the magnitude and sense of any ‘moment that results? a @ yerip = fra?) 2 pp? 2f 1) 30.18 Ts (@810N) Ee 2{pasvoas oie |2 = cosa = 0.18/0.48 = 0.375, a = 68.0° s+ 7 = 9810(0.273-0.08010.3619 = 5240N/m? (© As the body tilts as per sketch, B remains below axis O, but G moves tothe right. So W and Fy create a righting ‘moment. (© From sketch (b) above and Table A.7: OG = 47x) = 0.204 m Moment = Wa = W(OG sin 18°) = 5240(2.570.487/2)(0.204sin 18") = 298 Nem clockwise 4 ‘Yes, the log is in stable equilibrium. 4 Buoyancy and Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies — Problems 3.24—3.30 Find the approximate value of the maximum specific gravity of liquid for Which the device of Exer. 3.9.8 will be stable. Exer, 3.9.8: The hydrometer in Fig. 3.22a consists of a 6-mm- diameter cylinder 180 mm tong attached to a 20-mm-diameter weighted sphere. The cylinder has a mass of 0.6 g and mass of the sphere is 6.4 8. “The device is stable if its center of buoyancy is above its center of gravity, ‘The critical point of stability occurs when the line of action of the weight and the buoyancy frees are coincident when the device i tied. Figare 3.224) ‘This critical stability occurs when the center of gravity = the center of buoyancy, ise, Tp = Fe Use the ceater of the sphere asthe point of reference. = 540) + 10 +90) 8,57 mm above center of sphere 64 +06 ¥ displaced by sphere = 22" = 4190 mu? , ¥ displaced by cylinder = (3 = 28.3y mm? =~ 4190(0) + 28.39(10 +2) - “4190 + 28.3y So for critical stability: 8.57 = 28.39(10 + y/2) “7190+ 38.3y From this quadratic equation, y = 49.0 mm or ~51.8 mm (meaningless). . y ‘Also, mass of hydrometer = mass of fluid displaced, ie., 6.4 + 0.6 = (4190 + 28.3y)/1000 ‘Thus for y = 49.0 mm, the maximum measurable specific gravity, s = 1.256 4 9.0 mm3.25 3.26 3.27 BG Se . 3.9, Prob. 3.27 59 A 2.0-ft object weighing 650 Ib is attached to a balloon of negligible weight and released in the ocean (y 64 Ibift’). The balloon was originally inflated with 5.0 Ib of air to a pressure of 20 psi. To what depth will the balloon sink? Assume that air temperature within the balloon stays constant at 50°F. Find the volume occupied by 5 Ib of air. Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 ft°/(sec?“R) bg 28: 7 = GATS2ONMG22) = 915m pt. Thee Sof arco 30.840 = 212 8 = ‘At equilibrium depth: BF, = B-W = so new volume of balloon, ¥, = 8.23 f = 64(2.0 + ¥,) (650 +5) From Eq. 2.4 with constant temperature: pu = const = p¥jm and so for constant mass of air, p¥ = const, i.e. pV, = Pa¥, (04.7 + 20)14427.2) = (14.7 + py)144(8.23) spy = 99.8 psi Depth A = poly = (99.8)144/64 = 225 Work Prob, 3.25 with all data the same except assume the balloon was originally inflated with 5.0 tb of air 10 a pressure of 10 psi. In this latter case the balloon is more elastic because a lower pressure is obtained with the same amount of air. Prob. 3.25: A 2.0-ft object weighing 650 Ib is attached to a balloon of negligible weight and released in the ocean (y = 64 lb/ft’). To what depth will the balloon sink? Assume that air temperature within the balloon stays constant at 50°F. Find the volume occupied by 5 Ib of air. Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 ft%(sec™“R) 7 = GST 101ME22) «44309 pet, This 51 of sc cccpies 510.1309 = 38.29 = ¥, Eq. 2.5: 7 11715(460 + 50) pet. iis 5 Ib of air occupies 5/0.1309 = 38.: 1 ‘At equilibrium depth: EF, = B-W = 0 = 64(2+¥,) -(650+5) so new volume of balloon, #2 = 8.23 f° From Eq. 2.4 with constant temperature: pu = const = p¥im and so for constant mass of air, p¥ = const, i.e. p,¥, = PY, (14.7 + 10)144(88.2) = (14.7 + 1408.23); pa = 99.8 psi Depth h = paly = (99.8)144/64 = 225 < A wooden pole weighing 2 lbft has a cross-sectional area of 6.7 in? ‘and is supported as shown in Fig. P3.27. The hinge is frictionless. =| Find 6. 4n 4 W = 2(10) = 20 1b at (1/2)10sin = Ssin@ from hinge M, = @20)Ssin6 = 100sind fi-lb clockwise Let x = immersed length of pol. Fy = rage = SU6-T/144)x = 242x at (10 -x/2)sind ‘M = 2.42x(10 — x/2)sin@ counterclockwise aN gon te on fe Since BM = 0, we have 100 = 2.42x(10 -x/2) = 242x - 1.21027 Solving quadratic equation, x = 14.16 ft (impossible) or 5.84 ft . 0961; 6 10-x Y= 52 pet 16.12" 08660 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.29 3.28 A rectangular block of uniform material and length L = 3 ft, width b= 1.25 ft, and depth d = 0.20 ft, is floating in a liquid. It assumes the pasition shown in Fig. P3.28 when a uniform vertical load of 1.30 lb/ft is applied at P. (a) Find the weight of the block. (b) If the load is suddenty removed, what is the righting moment before the block starts 10 move? (Hint: Refer also to Fig. 3.19.) BG OP = (129 +027 = 1.266; BK = @3)d2 = d/3 BK, = BKsine = (0.2/3)(0.2/1.266) = 0.01053 ft GB, = GK ~ BK, = 1.2666 - 0.01053 = a = 0.200 ft BP, = KP +BK, = 1.266(3 + 0.01053 = 0.432 ft (@) Moments about B: W(GB,) = 1.3@)BP, W00.200) = 3.900.432); W=8.41lb < © BF: Fy= W439; 2 W< Fy Fig 3.19 for W < Fy: Righting Moment = Wa = 8.41(0.200) = 1.687 Ib-ft counterclockwise 3.29 A rectangular block of uniform material and length L = 800 ‘mm, widih b = 300 mm, and depth d = 50 mm, is floating in a liquid. It assumes the position shown in Fig. P3.28 when a uniform vertical load of 20 Nim is applied at P. (a) Find the weight of the block. (&) Ifthe load is suddenly removed, what is the righting moment before the block starts to move? (Hint: Refer also to Fig. 3.19.). st OP = (300 +50' = 304 mm ; BK = @/3)d?2 = a3 BK, = BKsina = (50/3)(50/304) = 2.74 mm GB, = GK - BK, = 3046 - 2.74 = 47.9 mm = a BP, = KP+BK, = 3043 +2.74 = 104.1 mm (@) Moments about B: W(GB,) = 20(0.8)BP, WUST.9) = 16(104.1); W=34.7N 4 @ BR: Fy-WHl6N, WKF Fig 3.19 for W < Fy: Righting Moment = Wa = 34.7(0.0479 m) = 1.656 N-m counterclockwise 4Sec. 3.10, Prob. 3.30 OL 3.30 A solid block, 4 in wide by 4 in deep and 3 in high weighs 0.90 lb. It floats in liquid (y = 55 lb/ft) inside «a cubic container of side 5 in, Before immersion the liquid was 2 in deep. (a) At what level will the block Sloat? Find the distance z from the bottom of the block to the bottom of the container. (b) Ifthe block is tilted by a couple (no net force) t0 an angle of 15° so that two sides remain vertical, what will be the righting moment in lin? BG @ Volume A = Volume B x) =F - #) yy f= osey t ZL R= Ww: SAM 5. 2a * rt 2 r+y= 1767 Solving 2 equations with 2 unknowns: y= 1.131 in; x = 0.636 in 2. - 0.636 = 1.364 in << 4 tan1S* = 1.072 in Displaced volume = (1/2)d(4?) + o(4?) = (x + y)4? © = (+ y) = @2) = 1.767 — (1.072/2) = 1.231 in Divide buoyancy into two components, Fp, and Fy, at B, and By respectively. Since W= EF, = 0.90 Tb, either can be used to calculate the righting moment. Fy = rob) = SSP VAD = 0.627 Yb Fr, = 55(4*)(d)2)/12? = 0.273 Ib Wy = 4/6 = 0.667 in, 1.5-c¢ = 15-1231 = 0269 in By = @PYAR) = df = 1.072/3 = 0.357 in 884 in; a, = BG, sin15° = 0.229 in 0.667 in x +2 =2 in (given). BG = 1: ep a, = Hoos 5* + (B,J - GDsinis* Moments about G: Righting moment = Fya, ~ Fa, = 0.273(0.667) — 0.627(0.229) = 0.0385 Ib-in counterclockwise Sec 3.10: Fluid Masses Subjected to Acceleration — Exercises (8) 3.10.1 What must be the hydrostatic gage pressure at a depth of 8 inches in a bucket of oil (s = 0.86) that is in an elevator being accelerated upward at 15 filsec?? Bq. 3.24: dpldz = -p+a)i dp A x0.86, -8 Ap = - 24x86 (399 5 15/8 a m2 (i) BG ele +0) ~(rleve +) 42 24 pf = 0364 psi 3.10.2 What must be the hydrostatic gage pressure at a depth of 250 mm in a bucket of oil (s = 0.88) that isin an elevator being accelerated upward at 4 m/s*? st Eq. 3.24: apie = -plg +a); Ap = ~plg +a)Az = (rig +a,)dz ap ~oan £0 (907 Nn 807 + 400)-.(-0250 m) = 3040 Pa 4 em?\ 9.807 m/s? sec?62. Sec. 3.10, Prob. 3.30 3.10.3 BG 3.10.4 st 3.10.5 BG 3.10.6 ST A tank containing water to a depth of 5 ft is accelerated upward at 8 fils?. Calculate the pressure on the ‘bottom of the tank. From Eq. 3.24: 4p = -(r/sXa, + g)dz = ~(62.4/32.2)8 + 32.2)(-5) = 390 psf Ap = 390/144 = 2.70 psi A tank containing water to a depth of 2.5 m is accelerated upward at 3.6 m/s. Caleulate the pressure on the bottom of the tank, From Eq. 3.24: 4p Xe, +g)st = (oz Nta sony) = 33500 = 205 ee < & 9.807 mys?, Suppose the tank shown in Fig. 3.24 is rectangular and completely open atthe top. It is 15 ft long, 6 ft wide, and 4 ft deep. If it is initially filled to the top, how much liquid witt be spilled if it is given a horizontal acceleration 4, = 0.2g in the direction of its length? Original quid surface 4 G1 L : : we Sec 3.11: tan = ~a,)g = -02; y = -02(15) = -30 ft AAs the tank is more than 3 ft deep, the spill will be wedge ABC or (1/2)15(3)6 = 135 f° 4 Suppose the tank shown in Fig, 3.24 is rectangular and completely open at the top. It 15 mlong, 5m wide, and 4 m deep. If itis initially filled to the top, how much liquid wilt be spilled if it is given a horizontal acceleration 4a, = 0.5g in the direction of its length? 15m Seam D Tm Sec 3.11: tan@ = -a/g=-05; x= 4ftand= 405= 8m Spill = volume ABCD = [7(4) + (05)8(4)]5 = 220m? <3.10.7 3.10.8 See. 3.10: 3.31 st Sec. 3.10, Prob. 3.31 63 If the tank of Exer 3.10.5 is closed at the top and is completely filled, what must be the pressure difference between the left-hand end at the top and the right-hand end at the top if the liquid has a specific weight of 50 lb/ft’ and the horizontal acceleration is a, = 0.3g? Sketch planes of equal pressure, indicating their ‘magnitude; assume zero pressure in the upper right-hand corner. Exer. 3.10.5: The rectangular tank is 15 ft long, 6 ft wide, and 4 ft deep. Eq. 3.23: apl@x = pa, = ~(50/32.290.3(32.2) = ~15 pof per ft Pa-Pa = 4p = (@plesyAx = 15(15) = 225 pst Bq. 3.24 with a, = 0: ap/@ + ~pg =~ = ~50 psf per ft Po~Pp = AP = (plz) Az = S0(4) = 200 pst Lines of equal pressure are as follows: Ifthe tank of Exer 3.10.6 is closed at the top and is completely filled, what must be the pressure difference between the left-hand end at the top and the right-hand end at the top if the liquid has a specific weight of 8.0 kN/mt and the horizontal acceleration is a, = 0.3g? Sketch planes of equal pressure, indicating their ‘magnitude; assume zero pressure in the upper right-hand comer. ‘Exer. 3.10.6: The rectangular tank is 15 m long, 5 m wide, and 4 m deep. Bq. 3.23: Opl@r = ~pa, = ~(y18)4," ~(B.09.81)0.30.81) = -2.4 KPa per m Pa Pp = Ap = (@plax)Ax = 2.4(15) = 36.0 kPa < Eq. 3.24 with a, = 0: dpféc = ~pg = ~y = -8.0 kPa per m Po~Pa = Ap = (@p/ee)Az = 8.0(4) = 32.0 kPa Lines of equal pressure are as follows: [eae < Fluld Masses Subjected to Acceleration — Problems 3.31—3.32 Refer to Sample Prob. 3.10. Suppose the velocity of the airplane is 225 m/s, with all other data unchanged. What then would be the slope of the liquid surface in the tank? Sample Prob 3.10: At a particular instant an airplane is travelling upward at 40° to the horizontal, and losing speed at 4 m/is?. Also it is moving on a concave-upward circular path of radius 2600 m. a, = fr = 225772600 = 19.47 m/s? z 4 ms? (given) a, = ~Acos40" - 19.47sin4o” = 15.58 mys? 4a, = ~Asind0® + 19.47c0s40" = +12.34 mis? Eq. 3.26: Surface slope = tan or = tan"'0.703 = 35.1° fromthe horizontal. 4 ‘Allunits are mis?64 sec. 3.10, Prob. 3.32 3.32 At a particular instant an airplane is traveling upward at a velocity of 180 mph in a direction that makes an ‘angle of 30° with the horizontal. At this instant the airplane is losing speed at the rate of 3.6 mphisec. Abo, it is moving on a concave-upward circular path of radius 5000 ft. Determine the slope of the free liquid surface in the airplane's fuel tank. BG 180 mph = 180(5280 ft/mi)/(3600 see/hr) = 264 fps; 3.6 mph = 5.28 fps a, = vifr = 2647/5000 = 13.96 fysec? ; 28 fifsec®. 4, = ~$28c0830° ~ 13.94sin30" = -11.54 fysec a, = ~528sin30" + 13,94c0530° = 19.43 ffsec* i\ A ! > “~ Tne \ All units are see? 1 ! | 1 I 1 Me Liquid surface is perpendicular to net force, i.e., to net acceleration. de __ (1154) 3.26: Surface slope = tnd = Hm - . ao a (0.43 + 32.2) or @ = tan"0.277 = 15.50° from the horizontal =027‘Chaptes 4 Basics of Fiaid Flow PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE ‘Sec, Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features 43 Steady Flow and Uniform Flow x43. ON E < f 4.5 Flow Rate and Mean Velocity X45. N Easy Short 1 Integration 45.2 BG VEsy Shot 1 453 SI Easy = Shot 1 PAL 454 BG Easy Shot 14.5.5 455 SI Easy = Shon 14.5.4 PA BG Bey) | Shot | 1 45.9) 42 BG Easy = Shon 14.3 Uses pu = RT (See. 2.7) 43 SI Easy Short, = 14.2, $4.1 Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) 44 BG Medium Long 14.5 Graphical solution 4s SI Medinm Long 1 4.4 Graphical solution 4.7 Equation of Continuity BG = Medium Medium = 1 Numerical differentiation 4.10 Use and Limitations of Flow Net X410.1 SI Medium = Short 1 4302 Sl Easy = Shot 1 +t Measure Fig X4.10.2 410.3 BG Easy Medium 2 + Measure Fig 4.10 4104 SI Easy Medium = 2 + Measure Fig 4.12 P48 = BG = Medium Medium 49 + Measure Fig X4,10.2 49 SI Medium Medium 48 + Measure Fig X4.10.2 1 1 1 1 4.10 N Medium Medium 411 BG Hard Long +t Measure Fig 4.10; plot Sketch flow net; plot Jeoat... ‘For all Exercises (identified by °X"), answers are given is Appendix F of the textbook. + Answers are sensitive to values that are measured from fqgures. X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, S = Sample Problem.66 ‘4.12 Velocity and Acceleration in Steady Flow X4.121 oN VEasy VSbort 1 4122 N Medium Short 1 4.123 N Medium Medium 1 4.12.4 4.124 N Medium Medium 1 4.12.3 4.125 N Medium Medium 1 4.126 BG VEasy VShor 1 4.12.7 4.12.7 SI VEay VShon 1 4.12.6 4.128 BG Medium Medium 1 4.12 Differentiation P4l2 SI Medium Short 1. «4.12.8 Differentiation 413 N Medium = Medium = 1 Partial differentiation 4i4 N Medium Medium = 1 Sketch flow field 415 N Medium Medium = 1 ‘Sketch flow field 4.16 N= Medium Long 1 Sketch flow field; numerical differ'n 4.17 BG Medium = Medium = 1 Numerical differentiation 4.18 St Medium Medium 1 + Measure Fig P4.18; numerical differ’. 4.13 Velocity and Acceleration in Unsteady Flow X413.1 N Medium Short 1 Differentiation 4.13.2 N Medium Short 1 Partial differentiation 413.3 BG Easy Short, = 1.«4.13.4—_Differentiation 4.13.4 SI Easy Shor’ = 1 «4.13.3. Differentiation P4.19 BG Medium = Medium 1 4.20 Partial differentiation 4.20 ‘SI Medium Medium 1 4.19 Partial differentiation 421 SI Medium = Medium 1 Measure Fig P4.18; numerical differ'n Ch4 Miscellaneous P 422 N Medium Medium 1 Plot 423° BG = Medium «Medium 1 Plot 4.24 SI Medium Long = 3 PlotSec. 4.6 67 Chapter 4 BASICS OF FLUD@LOW Sec 4.3: Steady Flow and Uniform Flow — Exercise (/) 43.1 Classify the following cases of flow as to whether they are steady or unsteady, uniform of nonuniform: (a) ‘water flowing from a tilted pail; (2) flow from a rotatieg lawn spritler; (c) flow through the hose leading to the sprinkler; (d) a natural stream during dry-weather flow; (¢) a natural stream during flood; () flow in a city water-distribution main through a straight section of constant diameter with no side connections. (Note: There is room for legitimate argument in some of the above cases, which should stimulate independent thought.) (@ Unsteady, nonuniform; (b) Unsteady (although steay with respect to rotating frame of reference), somuniform: (©) Steady, uniform; (4) Alnot steady, nenuiform; () Unsteady, nonuniform; () Unsteay, See 4.5: Flow Rate and Mean Velocity — Exercises (4) 45.1 N 45.2 453 In the laminar flow of a fluid through ca pipe of circular cross section the velocity profile is exactly a true ‘Parabola. The volume of the paraboloid represents the rate of discharge. Prove that for this case the ratio Of the mean velocity to the maximum velocity is 0.5. A gas (y = 0.05 Ibfft’) flows at a rate of 0.8 lb/sec pest section A through a long rectangular duct of uniform cross section 1.2 by 1.8 ft. At section B some distance along the duct the gas weighs 0.08 lb/ft. ‘What is the average velocity of fiow at sections A and 6? = Tales < &,__ 98 __ yA 005(12x 1.8) -_ 08 _, 4° Gpaaxiy "AO The velocity of a liquid (s = 1.4) in a 150-mm pipeling is 0.8 m/s. Calculate the rate of flow in Lis, mls, keels, and IN/s. Bg. 4.3: Q = AV = (0.0757x08 = 0.01414 ms = 0.014 14 (m/s) x 10° (Lim?) = 14.148 From Eqs. 4.4 and 4.3: at = pQ = (1.4 x 1000)0.084 14 = 19.79 kgls 4 From Eqs. 4.5 and 4.3: G = 9Q = (14 X 9.81)0.018 14 = 0.1962 KNisWater flows at 4 gal/min through a small circular hole in the bottom of a large tank. Assuming the water in the tank approaches the hole radially, what is the velocigy in the tank at 2, 4, and 8 in from the hole? Flow passes through a hemispherical surface area, with A = 1xD* = Lx(2r = 2nr? (Table A.8) Q = 4 gal/min x (0.1337 ft°/g)/(60 sec/min) = 0.00891 cfs ra) AG) Ade) V=QIA 2 25.1 0.1745 0.0511 4 100.5 0.698 = 0.01277 8 402.1 2.793 0.003 19 ry ‘Water flows at 0.25 L/s through a small circular hole in the bottom of a large tank. Assuming the water in ‘the tank approaches the hole radially, what is the velociy in the tank at $0, 100, and 200 mm from the hole? Flow passes through a hemispherical surface area, with A = inD* = }aQr? = 2nr? (Table A.8) Q = 0.25 Lis = 0.000 25 m/s r(mm) Am) = V=QIA 50 0.01571 0.015 92 100 0.062 83 0,003 98 200 0.25133 0.000 995 a See 4.5: Flow Rate and Mean Velocity — Problems 4/—4.5 4a 42 BG The velocity of a liquid (s = 1.26) in a 3-in pipeline is 44 fps. Calculate the rate of flow in cfs, gal/min, slugs/sec, and Ib/sec. Eq. 4.3: Q= AV = w(L5/12)'x24 = 0.1178 cf 4 = 0,1178(448.8 gpmvicfs) = 52.9 gpm From Eqs. 4.4 and 4.3: mt = pQ = (1.26 x 1.940)0.1178 = 0.288 slugisec From Eqs. 4.5 and 4.3: G = yQ = (1.26 x 62.40.1198 = 9.26 Ib/sce 4 Carbon diaxide flows in a 2-in by 3-in duct at a pressure of 46 psi and a temperature of 80°F. If the ‘atmospheric pressure is 13.8 psia and the flow velocity is 10 fps, calculate the weight flow rate. Table A.5 for carbon dioxide: R = 1123 ftib/(stug-R*) = B » Bwd6013 Ba 25: 7 = (ep ~ “11250460 + 80) Bg. 4.5: G = yAV = 0.457(2/12\3/12)10 = 0.1906 Ib/sec 4 = 0.457 ef43 44 Sec. 4.5, Prob. 4.4 69 ‘Nitrogen at 40°C and under a pressure of 3000 mb obs flows in a 350-mm-diameter conduit at a mean velocity of 8 m/s. Find the mass flow rate. ‘Table A.5 for nitrogen: R = 297 m/(s*K) Bem 2200. (1 KN 7/10 mb «(1000 kg VEN 529 paid RT 297 m*sK “!(273+40) K = pAV = 3.23(axO179)E = 24B Kg p= Velocities in an 8-incdiameter circular conduit, measgred at radit of 0, 1.44, 2.60, and 3.48 in, were 20.3, 19.7, 17.7, and 14.5 fps respectively. Find approximate values (graphically) ofthe volume flow rate and ‘the mean velocity. Also determine the ratio of the mean velocity to the maximum velocity. (Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to graphical solution. Bq. 4.3: = fudd = wd, + wld, + .. lot the velocity profile and divide the area into a number of equal (annular) parts. ob 14.5 fps at r = 3.48 inches 17-7 fps atr = 2.60 inches \——— 19.7 fps at 7 = 1.44 inches —— 20:3 fps ar =0 For four equal parts (say), 2 = meperd = wird dd = 4 = Eo ae it 7 = 4 inches, 90 7 = 0, 7, = y4 = 2.00 inches, r = JB = 2.83 inches, 1, = Y1Z =3.46 inches From the sketched profile, uj = 7.8 fps, = 15.4 fps, ay = 17.7 fps, uy = 19.4 fps = Leads) = (8 + 15.4 $17.7 +19.4)44 = (60.3 fps) An/144 £7) = 5.26 cfs Q~53ch V = QUA = 5.26/(16n/144) = 15.075 fps V= 15.1 fps < Wage * 15.075120.3 = 0.743 Wem 0.78 4 If we had broken down the area into more parts, the securacy would have been improved.10 sec. 4.7, Prob. 4.5 45 Velocities in a 200-mm-diameter circular conduit, measured at radii of 0, 36, 65, and 87 mm, were 7.0, 6.8, 6.1, and 5.0 m/s respectively. Find approximate valees (graphically) of the volume flow rate and the ‘mean velocity. Also determine the ratio of the mean velogity to the maximum velocity. Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to graphical solutfon. Bq. 43: Q = fd = wld, + oly + Plot the velocity profile and divide the area info a number of equal (anmular) parts. + + 5.0 msar = 87 mm S——— 6.1 mis at r= 65 mm \—— 6.8 mis at r = 36 mm —~ 710 mis tr =0 For four equal parts (say). A = PI = ar? = wid r2) = Hr -1Z) dA = Al4 = 1004 = 2500" mm? r= 100 mm, 80 7 = 0, 7, = 50.0 mm, 7, = ¥5000 = 70.7 mm, r, = ¥7300 =86.6 mm From the sketched profile, u, « 6.7 m/s, u, = 6.1 m/s, uy = 5.3 m/s, uy ~ 2.7 m/s Q = Duds) « (6.7 + 6.1 + 5.3 + 2.744 = 20.8(25008) = 163.400 m(mum?/s) = 0.1633 m/s Q= 016 mis << V = QA = 163 400/(4 x 2500) = 5.20 mis VeaS2ms 4 We * 5.2017.0 = 0.743 Won #074 4 If the area had been broken down into more parts, the accaracy would have been improved. See 4.7: Equation of Continuity ~ Exercises (3) ATA BG 472 473 Water flows in a river, At 8 AM. the flow past bridge 1 ig 2150 cfs. At the same instant the flow past bridge 2 is 1800 cfs. At what rate is water being stored im the river berween the two bridges at this instant? ‘Assume zero seepage and negligible evaporation. Eq. 4.18: Q, — Q, = dH ide ; (2150 — 1800) see = d¥idt ; d¥idt = 350 fice Water flows in a river. At 9 AM. the flow past bridge 1 is 37.2 m/s. At the same instant the flow past bridge 2 is 26.9 m'/s. At what rate is water being stored in the river between the two bridges at this instant? Assume zero seepage and negligible evaporation, Eq, 4.18: Q, — Q; = d¥idt ; G72 ~ 26.9) mills = divide ; dV lat = 10.30 m/sec < Gas is flowing in a long 9-in-diameter pipe from A to B. At section A the flow is 0.65 lb/sec while at the same instant at section B the flow is 0.72 lbisec. The dimance between A and B is 800 ft. Find the mean value of the time rate of change of the specific weight of dhe gas between sections A and B at that instant Bg. 45 x 8 1AM — reba = Crl®) x 5 By 4.160: AV = G Substituting: G, — G, = (Ola) x (0.65 — 0.72) Ib/sec = Slat x 800 n(4.5/12) f°; yfde = —0.000 1981 Ib/f* per secaq Sec. 4.7, Prob. 4.7 71 Equation of Continuity — Problems 4.6-4.7 Gas flows at a steady rate in a 120-mm-diameter pipe that enlarges 10 a 180-mum-diameter pipe. (a) At a certain section of the 120-mm pipe the density of the gas is 165 kg/m and the velocity is 15 m/s. At a certain section of the 180-mm pipe the velocity is 10 m/s. What must be the density of the gas at that same section? (b) If these same data were given for the casa of unsteady flow at a certain instant, could the Problem be solved? Discuss. (@ Eq. 4.160: p,A,¥, = pyA,¥, 5 a8 A & (diam)?, we therefore obtain p,di¥, = pydsV, 165(120)15 = p,(180)10 from which p, = 110.0 kg/m’ (©) Ifthe flow were unsteady, the problem could not be solved because no information is given on dp/ét. ‘Also, the volume between the two sections is tnlaown. A compressible fluid flows in a 20-in-diameter leaky pipe. Measurements are made simultaneously at two ‘points A and B along the pipe that are 32,000 ft apart. Two sets of measurements are taken with an interval of exactly 45 min berween them. The data are as follows: Time _ py (slugff") Y, tis) 2 (slugif") Va ft/s) 0 0.520 6s 0.608 54 45min 0.616 st 0.727 40 Assuming p varies linearly with respect to time and distance, compute the approximate average mass rate of leakage between A and B. Modifying Eq. 4.15 to include for leakage, at any instant PAW, ~ PyA;¥y ~ leakage rate = (@p/2) x ¥ 4p, a = 4P2 , 0.727-0.608 Op/ae at Section 2 a 45x60 p[ée at Section 1 = = 3.56 « 10° slugi(f? sec) = 4AL x 10° slug/(f? see) ‘During this time interval, and through the 32,000-ft leggth AB, average Opl& ~ ¥4(3.56 + 4.41) x 10°% = 3.98 x 10° slug/(fi?-sec) During any time iterval, 3,A,¥, — 2yA,¥, — avg leak rate ~ (pla) x ¥ yer — avg leak rate = 3.98 x so-foo, (24 71.873 — 68.444 — avg leak rate = 2.780 slug/sec; Avg leakage rate ~ 0.649 slugisec 472 Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.7 Sec 4.10; Use and Limitations of Flow New — Exercises (4) 4.10.1 4.10.2 st ‘An incompressible ideal fluid flows at 12 L/s through a circular 160-mmn-diameter pipe into a conically converging nozzle Wke that of Sample Prob. 4.4 (diameter at B is 80 mi). Determine the average velocity of flow at sections D and B. Consider the sketched flow net of Sample Prob 4.4. At seation D the streamlines are parallel, so the area ‘normal to the velocity vectors is a plane circle, ily | 160 mm fo2. c aia | 2 _ 2x10 mip Ap (HiAy0.16 m)? At section B, however, the area normal to the streamlines is best approximated by the portion of the surface ‘of a sphere of radius 40 mm which is inside the nozzle and passes through B (see right-hand solution figure ‘of Sample Prob. 4.4). By table lookup, by integration, or from Sample Prob 4.4, A= 2arh = 40 ~ 40cos45* = 11.72 mm y- Q- 2 = 2x0 Bs gcemn Ay 2ark — 25(0,040)0.01172 m? Thos, = =0597 ms 4 Figure X4.10.2 shows the flow net for two- dimensional flow from a rounded, long- slotted exit from a tank. If Uy = 1.8 mis, ‘hat is the approximate flow velocity at A? ALB: An, = 12.05/6 = 2.01 mm Figure X4.10.2 ‘Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.7 73 4.10.3 Given that Uy in Fig. 4.10 is 6.0 fps, find approximately (a) the maximum velocity in the bend, and (©) the uniform velocity in the downstream section. Figure 4.10 BG (All values approximate) 4n, mm An, [An V = (4n, /AmU, In uniform entrance: 38.84 = 9.70 1.00 6.00 fps (given) (@ In bend (smallest square) 3.50 27 16.6 fps (©) In uniform exit: 18.7/4 = 4.68 2.07 12.4 fps 4 Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.TA sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.7 4.10.4 Given that Up in Fig. 4.12 is 4 mls, find approximately (2) the maximum and (b) the minimum velocity on the body surface. ‘Stagnation point, O Figure 4.12 st (@) Measuring four of the small squares, on average: . UL, W) . e903: ‘At uniform entrance: An, iG 5) x 7 ‘At the smallest square, about 0.66 or 3.8a downstream of the stagnation point: 0.962 mm et ve, = ‘an Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling. (© At stagnation point, Vay, = 0 = 99824 2 < Uy = SoREa = 5.5 misSec. 4.10, Prob. 4.8 75 See 4.10: Use and Limitations of Flow Net — Problems 4.8--4.l/ 48 Refer to Fig. X4.10.2. If a is 3 in and Up is 10 fps, approximately how long will it take a particle to move from point A to point B on the same streamline? (Note: Between each pair of equipotential lines, measure ‘As, and then compute the average velocity and time increment.) = 10 fps and a= Sin. ds = 2 = 1 dined team 24 a 7 10. 1 4s 7 Equipotential s/s, 7 = ee space s/s mh As 12 18 133s O31 0.23 see 23 55 ‘1.82 fps, 0.23 ft 0.13 sec 34 34 2.94 fps 0.14 ft 0.048 sec ‘and similarly on through space 11-12, yields Eat = 0.47 sec 4 Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.76 sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.9 49 si Repeat Prob. 4.8 using the following data: a = 150 mm and Up = 0.5 m/s. Find also the approximate velocity where the flow crosses equipotential line 3. Prob. 4.8: Refer to Fig. X4.10.2. Approximately how long will it take a particle to move from point A 10 point B on the same streamline? (Note: Between each pair of equipotential lines, measure As, and then compute the average velocity and time increment.) Uy =0.5 mis and a= 015m. As = 2 = ‘Equipotential Asi4s, P= 95 gs =0.02548 at = asiv sruce sas, 12 15 0.067 mis 0.188 m 2.80 see 23 55 0.051 mis 0.138 m 152 see 34 34 0.187 mis 0.085 m 0.58 sec and similarly on through space 11 - 12, yields Ear = 5.7sec 4 : length = 34 a m. Ana tipi: ath = (2%, ]o.1013] =o 05 Ame gh wotme 4 1 = alba = 011 me Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling,Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.10 TT 4.10 ‘Make an approximate plot of the frictionless velocity (relative to U,) along both the inner and the outer boundaries of Fig. 4.10. By what percent is the ideal maximum inner velocity greater than the ideal ‘minimum outer velocity? Figure 4.10 v 1 = const = AV « AsV = An Uy, 0 L = Jn aream me, q = cont = AV * AsV = Any, 19 P= Ta UYnner boundary 2.9] 350 mm 3.50 mm vit, outer boundary 1.0) 9.7 rom = 0.746 130 mm Min outer Vel (Vp = 0.746U) or 3 5 Equipotential spa: jo max. inner vel sax. inner vel, = - Ratio Tin. outer vel. Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.78 sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.11 4a Consider the two-dimensional flow about a 2-in-diameter cylinder. Sketch the flow net for the ideal flow ‘round one quarter of the cylinder. Start with a uniform net of ¥4-in squares, and fill in with %-in squares where desirable. (Note: We can prove by classical hydrodynamics that the velocity tangent to the cylinder ata point 90° from the stagnation point is twice the uniform velocity.) From the flow net, determine the velocities (relative to Up) along the center streamline from a point upstream where the velocity is uniform 10 the stagnation point, and then along the boundary of the cylinder from the stagnation point to the 90° point; plot them vs distance. By plotting a second curve on the same graph, compare the result thus obtained with the values given by the equation V = 2Upsind, where Up is the undisturbed stream velocity and 0 is the ‘angle subtended by the arc from the stagnation point to axy point on the cylinder where V is desired. + < V from equation = 2U,ein 8 st = 205 #in 8 Bte Uy ‘rom flow net = —5: < Stagnation point 00) 690° Sec 4.12: Velocity and Acceleration in Steady Flow — Exercises (8) 4.12.1 A flow field is defined by u = 2, v = 3, w = 4. What is the velocity of flow? Specify units in terms of L and T. N Sec. 4.12: VaQ+3 +4) =539UT < 4.12.2 The velocity along a streamline lying on the x axis is given by u = 6 + 3°. What is the convective ‘acceleration at x = 5? Specify units in terms of L and T. Assuming the fluid is incompressible, isthe flow converging or diverging? wa 6+ P4 2, aula = 0.42% Eq, 4.23a: Convective accel. = u(@uf@r) = 2.4x-°% + 0 4x70? ‘Atx = 5: Convective accel. = 2.4(5)-®* + 0.4(5)-®? = 1.204 LIT? If the fluid is incompressible, because the velocity increases the flow must be converging.4.123 412.4 4.12.5 4.12.6 Sec, 4.12, Prob. 4.11 79 A flow field is defined by u = 2x, v = y. Derive expressions for the x and y components of acceleration. Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration at the point (3,2). Specify units in terms of L and T. au ou, yu S20, Bg. 4.28: a =u + yH a wtonde < y ay av av , av ; 8% 21, Ba. 4.280: yy Muorn < i Eq. ay ug HD Ob omy MQ2 u=%=6; v=y=2; V= (OF =632LT < and a= 4 = 12; y= 2 = VF = I7LT? < A flow field is defined by u = 2y, v = x. Derive expressions for the x and y components of acceleration. Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration at the point (3,1). Specify units in terms of L and T. =2 By. 48a: a, = 3 + oS 0+ 20m Oe < a 662m: gant eM ane ony < ely ele ele ele AtG,I): w= =2u=x=3, Va VPP = 361LT 4 and 2 = 6; = 2 = 2 a= (EP =6RLT? < A flow field is defined by u = 2y, v = xy. Derive expressions for the x and y components of acceleration. Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration at the point (2,3). Specify units in terms of L and T. ou, au rey not aay 4 2. Eg. 4.280: a, = x. Eq, 4.28: a, = ele ole ao ao ety a te < 23) usd =6; vey =6; Va \OrO= s4oLT < @, = Dry = 12; a, = 29° + xy = 2G) + QB) = 18 + 12 = 30 a= iF =323L7? < B= ele ele The velocity along a circular streamline of radius 4 ft is 2.2 fps. Find the normal and tangential components of the acceleration if the flow is steady. 2 pat Bq. 4.19: a= 4 = 22 = i210 flee? Flow is steady (given), so V, = const, a,80 Sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.12 4.12.7 st 4128 ‘The velocity along a circular streamline of radius 1.5 m is 0.75 mis. Find the normal and tangential ‘components of the acceleration if the flow is steady. 2 Bq. 4.19: a, = = 0375 mst < 15 Flow is steady (given), so V, = const, = 0 A large tank contains an ideal liquid which flows out of the bottom of the tank through a 4-in-diameter hole. The rate of steady outflow is 5 cfs. Assume that the liquid approaches the center of the hole radially. Find the velocities and convective accelerations at points that are 2.5 and 5 ft from the center of the hole. ‘Area through which (steady) flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, of area 2° (Table A.8) 4.46: ¥,= 2-5, H.-S A At = 25h Vy = 11S) Bele) 8 3s = 0.01297 ft/sec? 4; a, = 0.000405 ft/sec? 1273 fps 4; Atty = Sit: ¥, = 0.0318 fps 4 Sec 4.12: Velocity and Acceleration in Steady Flow ~ Problems 4/2 4.18 412 st ‘An ideal liquid flows out the bottom of a large tank though a 100-mm-diameter hole at a steady rate of 0.80 ‘nels, Assume the liquid approaches the center of the hole radially. Find the velocities and convective ‘accelerations at points 0.75 and 1.5 m from the center of the hole. (steady) flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, of area 2a? (Table A.8) 080 | directed only along r. Bar : 7 Qo +. From Eq. 4.23: Comenive a = 4 =~ 5-8 Atr= 075m: V=0226m/s 4; a=0.1366m/s! Atr= LS m: V = 0.0566 m/s a= 0.00427 mst <4.33 414 45 Sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.15 81 A flow field is defined by u = 3y, v = 2xy, w = Sz. Derive expressions for the x, y, and z components of ‘acceleration Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration at the point (1,2,1). Specify units in 0, Eq. 4.284: a,=0-+3v+0=6y 4 au a 2x; eno. Eg. 4.28: a, = ku + 2xv +0= 6 +4ry 4 0; Mans, By 42ke: = 040456 = 25 Va (OFF a8TLT < anda, = Gay = 12; a, = y+ ey = 24 + B= 32; a, = 25; a= PE = 43LT? < Sketch the flow field defined by u = 0, v = 3xy, and derive expressions for the x and y components of ‘acceleration. Find the acceleration at the point (2,2). Specify units in terms of Land T. Eq. 4.230: a, = 00) + 3x0) = 0 4 y f Bg. 4.23: a, = 0Gy) + 3nGy = 9x “r-t T MQ2): a=9@@=2LIT? < : < 2 P 1 Ls Omer eerie seed Sketch the flow field defined by u = 3y, v = 2, and derive expressions for the x and y components of ‘acceleration. Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration for the point having the coordinates (3,4). Specify units in terms of L and T. Bq, 4.230; a, = 390) +2G)=6L7? << Eq. 4.236: a, = 390) +20) =0 4 AGH: V= (OFF 3 s(iPPan27 < a=\@-0 =6L7 4 F <82 sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.16 4.16 (@) Sketch the flow field defined by u = —2y, v = 3x, and derive expressions for the x and y components of acceleration. (2) As in Sample Prob. 4.3, find approximase values of the normal and tangential ‘accelerations ofthe particle atthe point (2,3). Specify units in terms of Land T. (c) Compare the values of (a2 + a2)" with the computed value (a? + 4,3)". (@) Bq. 4.230: a, = -2¥(0) + 3x(-2) = -6r — Eq. 4.23b: a, = —2y(3) + 3x(0) = -6y 4 V = VO + GHP = Yay? 9x7 ALPQ3): < = 4G" +90) = 8.49 L/T a= (6x 2F + (6x 3F = 21.6 LT? oo * (@) Per Sample Prob. 4.3: From sketch of this fowfild, y, ~ 3.75 L, x ~ 3.0BL. 5-5, = 5.4L and at PQ,3): 7 = 3.3L. ALA, ty = = 0, $0 Vy = vy = 3x = 3.08.1) = +9.26L = 9.241 ACB, vp = x = 0, $0 Vp = ty = -2y = ~20.75 1) = -7.50L = 750L— av MaMa | 1SOL-9ML _ yg pt a” 5% +547 ; v2 _ 84s? 2 1425: a, = LE = BAF 91, < ag 5 ae 4s aA a, = V(aV/88) = 8.49(-0.527) = -4.47 ~ -45LT? <4 ey 2 © a = fafra? = PAS AaT = 23 = DLT Cf. a = 21.6 L/T?, these two accelerations compare well ‘Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.4aT Sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.17 83 ‘The steady flow rate in each of the four stream tubes uf Fig. 4.10 is 15 ofs per foot perpendicular to the lane of the figure. By scaling, the dimensions of the shaded “square” have been found to be 1.65 ft wide ‘on the upstream face, 1.53 ft wide on the downstream face, and 1.67 ft along the flow line through its ‘center: the radius of that flow line measures 11.1 ft. Find the normal, tangential, and resultant accelerations of a fluid particle at the center of the shaded area. At the center of the shaded "square": Width ~ (1.65 + 1.53)/2 = 1.59 f Bq. 4.6: V= QUA ~ 15/1.59 = 9.43 fps 2 Eq. 4.25: a= = 94 © 8.00 = 8.0 fer rally inward < In the shaded "square", the tube width changes from 1.65 ft to 1.53 ft over a distance of 1.67 ft, so av AS/153) - (5/1.65) _ & aA 0.427 fsee? Bg. 4.24: a, = VE = 9.49(0.427) = 4.03 ~ 4.0 sein the flow direction a, = 4.03, a = (8.02? +403? = 8.97 = 9.0 ft/sec? (downward)84 sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.18 4.18 Figure P4.18 represents a two-dimensional stream tube drawn to scale. If the flow rate is 25 m/s per meter perpendicular to the plane ofthe sketch, determine approximate values of the normal and tangential accelerations of 4 fluid particle at C. What is the resultant acceleration of a particle at C? Note to instructor: Answers will vary depending on the measured dimensions. The variability of the results can be used to demonstrate the sensitivity to the accuracy of the measurements. Measure Fig. 4.18: At C, width = 2.3m, r= 14.7 m. Q_ 2 Fg. 4.6: Ve= 2 = % = 10.87 mis 46: o-5 Is T= 8.04 ~ 8.0 m/s* radially inward In the 2 m surrounding C the width changes from about 2.35 m to 2.27 m, so Y _ 25227) - 057.39) _ 9.1875 m/s per m es 2 Eq. 4.24: a, x = 10.87(0.1875) = 2.04 ~ 2.0 m/s? tangentially downward to the right e 4, a = ¥8.047+208 =8.29= 83m 4 See 4.13: Velocity and Acceleration in Unsteady Flow — Exercises (4) 413.1 N 413.2 A flow is defined by u = 2(1+1), v = 3(1-+1), w = 4(1+1). What is the velocity of flow at the point 3,24) at t = 2? What is the acceleration at that point at t = 2? Specify units in ierms of L and T. Atr= 2 sec: u = 6 L/T,v = 91/7, w= 12 Vara = VOVOHIE = 16.16LT 4, v and w are all not fonctions of x, y, oz, s0 all convective accelerations (see Ea. 4.28) are zero ‘ ou av 2, aw 2 sa,= S maim a, = 2-317 «= © = 417 LS 47°F a4 and a= YP0F6# = 539LTt < A two-dimensional flow field is given by u = 2 + xy + 3P, v = De? + 1. Find the velocity and ‘acceleration of a particle of fluid at point (2,3) at t = 4. Specify units in terms of L and T. ‘At point (2,3) with t = 4: W246 +48 = 56LT,v = 36 +4 =40L7;V= Wor = 688LT < Eq. 4.284: a, = (2 +ay + 3P)y + Qa? + Ox + OF = 272 LT? Eq. 4.280: ay = (2 +xy + 37)2y" + Qry? + Nday + 1 = 1969 LT? Finally, a = (272?