Assignment #02 (17-13253) Mark Hernandez BSIS

Network Terms & Definitions BIT311 - Data Communication & Networking

October 18, 2019 1st Semester SY 2019-2020
Professor - Mr. Irvin Villanueva

Network Terms & Definitions

NETWORK ADDRESSING

Is an identifier for a node or host on a telecommunications network. Network addresses are

designed to be unique identifiers across the network, although some networks allow for local,
private addresses or locally administered addresses that may not be unique

ROUTING

Routing refers to establishing the routes that data packets take on their way to a particular
destination. This term can be applied to data traveling on the Internet, over 3G or 4G networks,
or over similar networks used for telecom and other digital communications setups. Routing can
also take place within proprietary networks.

RELIABILITY

Reliability is the degree of consistency of a measure. A test will be reliable when it gives the
same repeated result under the same conditions.

INTEROPERABILITY

Is the property that allows for the unrestricted sharing of resources between different systems.
This can refer to the ability to share data between different components or machines, both via
software and hardware, or it can be defined as the exchange of information and resources
between different computers through local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks
(WANs).
SECURITY

In information technology (IT), is the defense of digital information and IT assets against
internal and external, malicious and accidental threats. This defense includes detection,
prevention and response to threats through the use of security policies, software tools and IT
services.

NETWORKING STANDARDS

Ensure the interoperability of networking technologies by defining the rules of communication

among networked devices. Networking standards exist to help ensure products of different
vendors are able to work together in a network without risk of incompatibility.

NETWORK STANDARD ORGANIZATION

Is an organization whose primary activities are developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising,

amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise producing technical standards that are intended to
address the needs of a group of affected adopters.

CATEGORIES

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION

Is well-established for many technologies in such diverse fields as information processing and
communications, textiles, packaging, distribution of goods, energy production and utilization,
shipbuilding, banking and financial services.

REGIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION

Are generally voluntary in nature, representing the joint action of the national standards bodies
of a regional group of nations.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION

A voluntary, non-treaty federation of standards setting bodies of some 130 countries. it promotes
development of standardization and related activities to facilitate international trade in goods and
services, and cooperation on economic, intellectual, scientific, and technological aspects.

INDUSTRY, TRADE, AND PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION

Also known as an industry trade group, business association, sector association or industry body,
is an organization founded and funded by businesses that operate in a specific industry. An
industry trade association participates in public relations activities such as advertising, education,
publishing, lobbying, and political donations, but its focus is collaboration between companies

4 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

DE JURE STANDARDS

Is a technology, method or product that has been officially endorsed for a given application.

DE FACTO STANDARDS

Is something that is used so widely that it is considered a standard for a given application
although it has no official status.

PROPRIETARY STANDARDS

Specifications for hardware or software that are controlled by one company. When a proprietary
standard such as Windows is widely used, it becomes a "de facto" standard even though it is not
governed by a standards organization. Contrast with open standards.

CONSORTIA STANDARDS

Are the standards development organizations (or "SDOs"), which are the official (abroad) and
unofficial (in the United States) bodies that set standards on a national basis.
OPEN STANDARDS VS. CLOSED STANDARDS

Open Standard is a standard that is publicly available and has various rights to use associated
with it, and may also have various properties of how it was designed.

Closed Standard is a file format, protocol or program which has wide public acceptance, but
which does not comply with the requirements for a free or open standard.

INTERNET STANDARDS

An internet standard (STD) is a specification that has been approved by the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Such standard helps to promote a consistent and universal use of the internet
worldwide.

NETWORK APPLICATIONS

An application network is pretty simple; it is a way to connect applications, data and devices
through APIs that exposes some or all of their assets and data on the network.

APPLICATION PROTOCOLS

A protocol is a set of rules used to communicate between systems in a network. Although the
application layer is the medium through which you are able to communicate with other users, a
set of protocols are required to assist with this communication

COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS

The transmission of data from one computer to another, or from one device to another. A
communications device, therefore, is any machine that assists data transmission. For example,
modems, cables, and ports are all communications devices. Communications software refers to
programs that make it possible to transmit data.
DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS

Is an interconnected information system in which no single entity is the sole

authority. In the context of computing and information technology, decentralized
systems usually take the form of networked computers. For example, the Internet
is a decentralized system, although it has become increasingly centralized over
time.

CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS

Are systems that use client/server architecture where one or more client nodes are
directly connected to a central server.

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

A distributed system is a network that consists of autonomous computers that are

connected using a distribution middleware. They help in sharing different
resources and capabilities to provide users with a single and integrated coherent
network.

