RESUME

GENERAL PHYSIC

DYNAMICS OF PARTICLE
(This assignment aims to fulfill assignments in the General Physic course)

Lecture : Silvi Yulia Sari, S.Pd, M.Pd.

Presented By :

Group V

1. Fayola Rossa (19031076 )

2. Elsa Nanda Fitrian ( 19031072)
3. Mahmud Ikhsan ( 19031088)

STUDY PROGRAM BIOLOGY EDUCATION

FACULTY OF MATH AND NATURAL SCIENCE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF PADANG

PADANG

2019
RESUME:

DYNAMICS OF PARTICLE

A. FORCE

Force is defined as a pull or an impulse that is exerted by an object against another object.
The influence of force on the material is as follows:
 Causing changes in the speed of motion of objects.
 Causing inanimate objects to move and vice versa.
 Change the direction of motion of objects.
 Change the shape of an object.

Kinds of Force
Based on the touch with the object, the force is divided into 2, namely:
A. Touch Force
Touch Force is a Force that works by touch. This means that a force will
produce an effect if there is a touch with an object that will be given the force .
This force will appear when an object comes into contact with another object
that is the source of the force.

For example , when someone wants to move a table, then he has to touch it
and then push it to its destination, in this case there is a touch between humans
as a source of force, and the table as a target to be given Force. if there is no
touch between the two, the table will not move as desired.

B. Touchless Force
The Touchless Force is a style that will work without touching. This means that
the effect of the force exerted by the source of the force can still be felt by
objects even though they are not touching.
 For example , the Magnetic Force and the Gravitational Force, on the magnetic
force, when we put iron near a magnet (without touching), then the iron will be
attracted to the magnet because it feels an effect from the force released by the
magnet.

Type of Force
There are 7 generally known types of force:
1. Muscle Force
As the name implies Muscle Force is a type of force performed by living
things that have muscles. Force arises from the coordination of muscle
structure with the body's frame. Muscle Style Included in the Touch Force
group.

For example, someone who raises stones. To lift the stone, the muscles in his
body coordinate so that he is able to move his hands to lift the stone.

2. Spring Force
Spring Force is the type of force produced by a spring. The spring force is also
called the resilient resilience which occurs due to the elasticity of an object.
The Spring force belongs to the Touch Style group. The spring force arises
because the spring can tighten and stretch so that the shape can return to
normal after the force occurs.

For example, when a bow is pulled back, the bow on the arrow will follow the
direction of the bow drawn, then after the arrow is released, the springs in the
bow will return to their original shape.

3. Friction
Swipe force is the type of force that arises due to direct contact between two
surfaces of an object. Friction is a force whose direction is always opposite to
the direction of the object's motion or the direction of the external force.
Friction is included in the touch style group. The size of the frictional force is
determined by the smooth or rough surface of the object. The finer the
surface, the smaller the frictional force that appears so that the force needed to
make the object move smaller and smaller.

For example, if the same stone with the same amount of external force in
motion on 2 surfaces, one on the ceramic floor (Smooth), another on the
cement floor (rough), then the stone movement on the ceramic floor will be
faster and easier than the movement of the stone on the floor cement
 4. Machine Force
Machine Force is the type of force produced by machine work, as technology
develops, machines are made even more sophisticated. Machine Style is very
helpful in alleviating human activities.

For example, Car and Motorcycle Work.

5. Earth Gravitational Force

Earth's Gravitational Force is a type of Earth's gravitational force on all mass
objects on its surface. You all must have known that with Earth's gravity, we
can stand without problems on its surface, if there were no earth's
gravitational force, then every object would float like it does in outer space.

6. Magnetic Force
Magnet Force is the force on a magnet that is able to attract certain objects.
Objects that are capable of being pulled by magnets are called magnetic
objects, generally made of iron or steel, or other metals. The closer the magnet
is to a magnetic object, the greater the magnetic attraction. The magnetic force
can attract objects even without touching it, therefore the magnetic force
belongs to the group of Touchless Force.

7. Electric Force
Electric Force is the type of force produced by electrically charged objects in
an electric field.

B. MASS AND WEIGHT

C. NEWTON LAW OF MOTION

Newton's law is a law that describes the relationship between the forces acting
on an object and the motion it causes. This law of motion is the foundation of classical
mechanics which is laid out in the three Laws of Physics. At first Newton's law was put
forward by a physicist in his time whose name was made the name of this law. Fully
named Portrait of Sir Isaac Newton (1643 - 1722). A physicist from Europe who
discovered the laws of gravity, the rules of motion, calculus, spectrils, and reflective
telescopes.
1) Newton’s Law I
One that predicts the behavior of stationary objects and the other that predicts the
behavior of moving objects. The two parts are summarized in the following
diagram.

 Sound Newton's Law 1

 "If the resultant force acting on an object is equal to zero, then the object
that was initially at rest will remain at rest. Objects that are initially moving in a
straight line will always be in a straight line with a fixed speed "

 Understanding Newton's Law 1

From the sound of Newton's Law 1 it can be understood that an object will try
to maintain its state or its initial position. Where, objects that are initially stationary will
try to remain stationary. Likewise, if the object that initially moves will try to keep
moving. Due to the tendency to maintain the original position experienced by such an
object, Newton 1's law is also called the law of inertia or legal inertia.
 There are many more applications of Newton's first law of motion. Several
applications are listed below. Perhaps you could think about the law of inertia and
provide explanations for each application.