+ 196 = 198817? <4.13.3 4.13.4 st Sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.19 85 The flow velocity in fps along a circular streamline of radius 3 ft is 0.6 + 1.21. Find the normal and tangential components of the acceleration when t = 1.5 sec. Att =1.3 sec: V=0.6 + 1.2(1.5) 40 fps; at any t: OV/dr = 1.2 ft/sec? Bq. 4.25: gy = Vr = 2407 = 1.900 ise? : jv, W = Ea, 4.29: H 4 HY — yo) +12 = 1200 tise? The flow velocity in m/s along a circular streamline of radius 1.5 m is 0.4 + 0.6t. Find the normal and tangential components of the acceleration when t = 1.2 5. Ate=1.2 sec: V= 0.4 + 0.6(1.2) = 1.120 mis Bq.4.25: a= Vr = 1120715 = 0.836me 4 Eq. 4.29: a= vt + z V0) + 0.6 = 0.600 mis? << ‘Sec 4.13: Velocity and Acceleration in Unsteady Flow ~ Problems 4./9— 4.21 4.19 A large tank contains an ideal liquid which flows out of the botiom through a 4-in-diameter hole. The ‘ouflow rate O = 8 ~ 0.5t, where Q is in cfs and tis in sec. Assume the liquid approaches the center of the hole radially. Find the local acceleration at a point 2 ft from the center of the hole at times ¢ = 5 sec and 10 sec. What is the total acceleration at a point 3 ft from the center of the hole at ¢ = 10 sec? ‘Area through which flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, of area 2r? (Table A.8) Eq. 4. Aer = 2 float acet = (37) < Cee ee eee . Atr = 2 ft, t= 5 sec, local accel = — 0.019 89 fi/sec? 4 and at r = 2 ft, 1 = 10 sec, local accel = — 0.019 89 ft/sec?> 4 sinc # = cont — 1, = 2% = 18-089 es or xe 7 av 4.29 at f = 10 sec, 7 = 3 ft: =v: LZ Bq. 4.29 sec, r= 3A: Towa = Vo + £20500), 8-050) _ _O5- _ 6,001 876 — 0.008 84 = -0.006 97 tse? 2as? me ag?86 sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.21 4.20 424 SI si id los tof he Bono of a age tank ‘through an 80-mm-diameter hole. The outflow rate Q = 04-0. where Q is in m’/s and t is in s. Assume the liquid approaches the center of the hole radially. Find the local, convective, and total accelerations at a point 0.5 m from the center of the hole at time t = 12s. ‘Area through which flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, of area 2nr? (Table A.8) Q _ 04-0025 14.6: V= S , directed only along r E. a om ly along (2) = 04-0025. av _ _ o01r" ar, = 2ar' From Sec. 4.13, at 7 = 0.5 m,¢ = 12s: Local accel = a¥Vfét = -0.001 $38 m/s? << and since s = const — r, convective accel = W(aV/as) = -W(aV/ar) = 0.1773 mist and, from Eq. 4.29: Total accel = 0.1773 — 0.0018 = 0.1755 mis? < Refer to the two-dimensional stream tube drawn to scale in Fig. P4.18. If the flow rate is (18 — 4) m?'/s per meter perpendicular to the plane of the skeich, with tin s, find approximate values of the normal tangential, and {otal accelerations of a fluld particle at C when ¢ = 3s. Note to instructor: Answers will vary depending on the measured dimensions. ‘The variability of the results can be used to demonstrate the sensitivity to the accuracy of the measurements. Measure Fig. 4.18: At C, width = 2.31 m,r = 14.67 m. = ot = -1732 ms oa /s (at any 0) In the 2 m surrounding C, by measurement, the width changes from about 2.35 m to 2.27 m. ee aor oh a ~ alz27 235 ‘When r= 3s: Q = 6mls, Vo = 2.60 m/s, d%G/8s = 0.0450 mis per m. 2 4.4.25: a0, 2 0.460 ~ 0.46 mvs radially inward x F442: (00, = 4 + & ~ 2.600.0450) + (-1.732) = -1.615 = 1.6 mist a = 1613+ 04GF = 1.679 = 1.68 mist 4 Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.Sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.23 87 Chapter 4: Miscellaneous — Problems 4.22 — 4.24 42 Assume that the streamlines for a two-dimensional flow of a friciontess incompressible fluid against a flat ‘plate normal to the initial velocity may be represented by the equation xy = constant and thatthe flow is symmetrical about the plane through x = 0. A diferent streamline may be plotted for each value of the constant. Plot streamlines for values of the constant of 16, 64, and 128. N < 423 For the case in Prob. 4.22, we can show that the velocity components at any point are uw = ax and v = ay, where a is a constant. Thus the actual velocity is V = a(x?+y*)¥? = ar, where r is the radius to the origin. Let a = 1/3. Draw curves of equal velocity for values of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 fps. How does the velocity vary along the surface of the plate? BG ‘Along the surface of the plate V = x/3 fps, where x ft = the distance from the origin. 488 sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.24 424 si For three-dimensional flow with the y axis as the centerline, assume that the equation for the bounding streamline of a jet impinging vertically downward on a flat plate is y = 64. (a) Plot the flow showing the ‘centerline and bounding streamlines of the jet. (e) What is the approximate average velocity in the vertical Jet at y = 10 ifthe average velocity in the vertical jet is 5.0 m/s at y = 16? (c) For the above conditions {find the approximate velocity along the plate at r = 12, 24, 36. xy = 64 y @y x 20 20 1.79 15 2.07 10 2.53 15] 5 3538 ae 3 4.62 < 2 5.66 ro} 1 8 0.444 12 : & Aty = 10, x= 64 = 2.53 6, x = 2.00 x V = Rg Vig = ARM g “i 06 Q = m64)%yq = mQ2)'S = 200 Vig = 20/64 = 3.125 mis 4 (© Atx = 12, y = 64/146 = 0.444; Ate = 24, y= O.111; Atx = 36, y = 0.0494 = Wx = 2x = Aa(L2VOAME)Y, = PAHOA, = 2n(36\0.0894)¥ ig Vg = 1.875 m/s 4 Vy =3.75ms 4 Vig =5.63ms 4kk 52 53 Tor all Exercises (Identified by "X"), answers are given in Appendix F of the textbook. Exer/Prob Units Chapter 5 ‘Energy Considerations in Steady Flow PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE 89 Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features Kinetic Energy of a Flowing Fluid ast ON sz) sia Ny P 5.1 N 52 N Equation for Steady Motion of an Ideal Fluid Along a Streamline, and Bernoulli’s Theorem X521 BG 522 BG st SL Medium, Medium, Medium Medium Hard Easy Easy Easy Easy Medium Easy Easy Easy Medium Easy Easy Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Long. Short Short Short $23 52.2 Integration Integration Integration Integration Integration Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7). Interpolation. Equation for Steady Motion of a Real Fluid Along a Streamline 53.1 BG Eg FSeEsee Medium, Short Short Short Short Short Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Long 53.2 53.1 53.5 53.4 X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, $= Sample Problem. Jeont.5A 5.6 57 59 5.10 ExerlProb Units Difficulty Pressure in Fluid Flow X54. BG Easy 5.4.2 St Easy 5.4.3 BG Easy P 5.16 SI Medium 37 SI Medium 5.18 BG Hard 519 BG Medium Short Short Short Short Medium Medium ‘Long. Integration Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Incompressible Fluids, Bernoulli’s Theorem X56.1 BG 5.6.2 5.63 BG 5.6.4 P 5.20 sai) 8G) 5.22 BG 3.23 Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Compressible Fluids X5.7.1 BG 5.72 573 BG 5.74 St SI st SI SL SI V Easy V Easy Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium, Medium Easy Easy Medium, Medium Short Short Short Short Short Medium Medium Medium Short Short Medium Medium, Power Considerations in Fluid Flow X5.91 BG 5.9.2 593 BG 5.9.4 59.5 BG 5.9.6 P5.24 = BG 5.25 st Cavitation X5.10.1 BG 5.10.2 5.103 BG 5.10.4 5.10.5 Short Short Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium, Medium, Medium, Medium, Medium, 2 2 2 2 5.10.2 5.10.1 5.104 5.10.3 Uses Sec. 4.5 Uses pu = RT (See. 2.7) Uses pu = RT (See. 2.7) Uses po = RT (Sec. 2.7) Uses pu = RT (See. 2.7) Uses Sec. 3.5 Uses Sec. 3.5 Uses Sec. 3.5 Uses Sec. 3.5 Uses Sec. 3.5 Jeont...S52 53 5.4 SS 91 Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features Loss of Head at Submerged Discharge P5.26 BG Medium = Medium 5.27 SI Medium Medium 5.28 BG Medium = Medium 5.29 SI Medium Medium 330 BG Hard = Medium 5.31 Sl Hard = Medium 532 BG Medium = Medium 3.27 5.26 5.29 5.28 531 5.30 Applications of Hydraulic Grade Line and Energy Line X 5.3.1 SI Easy Short 5.132 BG Easy Short 5.13.3 SI Easy Short 5.134 BG Easy Short 5.13.5 BG Easy Medium 5.13.6 SI Easy Medium 5.13.7 BG Easy = Medium 5.13.8 SI Easy Medium P 5.33 SI 334 BG 5.35 SI 536 BG 5.37 SI 538 BG 539 BG 540 BG 541 St Method of Solution of Flow Problems X5.14.1 BG Easy Short 5.14.2 St Easy Short 5.143 BG Medium Medium 5.14.4 ‘SI Medium Medium Jet Trajectory X SASL Sl Easy Short 5.15.2 SI Medium — Short 5.153 BG Medium Short P 5.42 N Easy Medium 5.43 BG Medium = Medium Ree el et eee 5.13.2 S31 5.134 5.13.3 5.13.6 5.13.5 5.13.8 5.13.7 537 5.36 $5.11 Sal 3.40 5.14.2 5.14.1 5.14.4 5.14.3 Confirm assumed T°; interp; cavitation. Confirm assumed T°; interp; cavitation. Cavitation. ‘Sketch ‘Sketch Cavitation Cavitation Sketch Plot Uses manometry (See. 3. Uses manometry (Sec. 3, 28 T & E (Trial and Error) T&E Proof Differentiation Ieont..92 5.16 Flow in a Curved Path X5.161 BG Easy Medium 1 Integration 5.16.2 Sl Easy = Medium 1 Integration P544 BG Hard = Medium 15.45 Integration 5.45 SI Hard = Medium 15.44 Integration 5.17 Foreed or Rotational Vortex XS171 BG Easy = Shot 3 3.172 SI Easy = Short 1 5.17.3 BG Easy Short, P546 BG Easy = Shot, «15.47 5.47 SI Easy Shot 15.46 5.18 Free or Irrotational Vortex X 5.18.1 SI Easy Medium 1 $5.14, 5.18.2 5.182 BG Easy Medium «1 $5.14, 5.18.1 P5.48 BG Medium = Mediun 1 5.49 Integration 5.49 Sl Medium Medium 1 5.48 IntegrationChapter 5 ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS IN STEADY FLOW Sec. 5.1: Kinetic Energy of a Flowing Fluid — Exercises (3) 511 512 “Assume the velocity profile for turbulent flow in a circular ipe to be approximated by a parabola from the axis to a ‘point very close to the wal where the local velocity is u = 0.6ily, where tly is the maximum velocity at the axis (Fig. X5.1.1). The equation for this parabola is u = ull = Orit) 1. Find a. = ugll — O.4(r/rg 5 dA = Iardr furad — 2rua fC - O4¢rirg) Pr dr rg(0.80u,)° 048 _ 0.064),2 _ 17 6 Gig f f = 30. + 3y(04y°E - 5 063 ‘Assume an open rectangular channel with the velocity at the surface twice that atthe bottom, and with the velocity varying as a straight lin from top to bottom. Find a. » »| Mean velocity V = (3/4), 5 80 w= re ‘Let channel width = B; dA = Bdy 8 lays at ss furdA ISBygt2, Ai = — Bi _ 99 < tal AP 32(8y9Gu,/494 See. 6.1, Prob. 5.1 Find efor the case of a two-dimensional laminar flow, as between two flat plates, for which the velocity profile is parabolic. Let yp = half-width of the symmetric flow. Measuring y from the centerline: when y = 0,u = } «= alt - O97] Letting Q be the flow through the half-width: =f I when y = Yo, u fu3dA 2 py sas a LM AS13505 ; ra Heise < AP ByX2u,/3) Sec. 5.1: Kinetic Energy of a Flowing Fluid — Problems 5.1-5.2 oa ‘Assume the seventh-root law [Eq. (8.49)] for a turbulent-velocity distribution between two smooth flat plates. Find 7 From Eq. 8.38: u = aft - 4 3 dA = Bdr rraenatton amare ua [Taft iow el 3, (fe -3T- Peurg0- 11 = Liar, By, Bute haltarea A = By so the mean veacty v= 2 « ODPL fo fabs ry" 7 7 p}, 7 I i0 oe oct = MOBI 8 igs AP @r\,/8 1007752 Sec. 5.2, Prob. 6.2 95 “Assume the seventh-root law [Eq. (8.49)] for a turbulent-velocity distribution in smooth pipe flow. Find a. in From Bq. 8.49: wouft-Z 4 i dA = 2nrdr cs on ar= fast ult -2] "ree = ama - To integrate by parts, let w= r and do = (1 ~ rrg)""ar then du = dr and v = ~(i/8)rgt - rr” om PH ST Let a = --a+F fe “J Pf-Ey ° JT : “as ie so Av = trp Bh = Barta: tae Am ards 2 V= (100, fou ff oe ai To integrate by parts, let w= r and es then du = dr and v = -Zy aoe i" ome [hye JT het Jr = ora def 0 and fuPéh = 2malasitor? = (9/yeud futdA (4985) nr2u2 oo 5a: = LE, ORD ere oss a AV GarBy49u, 60) 85045") Sec. 5.2: Equation for Steady Motion of an Ideal Fluid Along a Streamline, and Bernoulli's Theorem ~ Exercises 5.2.1 BG ‘Assume frictionless flow in a long, horizontal, conical pipe, where the diameter is 3.6 ft at entrance and 2.4 ‘fat exit. The pressure head at the smaller end is 15 ft of water. If water flows through this cone at the ‘ate of 95 cfs, find the velocities at the two ends and the pressure head at the larger end. 2.8 coasts < Se 36% — 24h96 sec. 6.2, Prob. 6.2 BG 523 524 528 BG Assume the flow to be frictionless in the siphon shown in Fig. X5.2.2, where a= Spt, b = 12 ft. Find the rate of discharge in ofs and the pressure head at B if the pipe has a uniform diameter of 3 in. Eg. 5.7 from M to N (elevation datum at): 0+1240=0+0+ Ving; Hy = Q = (w/4)Q/12)°278 = 1.365 cf Bq, 5.7 from M to B: O+12+0=pyly + 15+ Vjg: ply = -15.0% << 278 fps Refer to Fig. X5.2.2. Assume a = 1 m, b = 4m, and the flow to be Srictionless in the siphon. Find the rate of discharge in mis and the Pressure head at B if the pipe has a uniform diameter of 150 mm. Eq. 5.7 from M to N (¢levation datum at N): O+440=0+0+ VG; Vy ~My Q = 7(0.15/2)°8.86 = 0.1565 mys 4 Bq. 5.7 from M to B: O+440= ryly +5 + Vile; Pyly = -500m < 8.86 ms From point 1, a 25-mm-diameter pipe runs horizontally under the floor and then a 12.5-mm-diameter line runs I m up the wall to point 2. To maintain a pressure of 300 kPa at point 2, when 15°C water is flowing at 0.5 Lis, what pressure must be provided at point 1? Neglect friction. ‘Table A.1 for water at 15°C: y = 9798 N/m’. Given Q = 0.5 L/s = 0.0005 m’/s. 40, 40.005) «019 mys; 4 = 42, - MOOK 5.07 vs Continuity Eq. 4.7: pa.000o}s | yor xO.0BF ar” xO.0TR5F Py = 318000 Nim@ (or Pa) = 318kPa ie ger ee A straight horizontal pipe changes diameter from 6 in at inlet to 3 in at outlet. Ifthe water pressures are 7:5 psi at inlet and 5.0 psi at outlet, find the flow rate of water at 70°F. Neglect friction. Table A.1 for water at 70°F: -y = 62.30 Ib/1. Continuity Eq. 4.3: = AY “Am AN) = FH); 20 = HOEY = Ay Pm a; PoP aoe From Eq. 5. qo Gee @5-5.0i44 4, OWI 15H 2.30 W322) 2B2L2) [6 63 mis Figure P5.4 (0.05 Wve 2@23) 0.9615 ‘The first reading is too large for practical use. 4 So Using Eq. 3.12 with 2, < @ Refer to Fig. P5.40._ Assume an ideal fluid with p The pressure at section 1 is 100 kN/m; V, = 10 mis, (a) Determine the reading on the manometer. () If the downstream iezometer were replaced with a pitot tube, what would be the ‘manometer reading? Comment on the practicality of these ‘arrangements? 900/100 = 0.90 lca, (s = 1.5) (a) Flowing fluid: sp Energy Eg. 5.29 with = 2 WP 2 Pe WW - IW _ sag 2g yw y' y 7 208) PL Pa Su 1.59 ing Eq. say: 2B 6 529m - fp, = (22 - ae Using Bq. 3.12 with 2g = zy: FE F ( Je (350 Be Figure P5.40 from which the manometer reads. R, = 19.94m SF rrr—r———C———C—C—=t—_=_'“E" [Ge " 7) 7} > Fes 090 oth readings are to large for practical use.126 sec. 6.14, Prob. 6.41 ‘See. 5.14: Method of Solution of Flow Problems ~ Exercises (4) S141 BG 5.14.2 st 5.14.3 BG Refer to Fig. $5.12. If the depths upstream and downstream of the gate were 7.5 fi and 3.0 ft respectively, find the flow rate per foot of channel width. Assume no head loss. Energy Eq. 5.29: 7.5 +0 + ViNg = 30 +0 + Ving Continuity: A,V, = 4,¥, yields V, = (7.5/3.0)V, ‘Combining these two equations gives V, = 7.43 fps Hence Q = AV, = (75x 197.43 55.7 cfs per fof channel width Refer to Fig. 55.12. If the depths upstream and downstream of the gate were 1.5 m and 0.6 m respectively, find the flow Tate per meter of channel widih. Assume no head loss. Energy Eq. 5.29: 1.5 +0 + Vig = 06 + 0+ Ving Continuity: A,V, = A,¥, yields V, = (1.5/0.6)V, Combining these two equations gives V, = 1.834 m/s Hence Q = A,¥, = (15 x 1)1.834 75 mils perm 4 Refer to Fig. S5.12. Suppose the gate opening is set so the depth downstream is 2.0 ft. Find the upstream depth under there conditions I the flow rate 45 face per ft of wih Assume no head loss. Energy Eq. 5.29: y, + Vil2g = ¥, + Vii, where z's cancel and water depth y = ply Coninty: Y= Qi = 4810, *1 = 45, and Vy = Qld, = 45/(2.0x1) = 2255 fjsec Si 45, 22 4 3 nana)? * aaa3) 2.0 ftis the given downstream depth, so upstream depth = 9.51 ft 4 so: 9.86 f; By tril y, = 951 oF 2.00 ft5.144 See. 5.15: 5.15.1 5.15.2 st Sec. 5.15, Prob. 5.41 127 Refer 0 Fig. 5.12. Suppose the gate opening is set so the depth downstream is 0.7 m. Find the upstream depth under these conditions if the flow rate is 4.24 m'/s per m of width, ‘Assume no head loss. Energy Eq. 5.29: y, + Vie = + Vere, where z’s cancel and water depth y = p/y Yi = QA, = 4.241, x1) = 4244, and V_ = Qld, = 4.24/07 x1) = 6.06 m/s Continui re = 2 9 5 608 oe 5 9916 «257m By wis, 9, = 0700 oF AI ** ean ~°7* z@8n x 0.7 mis the given downstream depth. So upstream depth = 241m 4 ‘Jet Trajectory — Bxercises (3) A jet issues horizontally from an orifice in the vertical wall of a large tank (Fig. X5.15.1). Neglecting air resistance. determine the velocity of the jet atthe orifice for the following variety of trajectories: (a) x = 1.0m, y = 1.0m; (0) x = 2.0 m, y = 2.0m; (c) x = 3.0m, y = 3.0m; (d) x = 4.0m, y = 4.0m. Express the answers in mis. 5 Vets y= (URer? = Oe ¥,)* Bq. 5.45: Yo = 206/29)!” @ x=1m,y=1m: y= 221 ms ©) x=2m,y=2m Vo= 3.13 ms (Q x=3m,y=3m: Vy = 3.84 mis @ x=4m,y=4m: Y= 443 ms ‘Figure X5.15.1 Aaaa ‘A water jet must reach the window in the wall shown in Fig. X5.15.2. Assuming a jet velocity of 25 mis at the nozzle and neglecting air friction, Jind the angle (or angles) of inclination 6 which will achieve this result, Ty ‘given h= 14m, d= 23 m, and a= 2m. h 12 = Bund - 4.150 + tan? TR tan? @ - 5.54tan 6 + 3.89 = 0, quadratic; tan @ = 0.825 or 4.71 Figure X5.15.2 6 = 39.5° or 78.0° (cither angle will work)128 sec. 5.15, Prob. 5.43 5.15.3 Freshwater sewage effluent discharges from a horizontal ougfallpipe on the floor of the ocean at a point ‘where the depth is 120,f. When the ocean is stil, the jet is observed to rise to the surface ata point 95 ft horizontally from the end of the pipe. Assuming the ocean water to have a specific gravity of 1.03 and neglecting fiuid friction and mixing ofthe jet with the ocean water, find the velocity atthe end ofthe outfall. Replace g in trajectory equations with the force per unit mass (Fim = a = g') of the jet fluid: 95 ft —+1 Eq. 5.46: g! = soft 5 i) = -0.966 Ib/stug = 0.966 tusec? 548, motied: Y, =] = 95,] 2986 Eq, 5.45, modified: V, {£ a = 6.03% < See. 5.15: Jet Trajectory — Problems 5.42—5.43 5.42 N 5.43 BG By manipulation of Eq. (5.37), demonstrate that it represents a standard parabola of the form z — % = a(x = xg?, where a is a constant and Xp and za are the coordinates of the vertex, ¥, Wie .53n 22 Wp Boge ~tfe - 2 ) ee TO ae a Completing the square, x = ah - 23, 28° “oy3 & where % = Val28, % = Vo¥iolg and a = -g/(2V%) Find the maximum ideal horizontal range of a jet having an initial velocity of 90 fps. At what angle of inclination is this obtained? ¥, Eq, 5.44 for horizontal range (¢ = 0): 5s : ® £, fo Wig From Fig. 5.11: Vig/Vuo = tan 8, Vig = Vo cos 0 Substituting these into (1): xtan 6 = ee ‘Thus for 2 = 0, x = (2VA/g) cos*Otan @ = (V3/g) sin 26 FOr Zyq,, 4/d0 = (2Ve/g) 0826 = 0; 26 = 90° 8245" 4 and aux = Vols = OONS22 = 252KSec. 5.16, Prob. 6.43 129 Sec. 5.16: Flow in a Curved Path — Exercises (2) 5.16.1 BG 5.16.2 SI Figure X5.16.1 shows a two-dimensional ideal flow in a vertical : plane, Data are as follows: r = 12 ft, b= St, y = 62.4 lbff, V i ‘= 24 fps. If the pressure at A is 6 psi, find the pressure at B. y Pressure increase: (@) Elevation effect: Ap = y(Ah) = Sy (Come pa eft a 40: dp pd Integrating: "dp = pr" = Iya fe nt g Jur ve {7 a soto = tyra fh = 28 fc «ny [arms method: Ap = 12 4p = —_2# UE ar axe a5 ° 8 ‘Thus py = 6 psi + (5 + 6:23)62.4/144 = 10.87 psi < Refer to Fig. X5.16.1. Flow occurs in a vertical plane. Data are as : follows: r = 7 m, b = 3m, 7 = 9.81 N/m’, V = 5 mis. Find the / ‘Pressure at A ifthe pressure at B is 150 kPa. (@) Elevation effect: Ap = y(Ah) = 9.81) = 29.43 kN/m? (®) Curved path effect (Eq. 5.47): dp = ear % 1, ‘° eae, [Pa one step) a = poor = (Choma = 981 acto = 892 4a $0 ap = py ~ py = 1 Zhint = 981(57]ina0m « aoe 7 2 14, 2 9818), [arm met a FF as0 | Thus p, = 150 ~ 2943 - 892 = 11,7 kNim? <<130 sec. 6.16, Prob. 6.45 Sec. 5.16: Flow in a Curved Path — Problems 5.44~5.45 5.44 BG 5.45 Repeat Exer. 5.16.1. Let V = Q/A = 24 fps, but assume a parabolic velocity profile. Exer, 5.16.1: The two-dimensional ideal flow in Fig. X5.16.1 occurs in a vertical plane. Given r = 12ft,b = 5ft y Py = 6 psie Find Py ‘Table A.7 for parabola: Area = 2/3 of enclosing rectangle. SOV = (23)tiggg And thygg = 1SV = 15(24) = 36 fps. Equation of parabola: (r - 14.5)? = K(36 - u) Figure X5.16.1 Boundary conditions: When r = 12 or 17 ft, u = 0; when 7 = 14.5 ft, a = 36 fps Substituting into parabola, & = (2.59/36 = 1/576 sec-fl. Hence u = 36 — 5.76(r - 14.5)? fps Elevation effect: Ap = y(Ah) = 62.4(5) = 312 psf = 2.17 psi ‘Curved path effect: From Eq. 5.47: Ap = f "p dr = 7 (36 - 5.76(° - usp 2 = yf. (2° ~ 19241? + 41,4007 ~ 393,000 + sasLat), = (vig)[33.2r4/4 - 1924r°/3 + 41,400r3/2 - 393,000r + 1,381,000 In r)i7 Ap = 239y/g = 239(62.4)/32.2 = 464 psf = 3.22 psi Thus pp = 6 42.17 43.22 11.39 psi Using Fig. X5.16.1, which depicts a two-dimensional ideal flow in a : vertical plane, find the pressure at B if the pressure at A is 32 kPa. Data are as follows: r= 3m, b= 1.2m, y = 9.81 Nim, V= Q/A= 5 mls. Assume a parabolic velocity profile. ‘Table A.7 for parabola: Area = 2/3 of enclosing rectangle. SOV = (2/3 )inge 8114 yyy = 1.5V = 1.5(5) = 7.5 mis Equation of parabola: (r - 3.6? = HS - uw) Boundary conditions: When r = 3 or 4.2 m, u = 0; when r = 3.6m, u = 7.5 m/s. Substirting into parabola, k= 0.048 sm; hence u = 75 - £= 35" Elevation effect: Ap = y(Ah) = (9.81)1.2 = 11.77 kN/m (or kPa) Curved path effect: From Eq. 5.47: 2 y? ap = fvpiar = 4f [ew ~ 62507? « 334409 ~ 78750 + S20), BJ0 = (rig)la34r'Y4 - 6250r9/3 + 33-440r%/2 - 78.750r + 68 910inr}t> Ap = 10.08y/g = 10.08(9.81)/9.81 = 10.08 KN/n? (or KPa) ‘Thus, py = 32 + 11.77 + 10.085.17, Prob. 6.46 131 See. 5.17: Forced or Rotational Vortex — Exercises (3) SATA 5.172 SI S73 A 16-in-diameter closed vessel completely filled with fluid rotates at 1800 rpm. What wil be the pressure difference berween the circumference and the axis of rotation in feet of the fluid and in pounds per square inch if the fluid is (a) air with a specific weight of 0.076 loft; (0) water at 70°F; (c oil with a specific weight of 46 lof? Am exer ts Se 60 2032.2) \2 x 12, (a) With air at y = 0.076 Ib/f?, Ap = (245 x0.076)/144 = 0.1294 psi (®) Table A.1 for water at 70°F: y = 62.30 Ib/ft? ©. With water at 70°F, Ap = (245 x 62.3144 = 106.1 psi 4 (© With oll at 7 = 46 Ib/R?, Ap = 245 x46y144 = 783 psi < wJnsinatmyoas 4 Bq. 5.48: A L2-mediameter closed vessel completey filled with oil (y = 8.3 kN/m*) rotates at 400 rpm. What will be the pressure difference between the circumference and the axis of rotation? Express the answer in Pa. n= 0; m= 1.202 = 0.60m Pa Pr, (400x2nP 1 5.48; 2 - Fn Besa BO (Sa) (0.607 - 0) = 322 mof fluid aD ‘Ap = (322) = £322) = 267 KNin? = 267 kPa A 2-f-diameter open cylindrical vessel partially filled with water rotates about its vertical axis. How many revolutions per minute would cause the water surface at the periphery to be 5 ft higher than the water ‘surface at the axis? What would be the necessary speed for the same conditions ifthe fluid were mercury? n= 2 = 108 Eq. 5.50: a-as5+ Sue; @? = 50g) = 1002.2) = 322 $0 w = 17.94 radiansisec or (17.94 x60) = 1714 pm < FFor mercury or any other fuid, the speed would be the same, Sec. 5.17: Forced or Rotational Vortex — Problems 5.46~5.47 5.46 In Fig. P5.46 the rotor vanes are all straight and radial, r, = 0.3 ft, ry = 0.9 fi, and the height perpendicular to the plane of the figure is constant at B= 0.25 fi. Then A = 2xrB. If the rotation speed 15 1000 rpm and the Slow of liquid is 9.6 cfs, find the difference in the pressure head between the ‘outer and the inner circumferences, neglecting friction losses. Does it make any difference whether the flow is outward or inward? 2.96 _. pee A, ~ Bat@a002s ~ 74 % = Feoqoa5 ~ 7° Hg 5.53: 2 - Be Go - (557 1 oso - 030% + 24-67" - isn < @ 2023) 2622) Neglecting friction, the answer is the same for flow in either direction. 4132 sec. 5.18, Prob. 5.47 SAT SI See. 5.18: 5.18.1 SI 5.18.2 In Fig. 5.46 the vanes are all straight and radial, ry = 100 mm, ry = 200 ‘mm, and the height perpendicular to the plane of the figure is constant at B ‘= 80 mm. Then A= 2xrB. Ifthe rotation speed is 1000 rpm and the flow of liquid is 0.3 m/s, find the difference in the pressure head between the ‘outer and the inner circumferences, neglecting friction losses. Does it make ‘any difference whether the flow is outward or inward? y+ 2-2-3 _ som A,” Bar,B ~ 2x(0.10)0.08 y= Qu 2 3 raggay A; 2xrzB ~ 2n(0.20)0.08 Pa _ Ps (1000 x22) a 7 ( @ | AHO ~*~ TeEH Neglecting friction, the answer is the same for flow in either direction. Eq, 5.53: Free or Irrotational Vortex ~ Exercises (2) Refer to Sample Prob. 5.14. If the impeller diameter is 220 mm, the casing height is 40 mm between a and b, and water leaves the impeller with a velocity of 18 m/s at an angle of 16° with the tangent, find the Slow rate, the magnitude and direction of the velocity at b (where r = ‘160 mm), and the pressure increase from a to b. Neglect friction. Sec. 5.18: Q = 2nr,B(V), where (V,), = 18sin 16° - 4.96 m/s So Q = 2x(0.22/2)0.04(496) = 0.1372 mis 4 From contimity: (V,)4/(V,), = ralty = 110/160 ‘f+, as in Sample Prob. 5.14, the angle remains at 16° 4 ¥, = (1NO/160)18 = 12.38 mis Pe Me we - ae Fi 5.29; <2 - oe - s — vom Fa guy 20 2a 822031) Ap = 8.71(9810 Nim?) = 85400 Nim? = 854 kPa = 87m Refer to Sample Prob. 5.14. If the impeller diameter is 10 in, the casing height is 1.8 in between a and b, and water leaves the impeller ‘with a velocity of 50 fos at an angle of 16° with the tangent, find the ‘flow rate, the magnitude and direction of the velocity at b (where r = 7 in), and the pressure increase from a to b. Neglect friction Sec 5.18: Q = 2ar,B(V,), where (V,), = SOsin 16° So Q = 2a(S/12)(1.8/12)13.78 = $41 cfs 4 From continuity: (V,),/(V,), = Tarp = 517 +, a8 in Sample Prob. 5.14, the angle remains at 16° 4 (5/150 = 35.7 fps 4 Po _ Pa _ Va Va SO 35:7 From Eq. 5.29: i ~ Sra a ee = 19.01 ft Ap = 19.01(62.4 IbjR*) = 1186 psf = 824 psi 3.78 fps S97 - 2987 |Sec. 5.18, Prob. 5.49 133 See. 5.18: Free or Irrotational Vortex — Problems 5.48—5.49 5.48 BG 5.49 st An air duct of 2.5 by 2.5 ft square cross section turns a bend of radius 5 ft as measured to the center line of the duct. If the measured pressure difference between the inside and the outside walls of the bend is 1.5 in ‘of water, estimate the rate of air flow in the duct. Assume standard sea-level conditions in the duct and ‘assume ideal flow around the bend. Flow = cylindrical free vortex. Table A.3 for air at sea level: y = 0.0765 pef Given 2 Bt = asnnea.aaones = 102.0 0 of sir; Bg. 5.54; 22 PL C11 :) oy els cafe ‘Thus, with 7) = 3.75 ft and ry = C= 380 ft/sec ‘Thus, with Q= [VdA and V = Cir, while dA = Bdr, where B is the width of the duct, Q = BCfdrir = BCin(ra/ry) = 2.5(380) In 6.25/3 75) = 485 cfs = 29,100 ft%/min ‘An air duct of 1.2 m by 1.2 m square cross section tums a bend of radius 2.4 m as measured to the center line of the duct. If the measured pressure difference between the inside and the outside walls of the bend is 50 mm of water, estimate the rate of air flow in the duct. Assume standard sea-level conditions in the duct ‘and assume ideal flow around the bend. Flow = cylindrical free vortex. Table A.3 for air at sea level: y = 12.01 Nim? Given 7 - & = 0.05(9810/12.01) = 40.8 mof air; Eq. 5.54: 72 - Pt. st; “3 Y a yor Ble ne30m we (11), coer at Ts wih = Amand, 30m aos = ELE), coer ath ‘Thus noting V = C/r and dA = Badr, where B is the width of the duct, Q= [vad = BC arr = BCIn(ryr) = 1.2163.7) 01.8) = 39.0 mile = 2340 m/min134 Chapter 6 ‘Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE 6.3 Momentum Correction Factor x'63.1 63.2 P6.L N N N Medium Medium, Medium, Medium Medium, Long 6.4 Applications of the Momentum Principle X64. 6.4.2 6.43 6.44 6.4.5 P62 63 64 BG St BG SI Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium 6.5 Force on Pressure Conduits X65. 65.2 6.53 65.4 655 65.6 P65 66 67 68 69 6.10 6. 8 8 8,88 St St Short Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Short Short Short Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium 6.4.3 64.2 6.4.5 644 63 62 6.5.2 65.1 65.5 65.4 66 65 68 67 6.11 6.10 Uses Sec. 4.5; integration Uses Sec. 4.5; integration Uses Sec. 4.5; integration Uses power (Sec. 5.10) Uses Sec. 4.5 Uses Sec. 4.5 Uses Sec. 4.5 Includes manometer Includes manometer Joont. Tor all Exercises (identified by "X"), answers are given in Appendix F of the textbook. + Answers are sensitive to values that are measured from figures. X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, S = Sample Problem.135 6.6 Force of a Free Jet on a Stationary Vane or Blade X66.1 BG VEsy Shon 1 6.6.2 6.6.2 SI VEssy VShot 1 6.6.1 66.3 BG Easy = Shot 16.6.4 6.6.4 Sl Easy Shot 16.6.3, Co te oy co Derivation 66.6 BG Easy © Short 36.6.7 6.6.7 SI Easy Short «36.6.6 P 6.12 N Easy Short 1 Derivation 613 BG Easy Short, «36.14 6.14 Sl Easy Short «36.13. 615 BG Medium Medium 1 6.16 6.16 SI Medium Medium 1 6.15 617 BG Medium Medium 3 6.18 6.18 SI Medium Medium 3 6.17 6.19 BG Medium Medium 1 6,20 6.20 SI Medium Medium 1 6.19 621 BG Medium Medium 1 Integration 6.22 St Hard = Medium 1 6,23 Scaling from figure: Pappus’ theorem 623° BG Hard = Medium 16,22 4 Scaling from figure; Pappus’ theorem 6.8 Force of a Jet on One or More Moving Vanes or Blades X681 oN VEsy VShon 1 Proof 68.2 BG Easy = Shot 2 6.83 St Easy Shot 2 684 BG Easy Medium 1 6.8.5 SI Easy = Medium 1 68.6 BG Medium Short 1 P6.24 BG Medium Short 1 Scoop 6.25 St Medium Short 1 ‘Scoop 625 BG Exy Long 1 ‘Single vane 627 BG Easy Long ‘Single vane 628 BG Fay = Long. ‘Single vane 629° BG Easy = Long. Single vane 630 BG = Medium = Medium 1 Single vane 6.31 ‘SI Medium = Medium 1 Single vane 632 BG Medium = Medium = 3 Series of vanes; uses power (Sec. 5.10) 6.33 Sl Medium Medium 3 Series of vanes; uses power (See. 5.10) 634 BG Hard = Medium 2 ‘Series of vanes; uses power (Sec. 5.10) 6.35 SI Hard = Medium 2 ‘Series of vanes; uses power (Sec. 5.10) 6.9 — Reaction of a Jet X691 BG Easy Shot 15.9.2 6.9.2 St Easy Shot 15.9.1 P636 BG Essy Shot 1 537 637 SI Easy = Shot 15.36 638 BG Easy = Medium 15.39 6.39 SI Easy Medium 15.38 foomt...136 ‘Sec Exei/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features 6.10 Jet Propulsion X6101 BG VEasy VShor 1 6.10.2 6.10.2 SL Easy = VShort 1 6.10.1 P640 BG Easy Shot «3.6.41 6.41 SI Easy Shot «36.40 6.11 Rotating Machines: Continuity, Relative Velocities, Torque X6111 BG Easy Short, © 1_«G.11.2_—_Uses power (Ser. 5.10) 112 St Easy Short, = 16.1.1 Uses power (See. 5.10) 6.12 Head Equivalent of Mechanical Work P 6.42 SI Medium Long = 3 6.43, Uses power (Sec. 5.10) 643 BG Medium Long 3 6.42 Uses power (Sec. 5.10) 6.13 Flow Through a Rotating Channel X613.1 N Medium Medium 1 Derivation P644 BG Medium Long 5S 6.45._——_—Uses power (Sec. 5.10) 645 SI Medium Long 56.44 Uses power (Sec. 5.10) 6.14 Reaction with Rotation X6141 SI Bay Shot 1 6142 BG Easy Short, «16.14. Uses power (Sec. 5.10) 6143 SI Easy Shot.» «1«6.14.2 Uses power (Sec. 5.10) 6.144 BG Medium Shot = 1 6.14.5, 6.165 St Medium Shot «1 6.14.4 P6456 BG Medium = Medium 1 6.47 Uses power (Sec. 5.10) 647 SI Medium Medium 1 6.46 Uses power (Sec. 5.10) 648 N Medium = Medium 1 Derivation 649 BG Medium Long Option to use differentiation 6.15 — Momentum Principle Applied to Propellers and Windmills X6.15.1 BG Easy Medium = 3 6.15.2. Uses power (Sec. 5.10) 6.15.2 SI Easy Medium 3 6.15.1 Uses power (Sec. 5.10) 6.15.3 BG Medium Short 2 P 6.50 B Medium Medium 2 6.51 Uses power (Sec. 5.10) 6.51 SI Medium Medium 2 6.50 Uses power (Sec. 5.10) 6.52 Ny Had) 2 Longe Proof; differentiationSec. 6.3, Prob. 6.1 137 Chapter 6 MOMENTUM AND FORCES IN FLUID FLOW ‘See, 6.3: Momentum Correction Factor ~ Exercises (2) 63.1 For laminar flow as in Sample Prob 5.1, find 6. Sample Prob. 5.1: For laminar flow through a circular pipe the velocity profile is parabolic with equation u = unl] ~(rlrgP]. where W is the velocity at any radius r, ty is the maximum (centerline) velocity where r= 0, and ry isthe radius of the pipe wall. mes hfe Fa. 6.9: p= feu oa f w-(2)foma G argu lanrdr = 2 63.2 For the turbulent-flow case as approximated in Exer. 5.1.1, find 6. Exer. 5.11: = gf] ~ O4t/r,P 1. Lodi con 1- oz) 2ardr = < By Ea, 6.9 Be! rg(0.8u,)* Jo T See. 6.3: Momentum Correction Factor ~ Problem 6.1 61 For two-dimensional laminar flow between two stationary parallel plates, find (a) the ratio of mean velocity to maximum velocity; (b) a; (¢) B. The velocity profile is parabolic as in Sample Prob. 5.1. Sample Prob. 5.1 (replacing r by y): The parabolic velocity profile has equation u = u,{1 ~(yly,)*]. where w is the velocity at any distance y, Uy is the maximum (centerline) velocity where y = 0, and 2yq is the distance becween the plates. w= ul -Oy)'] 3 dA = Ady Bq. 4.3: V= 4 [uae - SP Halt -GnypP dy : 7 [2a Vity = 23 1 2yL2/3)u,] By Eq. 5.4: @ [0 -onorPady = 5435 = 1583 4 lo 1 By Fq.6.9: 6 = —1__ 2yf2/3)4,P J St-ongrred = «120 «138 sec. 6.4, Prob. 6.1 Sec. 6.4: Applications of the Momentum Principle ~ Exercises (5) 64.1 Acylindrical drum of radius 2.2 ft is securely held in ‘position in an open channel of rectangular section. ‘The channel is 10 ft wide, and the flow rate is 200 ‘fs. Water flows beneath the druri as shown in Fig. X6.4.1. Determine the horizontal thrust on the ojlinder using the momentum principle. Neglect fluid Sriction. BG By, 4.6: j= 200. 1004) From continuity V, = 5.00(4/1.6) = 12.50 fps Eq. 6.Ja: BF, = F,- FF, = pQ6,-%) [62.4(43)10y2 — (62.4(1.6)10Y2 ~ F, = 1.940(200)(12.50 - 5.00) 4992-799 -F, = 2910; = +1283 Ib tothe left; Gye), = 1283 Th to the right Figure X6.4.1 .00 fps 6.4.2 Find the horizontal thrust of the water on each meter of width of the sluice gate shown in Fig. X6.4.2, given y, = 2.2m, yz = 0.4 m, and yy = 0.5 m, Neglect friction. si Let q be the flow rate per meter of width, m'/s per m. Continuity, per meter of width: V, = 9/22, V, = qi04 Energy, neglecting friction: 2.2 + (g/2.2)'2g = 0.4 + (@/0.4)*2g from q = 2.42 m’Js pet m width; ¥, = 1.099 ms, V, = 6.04 m/s Bq. 6.70: DE, = F,-Fy-F, = pQV,-%) 9810(2.29y2 -9810(0.44)/2 - F, = 10002.423(6.04 - 1.095) 23700-1785 -F, = 11950; F, = +11000 Nimto the let ; (Figg), = 11.00 kN/m tothe sight 64.3 Refer to Fig. X6.4.2. Find the horizontal thrust of the water on each ‘foot of width of the sluice gate, given y; = 7/t, Y2 = 1.2 ft, and ys = 1.4 ft. Neglect friction. Let q be the flow rate, per foot of width, cfs per ft. Continuity, per foot of width: V, = @/70, ¥, = gll.2 Energy, neglecting friction: 7.0 + (g/7. 