CLIENT/SERVER MODEL

Is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the

providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called
clients.

PEER-TO-PEER MODEL

A distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between

peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the application.
They are said to form a peer-to-peer network of nodes.

WEB-BASED MODEL

Is a branch of Web engineering which addresses the specific issues related to

design and development of large-scale web applications.
 FILE-SHARING MODEL

Is the public or private sharing of computer data or space in a network with

various levels of access privilege. File sharing can also mean having an allocated
amount of personal file storage in a common file system.

COMMUNICATION SERVICE METHODS AND DATA TRANSMISSION MODES

SERIAL VS PARALLEL COMMUNICATIONS

Serial Communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a
communication channel or computer bus. This is in contrast to parallel communication, where
several bits are sent as a whole, on a link with several parallel channels.

Parallel Communications the exchange of digital data between devices through the simultaneous
transmission of multiple signal elements, e.g., bits, over separate channels or circuits. In
microcomputers, parallel transmission refers to the simultaneous transfer of the eight (8) bits of a
byte, each over a separate circuit.

SYNCHRONOUS VS ASYNCHRONOUS VS ISOCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS

Synchronous Communication can be defined as real- time communication between two people.
Examples include face-to-face or phone communication.

Asynchronous communication is transmission of data, generally without the use of an external

clock signal, where data can be transmitted intermittently rather than in a steady stream. Any
timing required to recover data from the communication symbols is encoded within the symbols.

Isochronous communications is a data transfer system combines the features of

an asynchronous and synchronous data transfer system. An isochronous data transfer system
sends blocks of data asynchronously, in other words the data stream can be transferred at random
intervals.
SIMPLEX VS DUPLEX

Simplex is a communications mode in which only one signal is transmitted, and it always goes in
the same direction. The transmitter and the receiver operate on the same frequency. When two
stations exist and they alternately (not simultaneously) send signals to each other on the same
frequency, the mode is technically known as half duplex. However, most amateur radio operators
refer to half duplex as simplex.

Duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two or more connected

parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions.

HALF DUPLEX VS FULL DUPLEX

Refers to the transmission of data in just one direction at a time. For example, a
walkie-talkie is a half-duplex device because only one party can talk at a time. In
contrast, a telephone is a full-duplex device because both parties can talk
simultaneously. Duplex modes often are used in reference to network data
transmissions.

Full Duplex means that data can be transmitted in both directions on a signal
carrier at the same time. For example, on a local area network with a technology
that has full-duplex transmission, one workstation can be sending data on the line
while another workstation is receiving data.

ANALOG VS DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

Analog Communication is a data transmitting technique in a format that utilizes continuous

signals to transmit data including voice, image, video, electrons etc. An analog signal is a
variable signal continuous in both time and amplitude which is generally carried by use of
modulation
OSCILLATION

In general, is a periodic fluctuation between two things; in the broadest sense,

oscillation can occur in anything from a person's decision-making process to tides
and the pendulum of a clock. Oscillation in a device called an oscillator is usually
a back and forth motion over a central neutral point, created by changes in energy.

SINUSOIDAL WAVES

Is a mathematical curve that describes a smooth periodic oscillation. A sine wave

is a continuous wave. It is named after the function sine, of which it is the graph.

AMPLITUDE

Amplitude is the fluctuation or displacement of a wave from its mean

value. With sound waves, it is the extent to which air particles are
displaced, and this amplitude of sound or sound amplitude is experienced
as the loudness of sound.

FREQUENCY

Is the number of complete cycles per second in alternating current

direction.

HERTZ

Is the standard unit of measurement used for measuring frequency.

Since frequency is measured in cycles per second, one hertz equals
one cycle per second. Hertz is used commonly used to measure
wave frequencies, such as sound waves, light waves, and radio
waves
 PHASE

Is a definition of the position of a point in time (instant) on a waveform

cycle. A complete cycle is defined as 360 degrees of phase as shown in
Illustration A below. Phase can also be an expression of relative
displacement between or among waves having the same frequency.

Digital Communication is the physical transfer of data (a digital bit stream) over a point-to-point
or point-to-multipoint transmission medium. Examples of such media are copper wires, optical
fibers, wireless communication media, and storage media. The data is often represented as an
electro-magnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage signal or an infra-red signal.

WAVELENGTH

Can be defined as the distance between two successive crests or troughs of a

wave. It is measured in the direction of the wave. Is the distance between identical
points in the adjacent cycles of a waveform signal propagated in space or along a
wire. In wireless systems, this length is usually specified in meters, centimeters,
or millimeters.

