Question 1

Data given :
Coarse grain soil =17.4
Fraction angel=37
Clay soil cohesion=66
Fck=30
Fyk=500
1−sin ° 1−sin 37
Ka= 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛° = 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛37=0.24 °

Pa=0.5×17.4×3.032 ×0.24=19.169 KN
Qa=(Q×Ka×H)
Qa=(15×2.7×0.24)=9.72 KN
𝑝𝑎𝑢 =1.35 Gk =(1.35 ×19.169)=25.871 KN
𝑄𝑎𝑢 =1.5 ×QK=(1.5×9.72)=14.58 KN
Calculating the horizontal force=9.72+14.58=24.3 KN
Calculating the moment from the center=(𝑝𝑎𝑢 ×level Aram)+( 𝑄𝑎𝑢 ×level Aram)
2.7 0.3 2.7 0.3
(25.871× 3 × 2 )+(14.58× 3 × 2 )=42.46 KN/𝑚3

Check if it double or single reinforcement by assuming :

(cover = 49 ,D=300,b=1000,e=21)
𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑛𝑡 42.46×106
K=𝑏 𝑑2 𝐹𝑐𝑘=1000× 3002 ×30=0.0157 which is single reinforcement.

3×𝑘0
Z=d(0.5+√0.25 − =295.78
3.4

42.46×106
Area of steel=0.87×500×295.78=330𝑚2
330
Manual number of bars=3.14×202 /4 =1.01 which is 1.
 Force Aram Moment C Force Moment
Design Design
Base 0.3×2.3×25=17.25 1.14 19.665 1.35 23.2 26.54
slab
Wall 2.7×0.3×25=20.25 0.14 2.835 1.35 27.3 3.8272
steam
Load 17.4×2.7×2=93.96 1+0.3=1.3 122.148 1.35 126.84 164.89
of soil
Sub 15×2=30 1+0.3=1.3 39 1.5 45 58.5
charge
of hell
sum 161.46 - 183.648 - 200.5 253.75
Soil 0.5×2.72×17.4×0.24=15.22 1 15.22 1.35 15.22 67.547
back fill
Sub 15×2=30 1.5 45 1.5 45 67.5
charge
Sum 45.22 - 60.22 - 60.22 88.047
Table (1): showing result of moment and force.
∑MR=∑DM=253.75
RVD=∑DF=200.5
∑M0=88.047
∑RVD=∑MR-∑M0
253.75-88.047=165.703 KN
∑𝑀𝑅−∑𝑀0
X= ∑𝑅𝑉𝐷

253.75−88.047
X= =0.826
200.5

Where B=2.3 and X=0.826

𝐵
e= 2 − 𝑥
2.3
= − 0.826=0.324
2
𝐵 2.3
= 2 = 0.38
6
𝐵
So >e Hence ok
6
∑𝑅𝑉𝐷 6×𝑒
Q (Max)= 𝐵
×(1+ 2.3 )=
165.703 6×0.324
×(1+ )=132.9 KN/M
2.3 2.3
∑𝑅𝑉𝐷 6×𝑒
Q(Min)= )= ×(1- 2.3 )=
𝐵
165.703 6×0.324
×(1- )=11.15 KN/M
2.3 2.3
2 2.3
=
𝑥 132.9−11.15

X=105.86
243.5
Y= =105.86
2.3

 Finding moment (MED)

MED=(0.3×2×25×1.15)+(93.96×1.15)+(30×1.15)-(11.15×2×1.15)-(132.9-
2
11.15)×(0.5×2.15×3+0.15)=10.89 KN
𝑀𝑒𝑑
Find the AS1=𝑂.87×𝐹𝑌×𝑧

10.89×106
k=30×3002 ×1000=0.004

3×0.004
z=300(0.5+√0.25 − =298.93
3.4

10.89×106
As1(minimum)= 0.87×500×298.93=83.74𝑚𝑚2

0.95d= 0.95×300=285𝑚𝑚2
Will choose 285 because it with high value.
AS(Maximum)= (0.04×A×c)
=(0.04×1000×300)=12000𝑚𝑚2
Hence the reinforcement required met.
Discussion:
Some consideration of the results has been achieved, which is the stability of the structure of
retention so as not to talk to the problems of the structure and then the calculation of the strength
of the favorable and the unfavorable as well as the moments of stability and instability as well as
the design of each part of the structure, whether the heel or leg or the finger of the cod.
Destabilization is less than the value of moment stability as well as value of
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑢𝑚 =219.31𝑚𝑚2 and 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 =13200𝑚𝑚2
Given data :
GK=1800
QK=1300
Qall=200
Cover=1.5
Column size(400×300)
Clay cohesion(C) =66
Fraction angel=37
Coarse grained soil=17.4
 Serviceability limit state
NED= (1×1800)+(1×1300)=3100 KN
𝑁𝐸𝐷 3100
- Footing plan Area= 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 200 =15.5𝑚2
- Assume foundation in plan of rectangular
A=B×L
15.5
B= 3.6 =4.3 m