02g = 12 + (@/1.2)2¢ from which q = 23.5 efs per foot width ; ¥, = 3:36 fps, V, = 19.62 fps Bq. 6.7a: BR, = Fy- FF, = peg %) ATP) - ALD ~F, = 1:94003.5)(19.62 - 3:36) 1529 -449- = 742; R= +742 Ib/ftto the let; (Fyyg), * 742 Ib/ft to the ight644 Flow occurs over a spiltway of constant section as shown in Fig. X6.4.4. Assuming ideal flow, determine the resultant horizontal force on the spillway per foot of spillway width (perpendicular to the spittway section), given that yy = 4.2,ft and yp = 0.7 ft. Energy: 42+ Vj/(2x322) = 0.7 + V32x322) (1) Continuity per foot: 4.2%, = 0.7%, @ ‘Substituting (2) into (1) yields: V, = 254 fps, V, = 1523 fps, Q = A.V, = 10.66 ofs/ft Eq. 6.7a: BR = F,~F,-F, = Q,- Yi) 62.4(2.14.2 — 62.4(0.35)0.7 — F, = 1.940(10.66)(15.23 - 2.54) +273 Ibift to left, Water (Fy), acts on spillway to the right with 273 Ib/f. E 6.4.5 Flow oceurs over the spillway of constant section as shown in Fig. X6.4.4. Given that = 4.2 m and y= 0.7m determine the horizontal force on the spillway per meter of spillway width (perpendicular to the spillway section). Assume ideal flow. Energy: 4.2 + Vj/(2x981) = 0.7+¥j/2x981) (1) Continuity perm: 42¥, = 0.7¥, @ Figure X6.4.4 ‘Substituting (2) into (1) yields: V, = 1401 ms, ¥, = 840 m/s; Q = A.V, = 5.88 m'Js per meter st Bq, 6.Ja: BR = F,-F,-& = eQH,- Ki) 9810(2.1)4.2 ~ 9810(0.3590.7 — F, = 1000(5.88N8.40 ~ 1.401) F, = +42.900 Nim to the let. Water (Fg) acts on spillway tothe fight with 42.9 kN/m.140 sec. 6.4, Prob. 6.3 Sec. 6.4: Applications of the Momentum Principle — Problems 6.2-6.4 62 63 In Sample Prob. 6.1 suppose the passage narrows down to a width of 9 ft at the second section. With the ‘same depths find the flow rate and the horizontal force or the structure. Sample Prob. 6.1: The passage at section (1) of Fig. S6.1 is 10 ft wide. Assume ideat flow. Energy: 6 + Vj/(2x322) = 3+V3/(2x32.2) (1) Continuity: 6UO¥, = 38)¥, @ Substituting (2) into (1) yields: V, = 7.00 fps, V, = 15.56 fps, Q = A,V, Eq. 6.70: BE» Fy-F,-F = pQWz.~%) 62.410 x 6) — 62.4(1.5)(9 x 3) — F, = 1.940(420)(15.56 - 7.00) FE, = +1730 Ib to the lef. (Fy), = 1730 th to the right 60(7.00) = 420 cfs In Sample Prob. 6.1 suppose the passage narrows down to a width of 2.5 m at the second section, With the ‘same depihs find the flow rate and the horizontal force on the structure. Sample Prob 6.1: For Fig. S6.1 refer to Solution 6.2. The passage at section (1) is 3 m wide. Assume ‘ideal flow. Figure $6.1 Energy: 2+ V3/(2x9.81) = 1+ V3/2x9.81) (1) Continuity: 26)¥, = 10.5)%, ® ‘Substit’g (2) into (1) yields: V, = 2.03 m/s, V, = 487 mis; Q = A,V, = 62.03) = 1218 mys « Eq. 6.7: BF, = Fy Fy -F, = QM) ‘9810(1)(2 x 3) — 9810(0.5)(1 x 2.5) — F, = 1000(12.18)(4.87 — 2.03) F, = +11 970 Nto the left. (Fy), = 11.97 KN to the right. <<64 BG Sec. 6.5, Prob. 6.4 141 A hydraulic jump (Sec. 10.18) oceurs in a transparent closed conduit with the diamond-shaped cross section shown in Fig. P6.4. The conduit is horizontal, and the water depth just upstream of the jump is 2.0 ft. The conduit is completely full of water downstream of the jump. Pressure-gage readings are as shown in the Figure. (a) Compute the flow rate. Note that, because of turbulence in the jump, there is a substantial energy ‘oss. So we cannot assume ideal flow. However, we may neglect shear forces along the boundary. (b) Determine the horsepower loss in the jump. Figure P6.4 (@ Since energy is lost, the momentum principle must be used. Eq. 6.70: Fy-F,-F, = pQWy,-Vy) 3 F, = O24Q/3)3 = 124.8 “Fy = ~62.4(2)6 ~ 144(6) = -1613 tb ; F, = 0 neglecting shear forces along the boundary ‘Thus 124.8 -1613 = LO4OGV)V/2-¥,) ; VY; = 22.6 fps, Vy = 11.31 fps Q= AV, = 302.6) = 678 cis < (®) Taking the channel bed as datum: Bq. 5.28: Hy = 2+0+22.6/2x322) = 2+0+7.94 = 9.94 ft Hy, = 4+ 1(144)/62.4 +0 + 11.3/2x32.2) » 442.31 +0+1.985 = 8.29 ft From Eq. 5.14: hy = Hy ~Hy = 1.648 Eq, 5.32: Power loss = 7Qk,/550 = 62.4(67.8)1.648/550 = 12.69 hp Sec. 6.5: Force Exerted on Pressure Conduits ~ Exercises (6) 65.1 A nozzle that discharges a 4-in-diameter waterjet into the air is on the right end of a horizontal 10-in- diameter pipe. In the pipe the water has a velocity of 12 fos and a gage pressure of 60 psi. Find the ‘magnitude and direction of the resultant axial force the water exerts on the nozzle, and the head loss in the node. Fe Di Fin 2G = AY, = 624 S)12 « , Eq. 4.5: G = AV, soar) 2 me > Om Fey 2 From Eq. 4.3: ¥; = V{4t) « 12197 ~ 75.0 fe fh» Gopi” [ee RO a) a 3910 Ib to the left on the CV By Eq. 6.11: F, = 60(144)x(5/12)? - 0 ~ (408/32.2\(75.0 -12) Equal and opposite foree onthe nozzle = 3910 Ib to the right a LrtC—=sCt — 1) % % °142 sec. 6.5, Prob. 6.4 65.2 si 653 654 BG 655 st ‘A noaae that discharges a 60-mm-diameter water et into the aris onthe right end ofa horizontal 120-mm- diameter pipe In the ppe the water has a velocy of 4 mis and a gage presture of 400 kPa, Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant axial force the water exerts on the nozzle, and the head loss in the nozzle, Eq. 45: G = 9.81(70.06)4 = 0.444 kN/s D> 0mm From Eq. 4.3: V_ = 4(120/60)? = 16 mjs Vistas Noting that pQ(A¥) = (G/s)(4¥) t Fook In Eq, 6.11: F, = 400(20.06%) - 0 - 6(0.444/9.81\16 - 4) qual and opposite fore onthe nozae = 3.98 KN tothe right From Eq. 5.28: no BB a 3.98 KN to the left on the CV = 40.77 +0815 -13.05 = 285m 4 2g 2g In Fig. X6.5.3, both nozzles discharge water horizontally into the atmosphere at 30 fps. Find @ so that the resultant force on the unit is along the axis of the 8-in-diameter pipe. = AaVy = n(2/12)°30 = 2.62 cfs Q, = AV, = (3/12/30 = 5.89 cfs BE = 0 = pQ,¥,sin25° ~ pQ,¥,sind 0 = 1.940(2.62)30sin25° ~ 1.940(5.89)30sin 0 from which sind = 0.1878; = 1083" < ‘Figure X6.5.3 Water under a gage pressure of 65 psi flows with a velocity of 12.5 fps through a right-angle bend that has 4 uniform diameter of 10 inches. The bend lies in a horzontal plane and water enters from the west and leaves towards the north. Assuming no drop in pressure, what is the magnitude and direction ofthe resultant force acting on the bend? Eq. 4.3: Q = AV = (5/12712.5 = 6.82 cfs. N f+ By Eq, 6.12: = 65(n8) -0 ~(1.940)682(0-12) = +8270 th to the W By Eq. 6.15: B= -0+ 65(nS) + (1.940)682(12.5-0) » +5270 iON WW E ‘The resultant force on the bend is equal and opposite, i.c., a Fe Fy = 5270/3 = 7480 I at 45° toward the SE < oa 5 Ss Water under a gage pressure of 350 kPa flows with a velocity of 5 mis through a right-angle bend that has a uniform diameter of 250-mm. The bend lies in a horizontal plane and ‘water enters from the west and leaves towards the north. Assuming no drop in pressure, what is the ‘magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the bend? Eq. 43: (0.12575 = 0.245 m/s Ny By Eq. 6.12: F, = 350(10.125*) ~ 0 - (9.81/9.81)(0.245)(0 - 5) +18.41 KN towards the W on the CV By Eq. 6.15: , = ~0 +350(10.125%) + (0.245)(5 -0) = +18.41 KN to N oa E ‘The resultant force on the bend is equal and opposite, i.c., Sms 5 Figg = 1841S = 260 RN at 45" toward he SE. sSec. 6.5, Prob. 6.5 143 6.5.6 A diverging nozzle that discharges an 8-in-diameter water jet into the air is on the right end of a horizontal 6-in-diameter pipe. If the velocity in the pipe is 12 fps, find the magnitude and direction of the resultant axial force the water exerts on the nozzle. Neglect fluid friction. BG a @o, Eq. 5.15: ply + Vile = Veig V, = 12fps, Vy = 12(6/8)? = 6.75 fps HF Pyly © 6.79 (2 x32.2) - 127(2x32.2) = -1.53 ft * Py = ~(U53x624)/144 = -0.662 psi; p, = 0 (given) A From Eq. 6.11: F, = ~[-0.662(n3*)] +0 + 1.940(33/144)12(6.75 ~12) PA F, = 18.73 ~24.00 = -5.27 Tb to the right = +5.27 Ib to the left ec’ Fgyoy = 527 tb to the right Force Exerted on Pressure Conduits -- Problems 6.56.11 65 The diameters in Fig. 6.3 are 42 in and 30 in, At the targer end the pressure is 90 psi and the velocity is 12 fos. [Neglecting friction, find the resultant force on the horizontal conical reducer if water flows (a) to the right; and (b) to the Ieft. (¢) What would happen to the nwo previous answers if we did not neglect friction? BG (@ VY, = 12(42/30 = 23.5 fps . 90(14d) 127 Pr, 23. with a4) ao By Eq, 5.28 with 2 62.4 2(32.2) pee E P= 201 fi, py = 87.2 psi y Ay = (H4)42? = 1385 in; A, = (n/8)30 = 707 in? Q = AMY = (1385/148)12 = 1158.5 of Eq. 6.11: F, = 90(1385) ~ 87.2(707) ~ (1.940)115.523.5 ~12) = +60,400 Ib to the left on the CV. “The equal and opposite force on the reducer = 60,400 Ib to the right (®) Reversing the flow direction gives the identical result, in the same direction as before if no friction is considered. (©) Assuming the same pressure at the larger section in both cases, as given, friction will reduce F and therefore increase F, in case (a) and do the opposite in case (b).144 sec. 6.5, Prob. 6.7 66 67 SI BG ‘The diameters in Fig. 6.3 are 750 mm and 500 mm. At the larger end the pressure is 650 kPa and the velocity is 2.8 mis. Neglecting friction, find the resultant force on the horizontal ‘conical reducer if water flows (a) to the right; and (b) to the left. (¢) What would happen to the two previous answers if we @ did not neglect friction? Figure 6.3(@) (@ ¥, = 2.8(750/500)" = 6.30 mys 60, 28 Ps Bq, 529 with =a: S50 aan * Zar Pa = 4 Ka AA a Eq. 6.11: E, = 650(x 0.375%) - 634( 0.25%) - (9.81/9.81) x0.3757/2.8)(6.30 - 2.8) 287.2 — 124,5 — 4.33 = +158.3 KN to the left on the CV Equal and opposite force (Fyyq), of water on the reducer acts fo the right with 158.3 kN. (©) Reversing the flow direction gives the identical result, in the same direction as before if no friction is considered. (©) Assuming the same pressure atthe large section in both cases, as given, friction will reduce Fy and therefore increase Fin case (a) and do the opposite in case (@). A reducing right-angle bend lies in a horizontal plane. Water enters from the west with a velocity of 6 fps ‘and a pressure of 4 psi, and it leaves toward the north. The diameter at entrance is 22 in and at exit is 20 in, Neglecting any friction loss, find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend. ¥, = 22720) = 726 fps. SO rae hor ' re 4(144)1624 + 6/2322) = pyly + 1.264/(2«32.2) ae hy S s k py = 923 +0559-0818 = 897 ft; ‘ - L, Py = 560 psf = 3.89 psi Eq. 4.5: G = 62.4x(11/12)'6 = 998 Ibjsec ; , Q = ni = Gle = 988/322 » 30.7 slugs/sec By Bq. 6.12: 4(411)-0+F, = 3070-9; F, By Eq. 6.15: 0 -3.89(x10*) +, = 30.7(7.26 -0) ; 1705? +144 = 2230 Ib at 403° SofE 1705 tb = +1444 Ib N68 69 BG Sec. 6.5, Prob. 6.9 145 A reducing right-angled bend lies in a horizontal plane. Water enters from the west with a velocity of 3 mis ‘and a pressure of 30 kPa, and it leaves toward the north. The diameter at the entrance is 500 mm and at the exit itis 400 mm. Neglecting any friction loss, find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend. ¥, = 3650/40)? = 4.69 ms Oh 30 eo 4 fh de ge a1 28RD y ; as P26 3.06 +0.459 - 1.12 = 2.40 m5 jn Bq. 5.15: Y Py = 2409.81) = 23.5 kNim? 30(x 0.25%) -0-F = pv, -¥) 5.89 -F, = 10°(70.29)3(0 - 3/1000 = -1.767 ; = 7.66 kN to the west on the CV. Bq. 6.15: 0-23.5(0.207) + = 10°(70.25%)3(4.69 - 0/1000 -2.95 + = -2.76; = 5.72 kN to the north on the CV. Equal and opposite Fyyy = ¥7.60+5:72 = 9.56 KN at 36.8° Sof 4 Both nozzle jets in Fig. P6.9 discharge horizontally into the ‘atmosphere with a velocity of 40 fps. The liquid has a specific weight of 62.4 lb/f?. The axes of the pipe and both nnozcles all lie in a horizontal plane. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on this double nozzle while neglecting friction. Continuity: AY, = AN, Ns GAY, = 16(40) + 36(40) 5 V, = 32.5 fps Eq, 5.29 with 2°21 pyr + 32.52g = 0+ 40%/2¢ Diy = 248 - 1640 = 8.44 fe Py = B44(62.4/144) = 3.66 psi, pA, = 1839 Ib na 0, = 1.940(4/12)°32.5 = 22.0 slugs/sec, | ov ae 0, = 677 siugnsec, pQ, = 1524 slugsee From Eq. 6.12: pyA,-0-F, = pQK,* POM. PMs 183.9 -F, = 6.77(40cos25°) + 15.24(40cos20*) - 22.0(32.5) R= 1839-2455 -572.7 +7153 = 81.0 1b to the left on the CV = QV, + QV ~ pH, = 6.7H40sin25°) + 15:24(~405in20°) -0 = 114.5 - 208.5 = 94.0 1b upward on the CV = +94.0 Ib downward on the CV Resultant force YBI.0? «94.07 = 124.1 th at tan-'94.0181.0) = Equal and opposite force Fy of water on nozzle: 1214 1b a 492° 4 9.2° from the 8-in pipe axis.146 sec. 6.5, Prob. 6.11 6.10 eal BG SI Assuming ideal flow, determine the total pull on the bolis in Fig. P6.10, where y = 6 ft, d, = 2 in, d, = 4 in, and d= 1 in, and Yy of the manometer fluid (oil) is 52 pf. 32 tr: of Manomet (ae (Note: Vr = 16Vyr, Var = AV) e-onesn » Vet ve 8 2s Figure P6.10 Vu = 2.07 fps 5 Vyr = 82905, Vx Ti fed yt 62.4 2(32.2) 2(32.2) * —_—_— my P, = 998 psf = 6.93 psi a 0 Eq. 6.10: pA, -F = QU, %) 6.93x(1)? - F = 1.940x(1/12)'8.2933.2 -8.29) ; F = 13.06 tb Equal and opposite is the pull on the bolts = 13.06 1b, 4 Repeat Prob. 6.10 for the case where y = 1.80 m, dy = 50 mm, d, = 100mm, d, = 25 mm, and the ‘manometer liquid has a specific gravity of 0.80. Maromeer: 12008-10) = Y= 2M 0) = eae Continuity: Vs = 4Vjp = (W/4)Va5 so: -036 = Vie. Cho . _y5¥e Og 28 VA = 29.8n036/15 = 0.471 Vg = 0686 ms, ¥; = 2.74 mis, Vis = 1098 m/s Ps, 278% _ 1098 2 Pe 10.98 5p, = 565 ky 981 208) 208)' ” a Eq. 6.10: ppA,-F = 9OK,-%) ne A, = 70.025? = 0,001 963 m? aa nae 56.5(0.001 963) - F, = (9.81/9.81)(0.001963 x2.74)10.98 - 2.74) F, = 0.1109 - 0.0444 = 0.0666 kN. = 66.6 N to the lef Equal and opposite isthe pull on the bolts = 66.6N. Figure P6.10Sec. 6.6, Prob. 6.11 147 See, 6.6: Force of a Free Jet on a Stationary Vane or Blade — Exercises (7) 6.6.1 BG 6.6.2 st 6.6.3 6.6.4 SI 6.6.8 A L-inediameter jet has a velocity of 95 fps. Calculate the resultant force on a large flat plate if this jet ‘were to strike it normally. Bq. 6.7a: F = F, = miAV = pAV,(V,-V,cos8); A = x(1/12"/4 = 0.00545 ft? ; @ = 90° F = 1,940(0.00545)95(95 - 0) = 1.005(95) = 955 1b 4 4 40-mm-diameter jet has a velocity of 25 m/s. If this jet were to strike a large flat plate normally, what would be the resuliant force on the plate? Eq. 6.1a: F = F, = miAV = pAV(V,-¥V,c0s8); 8 = 90° F = 1000(70.047/4)25(025 - 0) = 31.425) = 785N 4 In Bxer. 6.6.1 assume the center of the jet is coincident with the center of the circular plate. Find (a) the stagnation pressure, and (b) the average pressure on the plate if the area of the plate is 22 times the area of the jet. Exer, 6.6.1: The jet, with V, = 95 fos and D, = 1 in, strikes the plate normally. (@ From Eq. 5.15: Pg = rV*i2g = 62.4%95%/(2x32.2) = 8744 psf = 60.7 psi < WAV = pAV{V,~V,cos8): A = m(W/I2¥/4 = 0.00S45 #7; 6 (©) Bq. 6.70: F = F, F = 1,940(0.00545)95(95 - 0) = 1.005(95) = 95.5 Ib 955 7 = FA = — = 796 psf = 5.53 psi Average pressure = FIA = 35 Ps Ps In Exer. 6.6.2 assume the center of the jet is coincident with the center of the circular plate. Find (a) the ‘stagnation pressure, and (b) the average pressure on the plate if the area of the plate is 25 times the area of ‘he jet. Exer. 6.6.2: The jet, with V, = 25 m/s and D, = 40 mm, strikes the plate normally. (@ From Eq. 5.15: pp = yV*Dg = 981057V2x9.81) < () Eq. 6.7a: F = F, = AV = pAV{¥,~¥,0080); 0 F = 1000(10.04"/4)25(25 - 0) 785.N Average pressure = F/A 25000 Nim? = 25.0 Nim? 4 A jet containing any type of fluid with a velocity V and an area A is deflected through an angle @ without ‘hanging the velocity magnitude. Derive an equation for the dynamic force exerted. Choose axes so that the y axis is the axis of symmetry. Then148 sec. 6.6, Prob. 6.11 6.6.6 6.6.7 st In Fig. X6.6.6 assume that friction is negligible, that © = 115°, and that the water jet has a velocity of 95 fps and a diameter of 1 in. Find (a) the component of the force acting on the blade in the direction of the jet; (&) the force component normal to the jet; and (c) the magnitude and direction of the resultant force exerted on the blade. (@ From Eq. 6.7a: R= iV = pAV(V, - V,00s 0) A= (2/4 = 0.00545 £2 F, = 1,940(0,00545)95(95 - 95cos115*) = 1.005(135.1) = +135.9 Ib = 135.9 Ib «on the CV ++ equal and opposite force on the blade, in the direction of the jet, = 135.9Ib> (®) From Eq. 6.7b: = ri¥,sin@ = 1,005(95sin 115° - 0) = +86.5 tb = 86.5 Ib 4 on the CV + equal and opposite force on the blade, = 86.5 1b t 4 (© Resultant F =-V1359+86F = 161.11b <5 @ from VY, = tan "(86.5/135.9) = 325° 7 << Note: The direction of the resultant can also be determined by inspection to be the extension of the line bisecting the angle between entering and leaving jets Refer to Fig. X6.6.6. Assume that friction is negligible, that @ 115°, and that the water jet has a velocity of 25 m/s and a diameter of 40 mm. Find (a) the component of the force acting on the blade in the direction of the jet; (b) the force component normal to the jet; and () the magnitude and direction of the resultant force exerted on the blade. (@ From Eq. 6.7a: F, = mAV = pAV,(¥,-V,e0s0) = 1000(0.047/4)25(25 - 25008115") Figure X6.6.6 = 3145.6) = +1117 N = 1117 N+ onthe CV Equal and opposite isthe force on the blade = 1117N-+ 4 (©) From Eq. 6.7b: F, = ni¥,sind = 31.4@5sin 115° - 0) = +712. N = 712N 4 on the CV. Equal and opposite isthe force on the blade = 712Nt © Resultant F = (TTPS7F = 1325N 4 (©) From Eq, 6.76: F, = ri¥,sind = 1.005(80sin115° - 0) = +72.9 Ib = 72.9 Ib 4 on the CV. E Equal and opposite isthe force on the blade = 72.91bt 4 (© Resultant F = (29572 = 148.6 1b For = thay By = 180°, 35 ~31.5cos180" = e081 80° yielding tye = 333 ms < What would be the resultant force components on the single vane of Sample Prob. 6.4 if it were traveling to the left toward the nozzle at 15 fps? Sample Prob. 6.4: A 2-in-diameter water jet, V = 100 fps, strikes a vane with Bl, = 150°. Friction causes 0, = 090, Aventrance V, = 100, u = —15, a, = B= 180", y= =u = 1155 0.9(115) = 103.5 fps. 4; = m(2/12)'/4 = Oo2is ft? ie p= 150° At exit, Eq. 6.17: Vycosa, = 060s B, +, = 103.5(¢0830*) + 15 104.6 fps to the left AV, » 100-(-104.6) = 204.6 fps Eqs. 6.19 and 6.21: F, = pQ(AV,) = 1.940(0.0218x115)204.6 = 996 Ib Eq. 6.18: Vy = Vysina, = vysinp, = 103.5sin30° = 518 fps ; AV, = Voy~Vyy = SLB ~ 0 = 518 fps From Eqs 6.19 and 6.21: F, = pQ((A¥,) = 1,940(0.0218x115)S1.8 = 252 1b <158 sec. 6.8, Prob. 6.25 Sec, 6.8: Force of a Jet on One or More Moving Vanes or Blades — Problems 6.24-6.35 6.24 BG 6.25 sl A locomotive tender running at 20 mph scoops up water from a trough between the rails, as shown in Fig. P6.24. The scoop delivers water at a height h = 8 ft above its origional level and in the direction of motion. The area of the stream of water at entrance is 40 in’. The water is everywhere under atmospheric pressure. Neglecting all losses, what isthe absolute velocity of the water as it leaves the scoop? What force on the tender does the water cause? At what minimum speed will water rise 10 the height h above the original level? 7 ty = ~20(44/30) = .-29.3 fps 5 0, = 29.3 fps is is 29.3? a cl 5.29: 0+ 0+ 295, + Retaive to moving car, Ba. 5.29: 0 +0 + So = 048 by = 1858 fps, Vz = uy + v, = 293-1858 = -479 fps 624 40 Bq, 6.23: F = -24 49593(-479-0) = 7571 < zie y Minimum tender speed = V2gh = (GEE = 22.7 fps = 1548 mph Solve Prob. 6.24 for the following data: locomotive speed = 12 mis, h = 2.3 m, stream area = 0.03 m*. Prob. 6.24: A locomotive tender scoops up water from a trough between the rails, as shown in Fig. P6.24. The scoop delivers water at a height h above its origional level and in the direction of motion. The ‘given area of the stream of water is at entrance. The water is everywhere under atmospheric pressure. Neglecting all losses, what is the absolute velocity of the water as it leaves the scoop? What force on the tender does the water cause? At what minimum speed will water rise to the ‘height h above the original level? 12 mys ; wean 70°23" at Vy = y+ vy = 12-994 = -21.98 mys Eq. 6.28: F = -(0.81/9.81)(0.03)12(-21.94 -0) = 7.90 KN Minimum tender speed = y2gh = y20-81)23 = 6.72 m/s < ay = my = 12 mis 5 Relative to the moving car, Eq. 5.15: 0 +0 + <6.26 BG Sec. 6.8, Prob. 6.26 159 A india water jet has a velocity of 130 fps. It strikes a single vane, which has an angle B, = 90° and which is moving in the same direction as the jet with a velocity u. When u has values of 0, 45, 65, 85, 105, and 130 fos, find the values of (a) rig; (6) Vzcosa,; (c) AY: (d) Av: (e) F,. Assume v, = 090, Present answers in a neat tabular form or on a spreadsheet. Eq.6.17 Vsuty Ke uey 210 \ y= Vj -w = BO-u =H, Gince p, = 0) (for Col. 2) ome aoe ON From Eq. 6.20: ni' = (pA;)8 = 741%) oa = 0247(4 Vy, » 5450, (for Col. a) ali Bq. 6.17: V,cose, = u + v,c0sf, = w+ v,c0s90° = u (for Col. B) Given v, = 090, at B, = 90°; vy, = vJ008 , = u;C0590" = 0 Av, = y> My = 0-H = ~y (for Col. 4) Sec. 6.8: AV= 4%, 2 AV, = dv, (for Col.c) From Eqs. 6.23 and 6.20: F, = +(v/6)A,0,40, = (pA,v dv, = ri/Av, = Col. (a) xCol. (d)/g Gor Col. e) @ ” © @ © “4 rie Vygosa, AV, 0, F, - sn/Ay, fps ps Ibisee fps fps fps » 0 10 708 0 =130 130 2860 45 85 463 45 85 85 22 6 65 354 65 65 65 15 45 245 85 -45 45 342 105 25 136.1 105 25 25 105.7 130 0 0 130 0 0 0 ry = = = ry160 Sec. 6.8, Prob. 6.27 6.27 Assume all the data in Prob. 6.26 are the same except that 6, = 180°. Find the values of (a) wie; (b) 0; (o) es (@) AV; (@) Av; ) R. Assume v, = 08v,. Present answers in a neat tabular form or on a spreadsheet. Prob. 6.26: A jet with V = 130 fps, diameter = 4 un, strikes a single vane moving in the same direction at velocity u. Solve for u = 0, 45, 65, 85, 105, and 130 fos. Fg.6.17 Ve ury wey Se by = Vj-w = 190-w = v4 (since Py = 0) (lor Col. 2) From Eq. 6.20: ni’g = (pA,v,)¢ = ¥A,v, = 624[n(4/12)"/4]v, = 5.45v, (for Col. a) Given: B, = 180° and v, = 080, (for Col. 6) Eq. 6.17: Vz = Voy = M+ Uy, = u + vyC0s180" = uv, (for Col. c) AV = V,~V, = Vz ~130 (for Col. d). See. 68: AV = Av (for Col. e) From Eqs. 6.23 and 6.20: F, = 1(v/@)A,v,4v, = (pA,v,)4v, = ni/Av, = Col. (a) x Col. (e)/g (for Col. f) © © © ae i age %, Wak € fos fps bisects fos fs O mH Go my oe oy 5140 45 «8S 4638-23153 2200 65 6535452 ie 17, 1286 8 45 S36 49-81 616 10525136120 8-45 1903 nn) 0 0 xa x x6.28 BG Sec. 6.8, Prob. 6.28 161 Solve Prob. 6.27 for the case when v, = 0.70, Prob. 6.27: A jet with V = 130 fps, diameter = 4 in, strikes a single vane (, = 180°) moving in the same direction at velocity u. Find the values of (a) rig; () v,i () Yes (d) AV: (e) Av; () F,. Solve ‘for'u = 0, 45, 65, 85, 105, and 130 fos. Present answers in a neat tabular form or on a spreadsheet. Fy. 6.17: V,susty 2 Wau y Seb = Vy = 10-u = v4 (since , = 0) (far Col, 2) From Eq. 6.20: mi'g = (pA,0,)g = 744%, = oat(5) 4 = 5450, (for Col. a) Given: B, = 180° and v, = 0.7%, (for Col. b) “ Eq, 6.17: Vy = Vy =U + ty, = w+ v4c08180° = uv, (for Col. ¢) > AV = ¥,~¥, = ¥,~130 (for Col. d). See. 68: AV = Av (for Col. e) From Eqs. 6.23 and 6.20: F, = 2(v/8)4,v,0, = (pA,v,)4v, = ri/Av, = Col, (a) xCol. (@/g (for Col. f) @ ® © ae ae % av = bv fps fps Ibisec_ fps fps fps b 0 13070891. 91.0 -21 4870 4500 85463 595-145 148.5 2080 6 65354 45.5 195-1105 1215 8 45 SS 33.5 16.5 ‘582 10525 136.1 17.5 875 42.5, 179.7 130 o 0 0 130 0 o162 sec. 6.8, Prob. 6.29 6.29 BG Assume that all the data are the same as in Prob. 6.26, except that B, = 145° and v, = 0:1v,. Find the values of (a) v,cosp,; (b) Vjeosa,; (c) AY,; (d) Av,; () F. Present answers in a neat tabular form or on 4 spreadsheet. Prob 6.26: A jet with V = 130 fos, diameter = 4 in, strikes a single vane moving in the same direction at velocity w. Solve for u = 0, 45, 65, 85, 105, and 130 fps. Fg.6.17: Vesuty Wauty Sh a= w= 10-w = oy, (since By = 0) (Gor Col. 2) From Eq. 6.20: mig = (pA,v,)g = Av, = oa (She = 5450, —_—_ al, > — vicone, “aypO5Py v,c0s, = 0.7 v,cosi4s* = -0.5730, (for Col. a) Eq. 6.17: Vyeos.a, = u + vjcas B, (for Col. b) Using Eq. 6.17: AV, = Voy ~ Vig = Vye0sa, ~ V, = Vie08, ~ 130 (for Col. c) Sec. 6.8: AV = Au, :. AV, = dv, (for Col. d) From Eqs. 6.23 and 6.20: F, = +(v/8)A,0,40, = (0A,v,)40, = ri/Av, = Col. (3) xCol. (dig (for Col. e) @ uy me Uconp, fps fps Ibisee fps 0 130-708 -74.5 0-74.55 205, 4500 450 85463 48.7 -374 133.7 1922 (655 asd 379) 7 102.3 1124 as 45S 25.8 59.2 ~10.8 539 105 25 136.1 14.34 90.7 39.3 166.3 30 220 0 0 130 0 06.30 631 SI Sec. 6.8, Prob. 6.31 163 For the conditions of Prob. 6.15, compute the magnitude and direction ofthe resultant force on the single blade if i is moving 10 the right at a velocity of 20 fos. Prob. 6.15: The waterjet shown in Fig. P6.15 V, = 50 fos, D, = 6 in) strikes the blade and is divided s0 that one third of the water is diverted toward A. Assume ideal flow in a horizontal plane. uy = Vp-u = 50-20 = 30 fps - Olea, = xf 5} 0 = Eq. 6.19: Q! = Ay = 3) = 5.89 cfs Figure P6.15 Oly = 1.963 cfs, Oy = Eq. 623: -F, = 1940(1.963)(~3060s60" - 30) + 1.940(8.93)30e0s60" - 30) 86 Ib 93 fs “FR, = “1714-1143 = -286 Ib Similarly: F, = 1.940(1.963)(-30sin60" - 0) + 1.940(.93)(30sin60" - 0) F, = -99.0 + 1979 = 990 Ib Water acts on the blade with a force of 286 Ib along the centerline to the right, and perpendicularly with a force of 99.0 Ib (towards 4). Resultant force = 302 Ib at 19.11° from the centerline (toward A). For the conditions of Prob. 6.16, compute the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the single blade if it is moving to the right at a velocity of 3 m/s. Prob. 6.16: Fig. P6.15 represents ideal flow in a horizontal plane. The jet (V = 12 m/s, D = 150 mm) is divided by the spliter ‘80 that one third of the water is diverted toward A. lan view |, = 2(0.15}°/4 = 0.01767 muy = Vj -u = 12 Tails a Eq. 6.19: Q! = Ayu, = 0.01767(7) = 0.1237 mis Q', = 0.0812 ms, Q!, = 0.0825 m/s Figure P6.15 Eq. 6.23: 1000(0.0412)(-~7 cos 60° - 7) + 1000(0,0825)(7 cos 60° - 7) F, = ~433 - 289 = -722.N Similarly: F, = 1000(0.0412)(~7sin60° - 0) + 1000(0.0825)(7sin60° - 0) = ~250 + 500 = 250 N Water acts on the blade with a force of 722 N along the centerline to the right, and perpendicularly with 2 force of 250 N (toward 4), Resultant force = 764 N at 19.11° from the centerline (toward A).164 sec. 6.8, Prob. 6.32 6.32 Suppose the blade of Prob. 6.15 is one of a series of blades which fare moving to the right at 15 fps. (a) Determine the resultant horizontal force on the blade system, and (b) compute the power transferred to the blades. c) Compute the power ofthe jet and of the water leaving the blade system to verify an energy Balance (see Sample Prob. 6.4). ‘Prob. 6.15: Assume ideal flow in a horizontal plane. Given Vix = 50 fps, Dj = 6 in, and that one-third of the water is directed dy the splter towards A. Q = AV = (70.54/4)50 = 9.82 of Figure P6.15 = QB = 3.27 cfs, Qy = 6.54 cfs (@ From Eq. 6.17: 4, = 4, = Vy-4 = 50-15 = 35 fps. Ideal flow, vy Eq. 6.24: F, = 1.9408.27(-35c0s60° - 35) + 1.940(6.54)(35c0860° ~ 35) F, = -333 - 222 = -556 Ib. Horizontal force on blades is $56 Ib to the right 4 (®) Power = Fu/550 = $56(15)/550 = 15.15 hp transferred to blades (©. Energy balance check: ‘Velocities at exit: 35 fps Va, = 15 +35c0860" = 32.5 fps 35 Vy, = 35sin60° = 30.8 fps oor V, = VRSPTBOS = 44.4 fps Ss x fy, = 15 ~ 350860" = 25 fps Voy = ~38sin60" = -303 fps V, = \IE BOF = 30.4 fpe Energy entering: H, = 502g = 388; Energy leaving: H, = (2/3)44.4%)2g + (1/3)30.47)2g = 25.2 ft Power transferred to blades: P = yQHISSO = 62.4(9:82)(38.8~25.2)550 = 15.13 ip6.33 sl Sec. 6.8, Prob. 6.33 165 Suppose the blade of Prob. 6.15 is one of a series of blades which dare moving fo the right at 4 mis. (a) Determine the resultant horizontal force on the blade system, and (b) compute the power transferred to the blades. (c) Compute the power of the jet and of the water leaving the blade system to verify an energy balance (ample Prob. 6.4). Prob. 6.15: Assume ideal flow in a horizontal plane. Given Vp, = 12 mis, D, = 150 mm, and that one-third of the water is directed by the spliter towards A. Q = AV = 1(0.075712 = 0.212 ms Q4 = QB = 0.0707 mifs; Q, = 0.1414m% (@ From Eq. 6.17: 0, = vy = Vw = 12-4 = Sms. Ideal flow, -. vy 1Bq.6.24: F, = 1000(0.0707)(-8 cos 60° - 8) + 1000(0.1414)(8 cos 60° - 8) F, = -848 - $65 = -1414 N. Horizontal force on blades is 1414 N to the right (®) Power transferred to blades = F,/1000 = 1414(4) 1000 = 5.65 KW (© Energy balance check: Velocities at exit: Vaz = 4+ 800860" + 8 ms Vy, = 88in 60° = 6.93 mis ¥, = (8693 = 10.58 m/s = 4-80.60" = 0 Energy entering: H, = 122g = 7.34 m Energy leaving: Hy = (2/3)10.58/2g + (1/9)6.93'2g = 4.62 m Power transferred to blades: P = yQH/1000 = 9810(0.212)(7.34~ 4.62)/1000 = 5.65 kW 4166 sec. 6.8, Prob. 6.35 6.34 635 SI A 3.in-diameter air Jet impinges on a series of blades, entering smoothly, and eo hhaving absolute velocities V, = 200 fps and V, = 150,fos as shown in Fig. % 6.34. Assume y = 0.075 lb/f?, that the pressure is the same on both sides, and neglect friction. (a) What is the velocity of the blades and the power being ——_V, transmitted to them? (b) Determine the blade angles necessary at entrance and pi As 200? 150? i = 200180 279 gays @ 2 De Ibjt 7Q = yAV = const) 200 = 0.736 Ibjsec Figure P6.34 pp = YOM _ 0.736072) _ a Eq. 5.32: hp = TEE = STO = 0.364 Ba, 6.23: F, = pOW,-K) = SBS 75~200 sino") = -2.25 tb Fite, 0.364550) = 0,364 = < bp = 0364 = “S50 + Ye 335 100 (6) tan py = = 1189; p= 4 ©) tas so caRa0 Ce ‘AB __ 150(6in60") gn) , tnt = 5c * W.1- 1s0cse" ~ 21+ - . 9 fy = 180-838 = 962" < a A 60-mm-diameter air jet impinges on a series of blades, entering smoothly, and ‘having absolute velocities Vj = 60 m/s and V, = 45 m/s as shown in Fig. 6.34, Assume y = 11 Nin’, that the pressure is the some on both sides, and neglect friction. (a) What is the velocity of the blades and the power being ‘transmitted to them? (6) Determine the blade angles necessary at entrance and Figure P6.34 ¥Q = YAV = 11(/4)(6/100)260 = 1.866 Njs Eq. 5.31: Power = yQH = 1:866(80.3) = 149.8N-mjs = 1498W << Bq. 6.23: F, = PQVy,-V,,) = (1.866)9.81)(45c0860° ~60c0830°) = -5.60 N Power = 149.8 Nem/s = F,v,5 <0, = 149.8/5.60 = 26.7 mys 4 (©) tanB, = 30(60 cos 30° -26.7) = 1.189; , = 499° tang = AB/BC = 45sin60°/(26.7 - 45cos 60°) = 9.21; $= 838° By = 180-838 = 962" 4‘Sec. 6.9, Prob. 6.37 167 Sec. 6.9: Reaction of a Jet -- Exercises (2) 69.1 Find the thrust developed when water is pumped through a 9-in-diameter pipe in the bow of a boat at v = 6 fps and emitted through a S-in-diameter pipe in the stern of the boat. BG 2 Eq. 6.7a: F = pQW,,-V,,) , where pQ = 10%(2) 6 = 5.14 slugs/sec Vaz = 6(9/5)? = 19.44 fps; cs F = 5.14(19-44- 6) = 69.1 slug-ft/sec? = 69.1 Ib 6.9.2 Find the thrust developed when water is pumped through a 225-mm-diameter pipe in the bow of a boat at v = 2.5 mis and emitted through a 125-mmm-diameter pipe in the stem of the boat. SL PQ = 1000(x 0.225%/4)2.5 = 99.4 kg/s 2.5(225/1257 = 8.10 ms; Eq. 6.70: F = 99.4(8.1-25) = 557 kg-m/s? = 557N See. 6.9: Reaction of a Jet - Problems 6,36-6.39 6.36 An ideal liquid (y = 52 lb/f") flows from a 2-fi-diameter tank as shown in Fig. P6,36. The jet diameter is 3 in and a = 1 ft If the static coeficient of Jriction beeween the tank and floor is 0.52, determine the minimum value of ‘hat which the tank will start to move tothe left. The tank itself weighs 80 Bb. W = 80+ QA +h)S2 5 uW = 0.52W = 126.5 +84.9h Eq. 6.25: F = pQV = pA¥? = (52/32.2) x(1.5/12)*Qgh) = 5.11h F, = wW; Thus 126.5 + 84.94 = 5.11h; = —1.585 ft ‘his negative, so the tank will not move regardless of the value of h. 4 6.37 Am ideal liquid (y = 9810 Nin?) flows from a 400-mm-diameter tank as shown in Fig. P6.36. The jet diameter is 80 mam and a = 250 mm. If the static coefficient of friction between the tank and floor is 0.6, determine the ‘minimum value of hat which the tank will stat to move to the left. The tank itself weighs 500 N. si W = 500+ w(0.47/4(0.25 +)9810 ;uW = O.6W = 808 + 1233h Fg. 6.25: F, = pQV = pAV? = 100070.042¢h) + 98.6h A= uW; Thus 98.64 = 808 + 12398; A = 0.713 m ‘his negative, so the tank will not move regardless of the value of A.168 sec. 6.9, Prob. 6.39 6.38 6.39 Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force of the ‘on the compressor shown in Fig. P6.38. Air ¢y = 0.075 Ib/f?) enters at A through a 4-f" area at a velocity of 15 fps. Air discharges ‘at B through a 3-f? area with a velocity of 17 fps. Eq. 6.23: F, = pQW,,~ V,) = 0.1398(0 + 15cas40°) = +1.606 Ib ‘The positive sign indicates that the assumed direction of the compressor force on the fluid is correc. Equal and opposite force of fluid on compressor: 1.028 Ib to the left, 1.606 Ib downward Resultant force = 1.907 Ibat 574° to RY, < Solve Prob. 6.38 for the case where a gas (y = 12.1 N/m’) enters at A ‘through a 600-mmn-diameter pipe at 5 m/s and leaves at 8 through a 500- ‘mm-diameter pipe at 7 mis. Prob. 6.35: Refer to figures with Solution 6.35. Su p= rig = (124 Nim?V(.81 mjs?) = 1.233 kgim?; Q = 2(0.30°)5 = 1414 ms th = pQ = 1233(1.414) = 1.744 ke/s AV, = Vaz-Vyg = 71-5085" = 3.79 mjs; AV, = Vi,-Vi, = 0- Scosd0* = -3.83 mjs -F, = pQ(AV,) = 1.744(3.79) = 6.60N; = pQ(AV,) = 1.744(-3.83) = -6.68 N ‘Equal and opposite force on fluid on compressor: 6.60 N to the left, 6.68 N downward. Resultant force = 9.39Nat45.3°t0R. <Sec. 6.10, Prob. 6.41 169 See. 6.10: Jet Propulsion — Exercises (2) 6.10.1 Find the thrust of a turbojet whose speed is 750 fps and whose air intake rate is $0 Ib/see. The air/fuel ratio is 30:1 and the exhaust velocity is 1800 fps. BG (18g, ~ 50130 = 1.667 Ibfsec ; Eq, 6.27: F = [(50+1,667)1800 - 50(750)/32.2 = 1724 1b 6.10.2. Find the thrust of a turbojet whase speed is 280 m/s and whose air intake rate is 12 kg/s. The airifuel ratio is 25-1 and the exhaust velocity is $50 mis st Jig * 1225 ~ 0.480 kes Eq, 6.27 can be expressed as: F = (ty, * tigg Uy ~ tilt = 12486550) ~ 12(280) = 3500N See. 6. : Jet Propulsion ~ Problems 6.40—6.41 6.40 A rocket has a propellant flow rate of 21.6 lb/sec through a nozzle with a throat area of 9.3 in*, The nozzle ‘expands the gases down to 14.7 psia at exit. The exit area of the nozzle is 48.5 in’ and the exhaust velocity is 6370 fps. Find the rocket's thrust (a) at sea level and (b) at an elevation of 20,000 ft where the barometer pressure is 6.75 psia; (c) find the specific weight of the exhaust gas. BG (@) Bq, 6.26 with p, = p, = 14.7 psia at sea level: F = pAuh = rivv, = 21.6(32.2)6370 = 4270 th at sea level (©) p, = 147 psia, p, = 6.75 psia (given) at 20,000 ft elev. From Eq. 6.26: F = rtv, +(,-p,)Ay F = 4210 +(14.7 ~ 6.75) 485 = 4660 th at 20,000 4 (©) tig = 21.6 Ijsec = yAv = 7(48.5/144)6370 ; y = 0.0101 pef << 64 A rocket has a propellant flow rate of 10 kg/s through 1 nozzle with a 90-mm-diameter throat. The nozzle is designed to expand the gases down to 101.3 kPa at & . The exit diameter of the nozzle is 200 mam, and the exhaust velocity is 2100 m/s. Find the rockets thrust 2) at sea level and (6) at an elevation of 6 km where the barometer pressure is 47.2 kPa abs; (c) find the dwity of the exhaust gas. si (@) Eq, 6.26 with p, 101.3 KPa abs at sea level F = pAuk = sav, = 10(2100) = 21000 Ib at sea level () p, = 1013 KPa abs, p, = 47.2 kPa abs (given) at 6 km elev. From Eq. 6.26: F = hv, +(0,-p)dy F = 21000 + (101.3 - 47.2) 1000(70.2%/4) = 22700 Nat 6 km (©) mg = 10 kgls = pAv = p(x0.24)2100 ; p = O1S16kg/m?170 sec. 6.11, Prob. 6.42 Sec. 6.11: Rotating Machines: Continuity, Relative Velocities, Torque ~ Exercises (2) 6.11.1 BG 6.11.2 sl The absolute velocity of a jet of steam impinging on the blades of a steam turbine is 3800 fps, and that Teaving is 2600 fos. cx, = 20°, a, = 150°, uy = u = 500 fps, and r, = r, = 0.5 ft. Find the torque ‘exerted on the rotor and the power delivered to it ifthe steam flows at 0.4 lb/sec. Noting that pQ = rt = Gig = 0.4/32.2 shug/sec By Eq. 6.31: 7 = (0.4/32.2)0.5(3800c0s20° Eqs. $.40 and 5.38: Power = 7/550 = Twr)'S50 = 36.2(500/0.5/550 = 65.8 bp 2600cos 150") = 36.2 ftlb ‘The absolute velocity of a jet of steam impinging on the blades of a steam turbine is 1200 mis, and that Teaving is 950 m/s. o = 20°, cy = 150°, uy = uy= 180 mis, and r) = r= 120 mm, Find the torque ‘exerted on the rotor and the power delivered to it if the steam flows at 2 Nis. Noting that pQ = 1h = Gig = 2/981 kg/s By Eq, 6.31: T = (2/9.81)0.12(1200 c0s 20° - 9500s 150°) = 47.7 N-m 4 Eq. 5.38: Power = Ta = Tufr = 47.7(180/0.12) = 71600 Nomis = 71.6kW See. 6,12: Head Equivalent of Mechanical Work ~ Problems 6.42—6.43 6.42 st A radialflow turbine has the following dimensions: r, = 0.5 m, ry = 0.3 m, ; = 74°, and 8, = 126%. The widih B of the flow passage between the two sides of the turbine is 0.2 m. When operating at 160 rpm the flow rate through the turbine is 1.5 m'/s. Find (a) the torque exerted by the water, (b) the power delivered to the shaft, and (c) the head converted into mechanical work. ‘At the outer periphery (r, = 0.5 m, B, = 74°): 4, = 838 uy = er, = @x/60)160(0.5) = 16.76(0.5) = 8.38 m/s From continuity: Q = 15 = 2x(0.5)02¥, ; Vj, = 239 mis . Vieosa, =u, + Vjitanp, = 8.38 +2.39ftan 74° = 9.06 mis ‘At the inner periphery (r, = 0.3 m, B, = 126°): 12503 ty = or = (rr) = 838(0.3/0.5) = 5.03 m/s 7, = 136° Vig = Varta) * 2.39(0.5)0.3) = 3.98 mis v,sin 126" = vq = 3:98, v, = 492 ms 3.98= Va %y ¥,=239 v, cosa, = u, + vjc0sB, = 5.03 + 4.92c0s 126° = 2.14 m/s (@ Eq, 6.31: T = 1000(1.5)(0.5 «9.06 - 0.3 x2.14) = 5840Nm 4 () Eq, 5.38: Power = To/1000 = 5840(2/60)160/1000 = 97.8 KW < (©) Bg. 6.32: hy, = 838x9.06 -5.03x2.14)/9.81 = 664m Check: Power = 7Qh,, = 9810(1.5)6.64/1000 = 97.8 KW. Good!6.43 BG Sec. 6.13, Prob. 6.43 171 A radial-flow turbine has the following dimensions: r,= 3.2 ft, ry = 1.6 ft, By = 76°, and 8, = 135°. The ‘width B of the flow passage between the two sides of the turbine is 0.65 ft. When operating at 150 