BANDWIDTH AND DATA RATE

Is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be
characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth.

THROUGHPUT

Is the rate of production or the rate at which something is processed. When used
in the context of communication networks, such as Ethernet or packet radio,
throughput or network throughput is the rate of successful message delivery over
a communication channel.
 NOISE

Noise refers to any external and unwanted information that interferes with a
transmission signal. Noise can diminish transmission strength and disturb overall
communication efficiency. In communications, noise can be created by radio
waves, power lines, lightning and bad connections.

MULTIPLEXING AND SWITCHING

MULTIPLEXING VS DEMULTIPLEXING

Multiplexing is a term used in the field of communications and computer networking. It

generally refers to the process and technique of transmitting multiple analog or digital input
signals or data streams over a single channel.

Demultiplexing is a term relative to multiplexing. It is the reverse of the multiplexing process.

Demultiplex is a process reconverting a signal containing multiple analog or digital signal
streams back into the original separate and unrelated signals.

DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF MULTIPLEXING

FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM)

Is a networking technique in which multiple data signals are combined for simultaneous
transmission via a shared communication medium. FDM uses a carrier signal at a discrete
frequency for each data stream and then combines many modulated signals.

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM)

Is a method of transmitting and receiving independent signals over a common signal path by
means of synchronized switches at each end of the transmission line so that each signal appears
on the line only a fraction of time in an alternating pattern.
STATISTICAL MULTIPLEXING (SM)

Is a type of communication link sharing, very similar to dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA).
This is an alternative to creating a fixed sharing of a link, such as in general time division
multiplexing (TDM) and frequency division multiplexing (FDM).

DEMAND ACCESS MULTIPLEXING (DAM)

Is a technology used to assign a channel to clients that don't need to use it constantly. DAMA
systems assign communication channels based on news issued from user terminals to a network
security system. When the circuit is no longer in use, the channels are again returned to the
central pool for reassignment to other users.

WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (WDM)

Is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber
by using different wavelengths of laser light.

INVERSE MULTIPLEXING

Is the opposite of multiplexing, which combines data transmissions from multiple pieces of data
terminal equipment (DTE) into a single digital communication channel.

SWITCHING

Switching, as applied to networking and IT, is the practice of directing a signal or data element
toward a particular hardware destination. Switching may be applied in various formats and can
function in diverse ways within a greater network infrastructure.

CIRCUIT SWITCHING

Is a method of implementing a telecommunications network in which two network nodes

establish a dedicated communications channel through the network before the nodes may
communicate.
PACKET SWITCHING

Is a method of grouping data that is transmitted over a digital network into packets. Packets are
made of a header and a payload. Data in the header are used by networking hardware to direct
the packet to its destination where the payload is extracted and used by application software.

HYBRID SWITCHING

Is the combination of circuit and packet switching in order to provide the more advantages over
these switching. By using the data transfer rate can be increased and delay time can be reduced.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Is the design of a computer network. It is a framework for the specification of a network's

physical components and their functional organization and configuration, its operational
principles and procedures, as well as communication protocols used.

OSI (OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECT) MODEL

Is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a

telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and
technology.

7 LAYERS OF THE OSI MODEL

APPLICATION

Supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of
service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data
syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides
application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services. Telnet and
FTP are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures
are part of this layer.
PRESENTATION

This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by
translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to
transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and
encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is
sometimes called the syntax layer.

SESSION

This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session
layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the
applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.

TRANSPORT

Provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-
to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer

NETWORK

Provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for
transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well
as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.

DATA LINK

Data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge
and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame
synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control
(MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a
computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer
controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking.
PHYSICAL

Conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal — through the network at the
electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on
a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM
are protocols with physical layer components.

OSI SERVICE TYPES

CONNECTION ORIENTED SERVICE

A connection-oriented service is a technique used to transport data at the session layer. Unlike its
opposite, connnectionless service, connection-oriented service requires that a session connection
be established between the sender and receiver, analogous to a phone call. This method is
normally considered to be more reliable than a connectionless service, although not all
connection-oriented protocols are considered reliable.

CONNECTIONLESS SERVICE

Connectionless service is one of two techniques used in data communications to transfer data at
the Transport Layer (Layer 4). A connectionless service does not require a session connection
between sender and receiver; the sender starts sending datagrams to the destination. In contrast
with a connection-oriented service, this is less reliable but faster.