Transformers

Arvind Sharma
Introduction
Generation voltages: 11 kV and 6.6 kV.

To transmit power voltages need to be increased to greater levels i.e. 132 kV or

220 kV or more and then decrease at distribution substations to 11kV and 440V.

For this transformers are used.

Static Device

Not a conversion device but transfers power from one circuit to another while
changing its levels of voltages and currents but keeping power levels constant.
The raising and lowering of voltages is accomplished through power transformers.

In this regard power transformers are classified into:

Step up transformers

Step Down Transformers.

Classification on the basis of construction
1. Core type
2. Shell Type
Lower voltage on the inner side of core and higher voltage on the outer side to
reduce the amount of insulation required.
Comparison
1. Design:

Core type T/F have simpler design and easier to repair and dismantle.

The windings are easily accessible in case of core type transformer.

2. Leakage reactance:

Space between windings is large and it cannot be subdivided further therefore

the leakage reactance is more in core type.

In shell type the windings can be subdivided and space in between is less so
leakage reactance is less.
3. Force of Repulsion:

The current direction in primary and sec are opposite therefore force of
repulsion exist in between them.

The force increases many folds when short circuit occurs.

The effect of force is more

in core type than shell type.
4. Cooling:

Since winding area more exposed in Core type so better cooling in windings
compared to shell type.

In shell type the cooling is better in core compared to windings.

Since windings and it insulation is the main part of t/f circuitry therefore, core
type transformer preferred.
1 ph and 3ph transformer
1 phase core type:
1 phase shell type:
3 phase transformers
3 phase network can be obtained by using:

1. 3 1 ph t/f’s connected in form of a bank

2. A 3 ph transformer
Transformer Bank:

3 independent t/fs with primary and sec connected either in star or delta.

3 ph transformers:

3 legged core with one set of windings on each leg.

At a particular instance maximum positive(upward) flux flows through r phase leg

and half of the maximum negative (downward) fux flows through each of the other
two windings
Core type 3 ph t/f
3 ph shell type transformer:
Advantages of 3 ph bank over 3 ph t/f
Cheaper:

Use less material, are lighter.

Less amount of transformer oil, less size of t/f tank.

Less no. of bushing as connections can be made internally.

Saving of auxiliary apparatus.

Efficient:

Smaller path length of magnetic circuit.

Less volume of core so less core loss.

Disadvantages
Very heavy, difficulty in transportation

In event of fault whole unit needs to be replaced where as , if one unit of bank is
down rest can supply power at reduced capacity of 58 % in open delta
connection.
3 phase t/f Connection
Star Connection Delta Connection

1. Vp=Vl/√3 Vp=Vl

2. Lower Insulation Req.(Saving significant Higher Insulation Req.

only above 11 kV)

3. Current Higher so less no. of turns but Vice versa

bigger dia

4. Can supply 1 ph loads also

3 Winding T/f’s:

Power transmitted over varying distances, most economical t/m required varied
voltages.

V = 5.5√ ((L/1.6) + (P×1000/Cosø × N × 150))

In such cases multiple circuit t/f’s are used.

3 winding T/F - Primary, secondary and tertiary

Rated kVA of t/f = largest rated KVA of its windings

Applications:

1. To supply additional load at different centers

2. To supply phase compensating equipments like capacitors and operating at
different voltages.
3. The star star or star/zig zag transformers a delta connected tertiary winding
allows the flow of compensating current limiting the voltage imbalance.
Power vs D/b
T/f
Core Construction
Rectangular Stepped

Easier Lamination Construction Difficult lamination const.

More condr. Material in windings Less condr material in windings

 Modern core type construction

FIve limb construction:

Due to transportation constraints height of the T/F need to be decreased. For this

The height of yoke is reduced using 5 legged t/f instead of 3

Yoke dimensions= 58 % of the principal yoke

Legs dimensions= 45 % of the principal limb x section.

4 yoke 1 phase core:

Return path of flux is through 4 yokes.

Reduced the size of the transformer by 4 times.

Iron loss and no load current can be decreased if the flux lines are made to flow
along the directions of grains rolled this is achieved with the help of mitred joints.
35 deg/ 55 deg mitre improves the flow of flux around the corners. 45 deg mitre
reduced the wastage in cutting.
Cooling of cores
Transformer windings
Factors affecting types and arrangement of windings:

a. Current rating
b. Short ckt strength
c. Surge voltage
d. Transportation
e. Impedance
f. Temp rise.
Types:

1. Cylindrical
2. Helical
a. Double helical
b. Multilayer helical
3. Cross over
4. Disc and continuous dsc
5. Aluminium foil
 Cylindrical winding
a. Single layer rectangular condr (upto 6.6kV mainly 400V & 600-750 kVA
b. Multiple layer circular condr (6.6 kV/11kV/33kV, 600-1000kVA
Helical
150 kVA - 30 MVA,

400 - 11 kV or 33 kV
Aluminium
Foil
Windings
T/f Windings
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yRu-a9HjXI
Output Equation
https://www.brainkart.com/article/Output-Equations-and-Main-Dimensions--Design-of-Transformers_12291/