rom the ‘flow rate through the turbine is 60 cfs. Find (a) the torque exerted by the water, (0) the horsepower delivered 10 the shaft, and (c) the head converted into mechanical work. ‘At the outer petiphery (r, = 3.2 ft, B, = 76°): y= 503 uy = ar, = (2A60)150G.2) = 15.716.2) = 50.3 fps From continuity: Q = 60 = 27(3.2)0.65¥,,, V,, = 4:59 fps v; Vi, 2459 0.3 +4.59}tan 76° = 51.4 fps a Yoeose = my °Yytanp, = At the inner periphery (ry = 1.6 ft, B, = 135°) uy = ar, = w(ry/r) = 50.3(1.613.2) = 25.1 fps Vig = Vers) = 4.592.2/1.6) = 9.18 fps usin 135° = 0. = 9.18, 0, = 12.98 fps + 0,608 f= 25.1 + 12,98 cos 135° 9.18 =V,y 20080, 5.95 fps (@) Bq, 631: T = 1.940(60)3.2%51.4 - 16.15.95) = 16,80 8 « (®) Be, 5.38: Power = Tu/S50 = 16,180(2n60)150)550 = 462 hp (©) Eq, 6.32: hy = (G03%514 -25.1x15.95)32.2 = 678% < Check: Power = yQhy/SS0 = 62.4(60)67.8/550 = 462 hp. Good! Sec. 6.13: Flow Through a Rotating Channel ~ Exercise (1) 6.13, 1 N Develop Eq. (6.34) by making the substitutions indicated in the teu. 4, ¥,cosa, ~ up ¥, cosa, & m4 2) (x Given Ea. 633: [2 +2, +2] -[2 + * (2 2e) Vy ** But ¥? = su? + 2oweosp and Veose = u + veosp Substituting: pyy +2, + (,2 «4d + 2oymcosP)Rg ~ py 2 ~ (oh ud + 2oyycos 2g fn, + Qu} + 2u,0,¢08 ~2u ~2uyv,c0s2g =A,172 sec. 6.13, Prob. 6.44 Sec. 6.13: Flow Through a Rotating Channel — Problems 6.44~6.45 6.44 BG A paddle wheel with vanes that are all straight and radial isto be used as @ crude centrifugal pump for water (Fig. P6.44): 1, = 3 in, r= 9 in, and the dimension B perpendicular to the plane of the figure is 0.2 ft. Ifthe ‘peed is 1200 rpm and the flow is 3380 gpm, (a) at the centerline elevation Jfind the difference in pressure (psi) between the inner and outer ‘circumferences, neglecting friction losses, (b) find which of these two points hhas the higher pressure, (c) compute the torque required to drive the pump, (@) calculate the horsepower requirement, and (e) verify that the horsepower requirement is equal to the difference between the horsepower Of the outflow minus the horsepower of the inflow. * 1200(@2x/60) = 40x radjsee m4, = Gr, = 4Ox(3/12) = 10x fps 5 ty = cr, = 30m fps a, = 2nryB = 2x(3/12K0.2) = w/10 A? a, = 2n(9/12\0.2) = 0.3% ft? Q = 3380 gpm = 7.53 ofs vy = 7.53/(0.107) = 24.0 fps ;u, = 7.53/(0.30n) = 7.99 fps Ps 24s? gost [a 99 - Gon) eq, 6.34; [21 240° 02) [Pa , 799° Gon? om E 8 1 38 Pily-pyly = (63.8 -8880 -575 +987)/(2g) =-130.5 fr Py-P, = CLM -13O.SYI44 = -566 psi 4 (©) pzis 56.6 psi greater than py. (© Bq. 6.31: T= pOryuy-ryy) = 1.940(7.531G/210% - 9112)30z] = -918 feb (on water) ‘Thus torque required is 918 f-lb (@ Bq. 5.38: Power = Ta/S50 = 918(40)850 = 210 hp 4 © Vi = fabeud = 3958s 5 Vz = sided = 94.6 tps Head = (pyr + ViI28)-Wy/7+ i728) = 130.5 +138.9-24.3 = 245 Eq. 5.40: Power = yQH/S5O = 62.4(7.53)245/550 = 210 hp, checks out =6.45 SI Sec. 6.13, Prob. 6.45 173 Repeat Prob. 6.44 where the data in SI units are as follows: r, = 65 mm, = 215 mm, and dimension B perpendicular to the plane of the figure = 48 mm. The speed is 1200 rpm and the flow is 150 Lis. Express pressure difference in kPa and power in EW. ‘A padiéle wheel with vanes that are all straight and radial is to be used ‘as a crude centrifugal pump for water (Fig. P6.44).. (a) At the centerline elevation find the difference in pressure (psi) between the inner and outer circumferences, neglecting friction losses, (b)find which of these two points has the higher pressure, (c) compute the torque required to drive the pump, (@) calculate the horsepower requirement, and (e) verify that the horsepower requirement is equal to the difference between the horsepower (of the outflow minus the horsepower of the inflow. © = 1200(2/60) = 40x rads or, = 26x m/s; ty = or, = 86x m/s 2arB = 2%(0.065)0.048 = 0.01960 m2, a, = 0.0648 m? 165 mis; v, = 231 mis Q = 015 ms 5», = Ola, Ps , 7.65°-(2.6n)*| | Pr , 2.31°-(8.62)"| | 9 y 208) | ly 208) (@) Eq. 6.34: [ Pi _Ph _ ~S85 + 667 + $35 - 730 ry? 2081) Ap = p,-p, = 3650.81) = (©) py is 358 kPa greater than p, 4 (0) Ba. 6.31: T= pQtryhy ~ rly) = (1)0.15(0.065 x2.6 - 0.215x8.6n) = -0.792 KNm ‘Thus torque required is 0.792 KN-m (@ Bq, 5.38: Power = Tw = 0.792(402) = (oH = lage = 11.19 miss Y= Yad + Head = (yy + Vil2e)-@yy+ Vile) = 36.5+375-6.38 = 67.6 m Power = 7QH = 9:81(0.15)67.6 = 995 kW, checks out 4174 sec. 6.14, Prob. 6.45 Sec. 6.14: Reaction with Rotation ~ Exercises (5) 6.14.1 The flow from a lawn sprinkler such as Fig. 6.14 is 140 L/min, 8 = 180°, and the total area of the jets is 4120 mn. The jets are located 200-mm from the center of rotation. Determine the speed of rotation if there is no friction. fr 5 Figure 6.14 si @ = 0.14/60 = 0.00233 m'je = a0) = (120%10-u, ; uy = 19.44 mis Eq. 6.36: T= Fypy = ~payvsPylt,+v,008,) = 0 fot no friction Thus u, + 0008 180° = 0; u,-19.44 4, = 19.44 = ar = (0.20) ; thus © = 97.2 radjs; n= 97.2(60/2n) = 928 pm < 6.14.2 A lawn sprinkler lke that of Fig. 6.14 with B = 156° has a toal jet area of 0.000 86 f? and a radius of 16 inches. Compute the discharge rate, the torque exerted by the water, and the power developed, when h = 120 ft and the sprinkler is prevented from rotating. fn A Figure 6.14 BG Eq. 6.35 with u, = 0: v, = Y2GE2)I20 = 87.9 fps; Q = a,v, = 0.0756 cfs < Eq. 6.36: T = ~1.940(0.0756)(16/12\0 + 87.9 cos 156") = 15.70 fb Since no motion occurs, Power = zero. 4Sec. 6.14, Prob. 6.45 175 6.14.3 Repeat Exer. 6.14.2 withthe following changes: tota jet area = 75 mn, radius = 360 mm, h = 45 m. Exer. 6.14.2: The sprinkler (Fig. 6.14) has B, = 156° and is prevented from rotating. Compute 0, T, and the power developed. wl p he |} yi % Figure. 6.14 si Ba, 6.35 with my = 0: v, = YHORIMS = 29:71 ms Q = av, = 0.000075(29.71) = 0.00223 mys + Eq, 6.36: T = -1000(0.0022330.36(0 +29.71 cos 156°) = 218Nm As @=0, Power=0 < 6.14.4 How fast would the sprinkler of Exer. 6.14.2 rotate if there were no mechanical friction or air resistance (ie. consider the case of runaway speed, where T = 0)? 2: The sprinkler (Fig. 6.14) has B, = 156°, a 20 fi. 16 in, h Figure, 6.14 BG ty = tr, « (6/120 = 13330; By. 638: 0, « (TAPDBOTSOID ; O » a, Bq, 6.36: T= ~pOr(y + 0,608 fy) = 0. for runaway speed city = ~v,008f, = ~v, 608 156° = 0.9140, (enV = 0914/2622)120-USoIF; w= UB ris = 414 pm176 sec. 6.14, Prob. 6.46 6.14.5 Sec. 6. 6.46 st How fast would the sprinkler of Ex. 6.14.3 rotate if there were no mechanical fiction or air resistance ( consider the case of runaway speed, where T = 0)? Exer. 6.14.3: The sprinter Fig. 6.14) has B, = 156°, a= 75 mn? r= 360 mm, h= 45 m. sl Figure. 6.14 0360 ; Eq. 6.35: % = \2645)*O360F; = av, Eq. 6.36: T = ~(ylg)Qrg(uy + »3605 ,) = 0 for runaway speed ch tly = ~uy608 8, = ~0,008156" = 0.914u, s. 0360 = 0.914/2¢45) +360) ; w = (1854)60/(2x) = 1770 pm < ay = On t: Reaction with Rotation — Problems 6.46~6.49 Given a lawn sprinkler such as that in Fig. 6.14 with 6, = 160°, in which the total area of the jets at a radius of 15 in is 0.0008 fr’, When h = 144 ft, compute the rate of discharge, the torque exerted by the water, and the power developed if the rotative speed of the sprinkler is 400 rpm. Neglect fluid friction, but note that the calculated torque must overcome mechanical friction and air resistance. Figure, 6.14 co = 400(2%/60) = 41.9 radjsec ; uy = wor, = 41.9(15/12) = 524 fps Eq, 6.35: uy = V2GEIVTE GRAF = 1006 fps Q = ayv, = (0,0008)109.6 = 0.0877 cfs « Eq. 6.36: 940(0.0877)(15/12)(52.4 + 109.6 cos 160°) = 10.77 ft-lb 4 Bq, 5.38: Power = Tw/SS0 = 10.76(41.9)550 = 0.820 hp Check on power: Eq. 5.40: P = yQHISSO hp where H = 144-V3Rg From Fig, 6.14: V2 = (vjeos20° - u,) + (v,sin20°)? = (109.600820" - $2.4)* + (109.6sin20"?* = 506 +375? = 3970; V = 63.0 fpe H = 144 - 63.07/(2x32.2) = 82.4 ft Power = 62.4(0.088)82.4/550 = 0.819 hp, checks closelySec. 6.14, Prob. 6.48 177 6.4T Repeat Prob 6.46 with the following changes: radius = 400 mm, total jet area = 70 mn, h = 42 m. Prob. 6.46: The sprinkler (Fig. 6.14) has , = 160" and a rotative speed of 400 rpm. Compute O, T, and the paver developed. Neglect fluid friction, but note that the calculated torque is that required 10 ‘overcome mechanical friction and air resistance. Figure. 6.14 sl @ = 4027/60) = 41.9 rad/s; um, = wr, = 41.904) = 16.76 m/s Eq, 6.35: vy = \20.8142 + 16.76 = 33.2 mis; Q = av, = 0.00007(33.2) = 0.00233 mis Eq. 6.36: T = -(1000)0.00233(0.4)(16.76 +33.2.c05160°) = 1347 Nm Eq. 5.38: Power = Tw = 13.47(41.9) = 564 N-m/s = 564W << For a lawn sprinkler like that of Fig. 6.14, develop an expression for the runaway speed w in terms of h, r, 648 and fy Tis would occur if there were no mechanical fiction or ait resistance, ise tro argue. f? Pa ‘Figure. 6.14 N From Eq, 6.36 with T= 0: 1 = ~1yeosBy. + using Fa. 6.35: 1 = -c08p,jgh =u gy 2 1 = £05B,) ayant ie argh ead o wf 1) = 2gh or uf += 2°P2) - tet, = 2gh wag et ost oe 2 orjltanp| = BER; o- <178 sec. 6.14, Prob. 6.49 649 At what approximate speed will the sprinkler of Prob, 6.46 develop maximum horsepower? Prob, 6.46: The sprinkler (Fig. 6.14) has f, = 160°, a = 0.0008 f, r = 15 in, h = 144 ft Neglect fluid friction, but note thatthe calculated torque is that required t0 overcome mechanical friction and air resistance. Figure 6.14 “Two methods of solution may be used: (@) Express power asa function of ©. Take @ Power/3a = 0 and solve for «. () Assume various «'s and compute the corresponding Powers. Here we will use method (6). = nQxi60) raiser; ty = or, = o(15/12) fps Eq. 6.35: u, = f2gh + wy = ¥2G2.2)144 + ug fps; Q = a,v, = 0.00082, cfs PQr, = 1.940Q(15/2) = 2.4259 Ibsec See. 6.14: AV, = ty + v,605B, = tz + v,c0s160" = 4, - 0.9400, fps From Bq. 6.36: T= ~pQr,(AV,) = -2.425Q(u, - 0.9400,) ft1b Eqs. 5.38 and 5.40: Power = To/550 bp Iecont... n o by @ Or, Vv, rT Power rpm radisec fps fps cfs bse. fps fret hp 200 20.9 26.2 99.8 0.0798 0.1936 61.6 13.09 0,498 600 62.8 78.5 124.3 0.0994 0.241 “38.2 9.22 1.053 1000 104.7 130.9 162.5 0.1300 0.315 8 6.87 1,309 1200 125.7. 157.1 184.2 0.1474 0.357 16.06 5.74 1.311 (max) 1400 146.6 183.3 207 0.1656. 0.402 “M28 4.53 1.207 1500 157.1 196.3 219 0.1750 0.424 9.15 3.88 1.109 1980 207 259-276 «(0.221 (0.536 0.637 0.342——0.1289 Maximum power occurs at a rotative speed of approximately 1200 rpmSec. 6.15: 6.15.1 6.15.2 st 6.15.3 BG Sec. 6.15, Prob. 6.49 179 ‘Momentum Principle Applied to Propellers and Woadmills ~ Exercises (3) A I8:in-dlameter household fan drives air (y= 0.076 lift) ata rate of 1.80 tbsec. (a) Find the thrust exerted by the fan. (0) Whai isthe pressure difference on the two sides of the fan? (c) Find the required horsepower to drive the fan. Neglect lasses. Sec. 6.15 for fan: Vy = 0 Eq, 6.40: Q = yA + AV) = 18 Ibjsec; av = —18@) xx18? 0976) 4x 144 (@) Bq. 6.38: Fy = pQ(AV) = (1.8/32.2)26.8 = 1.498 bh < = 268 fps (©) Bq, 6.39 with V, 1.16 ft; Ap = 0.076(11.16) = 0.848 psf < a (©) Eqs. 5.35 and 5.38: Power required = FLAY) 0365 tp or (Eq. 5.35) Power required = we 19) - o.0365 np < A L.8-m-diameter fan drives air (y = 12 Nim’) at a rate of 50 N/s. (a) Find the thrust exerted by the fan. (©) What is the pressure difference on the two sides of the fan? (c) Find the required power to drive the fan Neglect losses. Sec. 6.15 for fan: Y, Eq. 6.40: 7Q = yA(@O + AV/2) = 50 Nis = 12(n/8)1.8%(A¥2); AV = 3.27 ms (© Bq. 6.38: Fy = pQCAY) = (50/9.81)3.27 = 1669N 0; 42 - GWE. 327 osm; < 2g 209.81) © Bq, 6.39 with a Ap = 12(0.547) = 6.56 N/m* (© Bq. 5.38: Power = F,Y = F,(AVP2) = 16690.2772) = 273 wats 4 or (Eq. 5.39) Power = yQH = 50(0.547) = 273 watts 4 ‘A fan sucks air from outside to inside a building through a 20-in-diamerer duct. The density of air is 0.0022 slug/f? and the pressure difference across the two sides of the fan is 4.0 in of water. (a) What thrust must the fan support be designed to withstand? (6) Determine the flow rate of the air in cubic feet per second. (@) Ap = 40 inches of water = 0.333 ft of water; Ap ~ 0.333(62.4/144) = 0.1444 psi Bq. 6.37: Fy = Adp = (72074)0.1444 = 45.4 bh () Sec. 6.15 for fan: V = 0. Eq. 6.37 with V, = 0: Q = A(AVI2) Bq. 6.38: Fy = pQ(AV) = pIA(AVI2I(AY) ; 454 = 0,0022(n/4)(20/12)*(4V72) ; AV = 1375 fps; Q = A(AV2) = 2.18(1375) = 1500 cfs <4180 sec. 6.15, Prob. 6.51 Sec. 6.15: Momentum Principle Applied to Propellers and Windmills ~- Problems 6.50-6.52 6.50 651 SI By placing a 12-in electric fan on a frictionless mount it is observed to exert a thrust of 0.8 Ib. (a) Find the approximate velocity of the slipstream of standard air (sea level) which it produces. (b) If 45 percent of the ‘power supplied to the blades is lost in eddies and friction and if the driving motor has an efficiency of 60 percent, find the required elecrial input in wats, (@ Bq, 6.37: F, = 08 Ib = (Ap)a174 = 0.7854p; Ap = 1.019 psf ‘Table A.3 for standard air at sea level: 7 ~ 0.0765 Ibjft? Sec 6.15 for fan: Vj = 0. -. Eq. 6.36 becomes: 4p/y = (AV}}/2¢ from which AV = ¥ZgGp/y) = VIGEA)TOISOOTES = 29.3 fps Slipstream velocity = V, + AV = 0+ AV = 293 fps < (©) Bq. 6.40 with ¥, = 0: Q = ACAV/2) = 0.785(29 3/2) = 11.50 cfs Eq, 5.39: Powerysgs = Op = 11.50(1.019) = 11.71 frlb/see Eqs. 5.39 and 5.42: Required power U1 p.tysee um 74 ie ee = 48.1 watts 4 @- 0.45060 = 045060* sso ~ By placing a 300-mm electric fan on a frictionless mount itis observed to exert a thrust of 2.5 N. (a) Find the approximate velocity of the slipstream of standard aur (sea level) which it produces. (0) If 45 percent of the power supplied to the blades is lost in eddies and friction and if the driving motor has an efficiency of 60 percent, find the required electrial input in watts. (@) Eq, 6.37: Fy = 25 N = dp(x0.154) = 0.07074p Ap = 35.4 Nim? Table A.3 for standard air at sea level: y = 12.01 Nim See 6.15 for fan: V, = 0.-, Eq. 6.36 becomes: 4p/y = (AV}/2g from which AV = y2g(4p77) ~ \2O-B1)354/IZ01 = 7.60 m/s Slipstream velocity = ¥,+ AV = 0+ AV = 7.60ms < (©) Eq. 6.40 with V, = 0: Q = A(AV/2) = 0.707(7.60]2) = 0.269 mis Bq, 5.39: Powehyuy, = QAp = 0.269(35.4) = 9.50 watts 9.50, 250 = ans < 0.45060 ~ 788 vats From Eq. 5.42: Required power =6.52 Sec. 6.15, Prob. 6.52 181 Apply the momentum and energy principles to the case of a windmill (essentially the opposite of a propeller), to determine the maximum theoretical effciency based on an input energy available from the wind velocity in a siream tube having a cross section equal to that of the windmill blade circle, Wind velocity ¥, ; Velocity through windmill = v,-AV/2 where AV = -¥, [vz_w,-avy eee + where = AY, Eq. 5.39: Pos 106 a re Oo ( Eq. 5.39: Pi = yQVi/2g where = AY, Pew 1, -(YRIYE - = AV _ + (Y= ANI ~~ 471 efficiency = Wi~ (AVIV “Oy SY) a Pia ww ay Be ein anny 1-avy 1-4¥) singles: 2=4F oof 122¥) 1 <0, eam STA) y- av Hence efficiency is maximum when = 3 orwhen AV = @/3)¥, (1+1BFC-13) _ 16 9593 4 (Da 2 ra182 See Exet/Prob Units 7.4 — Dynamic Similarity X74. BG 742 SI 743° BG 144 BG 745 BG 746 N 747 SI 148 SI = 8 P71 72 73 74 15 16 17 78 19 7:10 7a 712 7:43 714 75 7:16 TAT 7:18 719 © new @ alg 88 BEz8e @ o 7.5 Scale Ratios P 7.20 721 12 123 7.24 1.25 1.26 SI Szzzzz TRor Chapter 7 ‘Similitude and Dimensional Analysis PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE Difficulty Length Easy —_-V Short V Easy —V Short Easy Short V Easy Medium Easy Short Easy Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Easy Short Easy Short Easy Short Easy Short Medium — Short Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Hard = Medium Medium — Medium Medium Medium Medium — Short Short Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium — Short Medium — Short Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Hard Hard P: 12 a 18 16 Xx74.3 TAT 7:16 719 718 1.26 125 lar Special features Interpolation Uses » = pulp (Sec. 2.11) Uses Secs. 2.7 2.11 Interpolation; uses Secs. 2.7 & 2.11 Interpolation; uses Secs. 2.7 & 2.11 Uses pu = RT (See. 2.7) Uses Secs. 2.7 and 4.5 Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) Uses Secs. 2.7 and 4.5 Unit convers'ns; uses » = lp, Fig. A.2 Uses Secs. 2.8 and 13.3 Interpolation: uses Secs. 2.7-8 Interpolation: uses Secs. 2.7-8 Uses Sec. 4.5 Uses Sec. 4.5 Ieont.. Exercises (identified by "X"), answers are given in Appendix F of the textbook. X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, $ = Sample Problem.17 [ Is ig E Dimensional Analysis X71 772 773 174 115 P 7.27 7.28 7.29 7:30 731 7232 7.33 Zzzzzzz 2zzzz Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium, Medium Length Paris Similar Medium Medium Long Medium Medium, Medium, 183 Special features Needs literature search for part (6) [Needs literature search for part (6) Needs literature search for part (6) Uses Sec. 2.12184 sec. 7.4 Chapter 7 SIMILTUDE AND DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS See. 7.4: Dynamic Similarity ~ Bxercises (8) 74.1 Water at 65°F in an 8-in-diameter pipe flows with a velocity of 5 fps. What is the Reynolds number? Note that in the Reynolds number the significant length L = D, and that Appendix. A gives physical properties of water. BG ‘Table A.1 for water at 65°F: » = 11.38 x10 fee (by interpolation) Ly DY __ (ins R= voy 8 x10 293,000 4 142 Oil (5 = 0.85 and p= 0.24 N-s/n?) in a 100-mm-diameter pipe flows with a velocity of 3.5 m/s. What is ‘the Reynolds number? Note that in the Reynolds number the significant length L = D. 0.10 m)B.5 mfs)(0.85 x 10° amd N } kg-mis SI LY | DYp eeere 0.24 N-sfm? 120 Eq7.6: R 74.3 A vertical jet of water issuing upward from a nozzle at a velocity of 76 fps will rise to a height of ‘approximately 90 ft on the earth. To get a water jet to rise to a height of 120 ft on the moon, where gravity is one-sixth of that on earth, what must be the jet velocity? Neglect atmospheric resistance. BG Gravity and inertia dominate, so F governs, and F, = Fy. Eq, 7.1: L, = LJly = 90/120 = 0.75 ; 8, = Bd = 6 Eq. 7.9: (VI@L)""], = (M@L)"), + VV, = (@le—NEIL,) = Y6O-73) = 2.12 = V, Gq. 7.2) Vy = VV, = T6212 = 358 fps 744 Awind tunnel test on a 1:40 scale model of a submarine is planned to find the drag on the submarine when it is moving at 10 knots through 50°F ocean water. What should the test velocity be in the wind tunnel if it ‘contains 60°F air at atmospheric pressure? If the drag on the model is 75 lb, what will the drag on the prototype be? BG R governs because the significant forces are inertia and fluid friction due to viscosity. “+ Eq. 7.6) R = D¥]v = constant. Table A.1 for fresh water at 50°F: » = 14.10x 10° ft%see. Yoana, He Py, 0.25% 10°91.936 _ 1 ays Yah Po Hy 1,985(2.10 x 10°) Using Table A.4 and Eq. 2.11: Fe at SOP, Yocag = ¥p 1.045(14.10 x 10°) = 14.73 x 10° feY}se0 ‘Table A.2 for ait at 60°F: v, = 0.158 x 10"? AiJsec 5 From inside cover: 10 knots = 16.88 fps = V, GAO, 16.8 R, CRO e = WI688_ y= 7240 fps = 4940 mph 4 058x107 14.73 x10 ‘Since Vy greatly exceeds sonic velocity (Table A.3), the model will not properly indicate prototype behavior, including drag, due to compressibility effects (Sec. 2.4). ‘Subscript m denotes model, subscript p denotes prototype, and subscript r denotes relative or ratio in this chapter.TAS BG 146 147 SI 148 sec. 7.4 185 A S00-f-long ship is to operate at a speed of 20 mph If a model of this ship is 10 ft long, what should its speed be in fps to give the same Froude number? What is the value of this Froude number? Given F, =F; Bq 7.8: F = vicgh)!* DIGH, = DIGI, + Yq * VilGql8,) Ul)" = ¥, (101800) ¥,, = 20 mphy7.07 = 2.83 mph = 4.15 fps 4 = 4.15/G22x10)"7 =0.231 The dimensions of a model airplane are 1/30 those o} its prototype. In planned tests in a pressure wind tunnel the model will operate at the same speed and air temperature as the prototype. What pressure in the wind tunnel, relative to the atmospheric pressure, will make the Reynolds number the same? Given L, = L,Jt, L Vuln * U_Vyley (since Ry, 130 and V,, = V, . Substituting these into R, » given) we obtain v,/v, = (Lq/L,)V,/V,) = (1/30)L = 1/30 Eliminating p from Eqs. 2.4 and 2.11: pel = RT ot py = pRT. Since changes little with pressure (Sec. 2.11), for constant temperature RT = constant. So pr = constant, and Py * (%/%,)P, = 30p, = 30 atmospheres Water flows over the crest of a 1:35 model spillway, and the velocity measured at a particular point is 0.46 ‘mis. What velocity does this represent in the prototype? The force exerted on a certain area of the model is ‘measured to be 0.12 N. What would be the force on the corresponding area in the prototype? Develop ‘your own dimensionless ratios. Gravity and inertia govern this flow, so the Froude criterion must be satisfied. Equating Froude numbers, Eq. 7.9: (WgL)!], = WiGL)"], 2 V, = Vly = Uylbg)"® = 35% = 5.92; V, = V,Vy = 592046) = 2.72 m/s < Fd, _ VL, = Ge , OPP. . oy? = wad - ee” Gre PH Lap 2 4 or: F, = Soe. OPO, «gare = enna = 1. + DF, = 390.12) = 5150N 4 Fae (PL*8)y A certain missile travels at 2500 kmh through the atmosphere at an elevation of 5 km. Air at 20°C and standard atmospheric conditions will flow around a model of the missile in a wind tunnel. What air speed in the wind tunnel will achieve dynamic similarity? ‘Compressibility is important at supersonic speeds, so M governs, and M, = My. Table A.3 at 5 km: p = 54.0 kPa abs, p = 0.736 kg/m? ‘Table A.2 at 20°C: p = 1.205 kg/m’. Eq. 7.10: M = W(E,/p)" where (Eq. 28) E, = mp Thus [MG/p)""1, = iP{P)'],, as n is the same for both. 2500 kama _ iA ——_*___;_¥,, = 2680 kmh = 743, 4 (54,0/0.736)"" — (101.3/1.205)"" anal i186 sec. 7.4, Prob. 7.5 See. 7.4: Dynamic Similarity — Problems 7.1-7.19 Ta 12 13 14 15 BG SI SI What is the Reynolds number for 110°F air at a pressure of 90 psia when it flows at a velocity of 120 fos through a 4-in-diameter pipe? Note that Appendix A gives physical properties of ai. ‘Table A.2 for air at 110°F and 14,7 psia: » = 0.1845 x 10-? ft/sec (by interpolation) Eliminating p from Eqs. 2.4 and 2.11: pylw = RT or py = pRT. Since u changes little with pressure (Sec. 2.11), for constant temperature RT = constant. 80 py = constant and v, = (py/p,)¥, = (14.7/90)0.1845 x 10? = 30.1 x 10° ft/sec Bq 7.6: R = LV v = DV/v = (4/12)120/00.1 x 10-4 = 1,327,000 4 What is the Reynolds number for 50°C air at a pressure of 650 kPa abs when it flows at a velocity of 35, ‘mis through a 100-mm-diameter pipe? Note that Appendix A gives physical properties of air. ‘Table A.2 for air at 50°C and 101.3 KN/m?: » = 17.75 x 10 ms (by interpolation) jiminating p from Eqs. 2.4 and 2.11: pola = RT or py = wRT. Since y changes little with pressure (See. 2.11), for constant temperature pRT = constant, $0 pr = constant and vy = (ylp;)¥, = (101.3/650)17.75 x10" = 2.77 x10 mis Bq 7.6: R= LYv = DYfv = (0.10)35/(2.77 x 10*) = 1265000 < The linear dimensions of a model airplane are 1/15 those of its prototype. If the protoype is to fly at 450 ‘mph, what must be the air velocity in a wind tunnel for the same Reynolds number if the air temperature ‘and pressure are the same? L, = Lyll, * 15; vq = ¥, due to same air temperature and pressure. R= Ry, 80 LyValy = LVeltyi Vo * Villy) = 450(15/1) = 6750 mph This answer, which indicates a velocity about 9 times the speed of sound, illustrates why it is not generally possible to test model aircraft by the Reynolds model law in atmospheric wind tunnels, Air at 150°C and a pressure of 240 kPa abs flows at a velocity of 16 m/s through an 180-mmi-diameter pipe. ‘What is the Reynolds number? P 240 x 10" Table A.S for air: R = “K 4: _ 7 fable A.5 for air: R= 287 N-m/(kg-K). From Eq. 2.4: p = an From Table A.2 by interpolation (or Fig. 2.3): = 23.8 x 10° N-s/ma? Eq 7.6: R = LVp/u = D¥plu = 0.18(16)1.977/03.8 x 10° = 239000 < 1.977 elm? Models are to be built ofthe following prototypes: (a) tides; (b) oll flowing through a full pipeline; (c) a ‘water jet; (€) flow aver the spillway of a dam; (e) a deep submersible vehicle; () an airplane fying at low speed; (g) a supersonic aircraf; (t) a supersonic missle. For dynamic similarity, indicate which single dimensionless ratio will govern, and give reasons why. Governing dimensionless ratios are: R for parts (b), (¢), and (), because for these the significant forces are inertia and fluid friction due to viscosity (air compressibility is not appreciable at low airplane speeds). F for parts (@), (©), and (d), because for these the significant forces are inertia and gravity. M for parts (g) and (h), because for these compressibility is important,16 2 sl Sec. 7.4, Prob. 7.7 187 Air at 68°F and 60 psia flows ina 1.5-in-diameter pipe. What weight flow rate of this air will give dynamic Similarity t0 60°F water flowing at 200 gpm through a 3-in-diameter pipe? Table At for water at GO°F: » = 12.17% 10° fJsee Velocity of water, V = QIA = Q20O/&49y[x(3/12)/41 = 9.08 fps Toble AS for air: R= 1715 H(se0*R) 2.5 for ait at 68°F and 60 psia: y = 22 = 322460144 _ 9.307 yee? Fa. 2.5 for air at 68°F and 60 Dsias Y= ep Tri5(68 + 460), ‘ “Table A.2 for air at 68°F and any pressure (See 2.11 , by interpolation: 2 = 0:380 x 10% tb-seet? Ss Wg = wp = 0.380 x 10°%(0:307132.2) = 399 «10° ffsec For dynamic similarity: Ryo = Ruy Gn2.08 _ (1.5/12)QN=/4)0.572)) Using Eq. 7.6: 12.17 x10 39.9 x 107 + Q=0730 cfs < Eq 4.5: Weight fowrate of air, G = ¥Q = 0.307(0.730) = 0.224 Ib/see When a submerged sphere moves through 15°C water at 2.0 mis (Fig. P7.7), the drag force exerted on it is 16 N. In Water, 15 ‘A 200K, 18MPa ‘wind tunnel tesis with another sphere of three times the diameter the air pressure and temperature are 1.8 MPa abs —o—> -O: pee ‘and 290 K respectively. What must the air velocity be for 8N D_ 2ms Beds ‘dynamic similarity, and what will the drag force then be on the larger sphere? Table A.1 for water at 15°C: 5 Figure P7.7 p= 999 kgim?, 1 = 0.001 139 N-sim? Table A.2 for air at 17°C (= 290K) and any pressure (See 2.11), by interpol’n: js = 17.95 x 10°6 N-sjm? ‘Table A.S for air: R = 287 N-mjtkg:K) , 1.8 «10°Nim? ; For air fom Bg, 242 p= 2.» —18XION 216 tal 128 8 ep” GRTN-wkg K)290K ae fortes cle | Ree ake sow 21.6 Using Eg. 7.6: «. Da@owes , 370s) 485 ms 0.001139 17.95 x10” p= de. PID. , (a1 0485) 307 «oon ED. (eVLY, (999K 2.0] D F., = 0.01147(16) = 0.1836N 4188 sec. 7.4, Prob. 7.10 18 19 7.10 st Air at 80°C and 475 kPa abs pressure flows in a 50-mm-diameter pipe. What air flow rate (kg/s) will give ‘dynamic similarity 10 70 Lis of 60°C water flowing in a 540-mm-diameter pipe? Table A.S for air: R = 287 N-mi(kg-K) im a (2) 2 415 x10° Nim? 2 ss ta.24 0, (2) = yy QD=IO OY et Table A.2 for air at 80°C and any pressure (Sec. 2.11): 4, = 20.9 x 10°6 N-s/m? Water, Eq, 4.7: V, = Q,/A, = 0.070/(n0.277) » 0,306 m/s Table A.1 for water at 60°C: v, = 0.474 x 10° ms For dynamic similarity: Ry = Ry 0.05(1,)4.69 54(0.306) Using Eq. 7.6: -. ———# = 0580306 | y . 319 Ja) 209x10% 0474x106" * ms Eq. 4.4: ri, = (AV), = 4.69%(0.025%)31.0 = 0.286 kgs 4 500-f-long ship will operate at a speed of 20 mph in ocean water whose viscosity is 1.2 cP and specific weight is 64 Ib/f?. What should be the kinematic viscosity of the liquid used with a 10-ft-long model of the Ship so that both the Reynolds number and the Froude number would be the same? Does such a liquid exist? R,*R,; F, 34 Fy Energy FL. 5.21 Ym? Momentum FT 65 pov Find the dimensions of force, torque, and power in the FLT system. Repeat for the MLT system. FLT____MLT Eq. No. Dimens. Equiv. Force F MIT? 34 PA Torque FL. MUT= 631 OV Power FLT! MLT? 5.39 10h 7 * Develop the scale ratios given in Table 7.1 for the case where prototype and model Reynolds numbers are the same. Using Eq 7.6: V, = Vy/Vq = [RVIDI, x D/CR)], = (VIL), = (lle), T,= UM, = GY), = Cold, =. v= (4), » =| Mu =| Step 2: Fy [w} w, [rt e [| «=| a ‘No. of fundamental dimensions (M,L,7) involved, m = 3. Step 3: The 3 variables D, V, and p can not be formed into a dimensionless group, so the reduction number k = 3. Step 4: No. of dimensionless II groups needed = n-k = 6-3=3.. -- f(ll, Mh, I) = 0 ‘Steps 5 and 6: Select the following 3 (= k) variables to be primary (repeating): p,D, V tort = OPW: attr (HYP M: O= atl; L O= -34+b+e-1) TO Solving: a, = -1, b= -1, c= -1. So 0, = p*D“V"yp = wK(D¥p) = R# For Tt, = p*D°VF, M°L°7? = () wr(4) ML) 1, FAK eles Mi O= atl; L: 0= Baj+bteqeli T 0= -q-2 Solving: a, « -1, b= -2, c= -2. So Tl, = p'D7V3F, = Fyi(pD*¥) Ly{ Ly w(t) M: O= ay; Li 0= 3 +by+e,+1; Te 0= -c,-2 Solving: ay = 0, b= 1, c= -2. So M, = p°DV% = gb/V? = F? Step 7: f(y Hy U,) = 0, ic. AR, Fp[(pD?), F) so also 1, = $(0,', 15"), FyMeD*¥*) = RF), Fy = pDV*4(R, EF 4 For I = p*D*V'g: neue «(i Sec. 7.7: Dimensional Analysis ~ Problems 7.27—7.33 12 N (@) Use dimensional analysis and the MLT system to arrange the following into a dimensionless number: g, L, p, and p. (6) Name the dimensionless number. (@) Thm spe! = LT LIME MLT “Y= MILT? M:O=ctd; L:0=atb-3¢-d; T0=-ta-d 2a. So Th = g*Lp%y%* Solving: b= 3, c= 2a, d= mesn= se 4 F () Ref, 49, p. B—8: ‘This dimensionless number is known as the Gallileo number196 sec. 7.7, Prob. 7.30 1.28 729 7.30 (@) Use dimensional analysis and the MLT system to arrange the following into a dimensionless number: pw, and 0. (6) Name the dimensionless number. @ T= gip'pfo! = LT UML ML TY? = MOLT? MO0=b+e4d; L:0 -3b-c; T 0=-2-c-2 Solving: a= -b, c= -4, d=3b, So T= g% hyo = Wi-n= Sh 4 eo ©) Ref, 49, p. B=10: This dimensionless number is known as the Morton number 4 (@) Use dimensional analysis and the MLT system to arrange the following into a dimensionless number: L, and c. () Name the dimensionless number. @ Ws Liphyfot = LeML ML TMT yt = MOLT? M:0=btetd; Li 0=a-3— Solving: a=d, b=d, c=—2d. So T= Lip dt H vLeo (®) Ref. 49, p. B11: This dimensionless number is known as the Ohnesorge number wee < Use dimensional analysis to derive an expression for the height of capillary rise in a glass tube. Step 1: f'0hr.0,9) = 0, $0.0, of variables, n = 4. Using FLT: [F) z Step 3: The 3 variables h, r, and o can not be formed into a dimensionless group, so the reduction number k = 3. Step 4: No. of II groups = n-k = 1, <. f@) = 0. sivas res =f) Elur FoO=b+e; L O+a-b-3e+1; T 0-0 Step 2: A= Uh r= (Lo Steps 5 and 6: For It = Solving: 2e-1,b=-c. So W = r¥49*yh = (hinyr oy Step 7: We can wite (OD = 0, of I= C = const Then na cr 2) < cs (Gee Sec 2.12), in which case hb = £2 Experimental observation suggests that ¢ = =731 Sec. 7.7, Prob. 7.31 197 Derive an expression for the drag on an aircraft flying at supersonic speed. ‘At supersonic speed the volume modulus of elasticity E, is also a factor (see Eq 7.10). -- we expect both Mand R to govern. Step 1: fFpL.V.puE,) = 0, so no. of variables, n = 6. Using FLT: | im 7 Step 3: The varnbles V,Z, and p can nt be formed into a dimensionless group, so the reducon number k= 3. Step 4: No. of Hf groups = n-k #3, + fy, Thy Th) = 0 ‘Steps 5 and 6: Select for the 3 (=k) primary (repeatizg) variables: p, L, V ete) FO =a+l; L 0=-da+h+e-2; TE 0=2a-e+1 So O, = p'L"¥ yp = wi(LVp) = Rt Yor(so" Fi O-a+l; L: 0=-4at+b+e; T 0=2a-c Step 2: Fp-tnt- 10, ¥=[h p= fe For I, = p*L'V'p: FLT? Solving: @ = -1, b= -2, c= -2. So I, = p'L*VF, = Fyi(pL’¥*) - peeve: por - (FE) yp(L\{ zy For Il, = p'L'V'E; F°L°7* @ Joey) Fi O=a+l; L: 0= -4a+b+e-2; T: 0 =2a-c Solving: a So I, = p¥L°V7E, = E,/(pV*) = M? Step 7; We can write 1 = $00, 15"), ie. Fp/(pl?¥?) = (RM), ot Fy = pL*V76(RM)198 sec. 7.7, Prob. 7.32 732 Derive an expression for small flow rates over a spillway, in the form of a function including dimensionless quantities. Use dimensional analysis with the following parameters: height of spillway P, head on the spillway H, viscosity of liquid p, density of liquid p, surface tension o, and acceleration due to gravity g. Step 1: f@P,H,8.4.p.0) = 0, so n0. of variables, m = 7. Using MLT: u M a ae leh la Step 3: The 3 variables q, H, and p can not be formed into a dimensionless group, ate ele . =JEL a = [# swp2: [4] 6 W.H= he [Eh I so the reduction number k = 3. ‘Step 4: No. of II groups needed = n-k=4, ~. (Il, ML, 0, H,) ‘Steps 5 and 6: Select for the 3 (=k) primary (repeating) variables: 9, H, p. For Th, = q*H*p'P: M°L°T? = (EJeo{4) wo Te M0 L: O=2a+b-3e+1; T O= Solving: a = 0, b Ie =0, So I, = q°H'pP = PIH For Tl, = q°H*p'g: M°L°T? = (Joie L: 0 = 2a+b-3c+1; B O= -a-2 M0 Solving: a = -2, b= ) = 0. So Tl, = g7H%g = gig? 2° fury a CrtC For I = g*H pty: ML! (Zor in M: Os e+l; b 0=2a+b-26-1; 7 O* -a-1 Solving: @ = 1 b=Oe= 1. So Th, = "Hp py = plgp = Ras gq = HY) i" M: O=e+l; L: 0=2a+b-3c; T O= -a-2 For Il, = q*H*p‘o: M°L°T? = (EJer(x 7) Oe Solving: @ = -2, b= 1, ¢= Step 7: We can write 1"? = g(tl,, 1*, 1") ie, gH) = gHIP, R, W) or q = g'"H MHIP, RW) < So Th, = q7Hp"ta = off(pq%) = W2 (as q = HY)1.33 Soc. 7.7, Prob. 7.33 199 Derive an expression for the velocity of rise of an air bubble in a stationary liquid, Consider the effect of surface tension as well as other variables. Bubble velocity will be governed by its depth / (pressure and volume) and the properties including surface tension (given). Step I: #/(4h, 1,90) = 0, so no. of variables, n = 5 sen v= (Hl noun» [ith 0 [ao [a]; mos Step 3: The 3 variables Vs nd pcan a be forme int a dimensiones group, soit eduction mer k= 3 Sep 4: No.of prope seted = nF =2, 5 fy 1) = 0 Sipe San 6: Slt fre 3 (= pinay epeating vals: A, p. For, = V*h pp: MOLT? “(Fi ae ay : oe 7) tester) M: O= e+; Le O+atb-3e-1) T) O=-a-1 Lert. So y= VAp ty = ylavp) = RO Solving: a= -1, b= MY ay! For Il, = V¢hYpto: M°L°T? «= ( or() () Mi Os c+l; Lk: Os a+b-3e; TB 0=-a-2 Solving: = 1. So T= VAP = of Vp) = W? 1: ‘Thus we can write 1’ = @{;'), ic. Vhp/o = @(R) or V= folip wR) 4 9"), ie. AVplu = GW) or V= (uihp)oW) Alternatively If;200 Chapter 8 ‘Steady Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE Sec Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features 8.2 Critical Reynolds Number X'821 BG VEay VShot 1 8.22 8.2.2 SL VEsy VShot 1 821 823 BG VEasy VShot 1 P81 BG Medium Short Uses pu = RT (Sec 2.7) 82 SI Medium Medium 1 Uses pu = RT (Sec 2.7) 8.3 Hydraulic Radius, Hydraulic Diameter X83.1 BG VEay Shon 1 832 Sl VEasy VShor 1 P83 N Easy Shot 4.5 Friction in Circular Conduits X85.1 BG VEsy VShot 1 85.2 85.2 Sl VEasy VShot 1 8.5.1 853 BG Easy Shon =| 8.5.4 Laminar flow 854 St Easy Shor = 18.5.3. Laminar flow P84 Ne Ey, Shon! 83 N Easy Short 6) Oe Ea aoe | 8.6 Friction in Noncircular Conduits X86.1 BG Easy Short, «18.6.2 Power (Sec 5.10) 8.6.2 SI Easy Short, «18.6.1 Power (See 5.10) P87 BG = Medium = Medium 1 + f varies. Lam’r; uses pu = RT (§ 2.7). 88 BG Hard = Medium 1 89 tf varies. T&E 89 SI Hard Medium 1 88 tf varies. T&E 8.7 Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes X87.1 BG Easy = Shot 1 S varies 872 oN Easy Shot 1 87.3 N Medium Medium 1 Integration P 8.10 N Easy Medium 1 Plot alt N Medium Medium 1 Integration 8.12 N Medium Medium 1 Integration 8.13 SI Easy = Medium 1 J varies. Power (Sec 5.10) Jeont. Tor all Exercises (identified by "X"), answers are given in Appendix F of the textbook. + Answers are sensitive to values (f, 4, », K) that are or may be read from a graph. X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, S = Sample Problem. C) = could use computing aids.88 89 8.10 BLL B12 Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Entrance Conditions in Laminar Flow X881 BG Easy Short 8.8.2 Sl Easy Short Turbulent Flow X89.1 BG Medium Medium 8.9.2 SI Medium Medium Viscous Sublayer in Turbulent Flow X810.1 BG V Easy — V Short 8.10.2 BG Easy Short 8.10.3 SI Easy Short 8.104 BG Easy Short 8.10.5 SI Easy Short 8.10.6 Sl Easy Short P81¢ BG Easy Short 8.15 Sl Easy Short Velocity Profile in Turbulent Flow Xt SI Easy Short 8112 oN Easy Short 8.11.3 BG Medium Medium P 816 BG Medium Short 8.17 BG Medium = Medium 8.18 SI Medium Medium 8.19 BG Medium = Medium 8.20 Sl Medium Medium 8.21 SI Medium Medium 8.22 BG Medium Long 8.23 Sl Medium Long Pipe Roughness X812.1 N- Medium Medium 8.12.2 ‘SI Medium Medium 8.12.3 SI Medium = Medium P 8.24 N Medium Medium 8.25 BG Medium = Medium 8.26 SI Medium Medium 8.27 Sl Medium Medium 8.28 Sl Hard = Medium 3 4 1 2 2 1 1 2 8.10.3 8.10.2 8.10.5 8.10.4 a8 87 8.20 8.19 8.23 8.22 8.12.3 8.122 8.26 8.25 201 Special features Given const f Given const f Given const f Given const f Given const f Seancels out + fvaries varies + f varies +f varies + Svaries. Laminar, turbulent + fvaries. Laminar, turbulent tf varies ‘Frvaries. Plot Fvaries. Plot Co fvaries Given const f Given const f varies. Laminar, turbulent + f varies, Blasius’ Eq. + f varies, Blasius’ Eq. Given const f CO fvaries. T & B (Trial & Error) Joon...202 8.13 Chart for Friction Factor X8.13.1 BG Easy Short, «1 8.13.2 tf varies 8132 St 1 813.1 tf varies 833 SI 2 + varies 8.134 BG 2 +f varies. Interpolation P829° BG Easy Shot «18.30 tf varies 8.30 St Easy Shot 18.29 tf varies 831 Sl Medium Medium 1 + fvaties. Power (See 5.10) 832 BG = Medium = Medium 1 +f varies, Laminar 833 BG Medium Medium 1 + f varies. Uses Sees 2.7, 2.11, 3.2, 4.5 8.34 SI Medium Medium 1 8.35 +S varies 8.35 SI Medium Medium 1 8.34 + Fvaries 8.36 N Esy = Long + D f varies. L, 7; uses Secs 5.1, 6.3, 837 BG = Medium Long 1 + Of varies. Laminar, turbulent 815 Single-Pipe Flow: Solution by Trials X8.15.1 BG © Medium Medium 6 +t fvaties. Find hy, 8.15.2 BG Medium Medium 3 + fvaries. Find A, 8.15.3 BG Hard Long. «= 18.40 tf varies, find Q. T&E (Trial & Error) 8.15.4 SI Hard = Long. «18.41 tf varies, find Q. T&E, P838 BG Medium Long 839 tf varies, find DT & B. 8.39 SI Medium — Long 838 + Fvaries, find D. T & B. 8.40 Sl Hard Long 8.15.3 tf varies, find Q. T & E. 841 BG Hard Long 8.15.4 + fvaries, find Q. T & E. 842 BG Hard = Long. 843 + varies, assume regime, find D. T&E 8.43 SI Hard = Long 842 +f varies, assume regime, find D. T&E 8.44 BG Hard Long 845 tf varies, find Q. T& EB. 8.45 SI Hard Long 844 + fvaries, find Q. T&E. 8.16 Single-Pipe Flow: Direct Solutions X 8.16.1 BG Medium 1 8.16.2 fvaties. Find Q, check R. 8.16.2 ‘SI Medium 1 8.16.1 Fvaties. Find Q, check R. P 8.46 SI Medium 1 840 varies. Find Q, check R. 8.47 SI Medium 1 845 varies. Find Q, check R. 8.48 ‘SI Medium Long 1. 