Finding the self-weight=0.62×3×3.6×17.4=116.5 KN

 Ultimate Limit state
Column design load (NED)=1.35GK+1.5 QK
GK=(1800-116.5)=1683.5 KN
NED=(1.35×1683.5)+(1.5×1300)=4222.7 KN
𝑁𝐸𝐷 4222.7
Bending pressure Q g= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = =272.43 KN/𝑚2
15.5

Determine the critical section for bending moment.

X=1.5-0.15= 1.35 m
1.35
MED= (272.43×1.35× 3.6)×( )=893.7 KN.m
2

Assume, ( H=610 ,cover=50 and angel =15)

D=(610-50-15)=545mm
𝑀𝐸𝐷 893.7×106
K0=𝐹𝐶𝐾×𝑏×𝑑2 = 30×3000×5452=0.033
Hence 0.033 <0.167 so it single reinforced.

3×𝑘0
Z=d(0.5+√0.25 − =528.6 mm
3.4

893.7×106
Calculating the AS=0.87×500×528.6=38886.6𝑚𝑚2

3.14×152
Area of single bar= =176.62 𝑚𝑚2
4
3886.6
Number of bars=176.62=22 bars

Area provided= 22×176.62=3885.64 𝑚𝑚2

0.3×30
As (Minimum)= 0.26 × ×3000×545=7651.6 𝑚𝑚2
500
100×3849.5
Actual reinforcement area= =0.035
300×3600

AS Minimum> 0.00136×d ×check

7651.8>2223.6 which is ok.
AS(MAX)= 0.4×(3000×610)=73200𝑚𝑚2
AS(Minimum)<AS provided<AS Maximum
Which is ok.
∅
S=b-2(cover+2 )=
15
=3000-2(50+ 2 )=288.5
𝑠 288.5
Spacing= 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 = =131.13 mm
𝑏𝑎𝑟 22

Check for shear

𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
X= 2 - -d
2
3 0.3
X= - - 0.545= 0.805 m
2 2

Ved= Qg ×( L×X)=
VED = 272.43×(3.6×3.6×0.805)=789.5KN

200
K=(1+√
𝑑

200
K=(1+√545=1.6
Where is 1.6 ≤ 2 which is ok...
Average steel ratio in both directions
𝐴𝑆 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 3885.64
Pt= .=3000×545=0.002<0.02 Hence okay.
𝑏𝑤×𝑑
1
VRD= (0.12 ×1.6×(100×0.002×30)3 × 3000 × 545=570.430
VRD <VED which is mean shear reinforcement required but not for foundation.
b) result of Stad foundation software design.

Figure ( 1): check for trial depth against moment about X AXIS.
 Figure (2): check trial depth for one-way shear along x- Axis.

Figure (3): completing steps of checking trial depth for one-way shear along x- Axis.
 Figure (4): check trial depth of punching shear.

Figure (5): completing steps of check trial depth of punching shear.

DiscussionQ4:
In manually part investigated that I should increase the footing foundation thickness to
increase the value of VRD than VED because my value of VRD was lower than VED. After
assumed the dimension as various number in software the dimension, moment and shear
changing referred the various number which I used that different than manually
Conclusion:
I was able to understand some geological mathematical problems and find solutions based on
my knowledge and studies related to it. Through my results I was able to understand the idea
of the design of the retaining wall and the need for accurate calculations in the design to
resist the soil or any external force that may affect failure and how to work these walls
against any pressure or power. In the second question I was able to know all the information
about earthen dam’s types and how they design and their initiatives and how to reduce the
problem of leakage in seepage while in the third question. Through using a two different
piles with the same dimension but in with different soil and I calculated the ultimate load
capacity for cohesionless soil acting as individual but couldn’t as group because value of cu
will equal to zero so the process stop there when the ultimate load capacity acting as
individual into saturated soil because the value was less then acting than group , finally in
last question I get knowledge about the designing of pad foundation by using some Eurocode
standard and at the end I concluded that I supposed to change the footing the foundation to
shear reinforcement be required sustainable and also after compared my manually result to
Stad foundation I found that there are a various change in bending moment and shear
reinforcement than manually because the dimensions changes.