8.43 varies, ‘Find D, check 2 flow regimes. 8.49 Si Medium Long 18.39 varies, ‘Find D, check 2 flow regimes. 8.17 Single-Pipe Flow: Automated Solutions X 8171 SI Medium Long = 2 Os varies, find Q 8.17.2 BG Medium Long 2 8.17.3 Ovaries, find Q 8.173 SI Medium Long 2 817.2 Ofvaries, find Q P 8.50 B Medium Long 48.51 Cf varies. Find Q, check R. 8.51 B Medium Long 48.50 Oy varies. Find D, check R. Joont...Sec 8.18 8.22 8.24 8.26 827 Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Empirical Equations for Single-Pipe Flow X8181 BG Easy — V Short 8182 SI Easy —V Short 8183 BG Easy —-V Short P852 BG Medium Medium 8.53 ‘St Medium Medium Loss of Head at Submerged Discharge X822.1 BG Easy Short 8.22.2 Sl Easy Short 8.223 BG Easy Medium 8.22.4 Medium = Medium 8.22.5 BG Medium Medium P 854 BG Medium = Medium 8.55 SI Medium — Medium Loss Due to Expansion X 8.24.1 Sl Easy Medium 8.24.2 BG Medium Medium P856 BG Medium Medium 8.57 SI Medium Medium Loss in Bends and Elbows X 8.26.1 BG Medium Medium 8.26.2 ‘SI Medium = Medium Single-Pipe Flow with Minor Losses X8.27.1 BG Medium 8.27.2 SI Medium 8.27.3 BG Medium 8.27.4 SI Medium 8.275 BG Medium 8.27.6 BG Medium P858 BG Medium 8.59 ‘SI Medium 860 BG Medium 8.61 Sl Medium 8.62 BG Medium 8.63 SI Medium 8.64 BG Medium Medium 8.65 BG Medium Long. 8.66 SI Medium Long 867 BG Hard Long. 868 BG Hard Long. 8.69 SI Hard Long 8.70 SI Hard Long 8.18.2 8.181 8.52 8.26.2 8.26.1 8.27.2 8.27.1 8.27.4 8.27.3 203 ‘Special features Saw Siow Manning’s 1. + Manning's n. +t Manning's n. Given const f. h' (minor losses). Given const f. ht tfvaries. ht tf varies. ht tf varies. ht tf varies. ht +h (minor losses) + Given const f. h +O fvaries. +f varies. ht tf varies. i. tf varies. Interpolation Interpolation Given const fh’. Given const fh’. Given const f. hi’. Given const fh. Given const f. hi’. + Osvaries. Jet, find Q. Jet, find Q. Find p. Find p. Find Q. Find Q. T&E. Find p. Find p. Given const Given const fh Given const f. h’. Find Q, p. Given const f. h’. Find @, p. Given const f. Jet, find p. Given const f. Jet, find p. Given const fh’. Jet, find V, p. i Given const f. A, jet, find D, power Ci Given const f. A’, jet, find D, power 0. T&E. Find Q. +f varies. h'. Find D. T & E for Dt Cif varies. 4". Find D. Joont..Sec Exer/Prob X 8.28.1 8.28.2 8.28.3 8.28.4 8.28.5 8.28.6 8.28.7 8.28.8 8.28.9 8.28.10 P87 a72 873 874 8.75 8.76 8.77 8.78 Units BG BG SI BG BG SI BG SI BG SI SI BG BG SI BG BG BG BG 8.29 Branching Pipes P 8.79 8.80 8.81 8.82 8.83 8.84 8.85 8.86 8.87 8.88 8.89 8.90 8.91 BG 8.30 Pipes in Series P 8.92 8.93 8.94 8.95 8.96 8.97 8.98 8.99 8.100 8.101 BG St BG SL BG SI BG BG SI BG Difficulty Length Pipeline with Pump or Turbine Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Medium Medium Medium, Medium, Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium, Long 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 8.28.3 8.28.2 8.28.6 8.28.5 8.28.8 8.28.7 8.28.10 8.28.9 8.74 8.73 8.80 8.79 8.83, 84 Special features Given const f. Power (Sec 5.10). Given const f. Power (Sec 5.10), pump. Given const f. Power (Sec 5.10), pump. Const f. ', power, cavit (§5.11), pump Const fh’, power (§ 5.10), turbine. Const fh’, power (§ 5.10), turbine. Given const f. Power (§5.10), pump, jet Given const f. Power (§5.10), pump, jet Power (Sec 5.10), pump. Power (Sec 5.10), pump. Given const f. , eavit ($5.11), pump. Given const fh’, power ($5.10), pump Given const fh’, power, turbine. Given const fk’, power, turbine. Given const f. ', turbine, Given const f Power (Sec 5.10), pump. Ci Given const f. ih’, power, cavitation, pump, jet. Piot graph. Const f. fh’, power, pump; sketch. +f varies. Case 1 ty varies. Case 1 Of varies. Case 1 f varies. T&E, interp, check R. Case 2 varies. T&E, interp, check R. Case 2 Ds varies Case 2 {f varies. T&E, interp, check R. Case 2 ‘J varies. T&E, interp, check R. Case 2 ‘varies. T&E, interp, check R, Case 3 Of varies. Case 3 ‘F varies. T&E, interp, check R. Case 3 Ol f varies. Case 3 Cf varies. Check R. Special case Given const fh’, jet. Given const f. i, jet, interpolation. Given const f. Jet. Given const f. Jet. +O fvaries. T&E + Ofvaries. T&E +O fvaries. T&E S varies. Laminar flow, check R. Fvaries. Laminar flow, check R. Cl fvaries. i, jet. T&E. Jeon.Seo 8.31 8.32 Exer/Prob Units Pipes in Parallel P8102 BG 8103 BG 8.104 BG 8.105 st 8106 SI 8.107 SL Pipe Networks P8108 BG 8.109 BG 8.110 BG 81 BG a2 8113 BG ais st 8115 BG 8116 BG 8117 BG 8.18 st a9 st 8.120 BG Difficulty Hard Medium Hard Hard Medium, Hard Medium, Medium, Medium, Medium, Medium, Medium, Medium Hard Medium Hard Hard Hard Length Parts Similar Medium Medium Long Medium Medium Long 8.105 8.106 8.107 8.102 8.103 8.104 8,109,110 8,108,110 8,108,109 8.112 Bll 8.114 8.113 8.118, 8.117 205 ‘Special features + fvaries. Assume/verify Blasius’ Eq +f varies. Laminar flow, check R. +O fvares. T&E. + fvaries. Assume/verify Blasius’ Eq. + f varies. Make/verify assump; Lam. +O svaries. T & E. 1 Given const f. With pump, jet. Ci Given const f. With pump, jet. Oi Given const. With pump, jet. 0 Given const f Ci Given const f. See ending comment. + f varies. + f varies. +O fvares. T& EB. U Given const f i Given K values. Repet Cross apprxs. O Given K values. Repet Cross apprxs. + Ci Const f. Repet'y H. Cross apprxns. + Const f. Repet'y H. Cross apprxns.206 sec. 8.2, Prob. 8.2 Chapter 8 STEADY INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN PRESSURE CONDUITS Sec. 8.2: Critical Reynolds Number — Exercises (3) 8.2.1 82. 8.2: BG 2 St 3 Oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.00015 ft/sec is flowing through a 3-in-diameter pipe. Below what velocity will the flow be laminar? Eq. 8.1: R = (3/12)¥10.000 15 < 2000 = Ri 80. V < 1.200 fps < (it with a kinematic viscosity of 0.185 St is flowing through a 150-mm-diameter pipe. Below what velocity will the flow be laminar? Inside cover: » = 0.142 St = 0.142 x 10 mils Eq. 8.1: R = O.15Y(0.185 x 104) < 2000 = Ruy; soV< 0.247 m/s 4 Oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.0035 fi/sec flows through a 4-in-diameter pipe with a velocity of 15 fps. Is the flow laminar or turbulent? Eq. 8.1: R = (4/12)15/0.0035 = 1429 < Ruy = 2000, so flow is laminar Sec. 8.2: Critical Reynolds Number ~ Problems 8.1—8.2 81 82 si Hydrogen at 30°F and atmospheric pressure has a kinematic viscosity of 0.0011 f/sec. Determine the ‘minimum turbulent flow rate in pounds per second through a 2-in-diameter pipe. At this flow rate what is the average velocity? Eqs. 8.1-8.2: R = (2/12)¥10.0011 < 2000 = Ray, $0 max. avg. V = 13.20 fps Table A.5 for hydrogen: p at 68°F = 0.000 162 slug/f ; -y = 0.000 162(32.2) = 0.005 22 Ib/f? At constant (atmos) p, from Eq. 2.5: y = const/T 2. at3O°F: 7. = 0.005 22(460 + 68)/(460 + 30) = 0.00562 Ib/f? Eq. 4.5: G = yAV = (0.00562)(/4)(2/12)"13.80 = 0.001692 Ib/sec Air at 80°C and a pressure of approximately 1350 kPa abs flows in a 20-mm-diameter tube. What isthe ‘minimum turbulent flow rate? Express the answer in liters per second, newtons per second, and kilograms per second. At this flow rate what isthe average velocity? From Sec. 2. ple = RT, p = PIRT; Eq. 8.1: R = D¥ plu = D¥pluRT Table A.2: x = 2.09 x 10% Nesfm?; Table A.S: R = 287 m¥[(s?-K) (0.02 m)(1)(1350 x 10" Njm*) . 2.09 x 10 Nsim)[287 m(67K)]273 + 80 K) ie, 12750 Vimis = 2000; max V= 0.1569 m/s 4 Eq. 4.3: Q = AV = 1(0.01)°0.1569 = 0.0000493 m/s = 0.0493 Lis 4 From See. 2.7: p = pIRT = 1380 x 10°/[287(273 + 80)) = 13.32 kg/m? Eq. 4.4: mh = pQ = (13:32)0.0493 x 10° Bg. 4.5: G = 7Q = pgQ = 13.320.81)0.0493 x 107 = 644 x 107 Nis < Eq. 8.2: For laminar flow, max R = = 0.657 x 107 kgisSec. 8.5, Prob. 8.3 207 Sec. 8.3: Hydraulic Radius, Hydraulic Diameter — Exercises (2) 83. BG 83.2 st What is the hydraulic radius of a 12 in by 16 in rectangular air duct? Eq. 8.3: Ry = AIP = (12 x 16Y[202 + 16)] = 3.43 inch = 0.286 feet What is the percentage difference between the hydraulic radi of a 300-mm-diameter duct and a 300-mm- square duct? Eq. 8.3: Circular duct: R, = A/P = (7/4)(3007)/(300n) = 75 mm Square duct: R = AIP = 300*(4 x 300) = 75 mm; Therefore % difference = zero 4 Sec. 8.3: Hydraulic Radius, Hydraulic Diameter — Problem 8.3 83 Two pipes, one circular and one square, have the same cross-sectional area (Fig. 8.3). Which has the larger hydraulic radius, and by what percentage? Circular pipe, diameter D, and square pipe, side a, have same cross-sectional area so a? = (x/4)D*, ic., a = 7D) Bq. 8.3, circular: R, = AIP = (x/4)D%{xD = D/A = 0.25D Square: R, = A/P = aY/da = al = n!?D/B = 0.2220 R, ratio = 0.25D/0.222D = 1.128; so circular pipe has larger Ry. by 12.8% 4 See. 8.8: Friction in Circular Conduits — Exercises (4) 8.5.1 BG 85.2 85.3 BG 8.5.4 sr Steam with a specific weight of 0.32 Ib? is lowing with a velocity of 94 fs through a circular pipe with = 0.0171. What is the shear stress at the pipe wall? Eq. 8.19: rp = (0.0171/4)0.32(94)*12(82.2)] = 0.1877 psf Steam with a specific weight of 38 Nin’ is flowing with a velocity of 35 m/s through a circular pipe with f = 0.0154. What is the shear stress atthe pipe wall? Eq. 8.19: (0.0154/4)3835)/120.81)] = 9.13 Nim? Oil (s = 0.93) of viscosity of 0.004 f/s flows in a 4-in-diameter pipe at a rate of 6.5 gpm. Find the head loss per unit length. Q = 6.5 gpm = 0.014 48 cfs; Eq. 4.7: V = 40/(xD2) = 4(0.014 48)/E(4/12)"] = 0.1660 fps Eq, 8.1: R = [(4/12)(0.1660)/(0.004) = 13.83, flow is laminar, f = 64/13.83 = 4.63 Eq. 8.14: AgL = 4.63(12/4)(0.1660)'/(2(2.2)} = 0.005 94 feet per feet 4 Oil (5 = 0.92) of viscosity of 0.000 38 m/s flows in a 100-mm-diameter pipe at a rate of 0.64 Lis. Find the head loss per unit length. Eq. 4.7: V = QIA = (0.000 64)/(x0.107) = 0.0815 m/s Eq. 8.1: R = (0.1)0.0815/0.00038 = 21.44, flow is laminar; Eq. 8.29: Eq. 8.14: gL = 2.98(1/0.10)(0.0815)'/12(9.81)] = 0.01010 m per meter 64/21.44 = 2.98208 sec. 8.6, Prob. 8.6 Sec. 8.5: Friction in Circular Conduits — Problems 8.48.6 84 N 85 86 Prove that for a constant rate of discharge and a constant value of f the friction head loss in a pipe varies inversely as the fifth power of the diameter. Eq, 8.13: hy = fULJD)V*I(2g) where V = QIA = Ql(xD/4) = 4Q)(xD) Ay = FLD NSQU xD MPFIQR) = FUDN6Q?I2e x) ‘Thus for f = constant and Q = constant, h, = D5 QED. 4 Two long pipes convey water between two reservoirs whose water surfaces are at different elevations. One Pipe has a diameter twice that of the other; both pipes have the same length and the same value of f. If ‘minor losses are neglected, what is the ratio of the flow rates through the two pipes? Eq, 8.13: Aelev = hy = AUDIVQg) where V = QIA = Ql(xD'/4) shy = AUD)QMeD Pg = fL4Q?/QgDx*D*) Thus hy = QYDS; (hy), = (yas -. QDI = QD} and QJQ, = (DyD) = 2 = 5.66 ‘The flow in the larger pipe will be 5.66 times that in the smaller pipe. 4 Tests were made with 60°F water flowing in a 9-in-diameter pipe. They showed that, when V = 12 fps, f = 0.0165. Find the unit shear at the pipe wall and at radii of 0, 0.25, 0.4, 0.6, 0.85 times the pipe radius. Table A.1 for water at 60°F: p = 1.938 slugs/f? (a) Eq. 8.19: tr) = (0.0165/4)1.938(12772) = 0.576 psf, at wall < (®) Stress distribution is linear (Eq. 8.18): rhe F (psf) v 7 0.25 0.1439 04 0.230 0.6 0.345 0.85 0.489 a Sec. 8.6: Friction in Noncircular Conduits ~ Exercises (2) 8.6.1 BG 8.6.2 SI When fluid of specific weight 46 Ibif flows in a 8-in-diameter pipe, the frictional stress between the fuid and the pipe walt is 0.65 Ib/f2. Callate the friction head loss per fot of pipe. If the flow rate is 1.8 cfs, ‘how much power is lst per foot of pipe? D_ giz Lag 8.20; R= 2 = 812. o667 A. Eg. 8.8: hy = . 474 Fa 8B yo Re Eq, 5.40: Power lossft = 46(1.890.0848/550 = 0.01276 hp pert < When fluid of specific weight 8.2 RN/n? flows in a 150-mm-diameter pipe, the frictional stress between the ‘fluid and the pipe wal is 25 Nin? Calculate the friction head loss per meter of pipe. Ifthe flow rate is 42 ‘Ls, how much power is last per meter of pipe? Bq. 8.20: R, = Did = O.15/4 = 0.0375 m Eq. 8.8: hy = %L/(Ryy) = (25 Nim?)(1 m)/[(0.0375 m)8200 Nim®] = 0.0813 mm < From Eq. 5.41: Power loss/m = 7Qh, = (8200 N/m?\(0.042 m"/s)(0.0813 m) = 28.0 Wim88 BG Sec. 8.7, Prob. 8.8 209 Friction in Noncircular Conduits ~ Problems 8.7—8.9 Air at 160°F and standard sea-level atmospheric pressure flows in a 15-in by 21-in rectangular air duct (e = 0.0007 in) at the rate of 1.2 lb/min. Find the friction head loss per 100 ft of duct. Express the answer in feet of air flowing and in pounds per square inch. Eq. 8.20: R, = AIP = 1.25(1.75)6 = 0.365 ft = 4,38 inches Using Eq. 8.21: efD = ef(4R,) = 0.0007/(4 x 4.38) = 0.000.040 ). B25: 7 = BE = EE .0764 f8/s; V = QIA = 0.0764/2.1875 = 0.0350 fps v = 0.212 x 10° ft/sec From Eq. 8.23: R = 4R,VIv = 4(0.365)0.0350/(0.212 x 10) = 240 Flow is laminar, so e/D is insignificant and from Eq. 8.29: f = 64/R = 64/240 = 0.267 Bq. 8.22: hy = O.267{100/(4 x 0.365)]0.03507/(@22.2)] = 0.000347 & < Ap = hy = 0.000347(0.262y144 = 632 x 107 psi < Table A.S for air: R = 1715 (sec 0.262 tb/f? Q = (1.2 tb/min)(f/0.262 1by(min/60 sec) Table A.2 for air at 160°% Water at 80°F flows ina conduit with a cross section shaped in the form of an equilateral triangle. The cross-sectional area of the duct is 160 in’ and e = 0.0018 in. Ifthe fritionkead loss i 3 fn 150 ft find the approximate flow rate. A= 30x? = 160 in®, x = 9.61 in = 0.801 ft Eq. 8.20: Ry = AIP = 160)(3 x 2 x 9.61) = 2.77 in = 0.231 ft x i Bq. 8.21: D = 4R, = 0.925 ft; e/4R, = 0.0018/(4 x 2.77) = 0.000 1622 Table A.1 for water at 80°F: » = 0.930 x 10% ft/sec From Eq. 8.23: R = 0.925¥/(0.930 x 10°) = 9.945 x 107 (1) f150_V =fvt amszeaa: NL @ Solve by T and E to satisfy (1), (2), and Fig. 8.11 0.015, V= 8.91 fps, R = 886 10°; Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52: f = 0.0143 Try again. = 0.0143, V = 9.13 fps, R = 9.08 x 108; Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52: f= 0.0143 Close enough. Thus V = 9.13 fps and Q = 9.13(160/144) = 10.14 cfs < Bq. 8.22: hy =3210 sec. 8.7, Prob. 8.9 89 SI Water at 20°C flows in a conduit with a cross section shaped in the form of an equilateral triangle. The ‘cross-sectional area of the duct is 0.100 mt and e = 0.045 mm. If the friction head lass is 1 m in 50 m, {ind the approximate flow rate. A = 3¥x? = 0.100 m’, x = 0.2403 m Eq. 8.20: R, = A/P = 0.100/(6 x0.2403) = 0.0694 m Bq. 8.21: D = 4R, = 0278 m; e(AR,) = 0.045)(4 x69.4) = 0.000 1622 ‘Table A.1 for water at 20°C: » = 1.003 x 10° m?/s From Eq. 8.23: R = 0.278¥/(1.003 x 10° = 2.77 x10°V o sv 7 Bq. 8.22: b= 1 = Fyre e ey + OHO = @ Solve by T and E to satisfy (1), (2), and Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52 If = 0.015, V= 2.70 m/s, R= 747x105; Fig. 8.11 or Bq. 8.52: f= 0.0143 Try again, Iff = 0.0143, V = 2.76 m/s, R = 7.65%10°; Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52: f= 0.0145 Close enough! Thus V = 2.76 m/s and Q = AV = (0.100)2.76 = 0276 mvs 4 Sec. 8.7; Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes ~ Exercises (3) 871 BG 872 8.73 ‘An oil with kinematic viscosity 0.004 fi?/sec weighs 62 Ib/f?, What will be its flow rate and head loss in a 2780-ft length of a 3-in-diameter pipe when the Reynolds number is 950? Eq. 8.1: R= D¥Jv = (3/12)¥70.004 = 950, V = 15.20 fps; R < 2000, so flow is laminar Eq. 4.3: Q = AV = (a/4)(3/12)'15.20 = 0.746 cfs Eq, 8.29: f = 64/R = 64/950 = 0.0673; Eq. 8.10: A, = 0.0673(2750 x 12/3)1520%2g) = 2660 ft 4 With laminar flow in a circular pipe, at what distance from the centerline (in terms of the pipe radius) does the average velocity occur? Sec. 8.6: Velocity profile is a paraboloid With Vana = 0.5V, 50 Bg. 8.25: w= V0 - 77rd); (U2)V, = V0 - 771r2)s (rire)? = 05; Fry = 0.107; r= 0.707 4 For laminar flow in a two-dimensional passage, find the relation between the average and maximum velocities. Let passage width be 2yp , $0 that = ty, = V, at y= y,. Eq. 4.3: Q = AV = @y)V. But from Eq. 8.25: Q = 2f"udy = 2[V,(1 - y*Iypbdy By equating the two: ¥ = 2VJy - GAUCy.) = G3).‘Sec. 8.7, Prob. 8.13 211 Sec. 8.7: Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes ~ Problems 8.10-8.13 8.10 N all 8.12 8.13 SI For laminar flow in a circular pipe, find the velocities at 0.tr, 0.3r, 0.5r, 0.7r, and 0.9r. Plot the velocity Profile. From Eq, 8.25: 194 ‘it WV, On 0.99 oa 03 91 os 0.75 07 ost 0s 09 0.19 o a Q od 04] 0204 “06 08 10 rrp Prove thatthe centerline velocity is twice the average velocity when laminar flow occurs in a circular pipe. Bq, 8.25: w= VC - 743) Eq. 4.3: Q = AV = fudd = [VC - rigaardr = Anv,{"%(r ~ r°hrgidr = DRV.ErGI4) Eq. 4.6: V = QIA = [2a¥(rg/)M(nr9) = (U2), QED. 4 For laminar flow between two parallel, flat plates a small distance d apart, at what distance from the centerline (in terms of d) will the velocity be equal 10 the mean velocity? Let Yq = distance from centerline where = Vigaye From solution to Exer. 8.7.3, Vien = (2/3)Ve QV.» ice. CLB)V, = VL - yebo)i Ym = UBI¥G = CUBA? So when y = y,, yy = 028d 4 it with an absolute viscosity of 0.16 N-s/n? and a density of 925 kg/m is flowing in a 200-mm-diameter Pipe at 0.50 Lis. How much power is lost per meter of pipe length? Eq. 4.7: V = $(0.00050)(x0.200%) = 0.01592 mis Bg. 8.1: R= (0.20(0.015 92)925)0.16 = 18.40, flow is laminar. Eq, 8.2 Eq. 8.14: lL = (64/18.40)(1/0.2090.015 92%1209.81)] = 0.000 1796 meter per meter Eq. SA1: Power loss = (925 x 9.810.100°90.015 92(0.000 1796) = 0.000815 watts per meter 64/18.40212 sec. 8.9, Prob. 8.13 See. 8.8: Entrance Conditions in Laminar Flow — Exercises (2) 88.1 8.8.2 st Jn Exer. 8.2.3 what will be the approximate distance from the pipe entrance to the first point at which the flow is established? Exer. 8.2.3: Oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.0035 fisec flows through a 4-in-diameter pipe with a velocity of 15 fos. Eq. 8.1: R Eq. 8.30: L, (4/12)15/0.0035 = 1429 O.058RD = 0.058(1429)(4/12) 276 fet << In Exer. 8.5.4 what will be the appraximate distance from the pipe entrance to the first point at which the flow is established? Exer. 8.5.4: Oil (5 = 0.92) of viscosity of 0.00038 m/s flows in a 100-mm-diameter pipe at a rate of 0.64 Lis. Eq. 4.7: V = QIA = 4Q(xD?) = 4(0.000 64)/(0.107) = 0.0815 m/s Eq. 8.1: R = (0.10)0.0815/0.00038 = 21.44 Eq. 8.30: L, = O.058RD = 0.058(21.44)0.10 = 0.1244 m Sec. 8.9: Turbulent Flow — Exercises (2) 8.9.1 BG 89.2 Tests on 70°F water flowing through a 9-in-diameter pipe showed that when V = 13 fps, f = 0.0162. (a) Y, ata distance of 3 in from the center of the pipe, + = 0.388 psf and the velocity profile gives a value for duly of 6.97 per second, find at that radius (a) the viscous shear, (2) the turbulent shear, and (c) the mixing length &. ‘Table A.1 for water at 70°F: p = 1.936 slugs/ft®, = (@) Eq. 8.32 atr = 3 in: + = pduldy * nduldy = 0:388 psf (given) duldy = 0,000 0208(6:97) = 0.000 1429 psf, viscous shear ) ndufdy = © ~ dyldy = 0.388 ~ 0.000 1429 = 0.388 psf, turbulent shear (©) Eg. 8.34: Fy = pl duldy)? = 0.388 pst 1 = (s/o)! (duldy) = (0.388(1.936))""1697 = 0.0642 ft or 0.771 inch 9.000 0205 Ibsecift? Water at 20°C flows through a 240-mm-diameter pipe. Tests have determined that at a distance of 60 mm ‘from the pipe centerline the mixing length & is 19.8 mm and from the velocity profile duldy = 5.33 Find at that radius (a) the total shear stress, (b) the eddy viscosity, (c) the viscous shear, and (d) the ‘turbulent shear. Table A.1 for water at 20 p = 998.2 kg/m, ys = 0.001002 N-sini? (@) Ba. 8.24: 7 = 998.2795 2 1112M/mt 2 5.33 = 11.12 ke-m 08 Nevin? ©) Bq, B20: r= eM GE M12 = O01 OF2 + 998.335 9 = (© Viscous shear = duldy = 0.001 002(5.33) = 0.005 34 Nim? << (@ Turbulent shear = qduldy = 2.08(5.33) = 11.11 Nim?Sec. 8.10, Prob, 8.13 213 Sec. 8.10: Viscous Sublayer in Turbulent Flow — Exereises (6) 8.10.1 BG 8.10.2 BG 8.10.3 8.10.4 8.10.5 Compute 5, for the data of Sample Prob. 8.3. Sample Prob. 8.3: The pipe friction head loss in 200 ft of 6-in-diameter pipe is 25 f-Ib/Ib when cil (s = 0.90) of viscosity 0.0008 lb-secif? flows at 2.0 cfs. V = Q/A = 10.19 fps; f = hD(2g)L¥) = 0.0388. Eq. 2.11: » = plp = 0,0008/0.90(1.940)] = 0,000 458 fis 14.14v _ 14.14(0.000458) _ 5 Eq. 8.38: 4, = 14140000458) 0.00323 feet = 0.387 in < vf 10.19(0.0388)"" Water in a pipe (f = 0.018) is at a temperature of 70°F. (a) If the mean velocity is 14 fps, what is the ‘nominal thickness 8, of the viscous sublayer? (b) What will 8, be if we increase the velocity to 24 fps and f does not change? Table A.1 for water at 70°F: » = 1.059 x10 ft/sec 14.14v _ 14.14(1.059 x 10°) (a) Bq. 8.38: 8, = 4.141.059 10%) _ a "fe 140.018) (© For V = 24 fps and the same f, 4,’ = (14/24)6, = 0.000558 inch (0.000.0797 ft = 0.000957 inch Water in a pipe (f= 0.012) is at a temperature of 15°C. (a) Ifthe mean velocity is 3.2 m/s, what is the nominal thickness 8, of the viscous sublayer? (0) What will 8, be if we increase the velocity to 5.5 m/s and Sf does not change? Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » = 1.139 x10" mis (@ Bq, 8.38; 4, = NAY - 141401139 109 _ 4.59.10 m = vp 3.200.012)" (®) For V = 5.5 mis and the same f, 4, = (3.2/5.5), = 0.0267 mm << .0459 mm For the data in Exer. 8.10.2(a), what isthe distance from the wall 0 the assumed limit of the transition region where true turbulent flow begins? Exer, 8.10.2(a): Water at 70°F flows in a pipe (f = 0.018) with a mean velocity of 14 fp. Table A.1 for water at 70°F: » = 1.059 x 10° ft/sec 14.14v _ 14.14(.059 x 10° i - 8.38: 4, = : = 0.0000797 ft = 0.000957 inch - yp 140.018)" Sec. 8.10: y, = TOvju, = 144, = 14(0.000957) = 0.01340 inch For the data in Exer. 8.10.3(a), what is the distance from the wall to the assumed limit of the transition region where true turbulent flow begins? Exer. 8.10.3(a): Water at 15°C flows in a pipe (f = 0.012) with a mean velocity of 3.2 mis. Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » = 1.139 x10 m/s 4.59 x 10° m = 0.0459 mm yt 3200.01) Sec. 8.10: y, = 70vfu, = 144, = 14(0.0459) = 0.643 mm <214 Sec. 8.11, Prob. 8.15 8.10.6 SI Water at 50°C flows in a 150-mm-diameter pipe with V = 6.5 m/s and e = 0.14 mm. Head loss measurements indicate that f = 0.020. (a) What is the thickness of the viscous sublayer? (b) Is the pipe behaving as a fully rough pipe? Table A.1 for water at 50°C: y = 0.553 x 10 m/s M4ldv _ 14140553 x 10° wpe” 65(0.020) ©) e/14 = 140 pra/t4 = 10 pm, 50.8, < eA ; so, yes, pipe is behaving as fully ough @ Eq. 8.38: 4, = 851x10%m=85i pm < Sec. 8.10: Viscous Sublayer in Turbulent Flow — Problems 8.14—8.15 8.14 8.15 st Water at 50°F enters a pipe with a uniform velocity of U = 14 fps. (a) What is the distance at which the transition occurs from a laminar to a turbulent boundary layer? (b) Ifthe thickness of this initial taminar boundary layer is given by 4.91YvxfO (from Eq. 9.10), what is its thickness at the point of transition? Table A.1 for water at 50°F: » = 1.410 x 10° f/sec (@ Sec. 8.10: At transition point (turbulent boundary layer begins): For R, = 500,000 = Ux/v 2X = 500,000¥/U = 500,000(0.0000141)/14 = 0.504 ft = 6.04 inches (®) Given: 5 = 4.91/vaJU = 4.910.000 0141 x 0.504/14 = 0.003 50 feet or 0.0420 inches Water at 10°C enters a pipe with a uniform velocity of U = 3.4 m/s. (a) What isthe distance at which the transition occurs from a laminar to a turbulent boundary layer? (B) Ifthe thickness of this initial laminar Boundary layer is given by 491Yvx1U from Eq. 9.10), what is its thickness at the point of transition? Table Al for water at 10°C: » = 1,306 10% m/s (@ Sec, 8.10: At transition point (turbulent boundary layer begins): For R, = 500 000 = Ux/v x = $000000/U = 500.000(1.306 x 10°34 = 0.1921 m= 192.1mm 4 © Given: 8 » 491/030 = 49191306 x10 %0.1921/3.4 = 0.001334 m or 1.334mm < See. 8.11: Velocity Profile in Turbulent Flow ~ Exercises (3) BILL SI Estes Ina 1.00-m-diameter pipe velocities are measured as 5.35 m/s on the centerline and 4.91 m/s at r = 70 ‘mm. Approximately what is the flow rate? Eq. 8.40: 4.91 = 5.35 ~5:76u,log{S00/(500 -70)] from which ue = 1.166 mis Eq. 8.42: V = 5.35 - 3.75(1.166) = 0.977 m/s Q = AV = (x/4)1.00°(0.977) = 0.767 mis 4 For turbulent flow in a circular pipe, find r/rg at the radial distance from the centerline where the mean velocity occurs. Turbulent low. Eq, 8.44 for u = Vi V= (1 + 1.326/"¥ - 206f!"Vogir(ry - 1 0 = 1326fY - 2.047!°VI0g G zr aan F 0776 48.11.3 BG Sec. 8.11, Prob, 8.17 215 Oil (5 = 0.92) with a viscosity of 0.000 65 Ib-sec/f flows at a rate of 6 cfs through a 4-in-diameter pipe having f = 0.040. Find the friction head loss. Determine the shear stress at the pipe wall and the velocity at 1.5 in from the centerline. . po 4O . . DVp _ (4/12)68.8(1.94 ») oa v= SOM «oa fy; Batts = DYE ~ WIDSEBLD4 2092) « 699 Fa (4/12 oe # 0.000 65 5. 81% fy = MOU 8 661 pet per foot < 1° “@i2) 262.2) Bq. 8.19: r= foV1B = 01040(0.92 x 1.940)68.88 = 42.2 psf From Eq. 8.43; yy = V(L + 1.326yf) = 68.8(1 + 1.326/0,040) = 87.0 fps Eq. 8.40: See. 8.11: Velocity Profile in Turbulent Flow ~ Problems 8.16~8.23 8.16 8.17 BG ‘na 36-in-diameter pipe velocities are measured a 18.5 fos at r = 0 and 18.0 fps at r = 4.0 in. ‘Approximately what is he flow rate? Eq. 8.40: 18.0 = 185 ~ 5.76u,log{18/(18 - 4.0)] from which u. = 0.795 fps 195 =u, = WAR. Thus f= 2.25) 2 NBS = Cl + 1.3267") @ Bimiosingftetveen () a @): 385 « 1 1.206235 , fom wish V = 15.52 fps Gof = 0.0575 Bq. 4.7: Q = AV = (w/4)(36/12)'15.52 = 109.7 cfs < Water at 130°F flows in an 0.5-in-diameter copper tube ( € = 0.000 005 fi) at 1.2 gpm. Find the head loss er 100 ft, using Eq. (8.29) or (8,52) to find f. What is the centerline velocity, and what is the value of 8,? Q- .2 gpm = 0.002 67 cfs; Eq. 4.7: V = QA = 22, - 4000267 . 1.961 fs ‘Table A.1 for water at 130°F: » = 5.58x 10 ftjsec = DY, (05/12)1.963 v 5.58 x 10% 0.028; Eq. 8.13: hy = 0.02% Fg. 8.1: R 14,640 (flow is turbulent) ; g100_ 1.961? _ 4, (SND 262.2) 2 1.96 Ydgg, = ULL + 1.326(0.028)""]; tig, = 1.222(1.961) = 2.40 fps < 4, = HUGO Lorg0x107 < 1.961(0.028)""216 sec. 8.11, Prob. 8.20 8.18 Water at 60°C flows in a 15-mm-diameter copper tube (e = 0.0015 mm) at 0.06 Lis. Find the head loss er 10 m, using Eq. (8.29) or (8.52) to find f. What is the centerline velocity, and what is the value of 8,? st Table A.1: At 60°C, v = 0.474 x 10% mts Eg. 4.7: V= QA = 42 4(0.06 x 10) = 0340 m/s =D? 8.19 8.20 st 81: R a ¥ 0474 x10 Eq. 8.52: f= 0.0304; Eq. 8.13: Ay = 0.031 Bq. 8.43; 0.340 i, = WEL + 1.326(0.0304)""]; tae 2g, = 1414(0.474 x 10°) 0.340(0.0304)'* (0.0157 = BY - 20180380) «0740 (tow inrwduie; = 29 10 015 < « = 00001132 m Repeat Prob. 8.17 for flow rates of 0.08 and 18 gpm. Prob. 8.17: Water at 130°F flows in an 0.5-in-diameter copper tube (€ = 0.000 005 ft) at 1.2 gpm. Find the head loss per 100 ft, using Eq. (8.29) or (8.52) t0 find f. What is the centerline velocity, and what is the value of 8,? Inside cover: cfs = gpm/449. Table A.1 for water at 130°F: » = 5.58 x 10° fi¥/sec 0.08 gpm (0.000 1782 efs V= Qa 0.1307 fps Dp 0.000 12 R= Dyy 976 Flow regime Laminar f 0.0655 (Eq. 8.29) 1 (Eq. 8.13) oon Mx (From Eq. 8.43) 0.1751 fps (Eq. 8.38) 236x107 Q (given) 2 18 gpm 0.0401 cfs 29.4 fps 0,000 12 2.20 x 108 Turbulent 0.0161 (Eq. 8.52) sk 34.4 fps 4 210x10% < Repeat Prob. 8.18 for flow rates of 0.004 and 0.9 Lis. Prob. 8.18: Water at 60°C flows in a 15-mm-diameter copper tube (e = 0.0015 mm) at 0.06 Lis. Find the head loss per 10 m, using Eq. (8.29) or (8.52) to find f. What is the centerline velocity, and what is the value of 8,? Table A.1: At 60°C, = 0.474 x 10° mie Q (given) 0.004 Lis 0.9 Us @ 0.000 004 ms 0.0009 m/s V = OIA 0.0226 mis 5.09 mis D 0.0001 0.0001 R= DViv 716 161 200 Flow regime Laminar Turbulent ti 0.089 (Eq. 8.29) 0.0168 (Eq. 8.52) hy (Eq, 8.13) 0.001 549m =< 1498m 4 ting (from Eq. 8.43) 0.0316 mis < 5.97 m/s 4 6, Eq. 8.38) 0.000993 mm 1.009 x 10m 48.21 SI 8.22 BG Sec. 8.11, Prob. 8.22 217 Oil (s = 0.85) with a viscosity of 0.0056 N:s/in? flows at a rate of 80 L/s in a 150-mm-diameter pipe having € = 0.90 mm. Find the head loss, using Eq. (8.29) or (8.52) to find f. Determine the shear stress at the ipe wall. Find the velocity 25 mm from the centerline. Under these conditions is the pipe behaving as a ‘fully rough, transitional, or smooth pipe? V = QA = 0.08/[(2/4)0.15"] = 4.53 m/s; p = 0.85(1000) = 850 kg/m? Eq. 8.1: R= DVp/u = (0.15 m)(4.53 m/s)(850 kg/m*/0.0056 N-s/m?) = 103 100 (flow is turbulent) €1D = 09/150 = 0.006; Eq. 8.52: f = 0.0329 From Eq. 8.14: Ay/L = (fID)(V*12g) = (0.0329/0.15)(4.53720.81) = 0.229 mim 4 Eg. 8.19: 5 = fpV*/8 = 0.0329(850)4.534/8 = 71.6 Nim? < Eq. 8.44: u = (1 + 1,326 /0.0329)4.53 - 2.04/005254.53)logI7.5/(75 - 2.5)] = 532 m/s < 1atdy _ 14l4y | _ 14.14(0.0056) vy? pvp? 850(4.53)0.0329"7 = 0.0643 mm < 4, - 1] (mm) U (nis) 5 0 415 0 452 4 80 429 100 402 120 3.30 3 2.5 2.99 (is 124.9 1.537 2 x 1 a ) See. 8.12: Pipe Roughness ~ Exercises (3) [EER Going imptict Bg. 8.40), approximate Ea. (8.47), and Blasts’ Eq (8.48), solve for the smoothpipe friction factor f using Reynolds numbers of (a) 4000, (b) 20,000, and (c) 10%. (a) For which of these three vlues do the equations show the most variation in f? N Part @ © © R 4000 20,000 108 ‘f values, computed from: randil’s Eq. 8.35: 0.0399 0.0259 0.0179 Approx Eq. 8.3 0.0404 0.0257 0.01782 Blasius Eq. 8.37: 0.0397 0.0266 0.0177 z 7 x Average of 3: 0.0400 0.0261 0.017 86 Absolute variatién 0.000 688 0.000 824 0.000220 % variation L719 3.16 4 1.2318.12.2 St 8.12.3 st Sec. 8.12, Prob. 8.24 219 Substitute ito Eq. (8.51) the given and computed data of Sample Problem 8.5a. How well does the right- hand side of the equation agree with the left-hand side? Sample Prob. 8.5a: Water at 20°C fiows in a 500-mm-diameter welded stel pipe, with a friction loss gradient of 0.006. e/D = 0,000 092, by trial and error R = 1.059 x 10°, and f = 0.0131. —— 2000092 251 Eq, 8.51; Let side = —_; Right side = -2log 99000 , _251_] oor Reh 37” (aso x 100013 = yas ~2log(0:0000248 + 0.000 0207) = -210g(0.000 0455) =874 #4 —2(-4,34) = 8.68 4 It checks closely. ‘The right side is 0.625% smaller than the left si < Repeat Exer. 8.12.2 using Eq. (8.52). Exer. 8.12.2: Substitute in the given and computed data of Sample Prob. 8.5a. How well does the right side of the equation agree with the left side? Sample Prob. 8.5a: Water at 20°C flows in a 500-mm-diameter welded steel pipe, with a friction loss ‘gradient of 0.006. e/D = 0.000 092, by trial and error R = 1.059 x 10%, and f = 0.0131. Left side Eq. 8.52: 10131)" = yoil4s = 8.74 < Right side Eq. 8.52: -1.8logl(¢f3.7D)'"" + 6.9/R] = ~1.8log{(0.000092/3.7)"" + 6.9/(1.059 x 105) ~1.8log{(0.000 0248)" + 0.000.006 52] = -1.Blog{0.000007 75. + 0.000 006 52} = =1.810g(0.000014 26) = -1.8(-4.85) = 8.72 It checks very closely. ‘The right side is 0.167% smaller than the left side. See. 8.12: Pipe Roughness — Problems 8.24~8.28 8.24 N Ifthe diameter of a pipe is doubled, what effect does this have on the flow rate for a given head loss? Consider (a) laminar flow; (b) turbulent flow. (@ Laminar flow, Bq. 8.28: h, = 32vLV{(gD*) = const. x VID* V = ED; Q = AV = (xD*14)KD?) = k'DS ‘Thus dovbling the diameter will increase the flow by a factor of 24 = 16 © Turbulent flow, Bq. 8.13: hy = fUDIV*I2S) © IEF = constant (complete turbulence), hy = “VID; V = kD and Q = AV = k,D® ‘Thus doubling the diameter will increase the flow rate by 2 factor of 257 = 5.66 for turbulent flow with complete turbulence. (ii) For smooth pipe with R < 100,000, Blasius Eq. 8.48: f = 0.316/R™ = A(DV) hy = AUD Wg) = &VMID™ (of Eq. 8.83 in Sec. 8.14) V = kD" and Q = AV = kD!” ‘Thus dovbling the diameter will increase the flow rate by a factor of 2!%” = 6.56 for turbulent flow in smooth pipes.220 sec. 8.12, Prob. 8.26 8.25 8.26 si Kerosene (5 = 0.813) at a temperature of 70°F flows in a 2-in-diameter smooth brass pipeline at a rate of 6.5 gpm. (a) Find the friction head loss per foot. (0) For the same head loss what would be the flow rate If the temperature of the kerosene were raised 10 100°F? 6.5 gpm = 0.01448 cfs; V = QIA = 4(0.01448)/[(2/12)"] = 0.664 fps (@ Fig. A.2 for kerosene at 70°F: » = 24x10" fi%/see. Eq. 8.1: R= (/12)0.664/24 x 10° = 4610 Blasius’ Eq. 8.48 for smooth pipe (3000 < R < 10°: f = 0.316/4610"% = Eq. 8.13: hy = 0.0384(12/2)0.6647/[2(32.2)} = 0.001574 ft per ft () Same hy raised temperature, Fig. A.2 for kerosene at 100°F: » = 18x10" ft/sec. Substitute Blasius Eq. 8.48 into Eq. 8.13 to eliminate f, using Eq. 8.1 for R, yields Eq. 8.53 or 4 25 AL = ASSO 195 provided 3000 < R < 10°; 0.001574 = 2-1580(1.8 x 10° °° Y"™ 1 gp 32.2@/12)5 from which V = 0.692 fps; R = DViv = 6404, so the Blasius Eq. 8.48 is valid and Q = AV = (x/4)(2/12)°0.692 = 0.01509 cfs = 6.77 gpm Kerosene (s = 0.813) at a temperature of 20°C flows in a 75-mm-diameter smooth brass pipeline at a rate of 0.80 L/s. (a) Find the friction head loss per meter. () For the same head loss what would be the flow rate if the temperature of the kerosene were raised to 40°C? Eq. 4.7: V = QIA = 4(0.0008)(10.0757) = 0.1811 m/s; (@ Fig. A.1 for kerosene at 20°C: = 1.65 x10 Nesim? Eq. 8.1: R = 0.075(0.1811)(0.813 x 1000)/(1.65 x 10°) = 6690 Eq, 8.48 for smooth pipe: f= 0.316)(6690) = 0.0349 1_o.1g11* Eq. 8.13: hy = 0.03491 0.075 2(9.81) () Same hig raised T°. Fig, A.2 for kerosene at 40°C: 0.000779 mim 4 1.7 x10 mes Substitute Blasius Eq. 8.48 into Eq. 8.13 to eliminate f, using Eq. 8.1 for R, yields Bq. 8.53 or 15802 = 01580(1.7 x 10°5828 178 gp 9.81(0.075)'5 from which V = 0.1857 m/s; R = DViv = 8193, so Blasius Eq. 8.48 is valid V7 provided 3000 < R < 10°; i.e., 0.000779 and Q = 0.1857(7/4)(0.075)? = 0.000821 m'/s <<827 mi 83 See. 8.13, Pron. 9.28 221 Water at $0°C flows in a 150-mm-diameier pipe with V'= 7.5 mis. Head loss measurements indicate chat f = 0.020. Determine the value of e. Find the shear siress at the pipe wall and at r = 30 mm. What is the value of duidy at r= 30 mm? Table A1 for water at 30°C: » = 055310 mis, p = 986 kg/m? Bg. 8.1: R = O.15(7.5\(0.553 x 10°) = 2.03 x 10* Bq. 8.51, for f= 0.020 and R = 20310: eff = QO01046; ¢ = 0.001 046(150) = 0.1569mm 4 Eq. 8.19: 5, = fo¥7/8 = 0.020988)7.78 - 1389 N/a? 4 (using kg-m/s* = Np Bq. 8.18 atr = 30mm: f= GSO = 55.6 Nin ate _ Cfo)" _ (138.9 kgm?) (mnfe?ye984 kgf)? -1 Se (0.400.075 - 0.03) aa Oil ( = 0.85) with an absolute viscosity of 0.0056 N'xin? flows in a 150-mm-diameter pipe having ¢ = 0.90 mum. (a) Above what flow raie will this pipe behave as 2 fully rough pipe? (b) Below what flow rate will it behave as a smooth pipe? = 0,85(1000) = 850 kg/m? (@) From See, 8.10: Fully rough when 6, < ef14. In Eq. 8.38 assume f = constant; 6, = if So d, = O.9f14 = 0.0643 mm when V = Vyel(8jen/8) = 4530.1135/0.0683) = 7.98 mis and when @ = 80(0.1133/0.0643) = 41 Lis 4 (®) From Fig. 8.9: Smooth when 4, > ¢. varies rapidly with R for smooth pipe (Fig. 8.11). ga. £.39 and 8.47 to eliminate ft _ tty tay gif R) . 1td0.0056), 67 B ae oF ai] as07 er ae ae yam where (Eq. 8.1), R= 0.15(¥9850/0.0086 = 22 768V, eum pine o.67?, so that 4, = 94877 og’ = STM ogt300") am BG Dace ellie! ‘Try Vimis R 4, mm fe mm 1 22 768 0.590 6x10 mvs 6 x 10 Hs 0476 x 10° FIs 0.474 x 10° m/s Results Q 0.00375 m/s 2.10 cfs 0.006 69 cfs 0.00015 m/s 4 v 0.477 ms 3.86 fps 1.647 fps 0.471 mis R 41883 535,512 24,881 19861 f 0.0259 0.013, 0.0290 0.0315 Using an equation solver on a programmable scientific calculator, or in computer software, solve the ‘following without manual trial and error: (a) Prob. 8.38; (6) Prob. 8.39; (c) Prob. 8.42; (d) Prob. 8.43. {An instructor may assign any one of these four independent parts.) ‘These are Type 3 problems, to find D. (® Using an equation solver on a programmable scientific calculator, first solve Colebrook-based Eq, 8.566 for D, then Eq. 4.7 for V, then Eq. 8.1 for Reynold's number R, and then Colebrook Eq. 8.51 for fif desired. (i Using computer software such as in Excel or Mathcad, insert Eqs. 8.13, 4.7, 8.1, and 8.51, and solve them simultaneously. Part @ © © @ Solve Prob: 8.38 8.39 82 8.43 Taput data @ Bets 03 mis 14 cfs 0.21 ms L 13,450 ft 4200 m 100 ft 100m hy 315 ft 1m 037 ft 0.42 m e 0.0002 ft 0.000065 m_ 0.00013 0.000038 m > 0.00054 Avs 52x10 m/s 0.00022 f/s 20x10 m/s Results D 1.359 ft 0.391 m 1.552 0.461 m << v 8.97 fps 2.50 mis 3.91 fps 1.261 mis R 22,563 18786 21,595 29028 f 0.0255 0.0266 0.0242 0.0239234 sec. 8.18, Prob. 8.53 Sec. 8.18: Empirical Equations for Single-Pipe Flow — Exercises (3) 8.18.1 When water flows at 2.5 cfs through a 20-in-diameter pipeline, the head loss is 0.0004 fuft. Find the value of the Hazen-Williams coefficient. BG Eq. 8.634: V = 1.318Cy_ RPS; Sec, 8.3: Ry = (20/12)/4 = 0.417 ft 2S/La(O/12)"] = 1.318C yy (0.417) "(0.0004)"; Coy = 103.2 4 8.18.2 Water flows at 0.32 m’'/s through a 600-mm-diameter pipeline with a head loss of 0.0029 m/m. Find the value of the Hazen-Williams coefficient. SI Eq. 8.634: V = 0.849Cy_Ry "5°; Sec. 8.3: Ry = Did = 0.150 m 0.32/(0.30) = 0.849C yp (0.150)°(0.0029)"; Cy = 1033 8.18.3 When water flows at 70 ofs through a 5-ft-diameter pipeline the head loss is 3.0 ft per mile. Find the value of Manning's n. V = QIA = 4Qi(xD?) = 4(10)(x5") = 3.57 fps vr Sec. 8.18: Empirical Equations for Single-Pipe Flow — Problems 8.52—8.53 8.52 Ina field test of the 16-fi-diameter Colorado River aqueduct flowing full, Manning's n was found to have a value of 0.0132 when 50°F water was flowing at a Reynolds number of 10.5 x10". Determine the average value of e for this conduit. 01153 BG 7 hy 7 get fe nv R-2 Write Eqs. 8.14 and 8.640 in terms of $1 S = of = 57e (sass) where R, = 2 (Sec. 8.3) mms f- ( n_¥_D2g_ , (0.01327162)322 _ p17 99 7486) (Dyay'® * (1.486 ) (aga)? Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.51 or 8.52 for R = 10.5 x 10* (given) and f = 0.01280: e/D = 0.000133 0,000 133(16 ft) = 0.00213 4 [Note: Calculations for V (= 9.25 fps) and S (= 0.001 06) are unnecessary as they can be cancelled out.] 8.53 ‘Measurements were taken on pressure flow through a 2.2-m-diameter aqueduct built of concrete. When the water temperature was 10°C and the Reynolds number was 2.0x10®, Manning's n was determined 10 be (0.0130. Find the average value of e for this aqueduct. A, 2 Write Eqs. 8.14 and 8.640 in terms of S: $= "t= LY. nie LD Re AD2gi(DI4) = (0.01372.20)981/2.214) = 0.01619 SL where Ry = 2 (Sec. 8.3) ‘Thus f Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.51 of 8.52 for R = 2x10 (given) and f = 0.01619: e/D = 0.000398 0.000398(2.2) = 0.000876 m= 0.876 mm 4 {Note: Calculations for V (= 1.187 m/s) and S (= 0.000529) are unnecessary, they can be cancelled out.]Sec. 8.22, Prob. 8.63 235 Sec. 8.22: Loss of Head at Submerged Discharge — Exercises (5) 8.22.1 BG 8.22.2 8.22.3 8.22.4 St A 12-in-diameter pipe (f = 0.02) carries fluid at 8 fps between two tanks. The entrance and exit ‘conditions to and from the pipe are square-edged and flush with the wall of the tank. Find the ratio of the ‘minor losses divided by the pipe friction loss if the length of the pipe is (a) 4 ft; (&) 80 ft; (c) 1600 ft. Pipe friction loss: 0.02(L/D\(V*/2g) Minor losses: 0.5(V7/2g) + (V712g) = 1.5(V'28) L Minor Fiction ah 1491 0795 80 ft 1491 1.590 1600 ft 1.491 31.8 A 375-mm-diameter pipe (f = 0.017) carries fluid at 3.6 m/s between two tanks. The entrance and exit ‘conditions 10 and from the pipe are reentrant. Find the ratio of the minor losses divided by the pipe friction loss if the length of the pipe is (a) 2 m; (b) 50 m; (c) 1000 m. ive L 36 Pipe friction loss: O17 E> = OOITS = gr = 0.02991 Minor losses: 0.8(V7/2g) + (V42g) = 1.8(¥2/2g) = 1.8(3.6)°/(2 x9.81) L ‘Minor (m) Fiction (m) 2m 1.189 0.0599, 50m 1.189 1.497 1000 m 1.189 29.9 Water leaves a turbine ay 18.5 fps and enters a tailrace having an average velocity of 1.5 fos. (a) What is the submerged discharge head loss? (b) By what percentage is this loss reduced if the provision of a draft ‘tube increases the discharge flow area to six times the size? 18? 1.5? 222) (®) Continuity: VY; = V(Ay/A,) = 18.516 = 3.08 fps =528R < (@ Fa. 874: b= cht = 3082158 By. 874; Ay = SOROS = ota % reduction = 628-9117) 100% = 97.9% < A smooth 300-mm-diameter pipe is 90 m long and has @ flush entrance and a submerged discharge. It carries 15°C water at a velocity of 3 m/s. What is the total head loss? Eqs. 8:13, 8.70, 8.71: Eh, = yy + hi © hl = UD) + &, * bgVRg ‘Table A.1 for water at 20° 1.003 x 10° m/s Eq. 8.1: R = D¥Jv = 0.4(2.4)/(1.003 x 10°) = 9.57 x 10° Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.46 or Eq, 8.47 for smooth pipe: f = 0.01173; Fig. 8.13: ‘Lh, = [0.011 73(120/0.4) + OS + 1.0}2.4/(209.81)) = (5.02)0.294 = 1474m 4236 sec. 8.24, Prob. 8.55 8.22.5 BG Oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.001 f/sec and a specific gravity of 0.92 flows at 8 fps through a smooth 1S-inediameter pipe which is 400 ft long with a flush entrance and submerged discharge. What is the head loss in feet of oil and in psi? Eq. 8.1 for oil: R = D¥Jv = 1.25(8)/0.001 = 1 x 10" Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.46 or Eq. 8.47 for smooth pipe: f = 0.0309; Fig. 8.13: k, Dh, = yy +! + hy = (0.0309(400/1.25) + 0.5 + 1.098%/(262.2)] = (11.38)0.994 = 1131 fol From Eq. 3.4: Ap = 7Eh, = 092(624/144)11.31 = 451 psi Sec. 8.22: Loss of Head at Submerged Discharge — Problems 8.54—8.55 8.54 8.55 St 8.24.1 St A smooth 15-in-diameter pipe is 400 ft long and has a flush entrance and a submerged discharge. It carries 70°F water at a velocity of 8 fps. What is the total head loss? Eqs. 8.13, 8.70, 8.71: Ehy = hy + hi + hf = YD) +b, + kAVRS ‘Table A.1 for water at 70°F: » = 1.059 x 10° fi%/sec Eq. 8.1: R= DY Jv = 1.25(8)(1.059 x 10%) = 9.44 10° Fig, 8.11 or Eq. 8.46 or Eq. 8.47 for smooth pipe: f = 0.01176; Fig. 8.13: k, = 0.5 Eh, = [0.011 76(400/1.25) + 05 + 1.0}8%/(262.2)] = (5.260994 = 523 <4 Oil with a kinematic viscosity of 9.7 x 10-5 m/s and a specific gravity of 0.94 flows at 3 m/s through a smooth 300-mm-diameter pipe which is 90 m long with a flush entrance and submerged discharge, What is the head loss in meters of oil and in kPa? Eq, 811 for oil: R = D¥jv = 04024197 x 10% = 9897 Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.46 or Eq. 8.47 for smooth pipe: f= 0.0310; Fig. 8.13: k, = 0.5 Dh, = hy + Af + hj = [0.0310(120)0.40) + 0.5 + 1.072.47/120.81)] = (10.79)0.294 = 3.17 moll From Eq. 3.4: Ap = yEh, = 0.9409:81)3.17 = 29.2 kN/m® = 29.2kPa Loss Due to Expansion — Exercises (2) Two pipes with a diameter ratio of 1:2 are connected _2D 2p 2» in series (Fig. X8.24.1). With a velocity of 6.8 m/s in. Toa? 2 ee the smaller pipe, find the lass of head due to (2) me |e sudden contraction; () sudden enlargement; (c) ) © expansion in a conical diffuser with a total angle of @ ® 30°, and of 10°. Figure X8.24.1 (@ Table 8.2: For DyD, = 05, k= 0.33 Eq. 8.75: h, = k,V;2g = 0.336.8)/120.81)] = 0.778 m < (©) Eq. 8.76: hi = (V, - VF 2g where ¥, = (0.5), = (0.5)6.8 = 1.700 mis hi = (6.8 - 1.700)/2g = 5.1007/(2 x9.81) = 1.326m (© Eq. 8.78: Bh! = RV, - ¥,)'Rg = #0613 m) Fig. 8.20 for a = 30°: k/ = 0.65, 2. h! = 065(1.326) = 0862 m Fig. 8.20 for a = 10°: k/ = 0.175, +. h! = 0.175(1.326) = 0.232 m 48.24.2 BG Sec, 8.24: im BG 8.24, Prob. 8.56 237 ‘A S-inediameter pipe (f= 0.033) 110 ft long connects two reservoirs whose water-surface elevations differ by 12 ft (Fig. X8.24.2). The Pipe entrance is flush, and the discharge is submerged. (a) Compute the flow rate. (0) If the last 10 ft of pipe were replaced with a conical diffuser with a cone angle of 10°, compute the flow rate. (@) Energy: e v 0 _ vt 12 - 05— ~- 0.033 - 2g N2)2¢ 2 12 = V32gO5 + 8.71 + 10) = 1021V3Rg ; V4PAg = 1.175 ft, V = 8.70 fps Q = AV = (n/4\5/1278.70 = 1.186 cfs (© Fig. 8.20 for a = 10°: k! = 0.175 Dg = D + 2Ltan(10"72) = (5/12) + 2(10)tanS® = 2.17 ft Energy: 12 - 0.5V%/2g - 0.033[100/(5/12)(V7/2g) - 0.175(V - V,PRg = 0 V, = VID? = VIS/12)2.17F = 0.0370V; V - V, = 0.963V 12 = (Vig NOS + 792 + 0.1623) = 858V%R¢; Q = AV = (w/8\5/1279.49 = 1294 cfs Loss Due to Expansion — Problems 8.56~8.57 A smooth pipe consists of 52 ft of 9-in pipe followed by 310 ft Fush Submerged of 18-in pipe with an abrupt change of cross section at the | emwance Junction (Fig. P8.56). The entrance is flush and the discharge is submerged. If it carries water at 60°F, with a velocity of 19 fps in the smaller pipe, what is the total head loss? ‘We note (Eqs. 8.76 and 8.77) that: , 1 Ly Ay YE Donen mena mf ke fe] ob Table A.1 for water at 60°F: » = 1.217% 10° f/sec; Fig. 8.13: k = Bq, 8.1 for 9-inch pipe: R = D¥Jv = (9/12)19/(1.217 x 10°) = 1.171 x 10° Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.46 or Bq. 8.47 for smooth pipe: f, = 0.01134 Bq. 8.1 for 18-inch pipe: R = D¥Jv = (18/12)19(9/12)°((1.217 x 10°) = 329 x 10° Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.46 or Eq. 8.47 for smooth pipe: f, = 0.01421 = fos + 5202) | - (2P | pI 3100). ug a m= sami | (ft eon (asi = 1203 + 0.436 = 1246 <238 sec. 8.26, Prob. 8.57 8.57 St See. 8.26: 8.26.1 8.26.2 SI A smooth pipe consists of 12 m of 180-mm-diameter pipe esr Submerged followed by 75 m of 550-mm-diameter pipe with an abrupt entrance discharge ‘change of cross section at the junction (Fig. P8.56). The Smooth pipe ‘entrance is flush and the discharge is submerged. If it carries water at 15°C, with a velocity of 5.7 m/s in the ee smaller pipe, what is the total head loss? Arup! Eq. 4.3: @ = AWW, = (w/4)DIV, = (n/4)(0.1875.7 = 0.1451 mis Figure P8.56 Q = AV, » (7/4)(0.55)'V_3 V, = (0.18/0.55)°5.7 = 0.611 mis Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » Eq. 8.1: Ry = DVi/v = 0.18(6.7(1.139 x 10°) = 901 x 10%; R, = Dv = 2.95 x 10° Eq. 8.46 by T and E (or approx from Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.47): f, = 0.01186, f, Th, = th, + GLIDIVI28) + VY, - VIFICR) + LJP) * VIC®) 1.139 10° miss 0.01451 . OI- 61? , f0.0145175) , ] 0.6117 055 20.81) = 2.14 + 1.320 + 0.0566 = 351m < Loss in Bends and Elbows ~ Exercises (2) Water at 72°F flows through a 110-f-long, 5-in-diameter wrought-iron pipe that contains the following Jittings: one open globe valve, one medium-radius elbow, and one 90° pipe bend (ky = 0.13) with a radius of curvature of 45 in. The length of the bend is not included in the 110 ft. There are no entrance or discharge losses. Find the total head loss ifthe flow velocity is 4.8 fos. From Table A.1 for water at 72°F, by linear interpolation: » = 1.033 x 10° ft/s Eg. 8.1: R = (5/12)4.8/(.033 « 10°) = 1.936 x 10°; Table 8.1: € e[D_ = 0.000 15)(5/12) = 0.000360; Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.51: f = 0.01813 (or 0.01792 using Eq. 8.52) Eh, = (UID) + k, + ky, + kyglVIQs) where L = pipe + bend (See. 8.26) 000 15 ft 2 isin org 13112 + (2/2451. 49 . 9.75 + 0.13). 48 = 5.70 < Using Table 8.3: Eh, (09 13! : 07s ata ft Alternatively: using Eq. 8.52: Eh, = (0.01792(278] + 10.88)0.358 = 5.68 ft € Water at 18°C flows through a 25-m-long, 75-mm-diameter commercial steel pipe that contains the following fittings: one open angle valve, one short-radius elbow, and one 90° pipe bend (k, = 0.12) with a radius of curvature of 600 mm. The length of the bend is not included in the 25m. There are no entrance or discharge losses. Find the total head loss ifthe flow velocity is 2 mis From Table A.1 for water at 18°C, by linear interpolation: » = 1.057 x 10 m?/s Eq. 8.1: R = 0.075@2)(1.057 x 10 = 141857 ‘Table 8.1 for commercial steel; e = 0.046 mm; e/D = 0.046(75 = 0.000613 Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.51: f= 0.01999 (or 0.01978 using Eq. 8.52) Eh, = PUD) + ky + ky + kylVIQs) where L = pipe + bend (Sec. 8.26) [25 + (7/2)0.6) 2 sing Table 8. 0199925. +208) 25.99 +0:12)2- 264m Using Table 8.3: Eh, 6 9925 ~ GP lean ‘Alternatively: using Eq. 8.52: Eh, = (0.01978{346] + 6.02)0.204 = 262m 4See. 8.27: 8.27.1 BG 8.272 8.27.3 BG ‘Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.57 239 Single-Pipe Flow with Minor Losses ~ Exercises (6) An &-in-diameter pipeline (f = 0.028) 500 ft long discharges a 3-in-diameter waterjet into the atmosphere at a point which is 250 ft below the water surface at intake (Fig. 8.27.1). The entrance to the pipe is reentrant with k, = 0.9, and the nozzle loss coefficient is 0.045. Find the flow rate and the pressure head a the bse ofthe nowzle. eer yw 500 v= YM 250 - 09% - 902850. - gossth. = He 28 9/12 2g 2 2g ¥, = vey = 74117 250 ~ (VI2g\O9 + 21 + 2.28) = S0.6(Vf2g); 250 = (V*2g)74.7; V = 14.68 fps Q = AV = 0.267(04.68) = 5.12 cfs Wg) = ply ~ 2.28(V'2g) = 50.6(V7/28) ply = 519(V*2g) = 51.9(14.68)(@2 x 32.2) = 173.6 ft; p = 173.6(62.4)/144 = 753 psi 4 A 180-mm-diameter pipeline (f= 0.032) 150 m long discharges a 60-non-diameter waterjet into the atmosphere at @ point which is 80 m below the water surface at intake (Fig. 8.27.1). The entrance to the pipe is reentrant with k, = 0.9, and the nozzle loss coefficient is 0.055. Find the flow rate and the pressure head at the base ofthe nozle. Figure X8.27.1 ve 150 77 yw 20 - 09% - gon 1®2¥* - ooss¥. = 28 0.18 2g 2” 3e ¥,= 90; 80 = (V2 x9.81)]113.0 ; V = 3.73 ms Q = (0.099)3.73 = 0.0948 m/s = 94.8 Lis 4 Wg) + ply - 446(V'128) = 817728) ply = 845(V*/2g) = 84.5(3.73*(2 x 9.81) = 59.8 m; p = 59.89.81) = 586 KN/m*> 4 A horizontal 4-in-diameter pipe (f. = 0.028) projects into a body of water 2.5 ft below the surface (Fig. X8.27.3). Considering all losses, find the pressure at a point 15 ft from the end of the pipe ifthe velocity is 12 fps and the flow is (a) into the body of water; (2) out of the body of water. Figure X8.273 (a) Outflow from pipe. Sec. 8.22: ky = 1.0 LY? s « oong 15.) 12 (75) “( 02s) Energy Eq: ply + 0 + 2236 = 25 +505; ply =531f, p=230psi (© Infow into pipe. Fig. 8.13: &, = 0.8 = (e+ f2\% + 15 12? = 461 hy (& fe Se =(s os 1} HE = 2.062.236)» 461 Energy Eq.: ply + 0 + 2.236 = 25 - 461; ply = -434ft,p = -1.882psi .26(2.236) = 5.05 ft240 sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.57 8274 St 8.27.5 A horizontal 100-mm diameter pipe (f= 0.027) projects into @ body of water I m below the surface (Fig. 8.27.3). Considering all tosses, find the pressure at a point 5 m from the end of the pipe if the velocity is 4 m/s and the flow is (a) into the body of water; (b) out of the body of water. (@ Outflow from pipe. Sec. 8.22: ky = 1.0 A L\ vt 5 a fe, + fE\M = (1 « 0027-5.) # - 23500815) = 1916 m (-7a)i (+ mata saan ~ 298089 Energy Eq: ply + 0 + 0.815 = 1 + 1.916; pfy = 2.10 m, p= 20.6kN/m? 4 (®) Inflow into pipe. Fig. 8.13: k = 0.8 = 2.15(0.815) = 1.753 m Energy Eq: ply + 0 + 0815 = 1 ~ 1.753; ply = -1.569 m, p = -15.39 kNim? A 450-ft-long pipeline runs between two reservoirs, both ends being under water, and the intake end is square-edged and nonprojecting. The difference between the water surface levels of the two reservoirs is 150 ft. (a) What is the discharge ifthe pipe diameter is 12 in and f = 0.028? () When this same pipe is old, assume that the growth of tubercles has reduced the diameter to 11.25 in and that f = 0.06. What will the rate of discharge be then? @ 150 = [1.5 + 0.028(450/1)]¥7/2g) = (LS + 12.60)V7/2g) ; V*IQg) = 150/14.1 = 10.64 V = (262.2)10.68]! = 262 fps; Q = AV = (0.7854)262 = 206 cfs 4 ©) 150 = LS + 0.06(450)12/11.251V410g) = (15 + 28.842) ; V7I2g) = 150/30. V = [22.2)4.95]"? = 17.86 fps; Q = AV = (0.690)17.86 = 12.33 cfs < 495 the value off? Exer. 8.27.5a: L = 450 ft, D = 12 in, f = 0.028, both pipe ends are submerged, k, = 0.5. Find Q When hy, = 150 ft. Table A.1 for water at 60°F: » = 1.217% 10" f/sec. e/D = 0.005/1 = 0.005. Energy: h, = (Ek + (YD)IV/Qg), i.e. 150 = [15 + @SO/DAUG x 32.2) (1) Continuity: Q = AV = (x/4)D*V, ie. Q = (HIV @ : R= D¥Iv, ie, R= 11.217 x 10°) ® o Le at a Er eal In these four equations the four unkowns are f, V, Q, and R. Solve for them as in Sample Prob. 8.9, (a) ‘by making trials for in (1) and solving for V, then with this V solving for R in (3) and f in (4) or more moore Ey 32 and epeaing tse eel he eng fal te ed hen may be found from (2); or (b) by using an equation solver on a programmable calculator to solve Eq. 8.81 for Q and then find V, R, and f from (2), (3), and Eq. 8.52; or (c) by using an equation solver in computer Shwe wave (De) semely Results: Q = 19.81 cfs 4 V=25.2 fps, R= 2,072,372, f= 0.0304 4‘Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.60 24 Sec. 8.27: Single-Pipe Flow with Minor Losses ~ Problems 8.58-8.70 8.58 BG 8.59 st 8.60 Water flows at 12 fps through a vertical 4-in-diameter pipe standing in a body of water with its lower end 5 fit below the surface. Considering all losses and with f = 0.026, find the pressure in the pipe at a point 15 ‘ftabove the surface of the water when the flow is (a) downward; (b) upward. @ Downward flow. Be epee Ost Eee T nee AL(rcomelSd) 8 asoane-sme di Energy: Gly +15 +22 -0= 5728 ply = -11.51 ft; p = -11.5262.4/144) = -4.99 psi 5S ft (©) Upward flow. Fig. 8.13: k, = 0.8 Fr «fk, «AW - (os + cone +9) - hy (« ae (os consis as (2362.24 = 528 ft Energy: 0 - (Ply + 15 + 2.24) = 5.28; ply = -22.5 f; p = -22.5(624/144) = -9.76 psi Water flows at 2.5 m/s through a vertical 100-mm-diameter pipe standing in a body of water with its lower end 1'm below the surface. Considering all losses and with f = 0.024, find the pressure in the pipe at a Point 4 m above the surface of the water when the flow is (a) downward; (6) upward. @ Downward flow. hy (tu #B)E (1 soon \ aes .20)0.319 = 0.701 m T Energy: @ly + 4 + 0319) - 0 = 0.701 m oA) ply = -362 m; p = -362(981) = -355 Nia? © Upward flow. Fig. 8.13: k, = 0.8 1m A= (tA) « (08 + oonsS =} F Dj) 0.10 }2(9.81) = 2.090.319 = 0.637 m Energy: 0 ~ ly + 4 + 0.319) = 0.637; ply = -496 m; p= A I2in-diameter pipe (f = 0.028) 450 ft long runs from ‘one reservoir to another, both ends of the pipe being under ‘water (Fig. P8.60). The intake is square-edged. The difference between the water surface levels of the two reservoirs is 150 ft. Find (a) the flow rate, and (0) the pressure in the pipe at a point 320 ft from the intake, where the elevation is 135 ft lower than the surface of the water in the upper reservoir. (@ fh, = 150 = [0.5 + 1 + 0.028(450/D1V710g) = 14.10V772g Ving = 150/14.10 = 10.64 ft; V = 26.2 fps; Q=20.6cf < @ hy = [05 + 0.028(320/1)}10.64 = 100.6 ft Energy: 135 - @ly + V¥2g) = 1006; ply = 23.7 fi; p = 23.7(62.4/144) a)242 8.61 8.62 8.63 sl BG St Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.63 ‘4 320-mm-diameter pipe ({ = 0.025) 140 m long runs from ‘one reservoir to another, both ends of the pipe being under ‘water (Fig. 8.60). The intake is square-edged. The difference between the water surface levels of the two reservoirs is 36 m. Find (a) the flow rate, and (6) the ressure in the pipe at a point 95 m from the intake, where the elevation is 39 m lower than the surface of the water in the upper reservoir. (@ hy, = 36 m = [05 + 1 + 0.025(140/0321V4108) = 12.44V42g Vig = 36/1244 = 2.89 m; V=7.42 m/s; Q 606 mis ©) hy = (05 + 0.025(95)0.32)12.89 = 22.9 m Bnergy: 39 - (oly + V3Rg) = 229; ply = 1318 m; p= 13.18.81) = 129.3 Nim? A pump delivers water through 300 ft of 4-in fire hase (f = 0.025) to a nozzle which throws a I-in- diameter jet. The loss coefficient of the nozzie is 0.04. ‘The nozzle is 20 ft higher than the pump, and a jet velocity of 70 fos is required. What must be the pressure in the hose at the pump? Nozzle loss = 0.04V7/(2g); continuity: V, - (D/D)*¥, = 16¥, Hose friction = 0.025(300 x 12/4)Vj/(2g) = 22.5V;/(2g) = 0.0879¥;/(2g) Energy: pyr + Vi/(2g) = 20 + ¥ji(2g) + (0.04 + 0.0879)¥7/@28) where Vj/Qg) = 70/2 x 32.2) = 76.1 & ily = 20 + 76.1 + 0.1279(76.1) - 76.1/16 = 105.5 ft; p, = 105.5(62.4/144) = 45.7 psi 4 ‘A pump delivers water through 100 m of 100-mm fire hose (f = 0.025) to a nozzle which throws a 25-mm- diameter jet. The loss coefficient of the nozzle is 0.04. The nozzle is 6 m higher than the pump, and a jet velocity of 20 m/s is required. What must be the pressure in the hose at the pump? Nozzle loss = 0.04V;/(@2g); continuity: ¥, = (DJD)*V, = 16¥, Hose friction = 0.025(100/0.10)V;/(2g) = 25Vj/(2g) = 0.0977¥;/(2g) Energy: ply + VilQg) = 6 + Vjl@g) + 0.04 + 0.0977)¥7 128) where Vj/(2g) = 2072 x 981) = 204 m Diy = 6 + 204 + 0.137720.4) ~ 204/164 = 29.1 m; p, = 29.10.81) = 286 KNin? 48.64 Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.64 243 4 G-in-diameter horizontal jet of water is discharged into air through a nozzle (oss coefficient 0.15) ata point 150 ft lower than the water surface above the intake (Fig. P8.64). The 12-in-diameter pipeline (f = 0.015) is 600 ft long, with Fl a square-edged nonprojecting entrance. What is (a) the jet velocity, and (b) the pressure at the base of the nozzle? Bont D (@) Nozate loss = 0.1835; coninity: ¥; “(BI -4v hy = [05 + 0.015(600/1)]V4/(2g) + 0.15¥;/(2g) = 9.5V71(2g) + 0.15¥j/2g) = OSIAWVFIO8) + O.1SY;I28) = O-T4VF1C8) Energy: 150 - 0.744V;/(2g) = Vlg); VjI(2g) = 86.0 ft V, = [262.2)86.0)"" = 74.4 fps < © @ Energy, from water surface to nozzle base: (© + 180 + 0) ~ 9SV4I28) = Pradl¥ +0 + VQ) Prd = 150 - 105V%Pg = 150 - (LOSAV Rg = 150 - (10.5/16)860 = 935 f. i) Energy, from nozzle base to jet: DraelY + 2 + V2) - O1SY;IC8) = (0 +2 + ViI2RN Prd = LASV;IQ8) ~ VIQ8) = L.ASV;IR8) - OMYVjICR) = L088¥;/28) f = 1,088(86.0) = 93.5 5 Pre = 93.5(62.4/144) = 40.5 psi <244 Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.65 fm Refer to Fig. $8.11b. Suppose Sz = 50 ft, the line is 600 ft of 8-in-diameter pipe (f = 0.025), and the nozle loss coefficient is 0.05. Find the jet diameter that will result in the greatest jet horsepower. we 2g ah —— (@) Free discharge (©) with nozzle Figure $8.11 Energy: 50 ~ O.5¥g/(2g) ~ 0.025(600 x 8/12)¥;/(2g) - 0.05Vj12g) = Vj12g) 50 ~ 23(Vj/(2g) = 1.05(¥j 28) Continuity: DPV; = D8¥y; Y= ViDJD?; Dy = 8 inches 50 = LOSYj/Qg) + 23;D/DYVj28); VjlCg) = SO/[1.05 + 23(D,/D,)41 Eq. 5.40: hp = yO(V;/2g)/550 = yA,V{V;12g)/550 = 0.001 7624,¥; DG A@) Ving ¥ hp 0 0 = = 0 10 0.005 45 416 55.3 1.62 20 0.0218 44.0 53.0 5.70 3.0 0.0491 33.2 462 8.50 40 0.0873 20.1 36.0 715 6.0 0.196 6.04 19.7 2.61 8.0 0.349 2.08 us 0.93 ‘Maximum power occurs with a jet diameter of approximately 3.0 inches. 4 (An exact answer may be obtained by using differential calculus.)ima: st Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.66 245 Refer to Fig. $8.16. Suppose Az = 15 m, the line is 180 m of 200-mm-diameter pipe (f = 0.025), and the nozzle loss coefficient is 0.05. Find the jet diameter that will result in the greatest jet power. (@) Free discharge (0) With nozzle Figure $8.11 Energy: 15 - 0.5¥{/@g) - 0.025(1800.20V*/Qs) - 0.05¥;1(28) = Vj/(28) 15 - 23(V7/@2g) = 1.05(¥j/2g); continuity: D}¥, = D°V; ¥ = ¥(D/D; D = 200 mm 15 = LOSVjI2g) + 23(D/D)'(Vj 2); VjIC2g) = 15/11.05 + 23(D,/0)41 Eq, 5.41: RW = yQ(V712)1000 = 74,¥(V}72gy/1000 = 0.547? D, (ram) 4 (ae) Vii2g (a) Vj (mis) kW 0 0 = = 20 0.000314 14.25 16.72 40 0.001 257 13.80 16.46 60 0.002 83, 12.13, 15.43 80 0.005 03, 9.15 13.40 100 0.00785 6.03 10.88 120 0.01131 3.72 8.54 140 0.01539 2.28 6.69 160 0.0201 1.433 5.30 ‘Maximum power occurs with a jet diameter of approximately 80 mm. (An exact answer may be obtained by using differential calculus.)2A6 Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.67 8.67 Water at 60°F flows through 800 ft of 12-in-diameter pipe between two reservoirs whose water-surface elevation difference is 16 ft. The pipe entrance is flush and square-edged, and there is a half-open gate valve in the line. Using only a basic scientific caiculator, find the flow rate (a) if € = 0.0018 in, and (0) if is ewenty times larger. A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation sotving capabilites. UD = 800 < 1000, so minor losses are not negligible. Energy: Az = 16 ft = Eh, = [05 + 206 + 10 + f@00/NV*2g from which V = [32(2.2)(800f + 3.56))"* @ Table A.1 for water at 60°F: » = 1.21710" ft/sec Bq. 8.1: R= DY]v = ()M(L2I7 x 104) = 822 x 10'Y —@) (@ aD = 0.9018/12 = 0.00015 Solve by trial satisfying (1), (2), and Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52: Ty ¥ trom (1) R from @ ‘Obtained F 0.03 6.1 fps 502 x 10" 0.0149 Try again 0.0149 8.15 6.70 x 10° 0.0145 Close enough 0.0145 8.23 Q = (H07823 = GAT cfs () e = 20(0.0018) = 0.036 in; e/D = 0.036/12 = 0.003 Tryf V from (1) R from (2) Obtained f 0.03 6.11 pe 302 = 10° 0.0268 Try azain 0.0264 6.46 $1 x 10° 0.0264 Converged. Q = (H/AY)6.46 = 5.07 cfs Note: Increasing ¢ by 20 times reduces © by only 22%. ‘Cheek minor losses: Minor losses / friction losses = 3.56/(/L/D) (@ 3.56(0.0145 x 800/1) = 0.307 = 30.7% () 3.56/(0.0264 x 800)1) = 0.1686 = 16.9% These minor losses are large fractions of the friction loss, so may not be neglected.i Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.68 247 Solve Prob. 8.67 without manual trial and error, by using an equation solver (i) on a programmable calculator or (ii) in computer software. Prob. 8.67: 60°F water flows through a pipeline, L = 800 ft, D = 12 in, Ek = 3.56, h, = 16 ft. Find Q (a) if e = 0.0018 in, and (0) ife is 20 times larger. UD = 800 < 1000, so minor losses are not negligible. Ek = 0.5 + 2.06 + 1.0 = 3.56 Table A. for water at 60°F: » = 1.217% 10° f/sec Energy: h, = (2k + GUD)IV?2g, i.e. 16 = [3.56 + (OONAVIG x 32.2) (1) Continuity: Q = AV = (W/A)D?V, ie. Q = (H/4\IDY 2 Eq. 8.1: R= D¥jv, ie, R= (1)M(L217 x 10° ® Eq. 8.51: INF = ~2logl(e/Dy3.7 + 25Y(RVP) @ (@ e[D = 0.0018/12 = 0.000 15; Substitute this into Eq. (4) (®_ Use an equation solver on a programmable calculator to solve Eq. 8.81 for Q. Then find V, R, and f from (2), (3) and Eq. 8.52 respectively. Use an equation solver in computer software to solve Eqs. (1)~(4) simultaneously for Q, V, R, f. = 8.24 fps, R = 676,757, f = 0.01454 () e{D = 20(0.0018/12) = 0.003; Substitute this into Eq. (4). Repeat (Q and (i) as for (a). Results: Q= 5.07 cts <, V = 6.46 fps, R = 530,709, f = 0.0264. Note: Increasing ¢ by 20 times reduces Q by only 22%. ‘Check minor losses: Minor losses / friction losses = 3.56/(/L/D) (@) 3.56/0.01454 x 800/1) = 0.306 = 30.6% ©) 3.56/0.0264 x 800/1) = 0.1686 = 16.9% These minor losses are large fractions of the friction loss, so may not be neglected. Results: Q= 6.47 cfs 4,248 sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.69 8.69 SI 4 150-m-long commercial steel pipe is to convey 30 Lis of oil (5 = 0.9, 4 = 0.038 N:s/m?) from one tank to another (submerged discharge) where the difference in elevation of the free liquid surfaces is 2 m (Fig. P8.69). The pipe entrance is flush, and there is a fully-open gate valve in the line. Using only a basic scientific calculator, find the diameter theoretically required. (Hint: It may be easier to Figure P8.69 try for D than for fin this case.) A basic scientific calculator is here defined 10 be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilites. is Bq. 2.11: » = p/p © 0.038/(1000 x09) = 0.000042 m/s Bq. 8.80: h, = ({L/D + DHVIQg) = (/LID + EOD MPG from which f = gh,(nD*4Q? ~ Ex(D/L) ® Eq, 8.1; R= DYJv = (DIv4QKxD9) = 4Q(xvD) >) Sec. 8.21 for flush entrance: k, = 0.5; Sec. 8.22 for submerged discharge: ky = Table 8.3 for fully open gate valve: k, = 0.19. ., Dk = 05 + 1.0 + 0.19 = 1.69 Substituting this and the given values into (1) and (2) we get f = 179.3D5 - D/888 (3); R = 905/D (4) From Table 8.1 for commercial steel If we try values of f, we must solve (3) by T & B. Dut we must check fOr ig For a first approx: Neglect minor losses Zk. Then 179.3D* = f ‘Assuming a mid-range value of f = 0.03: D = 0.1757 m @ = 0.000046 m is easier in this case to try values of D (than. ‘With minor losses, from (3) we expect the required D to be a lite larger. TyD@ D___fan P4854) fq.) (Eq. 4) _f Fig. 8.11 or Bq 8.52) 0.18 0.000255 0.01444 0.0318 5028 0.0379, 0.185 0.000249 0.01436 0.0368 4892 0.0382 0.186 0.000247 0.01434 0.0378 4866 0.0382 Close enough Eq, 8.52 is valid because R > 2000. LID = 150/0.186 = 806 < 1000, so minor losses must be included. D=0.186m 4fm” SI Sec. 8.28: 8.28.1 8.28.2 BG Sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.70 24D Solve Prob. 8.69 without manual trial and error, by using an ‘equation solver (a) on a programmable calculator or (b) in computer software. Prob. 8.69: Oil (s = 0.9, 1 = 0.038 N-s/m) is to flow at 30 Lis through a commercial steel pipe, L = 150m, Ek = 1.69 with h, = 2m. Find the D theoretically required. Lk = 05 + 0.19 + 1.0 = 1.69 Eq. 2.11: » = plp = 0.038/(1000 x03) = 0.0000422 m/s Table 8.1 for comercial steel = 0.046 mm = 0,000 046 m Knowns: L = 150 m, g = 9.81 m'/s, h, = 2m, Q = 0.03 m/s, Ek = 1.69, € 0.000422 m/s Find: D, V.R, f. Energy: h, = (Dk + (YDVYQs) = 2 = (1.69 + fISODIVIE x 981) Continuity: Q = AV = (x/4)D*V = 0.03 ® Eq. 8.1: R = D¥iv = D¥70.0000422 ® Eq. 8.51: yf = -2log{0,000046/(3.7D) + 2.51/(RVP) @) (@) Use an equation solver on a programmable calculator to solve Eq. 8.81 for D. ‘Then find V, R, and f from (2), (3) and Bq. 8.52 respectively. (®) Use an equation solver in computer software to solve Eqs. (1)-(4) simultaneously for D, V, R, f- Results: D=0.1861m << V=1.102m/s, R= 4863, f = 0.0380. Eqs. 8.51, 8.52, and 8.81 are valid because R > 2000. LID = 150)0.1861 = 806 < 1000, so minor losses must be included. Pipeline with Pump or Turbine — Exercises (10) An 80-in-diameter pipe ({ = 0.025) 7252 ft long delivers water 10 a powerhouse at a point 1500 fi lower in elevation than the water surface at intake. When the flow is 450 cfs, what is the horsepower delivered to the plant? A = (x/4)(80/12)? = 34.9 f; V = 450/34.9 = 12.89 fps; V*/(2g) = 2.58 ft A, = ps +0005 7282) wor Eq. 5.40: Power delivered = 62.4(450)1425/550 = 72,900 hp 8 = TLS ft. Head delivered to plant, A = Az ~ h, = 1500 - 715 = 1429 ft A l0-in-diameter pipeline (f = 0.020) is 3 miles long (Fig. X8.28.2). when pumping 4 cfs of water through it, with a total actual lift of 25 ft, how much power is required? The pump ficiency is 72 percent. V = QIA = Ai[x(5/12¥) = 7.33 fps V34Qe) = 0.835 ft By. 813: hy = 0020202800585 = 518 4; 4, = 25 + 318 = 3038 10/12, Using Eq. 5.40: Power required = 62.4(4)343/(550 x 0.72) = 216 hp 4250 sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.70 8.28.3 A 250-mm pipeline (f= 0.025) is 4.7 km long (Fig. X8.28.2). When pumping 100 Lis of water through it, with a total actual lift of 10.57 1m, how much power is required? The pump efficiency is 75 percent. ey QIA = 0.100/(x0.125") = 2.04 mis Figure X8.28.2 V4Q8) = 0212 m Faq. 8.13: hy = 0.025(3\(470010.25)0.212 = 994 m; h, = 10.5 + 99.4 = 1099 m Using Eq. 5.41: Power required = 9810(0.1)109.9(1000 x 0.75) = 143.8 kW 4 8.28.4 If in Sample Problem 8.13 the vapor Pressure of the liquid is 1.9 psia and the atmospheric pressure is 14.5 psia, what is the maximum theoretical flow rate? ‘Sample Prob. 8.13: The tanks, ‘Pump, and pipelines have the charac- teristics indicated in Fig. $8.13. The suction line entrance is flush, and the pump adds 2.0 hp to the liquid. BG Val(2g) = 8.43 ft, Ve = 23.3 fp; Quae = (0:1964)23.3 = 4.58 cfs 4 8.28.5 In Fig. 8.26 assume the pipe diameter is 12 in, f = 0.021, BC = 200 ft, and Az = 120 fi. The entrance to the pipe at the intake is ‘flush with the wall, and discharge losses are negligible. (a) If Q = 8 cfs of water, what ‘head does it supply to the turbine? (&) What ower does the turbine deliver if its efficiency is 75 per cent? | | BG | (@) V = QA = 890.7854 = 10.19 fps Ving = 1.611 ft Figure 8.26 Fig. 8.13: k = 0.5 ce hh, = (05 + OO21Q00/1)}1.611 = 757 1; Bq. 8.85: 4, = 120-757 = 124% 4 (®) Eq. 5.40: Power delivered by turbine = (0.75)62.4(8)112.4/550 = 76.5 hp8.28.6 st 8.28.7 8.28.8 SI Sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.70 251 In Fig, 8.26 assume the pipe diameter is 300 <> A mm, f = 0.021, BC = 60 m, and Az = (36.5 m. The entrance to the pipe at the intake is flush with the wall, and discharge losses are negligible. (a) If Q = 225 Lis of ‘water, what head does it supply t0 the turbine? (b) What power does the turbine deliver if ts efficiency is 75 per cent? (see + Ee v= 2. 225. 519 0y Orn F018 7 v Figure 8.26 Y -0516 m 2g Fig. 8.13: k, = 0.5, <. hy = [0.5 + 0.021(600.3)0.516 = 2.43 m Faq. 8.85: A, = 365-243 = 341m 4 (©) Bq. 541: Power delivered by turbine = (0.75)9810(0.225)34.1/1000 = 56.4 kW 4 A I2-in-diameter pipe 9200 ft long (f = 0.024) discharges freely into the air at an elevation 18 ft below the surface of the water at intake (Fig. X8.28.7). It is necessary to double the flow by inserting a pump. If the efficiency of the pump is 73 per cent, how much power will be required? Energy: 18 = 0.024(9200/)V412e) + VCs) 12g) = 0.0812 ft. V = ¥2G22)0.0812 Q, = AV = (n174)2.29 = 1.796 cfs If the flow is doubled, Q, = 2(1.796) = 3.59 efs In the above A, = 18 ft, and for double the flow (constant), h, = 2%(8) = 72 ft However gravity supplies 18 ft and so the pump must provide h, = 72 ~ 18 = 54 ft Eq. 5.40: Power required = 62.4(3.59)54/(550 x 0.73) = 30.1 hp < 2.29 fps. Figure X8.28.7 4 300-mm-diameter pipe 3400 m long (f = 0.022) discharges freely into the air at an elevation 5.6 m below the surface of the water at intake (Fig. X8.28.7). It is necessary to double the flow by inserting a pump. If the ‘efficiency of che pump is 76 per cent, how much power Will be required? Energy: 5.6 = 0.022(3400/0.3)V*/@g) + V3/(2g) V(@2g) = 0.0224 m, V = /T@RIVOOA = 0.662 mis Q = AV = (10.19%90.662 = 0.0468 mrs If the flow is doubled, @, = 2(0.0468) = 0.0937 m/s Inthe above fh, = 5.6 m, and for double the flow (constant f), hi, 205.6) = 22.4 m However gravity supplies 5.6 m and so the pump must provide h, = 22.4 — 5.6 = 16.8 m Eq. 5.41: Power required = 9810(0.0937)16.8/(1000 x 0.76) = 203 kW 4252 sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.70 8.28.9 BG 8.28.10 sl Refer to Fig. 8.25. When the pump is delivering 1.2 cfs of water, a pressure ‘gage at D reads 25 psi, while a vacuum gage at C reads 10 inHg. The Pressure gage at D is 2 ft higher than the vacuum gage at C. The pipe | diameters are 4 in for the suction pipe and 3 in for the discharge pipe. Find the power delivered to the water. Ye = QIA = 1.2)0.0873 = 13.75 fps Wig) = 2.94 cD (25 psiyl44/62.4 = 57.7 ft water Wp = 517 +d 42 Vy = QUA = 1.2/0.491 = 24.4 fps; VB/(2g) = 9.28 ft. Table AS: Syy = 13.56 ; 10 inHg vac = (—10/12)13.56 = -11.3 ft water Me = -113 +d. hy © Hy He = (S77 +d +242 +928) ~ (U3 +d +2 +294) = 773 fe Eq, 5.40: Power delivered = 62.4(1.2)77.3/550 = 10.53 hp < Figure 8.25 (We =p 2) Refer to Fig. 8.25. When the pump is delivering 35 Lis of water, a pressure ‘gage at D reads 175 kPa, while a vacuum gage at C reads 250 mmHg. ‘The pressure gage at D is 600 mm higher than the vacuum gage at C. The pipe diameters are 100 mm for the suction pipe and 75 mm for the discharge pipe. Find the power delivered t0 the water. % ye = 2 = 1008 5.46 ss A x01 W128) = 1.012 m Vy = QIA = 4(0.035)/(n0.075*) = 7.92 m/s; ¥p/@g) = 3.20 m 175 Nimo? = 17.84 m water; 250 mmHg ("t= 2) hy = Hy He = (1784 +d +0.60 +2 +3.20) ~ (-339+d+2+1.012) = 240 m Eq. 5.41: Power delivered = 9810(0.035)24.0/1000 = 825 kW < 39 m water.Sec. 8.28: 871 8.72 BG ‘Sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.72 253 Pipeline with Pump or Turbine — Problems 8.71-8.78 In Fig. 8.24 assume a pipe diameter of 350 mm, f = 0.016, BC = 12 m, DE = 920m, and Az = 48m, Find the ‘maximum theoretical flow rate if 15°C water is being pumped at an altitude of 1000 m above sea level. Point C is 6.0 ‘m above the lower water surface. Table A.1, 15°C H,0: 2 «0.17 m abs ‘Table A.3 for 1000 m elevation: = 89.876 kPa abs; Pam eo surface A to pump intake C using absolute pressure heads, when pc = 2: 9.16 - 0.8(V%7s) - 0.016(12)035)¥*Rg = 0.17 + 60 + Ving 2.99 = (Vrs N08 + 0549 + 1) = 2.35(V4R8) Vig = 2.997235 = 1.274; V= 5.00 m/s, Ox = 0.481 mis 9.16 m of water In Fig. 8.24 assume that the pipe diameter is 4 in, f = 0.035, BC = 15 ft, DE = 180 ft, and Az = 60 ft. The ‘elevation of C is 10 ft above the lower water surface. (a) If the pressure head at Cis to be no less than ~20 ft, what is ‘the maximum rate at which the water can be pumped? (b) If he efficiency of the Pump is 65 percent, what isthe ‘horsepower required? [08 + ooasasizavng = 08 + 1.57Vpg = 2.38V*Dg Energy from A to C: (0 +0 + 0) = (-20 + 10 + Vig) + 2.38V42g Ving = 103.38 = 2.96 A; V = (2622)2.96}!* = 13.81 fps © Quay = AV = 0.0491(13.81) = 1.205 fs ©) f, = 60 + [08 + 1.575 + 0.035(180)12/4]2.96 = 123.0 fps Eq, 5.40: hp delivered to the water = 62.4(1.205)123.0/500 = 1683 4 From Eq, 5.42: hp delivered to the pump (excluding motor) = 16.83/0.65 = 25.9254 sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.74 8.73 BG 8.74 st Ina testing laboratory, a certain turbine has been found to discharge 10 cfs under a head h, of 45 ft. In the field itis 10 be installed near the end of a pipe 360 ft long (Fi j 8.73). The supply line (lush entrance) and discharge line ayant (submerged ext) will both have diameters of 10 inches with f (aag] 0.025. The total fall from the surface of the water at intake t0 the surface of the taitwater will be 52 ft. What will Figure P8.73 be the head on the turbine, the rate of discharge, and the ower delivered to the flow? Note that for turbines, Q = fh, (rom Eq. 16.17). ¥ = QA = Qi(n/4)(10/12)"| = 1.833Q Ay, = [05 + 0.025(360)12/10) + 11V%2¢ = 12.30V'Rg Substituting for V:_h, = 1230(1.833Q712 x 32.2) = 0.642 Thus, in Eq. 8.85: h, = 52 — 0.6420" ‘Also, from Eq. 16.17: QQ = 10/Q = [45/82 - 0.620%)", i.e. Q7/100 = (52 - 0.642945 from which Q = 6.90 ef 4 sothat A, = 52 - 0.64266907 = 2141 Eq, 5.40: Power = 62.4(6:90)21.4/550 = 1678 HP < ‘Alternative solution method: Lab: = Kjh,; 10 = KV4S from which K = 1.491 Field: @ = Kyh, = 1.491fAe—h, = 1.491V52- 0.6420? ; solve for 9 Ina testing laboratory, a certain turbine has been found to discharge 285 L/s under a head h, of 13.5 m. In the field, it isto be installed near the end of a pipe 110 m long (Fig. 8.73), The supply line (flush entrance) and discharge line (submerged ext) will both have diameters of 250 mm with f 0.024, The total fall from the surface of the water at intake to the surface of the tailwater will be 15.5 m. What will be the head on the turbine, the rate of discharge, and the power delivered to the flow? Note that for turbines, Q= fh, from £q.16.17), V = QIA = 4Q((HD?) = 4Q(20.297) = 20.49 hy, = [0.5 + 0.024(110)0.25) + 1]V*P2g = 12.06V42g ‘Substituting for V: h, = 12.06(20.4Q)'/(2 x 9.81) = 255Q ‘Thus, in Bq, 8.85: A, = 15.5 ~ 2550? Also, from Eq. 16.17: QQ = 0.285/Q = [13.5/(15.5 - 255Q%)]'* i.e. Q/0.285* = (155 - 255Q2V13.5 from which Q = 0.1918 m/s so that h, = 15.5 - 250.1918) = 611m Eq. 5.41: Power = 9810(0.1918)6.11/1000 = 1151 kW 4 Alternative solution method: Lab: Q= Kjh, ; 0.285 = K/I3S from which K = 0.0776 Field: Q = K/h, = 0.0776/4z-h, = 0.0776/15.1 - 2559? ; solve for Q =1918Le <<8.15 8.16 BG ‘Sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.76 255 ‘Assume the total fall from the surface of one body of water 10 another is 130 ft. The water is conveyed by 250 ft of 15-in Pipe (f= 0.020) which has its entrance flush with the wall (Fig. P8.75). At the end of the pipe is a turbine and draft ‘ube which discharged 6 cfs of water when tested under a ‘head of 63.1 ft in another location, Discharge losses are negligible. What would be the rate of discharge through the turbine and the head on it under the present conditions? Note that for turbines, Q « hk, (from Eq. 16.17). ¥ = QA = QICn/4)(15/12)"] = 0.815Q ; hy = [0.5 + 0.0200250)(12/15) + O]VRg = 4.50¥72¢ Substituting for V: h, = 450(0.815Q)7@ x32.2) = 0.0464Q* ; ¥. Eq. 8.85: h, = 130 ~ 0.04649" Also, from Eq. 16.17: QQ = 6/Q = [63.1/(130 - 0.0464Q7)]'” i.e. Q7/36 = (130 - 0.0464Q7)/63.1 from which Q = 8.50cfs 4 so that A, = 130 - 0.0464(8.50)? = 12668 < Alternative solution method: Test: Q= K/h, ; 6 = KV@3.1_ from which K = 0.755 Present: Q = Kyi, = 0.755/Az—h, = 0.755130 - 0.04649? ; solve for Q A pump is installed to deliver water from a reservoir of surface elevation zero to another of elevation 200 ft (Fig. 8.76). The 12-in-diameter suction pipe ({ = 0.020) is 40 ‘felong, and the 10-in-diameter discharge pipe (f = 0.032) is ‘4500 ft long. The pump head may be defined a5 ty = 300 - 200", where the pump head h, is in feet and Q is in cubic ‘feet per second. Compute the rate at which this pump wilt deliver the water. Also, what is the horsepower input to the water? Continuity: Vig = (12/10), = 1440¥;, and Q = (w/4)1?% yp Eq, 8.63: fh, = 200 + OO2UQIVA/2e + 0.032¢4S00/LLONI2WV;y2¢ = 200 + 0.8V32g + 172.80.440¥,¥i2g = 200 + 359V8/2g = 200 + 904g? But also h, = 300 - 200 (given). Equating these, 300 - 209? = 200 + 9.0407; Q= 1.856efs << 4, = 300 - 20(1.856)? = 231 ft. Eq. 5.40: Power input = 62.4(1.856)231/550 = 48.7 bp < Note: Problems 8.108 — 110 also involve pumps.256 sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.77 mm” Refer to Fig. 8.25. Suppose that the water-surface elevation, elevation of the pump, and elevation of the nozzle tip are 100, 90, and 120 ft, respectively. Pipe BC is 40 ft long, has a diameter of 8 in, with f = 0.025; pipe DE is 200 ft long, has a diameter of 10 in, with f = 0.030; the jet diameter is 6 in, and the nozzle loss coefficient is 0.04. Assume the pump is 80 percent efficient under alt Conditions of operation. Make a plot of flow rate and poly versus pump horsepower input. At what flow rate will cavitation occur in the pipe at C if the water temperature is 50°F and the atmospheric pressure is 13.9 psia? Table A.1 for water at 50°F: p,/y = O41 f Cavitation begins (Eq. 5.43) when p.ly = ~@aly - p,/7) = -[339(139/147) - 0.41] = -31.6 f Continuity: VY, = (6/8)'V, = 0.563%,; Vio = (6/10)'%, = 0.360%, Energy equation from 1 to 2: 10 - fs + oxas SO }OSOW «4, yo 200, O90" got eran. HE giz) ag , 10/12 2g. 2g 2g ie, A, = 20 + 2.70(V{2g). But Vz = Q10.1963 = 5.09Q; Vz = 25.997; so h, = 20 + 1.088Q? Eq, 5.40: HPigg * 7Qh,/5500.8)] = 0.1418Q@0 + 1.08897 = 2.849 + 0.15439" Energy Eq. from 1 to C: 100 - [0.8 + 0.025(40y/(8/12)KV;/28) = 90 + poly + (Vie) e., Poly = 10 - 3.3(VQ/2g). But V, = Q)0.349 = 2.86Q; ¥2 = 8.210%; s0 pcly = 10 - 0.4210? Let poly = -31.6 = 10 - 0.421Q?; Q = 9.95 cfs when cavitation begins 4 For plot: 2 (cfs) (ft) HP, Poly (ft) 0 20 0 2 4 5.91 4 374 22 6 59.2 50.3 8 89.6 101.7 10 128.8 182.6 z 28.78 Sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.78 257 In Fig. 8.24 assume the pipe diameter is Qin, f = 0.025, BC = 20 ft, DE =2800 ft, and Az = 125 ft. Water is pumped at 5.5 cfs, the pump efficiency is 78 per cent. (a) What horsepower is required? () Ifthe elevation of C above the lower water surface is 12 ft, that of D is 15 ft, and that of E is 100 f, compute the pressure heads at B, C, D , and E. (C) Sketch the energy line and the Inydraulic grade tine. 55 ee 7 () Va em ogag 7 1245 tps Vig) = 241 ft Suction pipe, f, = [0.8 + 0.025(20)12/9]2.41 = 3.53 ft Discharge pipe, it, = (0.025(2800)12)9 + 1]2.41 = 227 ft Total A, = 3.53 +227 = 231 ft; Pump head, fy = 125 + 231 = 356 ft Eq, 5.40: hp delivered to the water = 62.4(5.5)356/550 = 222 hp From Eq. 5.42: hp delivered to the pump (excluding motor) = 222/0.78 = 284hp 4 ( Eq. 5.35: Hy=0+040=0; Hy pyly - 8 +241; He = poly +12 + 241 Hy = Poly +15 + 2A1; Hy = ppl + 100 +241; Hp = 0+ 125 +0 Energy, AB: H, - Hy = 0 - @yly ~ 559) =0; 2. pyly = 559 4 Energy, AC! Hy - He =O - ely + 12 + 241) = 353; poly = -IT94 Energy, DF: Hp - Hy = @ply + 1741) - 125 = 227 ft; <. pply = 335K < Energy, EF: Hy - Hy = gly + 10241) - 125 = 241 oF pgly = 25.0% 4 (either inside pipe oF just outside.) (©) For sketch: Positions of lines relative to A (datum, assumed at elevation 0 ft): Point: A B c D E F Pir, ft 0 3.59 17.94 334.62 25.00 0 ft 0 -8.00 12.00 15.0 100.00 125.00 VQ), 0 2.41 2.41 2.41 2.41 0 HGL, ft 0 241 5.94 349.62 125.00 125.00 << EL, ft o 0 =3.53__352.03 127.41 125.00 <<258 sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.79 See, 8.29: Branching Pipes ~ Problems 8.79-8.91 8.79 In Fig. 8.27, suppose that pipe 1 is 36-in smooth concrete, 5000 ft long; pipe 2 is 24-in cast iron, 3000 ft long; and pipe 3 is 20-in cast iron, 1300 ft long. The elevations of the water surfaces in reservoirs A and B ‘are 225 and 200 ft, respectively, and the discharge through pipe 1 is 42 cfs. The water temperature is 60°F. Using a basic scientific calculator only, find the elevation of the surface of reservoir C. Neglect ‘minor losses and assume the energy line and hydraulic grade line are coincident. A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilites. 2000 (Eq. 8.2) confirms that the flows are turbulent, $o the use of the Colebrook Eq. 8.51 ‘was valid, and the results are valid. So Elev B = Elev A ~ hy ~ hy = 250 ~ 16,58 - 4.04 = 20937 <<264 sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.85 8.85 In Fig. 8.27, suppose that pipe 1 is 900-mm smooth concrete, 1500 m long; pipe 2 is 600-mm cast iron, 900 1m long; and pipe 3 is 500-mm cast iron, 400 m long. The surface elevations of reservoirs A and C are 60 ‘and 38 m, respectively, and the discharge through pipe 2 is 0.3 m/s of water into reservoir B. The water temperature is 15°C. Using a basic scientific calculator only find the surface elevation of reservoir B. A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilites. This is a Case 2 problem. Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » = 1.139 x 10 m/s Pipe: T 2 3 Given: Lm 1500 ‘900 400 Dim 0.90 0.60 0.50 e, m (Table 8.1) 0.0003, 0.00025 0.00025 Cale: LD, 1667 1500 800 A, mi? 0.636 0.283, 0.1963 oD 0.000333, 0.000.417 0.0005 Find the elevation of P (Fig. 8.27) by trial and error. lev. P lies between 38 and 60 m. Find V from Eq. 8.56a assuming turbulent flow. ‘Trials: EIS Rea ncn UE VT Geum Oe OEE Monee 30 1012-275 4.161.747 0.817 40.6530 Up 35 5 17 (1938-496 1231 «0.974 | 0.08 =~ Down Interpolation (Fig. 8.28): SS=ELP . 008 - py, p — 54,37, close enough! 55-50” 0044 + 0.630 * Ry = DyVifv = 153 x 10, Ry = 218 x 10%, both are turbulent, so Eq, 8.56 and results are valid. Vy = QyAy = 0.3/(x0.6/4) = 1.061 m/s; R, = DViJv = 0.6(1.061)/(1.139 x 10°) = 558900 Eq, 8.52: fy = 001693; Bq. 8.13: fy = 1.457 m Bley. B= Elev. P ~ hy = 54.67 - 146 =53.21m 4Sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.86 265 8.86 Repeat Prob. 8.85, except that the 0.3 mls discharge through pipe 2 is now from (not into) reservoir B. Prob. 8.85: In Fig. 8.27, suppose that pipe 1 is 900-mm smooth concrete, 1500 m long; pipe 2 is 600- ‘mm cast iron, 900 m long; and pipe 3 is 500-mm cast iron, 400 m long. The surface elevations of reservoirs A and C are 60 and 38 m, respectively, and the discharge through pipe 2 is 0.3 m/s of water. The water temperature is 15°C. Using a basic scientific calculator only, find the surface elevation of reserwoir B. A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilities. Figure 8.27 st ‘This is a Case 2 problem. Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » = 1.139 x 10° m/s Pipe: I 2 3 Given: Lm 1500 900 400 Dim 0.90 0.60 0.50 ¢, m (Table 8.1) 0.0003, 0.00025 0.00025 Cale: LD 1667 1500 800 A, a? 0.636 0.283, 0.1963 2D 0.000333 0.000 417. 0.0005 Find the elevation of P (Fig. 8.27) by trial and error. Elev. P lies between 38 and 60 m, Find V from Eq. 8.56a, assuming turbulent flow. Trials: ‘nee ay Ths vs Vs 2 a EQ Move P? 5 3 17 1934 496 1.231 0.974 +0556. Up 38 2 2 1.214 5.38 0.772 «1.087 +0015 Up (lose) Extrapolation (Fig. 8.28): (BI. P — 58)/(58 — 55) EL, P = 58.08, close enough! = 0.015/(0.556 — 0.015); R, = DyVJv = 959 x 105, R, = 2.36 x 10%, both are turbulent, so Eq. 8.56 and results are valid. V, = QyA, = 03K n0.6/4) = 1.061 m/s; R, = D,¥Jv = 0.6(1.061)/(1.139 x 10° = 558900 Eq. 8.52: f, = 0.01693; Eq. 8.13: fy = 1.457 m Elev. B= Blev. P ~ hy = 58.08 + 1.46 = 59.54m <266 sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.87 8.87 SI Suppose, in Fig. 8.27, that pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 900 m of 600 mm, 300 m of 450 mm, and 1200 m of 400 mun, respectively, of new welded steel pipe. The surface elevations of reservoirs A, B, and C are 36, 22 ‘and O m, respectively. The water temperature is 15°C. Using a basic scientific calculator only, find the Slow in all pipes. A basic scientific calculator is here defined 10 be one that is not programmable and does not have automatic equation sotving capabilites. This is a Case 3 problem. Solve by T and E. Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » = 1.139 x10 m/s, Assume turbulent flow (for Eq. 8.56). Pipe: 7 2 3 TL, m (given) ‘900 300 1200 D m given) 0.60 0.45 0.40 m (Table 8.1) 0.000 046 0.000 046 0.000 046 TiialL: Try P at Bl of reservoir surface B= 22m, hm i 0 2B Dh, JL, m/s 0.428 0 0.379 Q,'m'ls (Eq, 8.566) 1.088 0 0.410 At J, EQ = in — out = 1.088 — 0.410 = 0.678 m°/s. This must be zero, so P must be raised; then water will flow into reservoir B. Mid way between El A and El B = (36 + 22)/2 = 29m. Tiial2: Try Pat El. 29 im 7 7 29. 2, miis 0.759 0.632 0.473 AtJ, EQ = in — out = 0.759 - 0.632 - 0.473 = -0.346 m'/s. P is too high. By interpolation (Fig. 8.28): (29 — El. P\/(29 — 22) = 0,346/(0.346 + 0.678); El. P = 26.63 m. ‘rial 3: Try P at El. 26.6 m: hm 94 46 26.6 2, mis 0.885 0.509 0.453, ACJ, DQ = 0.885 - 0.509 ~ 0.453 = -0.077 m/s. Error = 0.077/0.885 = 8.7% (60 try again). By extrapolation: (26.6 — El. P/(29 — 26.6) = 0.077(0.346 — 0.077); El. P = 25.91 m Joont.‘Sec. 8.29, Pro. 8.87 267 ‘Try P at Bl. 25.9 m: Tm 10.1 35 259 V, mis (Eq. 8.560) 3.25 2.94 3.55 , mis = AV = xD*V14 0.919 0.467 0.446 ALJ, EQ = 0919 - 0.467 - 0.446 = +0.00557 mivs. Error = 0.00557/0.919 = 0.61%, close enough! (Check Reynolds numbers: R= Die 17 x 10" 116 x 10" Ts x1 Al three flows are turbulent (as assumed), so use of Eq. 8.56 and results are valid. O, = 0.919 mils, Q, = 0.467 m/s, Q, = 0.446 mils 44268 sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.88 he Solve Prob. 8.87 without manual trial and error, by using an equation solver in computer software. Prob. 8.87: Suppose, in Fig. 8.27, that pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 900 m of 600 mm, 300 m of 450 mm, ‘and 1200 m of 400 mmm, respectively, of new welded-steel pipe. The surface elevations of reservoirs A, B, and C are 36, 22 and 0 m, respectively. The water temperature is 15°C. Find the flow in all pipes. Figure 8.27 si Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » = 1.139.x 10° m/sec Enter the following 11 known values, without units, into an equation solver in computer software: 5 = 9.81 11 = 900 » = 1139-10 12 = 300 13 = 1200 ‘Also enter guessed values for the following 15 unkowns: ai=2 wes3 m= 10 RI = 800000 @=2 =3 2 =5 2 = 800000 @=2 wB=3 13 =10 3 = 800000 Enter the following four governing equations for Pipe 1: ine 2 a, 2st ): Re PEM, yy LO, gy Mex wt 37-Di * Ri, ¥ Di2-¢ Note that the first (Colebrook) equation assumes flow is turbulent. Enter four similar equations for Pipe 2, and four for Pipe 3, replacing the 1's by 2's and 3°s Also enter the equations Al +h2= 14 hl +43 =36 and Ql = Q2 + Q3 ‘Thus there are 15 simultaneous equations, corresponding to the 15 unknowns. Instruct the sotver to find Q1, 2, Q3, VI, V2, V3, Al, h2, h3, RI, R2, R3, fl, f2, f3 Results are: @ V. & R t Pipe 1 0.917 324 10.05 1707800 001251 Pipe 0.470 2.95 3.95 1167 400 0.013 31 Pipe 3: 0.487 3.55 25.95 1248 400 0.013 43 = All three R > 2000 (Eq. 8.2) confirms that the flows are turbulent, so the use of Colebrook Eq. 8.51 was valid, and the results are valid.Sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.89 269 8.89 Suppose, in Fig. 8.27, that pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 3000 ft of 24 in, 1000 ft of 18 in, and 4000 ft of 16 in, respectively, of new welded-steel pipe. The surface elevations of reservoirs A, B, and C are 120, 75 and 0 ft, respectively. The water temperature is 60°F. Using a basic scientific ealculator only, find the flow in all pipes. A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilities, BG Water surface Els.: A = 120 ft, B= 75,C= Of; T= 60°F To find the 3 Q's this is Case 3. Solve by T and E. Table A.1 for water at 60°F: » = 1.217 x 10° fi%/sec. Assume turbulent flow (for Eq. 8.56). Pipe: 1 2 3 L, ft (given) 3000) 7000 “4000 D fe (given) 2.0 15 16/12 ¢, ft (Table 8.1) 0.000 15, 0.000 15 0.000 15 aD 0.000 075 0.0001 0.000 1125 ‘Trial: Try P at El of reservoir surface B = 75 hf 5 0 75 ik, fps 1,390 0 1.269 Q, cfs (Eq, 8.560) 39.3 0 15.29 AtJ, EQ = in — out = 39.3 ~ 15.29 = 24.1 cfs. This must be zero, so P must be raised; then ‘water will flow into reservoir B. Mid way between El A and El B = (120 + 75)/2 = 97.5 ft ‘Trial 2: ‘Try P at Bl. 100 ft: h, fe 20 25 700 Q, cfs 25.8 24.1 17.74 At J, £Q = in — out = 25.8 ~ 24.1 — 17.74 = -16.07 cfs. By interpolation (Fig. 8.28): (100 — El. Py/(100 — 75) = 16.07/(16.07 + 24.1); El. P = 90.0 ft. Trial 3: Try P at El. 90.0 ft: htt 30 i5 90 Q, cfs 31.89 18.54 16.80 AtJ, DQ = in - out = = 31.89 ~ 18.54 ~ 16.80 = -3.45 cfs. Error = 3.45/31.89 = 10.8% (so try again. Jeon...270 sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.89 By extrapolation: (90 ~ El. P)/(100 ~ 90) = 3.45/(16.07 ~ 3.45); El. P = 87.3 ft Trial: Try P at Bl. 87.3 ft: h, fe 32.7 123 a3 V, fps (Eq. 8.56a) 10.61 9.35 11.85 Q, cfs = AV = xD*Vi4 33.348 16.523, 16.540 At J, LQ = in - out = 33.348 - 16.523 - 16.540 = 0.285 cfs Error = 0.285/33.348 = 0.85%, close enough! Check Reynolds numbers: R = DY 1.744 x 10° 1.152 x 106 1,298 x 108 AAIL3 flows are turb., so using Eq. 8.56 and results are valid. Q, = 33.3 cfs, Q,=Q,=16.5cfsmm” Sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.90 271 Solve Prob. 8.89 without manual trial and error, by using an equation solver in computer software. Prob. 8.89: Suppose, in Fig. 8.27, that pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 3000 ft of 24 in, 1000 ft of 18 in, and 4000 ft of 16 in, respectively, of new welded-steel pipe. The surface elevations of reservoirs A, B, and C are 120, 75 and 0 fi, respectively. The water temperature is 60°F. Find the flow in all pipes. EL and HL Figure 8.27 Table A.1 for water at 60°F: y = 1.21710 ft/sec Enter the following 12 known values, without units, into an equation solver in computer software: g = 322 Di = 24/12 L1 = 3000 el = 0.00015 v= 121710 D2 = 18/12 12 = 1000 e2 = 0.00015 D3 = 16/12 13 = 4000 3 = 0.00015 Also enter guessed values for the following 15 unkowns: Qi=70 Vi = 10 hl = 30 R1 = 800000 fl =0.01 @=70 v2 = 10 #2 = 15 ‘R2 = 800000 f= 0.01 @=% Ww=l0 %=30 R3-80000 9 = 0.01 Enter the following four governing equations for re exon? AL ea -tog{—21_ «254 5m = ALLWP , gy . Vix? i 37-Di * Riff 7 Di2-s ‘Note that the first (Colebrook) equation assumes flow is turbulent. Enter four similar equations for Pipe 2, and four for Pipe 3, replacing the 1's with 2's and 3's. Also enter the equations hl +A2=45 Al +A3=120 md Q1=@2+03 ‘Thus there are 15 simultaneous equi Instruct the solver to find Q1, 02, 03, Vi, V2, V3, Al, A2, 3, RL, R2, R3, fl, 2,3 Results are: , corresponding to the 15 unknowns. 2 v z R Tt 33.31 10.60 32.63 1,742,600 0.01246 16.77 9.49 12:37 1,169,400 0.01327 16.55 11.85 8737 1,298,300 0.01335. T All three R.> 2000 (Eq. 8.2) confirms that the flows are turbulent, 50 the use of Colebrook Eq. 8.51 was valid, and the results are valid.272 sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.91 a ‘Suppose that, in Fig. 8.27, pipe 1 is 1500 ft of 12-in new cast-iron pipe, pipe 2 is 800 ft of 6-in wrought- iron pipe, and pipe 3 is 1200 ft of 8-in wrought-iron pipe. The water surface elevation of reservoir B is 20 ‘ft less that of A, while the junction J is 35 ft lower than the surface of A. In place of reservoir C, pipe 3 leads away to some other destination but tts elevation at C is 60 ft below A. (a) Find the flow of 60°F water in each pipe. (@) Find the pressure head at C, when the pressure head at J is 25 ft. Neglect velocity BG (@ Table A.1 for water at 60°F: y= v = 1.217 x 10% ft/sec. Assume turbulent flow (for Eqs. 8.56). Pipe: i 2 3 Given: ZL ft 7500 800 7200 D, ft 1 05 an eft 0.000 85 0.000 15 0.000 15 Cale: Ti, fe 35-25 =10 20-h,=10 iE, fs 0.655 0.634 V, fps (Eq. 8.560) 4.66 4.76 @, cfs (Ea. 8.566) 3.66 4 oss 4 Q, =, - Q = 366 - 0934 = 2.73 cfs <= QJAy = 2.73/(nI4)(B/12F) = 7.82 fps R, = D,V,Jv = 383,100, R, = 195,500, R, = 428,100 All the flows are turbulent (R > 2000), so the equations used and answers obtained are valid. (©) Haaland Eq. 8.52: f, = 0.01572; Eq. 8.13: hy = 26.8 H, ~ He = hy. Neglecting velocity heads: (ly + 2, - @ly + De = hy So @5 - 35) - ely - 60) = 268; poly = 22HSec. 8.30, Prob. 8.92 273 Sec. 8.30: Pipes in Series — Problems 8.92—8.101 8.92 A pipeline 900 ft long discharges freely at a point 200 ft lower than the water surface at intake (Fig. P8.92). The Pipe intake projects into the reservoir. The first 600 ft is of 10-in-diameter, and the remaining 300 ftis of 6-in diameter. (a) Find the rate of discharge, assuming f = 0.06. If the Junction point C of the two sizes of pipe is 150 ft below the intake water surface level, find the pressure head (6) just upstream of C and (c) just downstream of C. Assume a sudden contraction at C. (@) Sudden contraction at C, DJD, = 0.6; Table 8.2: k, = 0.28 Contraction loss = 0.28V3/2g. Fig. 8.13: k, = 0.8 for reentrant entrance. hy, = [08 + 0.06(600)(12/1]VI2g + [0.28 + 0.06(300/0.50)]V3/2¢ = 44.0V7/2g + 36.3V3/28. Continuity: V, = (6/10¥, = 0.36¥,. -. h, = 44.0(0.6V,)/2¢ + 36.3V;/2g = 42.0V32g Energy: 200 - hk, = Vi/2g, <. 200 = (42.0 + )V3Rg, ViRg = 4.65 ft V, = VIGEDAG = 1731 fps; Q = AV, = (aMNOSDI731 = 3.40 of (®) Energy from water surface to point 1 just upstream of contraction C: © + 150 + 0) ~ 44.000.36¥,)'28 = Ipyy + 0 + 0.36V,%2¢1; ply = 12286 < (© Energy from point 2 just downstream of contraction C to jet: Gar + 50 + ¥iP2g) - 0.06300)0.)V;2¢ = (0 + 0+ ¥;/8); py = 11751 4 ‘Check head loss across contraction C: (@) hy, = [122.86 + z + (0.36V,)/2g] - [117.51 + z + Vi/2g] = 1.303 ft © hi, = 028V32g = 0.28(4.65) = 1.303. Agrees!274 sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.94 8.93, 8.94 SI A pipeline 300 m long discharges freely at a point 50 m lower than the water surface at intake (Fig. P8.92). The ipe intake projects into the reservoir. The first 200 m is of ‘350 mm diameter, and the remaining 100 m is of 250 mm diameter. (a) Find the rate of discharge, assuming f = 0.06, Ifthe junction point C of the two sizes of pipe is 40 m below the intake water surface level, find the pressure head (©) just upstream of C and (c) just downstream of C. Assume Figure P8.92 «a sudden contraction at C. (@ Sudden contraction at C, D,D, = 25/35 = 0.714. Interpolating in Table 8.2: k, Contraction loss = O.21V2/2g. Fig. 8.13: k, = 0.8 for reentrant entrance. hy, = (0.8 + 0.06(600)(200/0.35)]V{/2e + [0.21 + 0.06(100/0.25)]V3/2g = 35.1Vi/2g + 24.2V3/28. Continuity: V, = (25/35V, = O.S10V;. .. hy = 35.1(0.510V,)/2g + 242V; Rg - 33.3V;Rg Energy: 50 - h, = Ving, «. 50 = G33 + Ding, Ving = 1456 m ¥, = VIORDIASE = $34 mis; Q = AV, = (7/4Y0.25)5.34 = 0262 mis 4 (®) Energy from water surface to point 1 just upstream of contraction C: @ + 150 + 0) ~ 35.10.510¥,'/Rg = Ply + 0 + O5I0V,'Pe1; pir = 2632m (©) Energy from point 2 just downstream of contraction C to jet: @yr + 10 + ¥j?2g) - 0.06(1000.25)¥;72g = (0 +0 + Vie); ply =2494m 4 Check head loss across contraction C: @ hy, = (26.32 + z + (OS1OV,)/2g] - [24.94 + z + Vj/2g] = 0.306 m () hy = 021V37g = 0.21(1.456) = 0.306 m. Agrees! Repeat Prob. 8.92 neglecting minor losses. Prob. 8.92: A pipeline 900 ft long discharges freely at a ‘Point 200 ft lower than the water surface at intake (Fig. 8.92). The pipe intake projects into the reservoir. The first (600 ft is of 10-in-diameter, and the remaining 300 ftis of 6- in diameter. (a) Find the rate of discharge, assuming f = (0.06. Ifthe junction point C of the two sizes of pipe is 150 ft below the intake water surface level, find the pressure head (©) just upstream of C and (c) just downstream of C. Assume «a sudden contraction at C. @ hy, = 0.06(600\12/10)V;/2g + 0.06300)0.5)V;Re = 43.2V;Rg + 36V;/2¢ Continuity: V, = (6/10)'V; = 0.36¥;. “. h, = 43.200.36¥,)'2g + 36¥;/2g = 41.6¥32g Energy: 200 - h, = Ving, *. 200 = (41.6 + DVERe, Vine = 469 & V, = YUGZDAS = 17.39 fps: Q = A,V, = (n/4\(0.5)17.39 = 341 cfs < (®) Energy from water surface to point 1 just upstream of contraction C: (© + 150 + 0) - 43.2(0.36V,)'2g = [ply +0 + (0.36¥,)2¢]; pyy = 12311 < (©) Energy from point 2 just downstream of contraction C to j¢ Gyr + 50 + Vig) - 0.063090.5)73 = (0 + 0+ ViN6); pfy = 11902 <8.95 Sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.95 275 Repeat Prob. 8.93 neglecting minor losses. Prob. 8.93: A pipeline 300 m long discharges freely at 4 point 50 m lower than the water surface at intake (Fig. 8.92). The pipe intake projects into the reservoir. The first 200 m is of 350 mm diameter, and the remaining 100 m is of 250 mm diameter. (a) Find the rate of discharge, assuming F = 0.06. If the junction point C of the two sizes of pipe is 40 m below the intake water surface level, find the pressure head (6) just upstream of C and (c) just downstream of C. ‘Assume a sudden contraction at C. (@) hy, = 0.06(200/0.35)V/2g + 0.06(100/0.25)V32g = 34.3Vi/2g + 24V;I2¢ Continuity: V, = (25/35, = O510¥,. 1. hy = 34.30.510V,)/2¢ + 24V;2g = 32.9V;N2¢ Energy: $0 - h, = V;P2g, -. 50 = 32.9 + 1)¥jRg, V;/2g = 1474 m ¥, = VHORDIATE = 5.38 m/s; Q = AV, = (n14(025)5.38 = 0.264 mils < (@) Energy from water surface to point 1 just upstream of contraction C: © + 40 + 0) - 3430510V,%2¢ = [ply +0 + O510V,¥61; py = 2646m (© Energy from point 2 just downstream of contraction C to jet: (yy + 10 + ¥3/2g) - 0.06(1000.25)V3ng = (0 +0 + V32~); pyy = 2537m276 Sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.96 im BG Suppose that in Fig. 8.29 pipes 1, 2, and 3 ‘are 750 ft of 4-in, 250 ft of 2-in, and 300 ft (of 3-in asphalt-dipped cast-iron pipe. With a total head loss of 25 ft between A and B, find the flow of 60°F water. Table 8.1: ¢ = 0.0004 ft. ‘Trial 1: Initially assume *f = foig (fully rough value) from Eq. 8.54 or Fig. 8.11. Pipe Lt LD. @D*tyf_ —dDiD ~~ Ody 1 750 4 2250 0.0012 0.0205 —«1.00 1.00 2 250 2 1500 0.0028 0.0246. 2.00 16.00 3 300 3 1200 0.0016 0.0221_——1.333 3.16 All L/D are > 1000, so we can neglect minor losses. Eq. 8.89: 25 = [0,0205(2250) + 0.0246(1500)16 + 0,0221(1200)3.16)V7/2g Viiog = 257720 = 0.0347 ft; V, = 1.495 fps DIV, = (1.495) = 5.98; <. f, = 0.0249 (Fig. 8.11) DilV, = 201.4952 = 11.96; <. fy = 0.0263 DylV, = 3(1.495)1.333? = 7.97; fy = 0.0251 Trial 2: Repeating Eq, 8.89 with improved f values: 25 = 782V32g, V, = 1.434 fps Di'V, = A434) = 5.74; fy = 0.0251 Di'v, = 20.434)2? = 11.48; <. fy = 0.0263 Dil, = 3(.434)1.333" = 7.65; fy = 0.0252 ‘Trial 3: Repeating Eq. 8.89: 25 = 783¥j/2g, V, = 1.434 fps (no change, converged) Q = AY, = (HAA/12)1.434 = 0.1251 cfs Note: f values may instead be obtained from Haaland Eq. 8.52, using » ‘Alternative solution, by equation solver in computer software: Establish the four standard equations for each pipe (see Sample Prob. 8.146) plus Eq. 8.87, for a total of 13 governing equations. Assign known and guessed values to the variables (see, ¢.g., the solution to Prob. 8.81). Solve for the following 13 unknowns: Three values each of V, h, R, and f, and one value of Q. 2AAT x 106 f/sec.fm” sl Sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.97 277 ‘Suppose that in Fig. 8.29 pipes I, 2, and 3 are 150 m of 80-mm, 60 m of 50-mm, and 120 m of 60 mm wrought-iron pipe. With a total head loss of 6 m between A and B, find the flow of 15°C water. Table 8.1: ¢ = 0,000046 m Table A.1 at 15°C: y = 1.139 x 10° mis. Teial 1: “assume f = fag (Glly rough value) from Eq, 8.54: Pipe Lm Dm LD eD “yf D/D Dy T 1500.08 1875 0.000575 001724 1.00 7.00 2 6 0.051200 0.000920 001924 1.60 635 3 1200.05 2000 0.000767 01843 1.333 3.16 AILL/D ate > 1000, s0 we can neglect minor losses. Eq. 8.89: 6 = [0.01724(1875) + 0.01924(1200)6.55 + 0.01843(2000)3.16]¥;/2g = 300¥;/2g Vif2g = 6/300 = 0.0200 m; V, = 0.626 m/s R, = DV Jv = 43988; +. f, = 0.02297 (from Eq. 8.41) R, = D,Viv = D,V,DD,)Iv = DV,(D,v) = Ry(DyD,) = 70381; (DyD,) = 58651; -. f, = 0.02254 ‘Trial 2 (Eq, 8.89): 6 = 362V3Rg;V, = 0.570 mis (0.8% change) ‘Trial 3 (Eq. 8.89): 6 = 367V7/2g; V, = 0.566 m/s (0.63% change, close enough) Q = AWM, = (1/4)(0.087)0.566 = 0.00285 m/s = 2.85L/s 4 ‘Alternative solution, by equation solver in computer software: Establish the four standard equations for each pipe (see Sample Prob. 8.146) plus Eq. 8.87, for a total of 13 governing equations. Assign known and guessed values to the variables (see, e.g., the solution to Prob. 8.81). Solve for the following 13 unknowns: Three values each of V, h, R, and f, and one value of Q.278 sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.98 fa” Two pipes connected in series are respectively 150 ft of 2in. — (6 = 0.000 006 ft) and 450 ft of 8-in (¢ = 0.0009 f) Fig. 8.98). With a total head loss of 30 fr, find the flow of 60°F | water, using a basic scientific calculator only. Neglect minor losses, Figure P8.98 ‘Start with min (fully turbulent) trial values of f (Eq. 8.54): Pipe Dyin Lf ef LD @D DJD (iD) fam 1 2 1500900008 9000000364256 0.00095 2 8 450 ~—0.009— 6753S 1002 ‘Trial 1: Eq. 8.89: 30 = (V3/2g)[0.009 95(900)256 + 0.0211(675)] = 2310¥3/2g; V, = 0.915 fps DIV, = 409154 = 293; Fig. 8.11: f, = 0.0165 (40% change). Di, = 80915) = 7.325 fy = 0.025 (15% change) 30 = (¥3/2g)10.0165(900)256 + 0.025(675]; V, = 0.711 fps Di’v, = 228; f, = 0.017 @% change) DyV, = 5.69; f, = 0.026 (2% change) Both of the DV (and so R) values are in the turbulent range. ‘Trial 3: ¥; = 0.701 fps (1.4% change, close enough). Q = A,V, = (n/4)(8/12)°0-701 = 0245 cfs <8.99 Sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.99 279 Repeat Prob. 8.96 for the case where the fluid is an oil with s = 0.92, » = 0.000 96 Wo-secfft. Prob. 8.96: Suppose that in Fig. 8.29 Pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 750 ft of 4-in, 250 ft of 2-in, and 300 ft of 3-in asphalt-dipped cast- iron pipe. With a total head loss of 25 ft between A and B, find the flow rate. pe B= 0.00096 2 539.194 pyg Figure 829 Pp 1.92 x 1.940 . Table 8.1: ¢ = 0.0004 ft. Initially assume f = fag (fully rough value) from Eq. 8.54. Pipe eee LD eD Tyf DD Oy 1 (150 emer peer 2150 pre 0.0012 we 0.00.54 ee 1100 7.00 2 250 2 1500 0.0024 0.02460 2.00 16.00 3 S00 aaa 1200 0.0016 0.02209 1.333 3.16 All L/D are > 1000, so we can neglect minor losses. Eq. 8.89: 25 = [0.02054(2250) + 0.0246(1500)16 + 0.022.09(1200)3.16]V7/2g Vig = 25/720 = 0.0347 ft; V; = 1.495 fps R, = D,Yyv = 927 R, = D,Vyv = D,VDJD,F1v = D{VfD,v) = RyDJD,) = 1853 R, = R(DyD,) = 1236 ‘These estimates suggest that all three flows may be laminar, in which case a trial solution is unnecessary. Use laminar flow Eq. 8.28: hy = (B2v/e\{(L,VID}) + (L,¥eD}) + Ly¥,fD3)) e. 25 = (32/32.2)65.38 x 10-Y[L,VID3) + (L,¥/D3\(DJD,)? + (L,¥/D3XDD,P) Substituting for the L's and D's we find: 25 = 27.4V,; ¥, = 0.912 fps = A,¥, = (44120912 = 0.0796 cfs Check: R, = 565, R, = 1131, R = 754 (all laminar, so OK).280 sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.100 8.100 St Repeat Prob. 8.97 for the case where the Sluid is an oil with's = 0.94, = 0.04 Nesin?. Prob. 8.97: Suppose that in Fig. 8.29 ipes 1, 2, and 3 are 150 m of 80-mm, 60 m of 50-mm, and 120 m of 60 mm wrought-iron Pipe. With a total head loss of 6 m berween ‘A and B, find the flow rate. eae lin eee p 094x995 0.000046 m. Initially assume f = fai (Fully rough value) from Eq. 8.54. Pipe Lm Dm LD e/D Try f D/D @,/Dy¥ 1 150 0.08 1875 0000575 001728 1.00 7.00 2 6 0.051200» 0.000920 0.01924 1.60 635 3 1200.06 2000 —0.000767_0.01843—_—1.333 3.16 All L/D are > 1000, so we can neglect minor losses. Eq. 8.89: 6 = [0.017 24(1875) + 0.019 24(1200)6.55 + 0.018 43(200)3.16]V7/2¢ Vireg = 6/300 = 0.0200 m; V, = 0.626 m/s R, = Dv = 1176 R, = D,Vyv = D,¥(D/D,¥/v = DiV/D,v) = R(DyD,) = 1882 R, = R(DJD,) = 1568 ‘These estimates suggest that all three flows may be laminar, in which case atrial solution is unnecessary. Use laminar flow Eq. 8.28: h, = G2v/g)I(L,VyD}) + ,¥JD3) + (Ly¥JD3)) ie, 6 = G29.81)(4.26 x 10-{L,YJD9 + (L,VJDH(DYD,P + (YJD31D YD" Substituting for the L's and D's we find: 6 = 20.0V,; ¥; = 0.300 mis Q = A,V, * (/4)(0.08°)0.300 = 0.001 506 m"/s = 1.506 Lis < Check: R, = 563, Ry = 900, Ry = 750 (all laminar, so OK).@ BG ‘Sec. 8.30, Prov. 8.101 281 Three new cast-iron pipes, having diameters of 24, 21, and 18 in, respectively, each 450 ft long, are ‘connected in series. The 24+in pipe leads from a reservoir (flush entrance), and the 18-in pipe discharges into the air at a point 15 ft lower than the reservoir water surface level. Assuming all changes in section to be abrupt, find the rate of discharge of water at 60°F. ‘Table 8.1: for new cast iron: ¢ = 0.00085 ft. Pipe D (in) LD eD ‘Trial f D/D. ‘@DyiDy 1 24 25 0.000425 0.016 7.00 1.00 2 21 257 0.000486 0.017 1.143 1.706 3 18 300 0.000567 0.018 1.333 3.16 Total 792 X(YD) = 782 < 1000, so include minor losses. Flush entrance, Fig. 8.13: & = 0.5 Sudden contractions, Table 8.2: k, = 0.0825 for Dy/D, Discharge: ky = 1.0 or h, = Vine Energy: (0 + 15 +0) = @ +0 + ¥3R—) + Eh, iu 15 = [0.5 + 0.016(225) + (0.0825 + 0.017 x 257)1.706 + (0.0986 + 0.018 x 300)3.16 + 13.16)]V;/2g. Ving = 157922 = 0.465 fi; ¥, = YIGZDOAGS = 5.47 fps Di'V, = 245.47) = 1314; <. fy = 0.0167 (from Fig. 8.11) DIV, = ASAT = 150.1; +. fy = 0.0171 DyV, = 185.471.1339 = 1752; + fy = 0.0175 15 = [0.5 +0.0167(225) + (0.0825 + 0.0171 x 257)1.706 + (0.0986 + 0.0175 x 300)3.16 + 13.16)]V72g¢ Vig = 15)32.0 = 0.469; V, = (232.2)0469 = 5.50 fps (little change) Q = AYY, = (1425.50 = 17.27 of < = 0.875; k, = 0.0986 for Dy/D, = 0.857282 sec. 8.31, Prob. 8.102 Sec. 8.31: Pipes in Parallel — Problems 8.102—8.107 8.102 Suppose that in Fig. 8.30 pipes 1, 2, and 3 are of smooth brass as follows: 500 ft of 2-in, 350 ft of 3-in: ‘and 750 ft of 4-in respectively. When the total flow of 70°F crude oil (s = 0.855) is 0.7 cfs, find the head loss from A to B and the flow in each pipe. Note: This problem can be solved without trial and error, using a basic scientific calculator only. ‘A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilities. Fig. A.2 for crude oil (5 = 0.855) at 70°F: » 7.6 x10 f/sec ‘Assume the three Reynolds numbers are in the range (3000 < R < 10) where Eq. 8.53 (from Blasius) for smooth pipe may be used. 78 rs fo Bq. 8.53: Ay = 0.158022 = (cons) AY, where const = 9-1580¥"" pe De =O Li" by _ bys" Hace Ba, 891: 49,» Ops = Oy yds “ie « RE « Substsuting for the L's and D's: 210V" = 88.6V3" = 132.6V4"; 50 V, = 1638V,, V, = 1.301%, Eq, 8.90: Q = 0.70 = 0.02I8F, + 0.0491(1.6387,) + 0.0873(1.3017,) = 0216¥,; V, = 3.24 fps. R, = 7114, R, = 17,478, Ry = 18,516, all in the required range, so the assumed Eq, 8.53 is valid 0, = 0.0218)3.24 = 0.0707 cs 0, = (0.0491)1.638V, = 0.261 cf Qy = (0.0873)1.301¥, = 0.368 cfs 4 Check: EQ = 0.700 ofs, right ont wt a fy = hy = LESBO 0820 ager 8 ena) Answers may vary somewhat due to values read from Fig. A.2.8.103, Sec. 8.31, Prob. 8.103 283 Repeat Prob, 8,102 for the case where the total flow rate is 0.07 cfs. Does the *Note” still apply? Prob. 8.102: Suppose that in Fig. 8.30 pipes 1, 2, and 3 are of smooth brass as follows: 500 ft of 2- in, 350 ft of 3-in; and 750 ft of 4-in respectively. When 70°F crude oil (s = 0.855) is flowing, find the ‘head loss from A to B and the flow in each pipe. Note: This problem can be solved without trial and error, using a basic scientific calculator only. ‘A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilities. Fig. A.2 for crude oil (5 = 0.855) at 70°F: » = 7.6 x 10° ft"/sec ¥ = DOTA = 0.07/(0.0218 + 0.0491 + 0.0873) = 0.442 fps ‘With this in the targest pipe, Rmar = (4/12)¥1y = 1940 ‘Thus all three flows may be laminar, so use laminar Eq. 8.28 with Bq. 8.91. From Eq. 8.28: gh/(@2v) = L,VD} = L,¥JD} = L,VJD} = const (thus eliminating f) S00V,22 = 350¥y3" = 750VJ; V, = 321¥,, V, = 2.67V, Eq. 8.90: 0.07 = 002187, + 0.04913.21V,) + 0.0873(2.67¥,); V, = 0.1698 fps; R, = 372, R = 1795, Ry = 1986. All the flows are laminar, so the equations used are valid. Since we can eliminate ffrom laminar flow, we can solve without T & E, so the "Note" does apply 4 Q = AM, = 0.00370 cfs 0, Blasius Eq. 8.48 may not be used, and from the R values the flows are not laminar. So the "Note" does not apply. ¢ For 2nd trial: From Eq. 8.52: f, = 003657, f, = 0.03018, f, = 0.02905 Eq, 8.91: 0.036 57(3000)¥? = 0.030 18(1400)¥3 = 0.02905(2250)¥3; so V; = 1.611V;, Vs = 1.296V, Eq. 8.90: 0.7 = O2I8V, + DOA9ICLGIIY,) + 0.0873(1.296¥,) = 0.2147, V, = 3.27 fps (10.0% change); Ry = 7174, Ry = 17,341, Ry = 18,589 For 3nd trial: From Eq. 8.52: f, = 0.03733, f, = 0.03018, f, = 0.02895 Eq. 8.91: 0.037 33(3000)¥,? = 0.030 18(1400)¥,2 = 0,028 95(2250)¥," ; so % = Eq, 8.90: 0.7 = 0.42187, + 0.0491(1.628V,) + 0.0873(1.311%,) = 0.2167, 24 fps (1.02% change, close enough!). Q, = A,¥, = 0.0218@.24) = 0.0707 fs 4 Q = 0.0491(1.628 x 3.24) = 0259 ofs 0, Blasus Bq, 8.48 may not be used, and from the R values the flows are not laminar. So the "Note" does not apply. < For 2nd trial: Eq. 8.52: f, = 0.04443, f, = 0.03491, f, = 0.02886 Bg. 8.91: 0.044.43(4500)¥2 = 0.034 913750)¥2 = 0.028 86(1333)V3; 90 V, = 1236V,, Vy = 228V, Eq. 8.90: 0.007 = (w/4)[0.02°V, + 0.0°(1.236¥,) + 0.0642.28¥,)] = 0.008 31¥, V, = 0.842 m/s (21% change); R, = 4432, R, = 10955, R, = 30310 For 3rd trial: Eq. 8.52: f, = 0.04608, f, = 0.03530, f, = 0.02877 Eq. 8.91: 0.046.08(4500)¥7 = 0.035 30(3750)¥} = 0.028 77(1333)V3; so V, = 1.252¥,, V, = 2.33%, Eq. 8.90: 0.007 = (x/4)[0.02°V, + 0.047(1.252¥,) + 0.06%(2.33¥,) = 0.008 46V, V, = 0.827 mis (1.8% change, close enough!) Q = AsV, = (/4)0.02°(0.827) = 0.000260 m’s = 0.260Lis <4 Q, = (77/4)0.047(1.252 x 0.827) = 0.001301 m/s = 1.301 Lis < Qj = (/4)0.082,33 x 0.827) = 0.00544 mis = 5.44L/s 4 Eg. 8.13: hy = hy = hy = 0.046 08(4500)0.827)72g = 723m Answers may vary somewhat due to values read from Fig. A.2.288 sec. 6.92, Prob. 8.109 See. 8.32: Pipe Networks — Problems 8.108—8.120 me BG fe” Referring to Fig. P8.108, A is at elevation 30 ft, and the pipe characteristics are as follows: pipe B is 5000 ft long, of 3 ft diameter, with f= 0.035; pipe E is 4500 ft iong, of 2 ft diameter, with = 0.035; and pipe C is 5000 ft long, of 3 Sf-diameter, with f = 0.025. When the pump develops 30 ft ‘of head, the velocity of flow in pipe C is 5 fps. Neglecting Figure P8.108 ‘minor losses, find (a) the flow rates in cubic feet per second in pipes B and E under these conditions, and (b) the elevation of the discharge end of pipe E. (a) Energy Drop across A, Eq. 8.13: (h,), = 0.035(S000)Vi/2g = 58.3V%/2e Given Ve = 5 fps, energy drop across C = (hip ~ h, = 0.025(5000/3)5"/2g - 30 = -13.83 ft Hence energy is greater at right end of pipe C and flow will be to the left in pipe A. 58.3(V3/2g) = 13.83; V, = 3.91 fps; Q, = (x374)3.91 = 27.6 cfs tole Qe = (a37I4)S = 35.3 cfs to right; Qo- Q=Q,= 773 ef < ©) Vy Qgldy = 7.73/(x2/4) = 2.46 fps; Val2g = 0.0940 yg = AUD)V "Rg = 0.035(4S00/2)0.0940 = 7.40 fe Energy, water surface to jet J: Hy + hry ~ Iya = Hy (0 + 30 + 0) + 13.83 - 740 = @ + z, + 000940); 2, = 3632 4 Repeat Prob. 8.108 for the case where the velocity in pipe C is 6 fps with all other data remaining the same. Prob. 8.108: Referring to Fig. P8.108, A is at elevation 30 ft, and the pipe characteristics are as follows: pipe B is 5000 ft long, of 3 fi diameter, with f = 0.035; pipe E is 4500 ft long, of 2 ft diameter, with f = 0.035; and pipe C is 5000 ft long, of 3 ft diameter, with f = 0.025. The pump develops 30 fi of head. Neglecting minor losses, find (a) the flow rates in cubic feet per second in pipes B and E under these conditions, and (b) the elevation of the discharge end of pipe E. @ Eq. 8.13: Ch), = 583V4285 (AD = (ye ~ A, = A1.DE 2g - 30 = -6.71 ft Energy is greater at right end of pipe C thus flow wall be to the left in pipe A 58.3(V32s) = 671; Vy =272 fps, OQ, = 19.24ef to theleh Vc = 6.0 fps (given), Oc = 42.4 efs to the right Op = Qc - Q, = 424 - 19.24 = 232 cf < @) Vy = QglAy = 23.2/(n24/4) = 7.38 fps; Vi2g = 0.845 ft uy ~ FULD Vg ~ 0.035(450072)0.845 = 66.5 ft Energy, water surface to jet J: Hy + hig ~ hyp = Hy (© + 30 +0) + 671 - 665 = 0+ 2, + 0.845); 2,= 207k 4f* oe" Sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.111 289 Refer to Fig. P8.108. Assume the water surface in the reservoir is instead at elevation 200 m. Pipes B, C, and E are all 600 m long, and they all have a diameter of 500 mm with f= 0.030. When the pump develops 15 m of head, the velocity in pipe C is 5.0 mis. Neglecting minor losses, {find (a) the flow rate in all pipes and (2) the elevation of the discharge end of pipe B. eons (@ A Energy head across pipe C = hy ~ h,, = 15 ~ 0.030(600/0.50)S*/@ x 9.81) = -30.9 m ‘Thus flow in pipe A is to the right. ug = 30.9 m = 0.030(600/0.50)V3I2 x 9.81); V, = 4.10 mis Qq = 20.25%(4.10) = 0.805 m/s 4 Qe = 20.25%5) = 0.982 m/s < p= Q + Qc = 1787 ms 4 @ 4-2. 4m 4, 70.54 Energy, water surface to jet J: Hy ~ hy © + 200 + 0) - 309 - 1520 = +2, +422); 2 1290m 4 yy = EE 9.10 ms; = 0.030% 4.22 = 152.0 m 50 D2g 0. In Fig. P8.111, pipe AB is 1200 ft long, of 8 in diameter, with f= 0.035; pipe BC (upper) is 800 ft long, of 6 in diameter, with f' = 0.025; pipe BC (lower) is 900 ft long, of 4 in diameter, with f = 0.045; and pipe CD is 500 ft ong, of 6 in diameter, with f = 0.025, The elevations are reservoir water surface = 150 ft, A = 120 ft, B = 70 ft, C = 60 ft, and D = 30. There is free discharge to the ‘atmosphere at D. Neglecting velocity heads, (a) compute the {flow in each pipe and (b) determine the pressures at B and Figure P8.111 c @ Bio C, Bq, 8.91: 0.025(1600)¥;/2g = 0.045(2700)V;/2g; V, = 1.743V, Continuity: @ = 0.349¥, = 0.1963(1.743¥,) + 0.0873¥, = 0.1963V, from which V, = 1230V,, ¥, = 219¥,. All L/D > 1000, therefore neglect minor losses. Energy Eq. (neglecting velocity heads) from wate surface to D: uv nv bw 0 + HS) = + 3 + yt hy tags He By 150 = 30+ HE o AETE « RRS 120 = 0.035(1800)(1.230V,)*/2g + 0.045(2700)Vj/2g + 0.025(1100)(2.19¥,)/2g = 348V32¢ V,=4.71 fs, O,=0411e& < V, = 8.21 fps, Q,= 16120 V, = 5.79 fps, Q,=202c% < V, = 10.30 fps, Q,=2.02cf 4 (b) Energy, water surface to B: (0 + 150) = yl +70) + (yap Pal = 80 - 0.035(1800)5.79)'2g = 47.16 ft; py ~ 47.16(62.4/144) = 204 psi < Energy, Cto D: (Poly + 60) = © + 30) + (yep Pel¥ = 0.025(1100\10.3082g) ~ 30 = 15.31 ft; pe = 15.3162.4/144) = 6.64 psi290 Sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.112 me St In Fig. P8.111, pipe AB is 600 m long, of 180 mm diameter, with f= 0.035; pipe BC (upper) is 500 m long, of 120 ‘mm diameter, with f = 0.025; pipe BC (lower) is 400 m long, of 160 mm diameter, with f = 0.030; and pipe CD is 900 m long, of 320 mm diameter, with f = 0.020. The elevations are: reservoir water surface = 150m, A = 100 1m, B = 60m, C = 50m, D = 20m. There is free discharge to the atmosphere at D. Neglecting velocity heads, {@) compute the flow in each pipe and (0) determine the Figure P8.111 pressures at B and C. Comment on the practicality of this system, (@ Bio C, Eq. 8.91: 0.025(4167)V2/2g = 0.030(2500)¥ 712g; V, = 0.8497, Continuity: Q = 0.0254V, = 0.011 31(0.849¥,) + 0.02014, = 0.0804V, from which V, = 1167¥,, ¥, = 0:369¥, Energy Eq. (neglecting velocity heads) from water surface to D: All L/D > 1000, therefore neglect minor losses 0 + 150) = 0 + 20) + hy + hy, + hy cho 150-20 AM 4 HY phe Di2g °*D, 2g *D,28 130 = 0.035(3333)(1.167V, 2g + 0.030(2500)¥;/2g + 0.020(2813)(0.369V,)/2g = 242V; 72g 25 m/s, Q, = 0.0653 m/s = 65.3Lis << .76m/s, 0, = 0.0312 m/s=31.2Lis < 79 m/s, Q, = 0.0965 m/s = 96.5 Lis < V, = 1.200 m/s, Q, = 0.0965 m/s = 96.5 Lis < (©) Energy, water surface to B: (0 + 150) = (Pyly + 60) + (hay Pply = 90 ~ 0.035(3333)(3.79)'2g = 4.48 m; py = 4.48(9.81) Energy, CtoD: (Ply + 50) = 0 + 20) + Cen Pel = 0,020(2813)(1.2007/2g) - 30 = -25.9 m (impossible) 4 ‘Comment: The head loss in the parallel pipes is so great that it wants to pull the HGL down below 439 kPa < zero absolute pressure. . The system will not function.8.113 8.114 st Sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.114 291 4 10+in cast-iron pipe 1500 ft long forms one link in a pipe network. If the velocities to be encountered are ‘assumed to fall within the range of 4 t0 10 fps, derive an equation for the flow of water at 60°F in this pipe in the form hy = KQ". Hint: Using information from Fig. 8.11 and Table 8.1, set up two simultaneous equations corresponding to the ends of the desired velocity range, then solve for the unknowns K and n Table 8.1: € = 0.00085 ft; e/D = 0.00085(12/10) = 0.001 02 ( At4 fps: DYY = 40, Fig. 8.11 or Eq, 8.52: f = 0.02077 Eq. 8.13: hy = 0.02077(1500/(10/12)472 x 32.2) = 929 f; Q = AV = 2.18 cfs Given hy = KQ*. <. 9.29 = KQ.18)"; 10g9.29 = logk + nlog2.18 a) (i) At 10 fps: DY = 100. Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52: f = 0.02017 Eq. 8.13: hy = 00201 7[1500/(10/1 1107/2 x 32.2) = 564 ft; Q = 5.45 cfs J. 564 = KAS)"; log564 = logk + nlog 5.45 @ ~ CD: 10g(56.4)9.29) » nlog(S.45/2.18); m= 1.968; K = 56.4/5.45'9 = So required equation is fy = 2.009" ‘4 250 mm cast-iron pipe 400 m long forms one link in a pipe network. If the velocities to be encountered ‘are assumed to fall within the range of 0.75 to 3 mis, derive an equation for the flow of water at 15°C in this pipe in the form by = KQ". Hint: See Prob. 8.113. Prob. 8.113 hint:' Using information from Fig. 8.11 and Table 8.1, set up two simultaneous equations corresponding to the ends of the desired velocity range, then solve for the unknowns K and n. Table A.I for water at 15°C: » = 1.139 x 10° mis 0.25 mm; e/D = 0.25/250 = 0.001 ( At0.75 m/s: R = D¥]v = 164600. Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52: f = 0.02130 Eq. 8.13: h, = 0.021 30(400/0.25)0.754(2 x 9.81) = 0.977 m; Q = AV = 0.0368 m/s Given h, = KQ*. +. 0.977 = K(0.0368)" ; 10g0.977 = log + nlog0.0368 (1) (i At23 m/s: R = 504800. Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52: f = 0.02023 Bq, 8.13: h, = 0.02023(400/0.25)2.37/2 x 981) = 8.73 m; Q = 0.1129 m/s <. 873 = K(0.1129)'; 10g8.73 = logK + nlog0.1129 @ = (1): log(8.73/0.977) = nlog(0.1129/0.0368); n = 1.954; K = 8.73/0.1129'% = 619 So the required equation is h, = 6190'% << ‘Table 8.1:292 sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.115 [8S Mepipes in she system shown in Fg. 78.115 area 5250 Not 12in ‘galvanized iron. (a) With a flow of 15 dfs, find the head lass from A toD. (&) What should be the diameter of a single pipe from B to C such that it replaces pipes 2, 3, _2750ftot21 in and 4 without altering the capacity for the same head 4 Toss from A to D? BG Table 8.1: ¢ = 0.0005 ft. (@) Trial 1: Assume f = fai, (complete turbulence), from Eq. 8.54. Pi LD D 2 12 3250 10.0005 3 10 2700 0.0004 . 4 4 2357 0.000429 0.0161 All L/D are > 1000, so neglect minor losses. Then in Eq. 8.93, C = Ay2gDIE Pipe CR discharge Ochs Vis | «DIV Fig B11 NewC 2 0.856 29.6 4455.66 67.9 ~~ ~«0.01764~—=«ORSD 3 0.639 22.4 332 6.09 60.9 0.01832 (0.622 4 1393 48.2 124 6.77 94.8 0.01691 1.359 EZ 2.888 99.9 is.o1 2.814 XC has changed by only 2.6% so these values are very close to correct. Eq. 8.93: Q@= EChj; 15 = 2.8144)"; +. h, = 28.4 ft between B and C Pip Dia) 1D eD vo 7 a " Eq.8.13) T 2 isi 0000286 6241310001554 14.75 3 27 2111_—0.000222 3.771010 147.06, Then fy, (A to D) = 14.75 + 28.4 + 7.06 = ©) This is a Type 3 problem, to find D. Given L = 2250 ft. Bq. 8.57: Ny = 242 x 10; Eg. 8.58: N, = 3.19 x 10° Bq. 8.61: RY = 1,146 x 10, so R = 1.056 x 108 Eq. 8.62: D = 1.486 ft = 17.83in 4 Altemative: Using a solver with Eq. 8.56b: D = ah < 482 ft = 17.79 inho Sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.116 293 (@) With the same pipe lengths, sizes, and connections 3250 hot 12in {as in Prob. 8.115, find the flow in each pipe if the head loss from A to D is 150 ft and if all pipes have f = 0.020. Also find the head losses from A to B, B to C, 2750 Ret 2t in ‘and C to D.”(b) Find the new head loss distributions and the percentage increase in the capacity of the system ‘achieved by adding another 12-in pipe 3250 ft long between Band C. 4750 Rot 27 in © Bq. 8.13: hy = fee -4 22) wel DF Eq. 8.91: gy = hyy = hyyi f'= const, $0 3 values of LO*/D' are equal ive., 3250Q3/1% = 2250Q5/(10/12)° = 2750QF/(14/12)* from which Q, = 1.313Q,, Q, = 2.100, Eq. 8.90: Q, = Q = Q + Q + Q = (1313 +1 + 2199, = 4410, Fg. 8.87: (hyp = 150 = hyy + hys + fgg = 210:020) 2750(4.419,7 225093 4, ST50GM1QY eyi2y* ao/i2)> ems S0Q,=5346cf 4 Q,=Q=235Sch& 4 = 7.00c 4 = 11.20c8 4 Can * hr, = 0.000 503(2750)23.5@21/12)° = 46.73 Cac = hry = 0.000 503(2250)5.347(10/12)° = 8029 iden = hes = 0.000 503(6750)23.5127/12)' = 22.98 R <4 Check: Eh, = 150.00 ft ~ correct! (©) The additional pipe from B to C is identical to pipe 2. As above, Q, = 1313Q, Q, = 210Q,. But now Q, = Q, = 20, + Q + Q = 5.72Q,, s0 now 2750.20, 22509? _ 4750(5.720,"| : a 190 = oomsef AERO" , OE, HET. cout So Q, = 4.65 cfs, Q, = Qs = 26.6 cfs daa * hy * 0.0005032750)26.67(21/12)° = 5971 Cidac = hrs = 0.000 503(2250)4.657/(10/12)* = 60.93 ft + Chdeo = As = 0.000 503(4750)26.64/27/12)$ = 29.36 4 Check: Eh, = 150.00 ft ~ correct! Q,/O, * 26.6723.5 = 1.130, or 13.0% increase in capacity 4 = 0.000503] 5.27195294 sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.117 Ea 8.117 Find the magnitude and direction of the flow in network lines ab 18 cts. “ 400 u and be (Fig. P8.117) after making two sets of corrections. The numbers on the figure are the K values of each line; take n = 2.0. Start by assuming initial flows as follows: 9 cfs in lines ab and a 4200 }350 cd, 6 cfs in lines ac and bd, and 3 cfs in line bc. B BG e 150" a Bos Figure P8.117 Given initial assumptions: 7 Loop A Loop B First approx: Pipe K @ KO PKO| Pipe 2 Ke 2KOl ab 100~«+9~=«+8100~—«1800 bd 350 ~«+6 4200 be 1200 +3—-+10,800 7200 be 1200-3. 7200 ac 250-6 ©9000 3000 a 10-9 2700 +9900 12,000 14,100 AQ = ~(+9900/12,000) = -0.825 AQ = ~(-10,350)/14,100)=+0.734 ‘Second approx. (after first corrections): ab 100 «48.175 «+6683 «1635, bi 350 -+6.734 415,871 4714 be = 1200 +1441 +2492 3458 be = 1200 1.441 —2492 3458 ac 250 -6.825 11.645 3413 ed 150 8.266 -10,249 2480 =2470 8506 +3130 10,652 AQ = ~(-2470/8506) = +0.290 AQ = ~(+3130/10,652) = -0.294 fier second corrections: Flow in line ab = +8,175 + 0.290 = 8.465 cfs fromatob Flow in line be = +1.441 + 0.290 ~ (0.294) = 2.025 cfs frombtoc 4™ St BY” SI Sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.119 295 Find the magnitude and direction of the flow in network isesssameneaaasaaeeanaeuiaae lines ab and be (Fig. P8.118) after making two sets of a corrections. The numbers on the figure are the K values of ‘each line; take n = 2.0, Start by assuming initial flows as zm0| 2500 sop follows: 0.3 mls in lines ab and cd, 0.2 m?/s in lines ac ‘and bd, and 0.1 rt/s in line b. A osmis—ry 35 % Figure P8.118 Given initial assumptions: Loop A ‘Loop B First approx: Pipe KO KG (KI Pipe K Q -KQ ‘(KOI a 200403 +180 «120 bd 800-402 «+320 «320 be 2500 +0.1 425.0 500 be 2500 -25.0 500 ac 5000.2 = =200 200 cd 300 =21.0 180 +23.0 820 =20.0 1000 AQ = ~(+23/820) = -0.028 AQ = -(-20.0/1000) = +0.020 Second approx. (after first corrections): a 200 «+0.272 +14.80 109 bd 800 +0.22 «438.72 352 be 2500 $0.02 +6.76 260 be 2500 0.052 -6.76 260 ac 500 0.228 =25.99 228 ed 300 -0.28 168 =443 597 780 AQ = ~(-443/597) = +0.007 AQ = -(+8.44/780) = -0.011 After second corrections: Flow in line ab = +0.272 + 0.007 = 0.279 mils fromatob Flow in line be = +0.052 + 0.007 ~ (—0.011) = Q.070 mils from btoc | 4 Carry the solution for the pipe network of Fig. P8119 \® through fur tals, 10 find the flow in each poe. For NG simplicity, take n = 2.0 and use the value of f for 7 oan a complete turbulence, as given by Eq. (8.54). ll pipes ‘are cast iron, and are at the same elevation. For initial 00. 200 mm| 104m flows, assume only values of 30, 15, and 0 Lis (the zeros = in dg and fh. If the pressure head at a is 40 m, find the ® pressure head at d (which might represent a fire demand, ew ae ‘for example) neglecting velocity heads. fo Per Eq. 8.65 and Sec. 8.19 (nonrigorous solutions): ee Cy ate hy = KQ? with K = 8fL{(x"gD'). yp }_toen_|p_ 0mm Table 8.1 for ast iron: ¢ = 0.00025 m 125 — 125 m. < Using f = fig for complete turbulence from Eq. 8.54 _ (or Fig. 8.11), the pipe characteristics are: Pipes Lm D,m iD Sosa K ab 250 0.30 0.000 833 0.018 79 160 ac, be 100 0.20 0.001 25 0.02075 536 cd, ed 125 0.20 0.001 25 0.02075 670 of dg, eh 100 0.15 0.001 667 0.02233 2430 ahegh 125 0.25 0.001 00 0.019 64 208296 Sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.119 Initial flow assumptions (Lis): mati Note: +/— signs are used to indicate clockwise! 2 counter-clockwise flows in the loops indicated. a > 2 > Loop A a wot iG 430 Pipe Q = K kg [KnQ’ 30 ab +30 «160 ~—~+144000°~—~—«9600 = 4 je be +30 536 +482. 400 32160 ts o ed +15 670 —+150750 20100 7 Ce, a G ys ed -15 670150750 20100 ac ~30 536 © =482400 32.160 1144000114120 15 AQ = ~(+144 000/114 120 = -1.26 Lis Loop € Loop B Pemsomerme cn, Pipe Q KOKO _—=iknQh "| ad +15 670 «150750 20100 ed -15 670 _-150750 20100 dg 0 43900 0 ch «+15 2430 4546750 «72.900 eo myo o 0d m0 ° Gf 15 2430 -546750 T2900 dg 396000 93000 4Q = 396 000/93 000 = +4.26 Lis 4Q Pipe __In Loop Lis 2nd Approximation) ‘ab A +30 =1.26 = 428.74 be A +30 1.26 = $28.74 ed A +15 ~1.26 +4.26 +18.00 ed c -15 $1.26 4.26 18.00 ed A -15 -12600 ~4.26 20.52 od B +15 +1260 44.26 +20.52 ac A -30 ~1.26 = 31.26 dg B 0 4426 44.26 48.52 dg c 0 426-4260 = -852 af B 0 +4.26 44.26 gt B 15 44.26 10.74 ch c +15 410.74 gh c 0 4.26 Repeating the same procedure, the subsequent loop corrections AQ in L/s are as follows: Loop ist 2nd 3rd correction A 1.26 +0.11 =0.13 B +4.26 -1.48 +0.28 c $4.26 +0.98 041 ‘The loop corrections are quite rapidly becoming small. Jeont.‘The approximations of the flows Q, in L/s, were as follows: Sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.119 297 Pipe In oop ist ab a +30 be A +30 ed A +15 ed c 15 od A 15 od B +15 ac A 30 dg B 0 ag c 0 gf B 0 g B -15 oh c +15 gh c ° ‘nd $28.74 $28.74 $18.00 18.00 20.52 +20.52 31.26 $8.52 8.52 +4.26 10.74 +10.74 4.26 3rd +28.85) +28.85, 417.3 -17.3 18.93 +18.93 31.15 +6.06 6.06 +2.78 -12.2 +172 -3.28 $28.72 $28.72 +1741 1741 19.34 +19.34 -31.28 46.15 -6.15 +3.06 11.94 +1131 =3.69 ‘This table shows the process of converging, which ‘occurs more slowly in pipes that are common to two oops. Resulting final flows, Lis: Given all pipes (unctions) are at the same elevation. Final approximated flows from a to d from a to c, and 19.34 Lis from c to d. The head losses are given by h, = KQ*. +++ neglecting velocity heads: Pat = Pal¥ ~ Oydoc ~ ea = 9.23m 31.26 Lis 40 ~ 536(32.28/1000) - 670(19.34/1000)? = 40 - 0.523 - 0.251298 sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.120 f Carry the solution for the pipe network of Fig. P8.120 through five trials, to find the flow in each pipe. The a I2+in and 16in pipes are of average cast iron, while the 7 Ten — a] ae ete a 18.in and 24in sizes are of average concrete (e = 0.003 wel 2 | ¢ (fi). Assume n = 2.0, and use the values of f from Eq. 16in}—16in| OP (@.54) for complete turbulence. Ifthe pressure at h is 80 1 si, find the pressure at f. losin A gg Je tein f| sain s|_ a > Per Eg. 8.66 and Sec, 8.19 (nonrigorous solutions): ‘enf dD sata ope hy = KQ? with K = 8fLI(gD*) = f1439.7D%) Jk com if atin Table 8.1 for average cast iron: ¢ = 0.00085 ft SL = Using f = fais for complete turbulence from Eq. 8.54 (or Fig. 8.11), the pipe characteristics are: Figure P8.120 Pipe Mal «oft Df = eD f Dp K-f, 1D" ab avgcone 1000 150 000200 0.0233. 759 0.0772 be — avgconc | 500 1:50 0.00200 0.0233 759 0.0386 ed —avgcone 5001150 0.00200 0.0233 759 0.0386 gf aveCl 5001.00 0.00085 0.0188 1.00 0.237 fe avgCl. 5001.00 0.00085 0.0188 1.00 0.237 hi avgcone 1000 2.00 0.00150 0.0218 32.00 0.01715 ij avgcone 1000 2.00 0.00150 0.0218 32.00 0.01715 ah —avgcone 1600 2.00 0.00150 0.0218 32.00 0.0274 be avgCl. 8001.33 0.00062 0.0175 4.21 0.0836 ei avgcone 800 1.50 0.00200 0.0233 7.59 0.0618, F avgCl. 800 133 0.00062 0.0175. 4.21 0.0836, dg wgCl. 800133 0.00062 0.0175 4.21 0.0836 gi__avgcone 800150 0.00200 0.0618 Initial flow assumptions (cfs): 7 % 3 Wh 7 i 5 ij Ieont...See. 8.32, Prov. 8.120 299 Fics aporoximiition (note that +/— signs are used to indicate clockwise/counter-clockwise flows im the oops indicated): Loap A Loop B Pie 0p KOs Wid! Pipe yO Vidal ha +3 +0.247 0.0823 be +2 +0.1545 0.0772 ab +3 (+0.695 0.232 tf +2 +0.335 0.1673 be +1 0.0836 be -1 0.0836. 0.0836, hE 7 0.1200 ge 2 0.947 0.473 ie -4 9287 — —_ = 0.765 z 0.541 0.801 (AQ = ~(-0.803"@2 x 0.765) = +0.525 cfs 4Q = ~(-O.541¥@ x 0.801) = +0.338 cfs re Pipe Qa Koy Vid Qol Pipe Qo XQ Hal a 0.000 0.000 ee fot 0.237 g +2 +0.947 0.473 gf -2 0.1673 yj -3 -0.isa3 0st 2 oer js 3 0556 0.1854 ¢ -1 =o = ont E -0s asi E 0.989 Liss AQ = 4-OSTIV(2 x 0.571) = 0379 cfs AQ = (+O.989)(2 x 1.194) = -O414 cfs After 5 trials, the flows (cfs) withia approx 155 are: ab = 3.54; be = 248; cd = 0.40; of = LAT: af = 148; = be = 1.06; fe = 3.41; of = 2.08; ad = 1.60; je 305 44 ‘Head loss (Eq. 8.95) from h tof (any pathy: i = 0.716 ft; de = 0.719 8; of = 0.511 My Total = 1.945 ft. py = 80 ~ L9AS(GLAYIdE = 80 - 0.843 = 792 pel 4 46: Yi = 3.08; ha = 3.54300 Difficulty Length Pans Chapter 9 Forces on Immersed Bodies si PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE Special features 9.3 Laminar Boundary Layer for Incompressible Flow Along a Smooth Flat Plate x!93.1 9.3.2 9.33 Pol 92 93 94 Medium Short Short Medium Medium Medium Short Medium 1 1 P93 P94 X9.3.2 x9.3.3 Derivation; differentiation. Proof; integration, differentiation. 9.4 Turbulent Boundary Layer for Incompressible Flow Along a Smooth Flat Plate X94 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.44 945 Pos 9.6 97 9.8 99 9.10 9.5 Friction X9.5.1 9.5.2 9.5.3 9.1 9.12 913 9.14 ous 9.16 9.7 For all Exercise BG N BG SI BG Bzzz SL SI V Easy V Easy Easy Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium VE: V Short V Shor. Short Medium Medium Short Short Short Medium Medium V Short 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 I 3 i 1 P98 $9.2 P99 9.10 ‘The beach ‘Must solve, or have Ans (0, Exer 9.3.3 Power Derivation; integration. Derivation; integration Derivation, Must solve, or have Ans to, Prob 9.4 Power ‘The beach Drag for Incompressible Flow Along a Smooth Flat Plate with a Transition Regime BG BG sl N st BG BG BG BG st ( Easy Medium Medium V Easy Medium Medium Medium Mediurn Medium Medium Short Medium Medium V Short Medium Medium Long Medium V Long, V Long. 1 1 2 2 1 1 A 2 9.12 9.13 X9.5.2 X9.5.3 9.4 9.17 9.16 Proof, Plots Plots See note with solution. Plots See nove with solution; interpol’n. Pots Foon. entified by "X"), answers are given in Appendix F of the textbook. + Answers are sensitive to values (Cy Cp 7, a) that must be read from a graph. X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, S = Sample Problem.ft 9.8 99 9.10 Exer/Prob Drag on Three-Dimensional Bodies (Incompressible Flow) Easy X71 9.72 9.73 914 9.78 976 9.17 9.78 P 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.30 931 Drag on Two-Dimensional Bodies (Incompressible Flow) X 98.1 9.8.2 P 9.32 9.33 Lift and Circulation X99. BG SL SI 888 st SI 8388 BG BG SI SI BG Easy Easy Medium Medium Medium, Ideal Flow About a Cylinder Xx 9.10.1 9.10.2 P 9.34 9.35 9.36 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.40 9.41 9.42 BG SI N BG BG BG SI BG SI BG St V Easy V Easy ‘Medium Medium, ‘Medium Medium Medium Easy Easy Medium Medium Medium Medium Long Medium Short Medium Medium Short Short Medium, Medium, Medium i 2 2 9.12 974 P9.19 9.23, 9.24 94.7 9.7.6 301 ‘Special features Assume R <1 and confirm Assume R < 1 and confirm t + Make assumption. Power + ‘Ass. R > 1000, confirm. Parachute ‘Ass. R > 1000, confirm. Parachute tT&E 9.20,X9.7.3 + Plot 9.19 9.22 9.21 X9.14 X9.7.5 9.26 9.25 9.28 9.27 9.10.2 9.10.1 9.38 9.37 9.40 9.39 9.42 AL + Plot tT&E +T&E +t Make assumption. Power + + Uses Fig. 9.13 of (next) Sec. 9.8 + Uses Fig. 9.13 of (next) Sec. 9.8 +7 & E, interpolation tT&E tT&E + Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7). Football + Rowing Proof; integration. + Interpolation Plot Plot Baseball Baseball Joon.302 k Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features 9.12 Induced Drag on Airfoil of Finite Length X92 St Medium Medium 3 P9.43 P943 BG Medium Medium 3 X9.12.1 9.13 Lift and Drag Diagrams X9N31 BG Easy = VShort «1 9.13.2 Sailplane 9.13.2 St Easy = VShort 1 9.13.1 Sailplane 9.13.3 BG Medium Medium 4 Power P 9.44 SI Medium Medium 1 9.45 t 945 BG Medium Medium 1 9.44 t 9.46 N= Medium Medium 1 t 9.47 BG Medium Long 1 Interpolation. Kite flying. 9.48 Sl Medium Medium = 3 t 1 9.49 BG Medium Long Interpolation, T & B. Sailplane 9.14 Effects of Compressibility on Drag and Lift X9.141 BG Medium Medium 2 9.16.2 9 9.14.2 SI Medium Medium 2 9.141 9 + P950 BG Hard Long 1 9.51 9.51 St Hard = Long 19.50 9.52 BG Medium Long 1 9.53, tTRE 9.53 St Medium Long = 1 9.52 TTRESec. 9.3 303 Chapter 9 FORCES ON IMMERSED BODIES Sec. 9.3: Laminar Boundary Layer for Incompressible Flow Along a Smooth Flat Plate ~ Exercises (3) 9.3.1 93.2 9.3.3 SI For the critical Reynolds number of 500,000 for transition from laminar to turbulent flow in the boundary layer, find the corresponding critical Reynolds number for flow in a circular pipe. How does this compare with the value given in Chap. 8? (Hint: Let the boundary-layer thickness correspond to the radius of the ipe in laminar flow, and let the undisturbed velocity U of the boundary layer theory represent the centerline VELOCHEY tpg Of the pipe flow.) Eq. 9.10: 2 - —42!_ - o.00694, +. R = 500,000 = Ut ~ * 500,000" Since: 6 corresponds to radius, D/2, U corresponds to Upay = 2p) by 500,000 = 2VDr) BY. B.,,. = 500,000(0.006 94) = < Then for pipe flow. FOR soma PY. R.,, = 500,000(0.00694) = 3470 ‘This is a fair check with the value of 2000 given in Chapter 8. 4 Determine the shear stress at 9 in and 18 in back from the leading edge ofthe plate in Sample Prob. 9. Sample Prob. 9.1: The plate is 6 in wide x 18 in long, placed longitudinally in oil (5 = 0.925, » 0.001 05 f/sec) lowing with undisturbed U = 2 fps. Eg. 9.11: r = 0.332(uUIS)R) where (See. 9.3) R, = xUJv, which increases linearly in the downstream direction, <1. B= vp = 0.001 05(0.925)(62.4/32.2) = 0.001 882 Ib-sec/ft” * y % 0.75 1429 (0.0630 Ibi 15 ft 2860 0.0445 Ib/ft? ry Find the shear stress and the thickness ofthe boundary layer (a) atthe center and %) atthe railing edge of 4 smooth flat plate 3.0 m wide and 0.6 m lng paralel othe flow, immersed in 13°C water flowing af an tindisurbed velocity of 0.9 mis. assume a laminar boundary layer over the whole plate. Also, (0) find the toxal fiction drag on one side ofthe plate, Table A.1 for water at 15°C: p = 999.1 kg/m?, v= 1.13910 m/s, w= 0.001 139 N-s/m? (@ Aton, x = 03m, R, = 22 0309) v 1.139 x 10 For R, < 500000 the boundary layer wil be laminar if undisturbed, 49103) 237 000% = 237000 From Eq. 9.10: 3 = 0.00303 m = 3.03 mm 4 Ba, 9.11: y= 0x2 222289 0519991 = 552 Nt () Attrailing edge x = 0.6 m, R, = 474000, 4 = 0.00428 m= 428mm 4 = 0391 Nim? 4 (©) Drag on one side of plate: Eq. 9.14: C, = 1.328/474 000" = 0,001 929 Bg. 9.2: F, = (0.001 929)999.10.97/2)3.000.6) = 1405 kerm/s = 1405N304 sec. 9.3, Prob. 9.3 Sec. 9.3: Laminar Boundary Layer for Incompressible Flow Along a Smooth Flat Plate -- Problems 9.1-9.4 94 Given the general equation for a parabola, u = a)? + by + ¢, derive the dimensionless velocity distribution of Eq. (9.9). N (@) w= ay? + by +c; differentiating: duldy = 2ay+b Boundary conditions: (1) Aty =0,4=0 @ Aty=8ueU @) Aty = 8, duldy = 0 (6) From (1): ¢ = 0 From (2): U = ad* + bd From (3): (duldy),. = 208 +b = 0; 1. b= 208 ‘Substitute for b into (2): U = aé* - 2aé* = -ad* Then, a « -U/S; b= 20/3, and 2. w= (Uy? + QU/DY With = 9/4, u/U = ln) = -n? + 2 which is Eq. (9.9) QED. 92 Given the parabolic velocity distribution of Eq. (9.9), prove that 4.9.2). 4. (9.9): WU = fin) = 2m - 0.1333 (in Eq. 9.5) and B = 2.0 (in From Eq. 9.5: a = f.\f(m)ll - flaldn;, substituting for f(n) from Eq. 9.9: a= [en ~ ait ~ an + nan = f'@n ~ Sn? ~ 4n? - nbd syn" = Un? = 3)? + a 1333 p= 20% . [afin B= 40 -m), 2972 -2ml,.97 20 < a 93 Determine the shear stress at 150 mm and 300 mm back from the leading edge of the plate in Sample Prob. 91. Sample Prob. 9.1: The plate is 150 mm wide x 500 mm long, placed longitudinally in oil (s = » = 0.73 x10 m*/s) flowing with undisturbed U = 0.60 mis. 925, st See. 9.3: R, = xU/v = x(0.60)/(0.73 x 104) = 8220x , which increases linearly downstream. = vp = 0.73 x 10°4(0.925)1000 N-st/m? = 0.0675 N-s/m? Eg. 9.11: ty = 0:332(uU/r)(R)°* = 0.332(0.0675 x 0.60/x)(8220x)! = 1.219/x'? x R, = 8220 fo = 12197 0.15 m 1233 3.15 Nia 0.30 m 2470 2.23 NimP *94 BG Sec. 9.4, Prob. 9.4 305 Find the shear stress and the thickness of the boundary layer (a) at the center and (b) at the trailing edge of 4 smooth, flat plate 10 fe wide and 2 ft long parallel to the flow, immersed in 60°F water flowing at an undisturbed velocity of 3 fos. Assume a laminar boundary layer over the whole plate. Also, (c) find the total friction drag on one side of the plate. Table A.1 for water at 60°F: p = 1.938 slug/R?, v = 121710 fs, = 2359.10" Ib-seelft? wy 13) v 1.217 x 10% For R, < 500,000 boundary layer will be laminar if undisturbed. (@ Atcenter,x = 18, Ry = 247,000 Bq. 9.10: 8 = $910. oo09 89 fe = 0.1187 inches 247,000" Eq. 9.11: ty + 03322359 x 19°93.247,99q)2 001167 Ibi? < © Attraling edge x = 28, R, = —2@ __ < 493,000 1217 x 10% 6 = 4912). 0.01399 or 0.1678 inches 493,000 0.332(2.359 x 10°*)(3/2)493,000"" = 0.00825 Ib/ft? — 1328 - 001 891 493,000 193,000! 1330 Ib (©) Drag on one side of plate: Eg. 9.14: Gy = Eq. 9.2: F, = 0.001 891(1.938)372)(10)2 = See. 9.4: Turbulent Boundary Layer for Incompressible Flow Along a Smooth Flat Plate ~ Exercises (5) 94.1 BG 9.4.2 A lifeguard determines the wind velocity 6 ft above the beach to be 25 fos. If one wishes to get out ofthe ‘wind by lying down, what would be the velocity at (a) 0.5 ft, and () at 1.0 ft above beach level? Use the seventh-root law to approximate the velocity profile. Eq. 9.20 (and 8.49): = 25676)!" @ os = 250.516)!" = 17.53 fps 4) typ = 25(5)"" = 9.38 fps Compute C, for R = 107 using Eqs. (9.25) and (9.26), and compare the two values. 073s _ 0.0735 | R® cove 0455 _ 0.455 Cogioye® P# ‘The two values of G, agree closely (within 2.6%). 4 Eq. 9.25: CG, 0.00293 << Eq. 9.26: C, 00300 <306 sec. 9.4, Prob. 9.4 943 9.4.4 SI Find the shear stress on the sides of the van in Sample Prob. 9.2 at (a) 2 ft, (b) 12 ft, and (c) 22 ft back from the leading edge of the sides. ‘Sample Prob. 9.2: U = 88 fps, » = 0.000152 fi"sec, p = 0.00242 slugift ue, cB sec. 9. Given: U = 88 fps, v = 0.000152 ft/sec, p = 0,002.42 Ib-sec*ftt s+ 0.0587 p(U772) = 0.0587(0.002.42 th:se<*fh')(88%7) A/c? = 0.550 Ib/N® and cq = O.S50/R!" Ibit? Eq. 9.22: ro * 0.0587p: . 7H RP Te @ 2ft 1,158,000 16.32 0.0337 Ib/ft? o 12 ft 6,950,000 23.35 0.0236. Ib/ft? © 22 ft 12,740,000 26.36 0.0209 Ib/ft? * Assume that the boundary layer of Exer. 9.3.3 is disturbed near the leading edge. Compute the corresponding quantities for the turbulent boundary layer covering the entire plate, and compare the resuls Exer. 9.3.2: A smooth, flat plate 3.0 m wide x 0.6 m long parallel 10 the flow is immersed in 15°C water (p = 999.1 kg/m?) flowing at undisturbed U = 0.9 mis. Find +, and 6 at (a) the center (where x 0.3 m and R, = 237 000) and (0) the trailing edge (where x = 0.6 m and R, = 474 000). Also (c) find Fon one side. 3,037 _ osm center of plate: x = 03m, R= 237000; Bq.9.21: 2 « 0377. 0371 . gos17 (@ Atcenter of plate: x= 0.3m, Ry moa: 2» 2 oat 5 = 03000317) = 000952 m= 952mm < ost 1 9.22: ty = 0.0587(999.1 22 (1) « 1.999 Nim? Eq to oxssresai°2 |.) Ni (©) Avtrailing edge: x = 6 = 001657 m= 1657mm 1740 Nin? (o ‘Tem dng on oe ste of pag, for < 107. 4,925: 6, = OUTS. 075 . oe9539 474000 13.65 Eg. 9.2: F, » 0.005 38(999.1)0.97/2)3.0)0.6 = 392N ‘The shear stresses, boundary-layer thicknesses, and total friction drag for this turbulent boundary layer are 2.8—4.5 times greater than those for a laminar boundary layer (Exer. 9.3.2).96 97 Sec. 9.4, Prob. 9.7 307 A 280-f-long streamlined train has 8.5-f-high sides and an 8-ft-wide top. Compute the power required to ‘overcome the skin-friction drag when the train is traveling at 90 mph through the ICAO standard atmosphere at sea level, assuming the drag on the sides and top to be equal to that on one side of a flat late 25 ft wide and 280 ft long. ‘Table A.3 for air at sea level: p = 0.002377 slugift?, v = 0.0001572 f%/sec. With V = 90(44/30) = 132.0 fps, Eq. 7.6: R = 280(132.0V0.000 1572 = 2.35 x 10° R > 500,000, so boundary layer is turbulent. ASR > 10’, Eq. 9.26: C, = 0.001 893, os Eq. 9.2: F, = Cyp(V¥/2)BL = 0,001 893(0.002 377)(1327/2)(25)280 Power = FV/SS0 = 274(132)550 = 65.9 hp 4 274 tb : Turbulent Boundary Layer for Incompressible Flow Along a Smooth Flat Plate ~ Problems 9.59.10 Derive Eq. (9.19) along the lines suggested in the text. 0.023 ax Rearranging Eq. 9.18: 8! d5 = au Integrating, with 6 = 0 at x =0; 4g% = 00232 5 a(Uy)* 0288) Matiply by $ and tke $ rot: 8 ge" which is Eq. 9.19) QED. 4 Uy, For the turbulent boundary layer, derive the value of = 0.0972 from the seventh-root law given in Eq. 9.20). Eq. 9.20: w= Unl? or fin) = nl” Then « = {fintl - foadldn = [nia ~ a! From the information given, derive Eq. (9.22). Eg. 9.17: ty = 0.023pU% (su)! Eq. 9.19 with « = 0.0972: 6 = O.377%v/(Us))%« which is Eq. 9.21. ose) Tsar) | = oasere(vrny x)" = onsere ie QED. < Substituting this 6 into Eq. 9.17: 0.023. ,ya_vit-102 037 (unite308 sec. 9.4, Prob. 9.10 9.8 BG 99 sl 9.10 st ‘Assume that the boundary layer of Prob. 9.4 is disturbed near the leading edge. Compute the corresponding quantities for the turbulent boundary layer covering the entire plate, and compare the results. Prob. 9.4: A smooth flat plate 10 ft wide x 2 ft long parallel to the flow is immersed in 60°F water (p = 1.938 slugift') flowing at undisturbed U = 3 fps. Find +, and & at (a) the center (where x = 1 ft and R, = 247,000) and (b) the trailing edge (where x = 2 ft and R, = 493,000). Also (c) find F, on one side. 0377_ _ 037 é (a) At center of plate: x = 1.0 ft, = 247,000 ; 1. 9.21: = = @ PI R Eq. x 247,000 ~ 1198 = 0.0315 . 8 = 1.0(0.0315) = 0.0315 ft = 0.378 inches 4 1.0587(1.938)(37/2)(1/11.98) = 0.0427 Ib/f? << 2.0, R, = 493,000 0.377 493,000" Bq, 9.22: 4 = 010587(1.938)342)(1/13.76) = 0.0372 Ibi? 0073s -493,000°2 Eq, 9.2: F, = 0.005 34(1.938)3#2)(10)2.0 = 0.932 Ib ‘The shear stresses, boundary-layer thicknesses, and total friction drag for this turbulent boundary layer are 2.8~4.5 times greater than those for a laminar boundary layer (Prob. 9.4). 2O03TT _ 9.9548 f= 0.658 in < 13.76 Bg. 9.21: 4 = 20. (©) Total drag on one side, for R < 10": Eq. 9.25: G, 4 85-m-long streamlined train has 2.5-m-high sides and a 2.5-m-wide top. Compute the power required to ‘overcome the skin-friction drag when the train is traveling at 40 m/s through the ICAO standard atmosphere at sea level, assuming the drag on the sides and top 10 be equal 10 that on one side of a flat plate 7.5 m ‘wide and 85 m tong. Table A.3 for air at sea level: p = 1.225 kg/m, » = 1461 x 10° m/s 045s ——2455___- 0.001 896 Mog(2.33 x 105° 7.6: R= 2069) __ = 2.33 x 10; Bq. 9.26: G, oe 14.61 x 10% t Eq. 9.2: F, = 0.001 896(1.225\4072)(7.5)85 = 1184 N Power = 1184(40) = 47400 W = 47.4kW 4 A lifeguard determines the wind velocity 2 m above the beach to be 8 m/s. If one wishes to get out of the ‘wind by lying down, what would be the velocity at (a) 0.15 m; (2) at 0.3 m above beach level? Use the seventh-root law to approximate the velocity profile. Eq. 9.20 (and 8.49): u = 8/2)!” @) Hays * 800.1572)" = 553 mis 4 (6) tay = 800.32)" = 6.10 misSec. 9.5, Prob. 9.10 309 Friction Drag for Incompressible Flow Along a Smooth Flat Plate with a Transition Regime ~ Exercises 95.1 A 7.Sft by 1.5-ft smooth, thin, flat plate with sharpened edges is submerged in 60°F water moving with a velocity of 1.4 fps in the direction of the 7.5 ft length. What is the total drag? Table A.1 for 60°F water: p = 1.938 slugs/fi?; » = 1.217 x 10° fi%/sec 75(1.4) 1217 x 105 Eq. 7.6: R = 863,000 1700_ _ 0.455 = 0,001 970 = 0.00263 2 x 0.002 63(1.938)(1.47/2)(1.5)7.5 = 0.1124 Ib for 2 sides < 95.2 An J-in-diameter harpoon 6 ft long, with a sharp tip, is launched at 20 fps into 60°F water. Find (a) the riction drag: (b) the maxinium thickness of the boundary layer. 217 x 10 Ase (@) Table A.1 for 60°F water: p = 1.938 slugs/ft’; » Secs. 9.3 and 9.5: x, = = 0304 f Rev | $00,00001.217 x 10° v 20 c. x, 6.27 f (urbulentB.L.), Eqs. 9.21 and 9:22 apply: 8 = 03775 sy 292 Re aR RI ag ee R, 300,000 574,000 765,300 1,195,800 ai 0.19 = 0319802 0.574 << 0 50 0.234 0206 0.1944 0.1778 a4 Area A under stress curve = [rude = 4.47 Ibyt (by intgration), so drag = AB = 4.47(1.5) = 6.71 Thiside ‘This compares very well with the previously above computed drag of F, = 6.44 Ibiside. Actually the 6°s and the 14°s inthe second table ae too large because they represent values for the case of a turbulent boundary layer over the entire length.312 Sec. 9.5, Prob. 9.15 For velocities of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 fps, make the necessary calculations to plot drag vs. velocity 9s ‘Jor the plate and data of Prob. 9.14, Prob. 9.14: L = 25 ft, B= 1.5 ft, p = 1.554 slugift, 1 = 0.000 26 lb-seci/ft’, R, = 300,000. BG vt 0.07355, Sec. 9.5: Fy = pa a u Given R, = ~P% = 300,000, ». x, = 502, RM = 548, RIS = 12.46 # Up, 25(U)1554 eB R = We , 2501554, s49,s00y; 22 ~~ 0.00026 anos a 1.328, ors, 1.1660" fe 4, 045505) _ OUT) « 1.16602 1138 - 0.003 48, HB” dogRy® 1246 Gos R* vy 0 10 20 30 0 30 60 (fps) x | - 502 251 1.673 1.254 1.004 0.836 (ft) SO er er CE) Pi Sie Oe