 Blood rushes from your head to your feet while quickly stopping when riding on a
descending elevator.
 The head of a hammer can be tightened onto the wooden handle by banging the bottom of
the handle against a hard surface.
 A brick is painlessly broken over the hand of a physics teacher by slamming it with a
hammer. (CAUTION: do not attempt this at home!)
 To dislodge ketchup from the bottom of a ketchup bottle, it is often turned upside down and
thrusted downward at high speeds and then abruptly halted.
 Headrests are placed in cars to prevent whiplash injuries during rear-end collisions.

Newton 1 formula can be formulated as follows:

∑F = 0

2) Newton's Law II
  Sound Newton's Law 2
"The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the total force acting on
it and inversely proportional to its mass. The direction of acceleration is the same as the
direction of the total force acting on it ".

 Understanding Newton's Law 2

Based on the sound of Newton's 2nd law. It is understandable that an object's force
will get bigger if given a force push in the direction of the object's force direction. However, if
given the force of repulsion or opposite direction of the force of the object. then, will reduce or
slow the rate of force of the object.
 Due to changes in speed and changes in the rate of objects that get the force. Will make
the total force of the mass of an object and the acceleration of a given object can cause
acceleration and deceleration of the object. Where, the greater acceleration or deceleration given
will affect the direction of motion of the object.
 Examples of Newton's Law 2
Can be observed when you roll a ball on a flat ground. If you initially rolled the ball
from right to left then apply force from the right as well by kicking the ball. Then, the ball will
get a directional force from left and right which makes it accelerate.
Thus, due to the relationship between acceleration and force or acceleration with the mass
of the object. Thus, the force is directly proportional to the acceleration that is affected by the
mass of the object. Can be formulated as follows:

F=mxa

F = force (N)
m = mass of body (Kg)
a = acceleration (m / s2)

 Question
An iron ball has a mass of 100 kg. Then, the iron ball rolled to obtain an acceleration
force of 9.8 m / s2. How much force does it take to roll the ball?

Discussion Is known:

m = 100 kg

a = 9.8 m / s2

Asked: F = ...?

Answer: F = m a

= 100 kg x 9.8 m / s2

= 980 kg m / s2

= 980 N
 So, the force needed is 980 N.

3) Newton’s Law III

Examples of Application of Newton's Law 3

 Sound Newton's Law 3

“Every action will cause a reaction, if an object exerts force on another object
then the object affected by the force will give a force equal to the force received from the
first object, but the direction is opposite".

 Understanding Newton's Law 3

From the sound of Newton's third law where every action will cause an action or every
cause will cause an effect. Where, each force a given cause will produce the magnitude of the
resultant force produced. In the example of the application of Newton's 3rd law working on
every object that is given an action force will produce a reaction force. However, the reaction
force acts in opposite directions and acts on different objects.

 Example Newton's Law 3

When you hit a nail with a nail. Where, the hammer is the action force where the force
of the nail is the reaction force of the hammer. When you hit the nail with a hammer, once the
hammer touches the nail, the hammer stops momentarily or even bounces. The pausing or even
bouncing force is the reaction force produced by the hammer's action.
Examples of Application of Newton's Law 3
 An object with a weight (w) on the table. The table will give the normal force reaction

(N), so that N = W with the opposing forces in the direction.

Hanging an object vertically will produce the tension force of the rope (T) which is the
same as the mass of the object (W) in the opposite direction.
 When someone with a weight (W) climbs the elevator. When at rest, the force produced
is equal to the person's weight (F = W). When the elevator moves up, the force produced is
greater than the weight of the person (F> W). When the elevator goes down to eat the weight of
the person is greater than the force generated (F <W).
 Newton's Law Formula 3
a. Friction

b. Gravity

c. Unit weight
  Question

Train M is accelerated to the right with acceleration Ignore all friction,

pulley mass, and also rope mass. Consider g = 10 m / s2. If kg then the
tension of the T rope in the system ... (Simak UI 2010)
Discussion:
Because the one that is accelerating is M train, then the box that is also accelerating
with the same value and direction is box 3 because it is located vertically right on the right, and
box 2 because it is connected to box 3. The acceleration in box one is not the same as the
acceleration value in boxes 2 and 3. Newton's Law equation 2 in box 1 horizontally can be
written by:

can not be calculated.

1. Equations in box 2 horizontally can be written by:
2. Equations in box 3 vertically can be written by:

substituted with equation box 2.

We can find values of:

Thus, the tension of the T rope in the system is 12N

D. FRICTIONAL FORCE
Friction is the force opposite the direction of the object's motion. This force occurs
because the touch of an object with the plane of the path will create friction between the
object's link when it will start moving until the object moves. The magnitude of this force
is determined based on the surface. The second objective is touching, so the rougher the
surface of a plane, the greater the value of the frictional force.
There are two types of frictional forces, namely Static and Kinetic Friction. The
following is explained further.
1) Static Friction
Static friction is a force that works when an object is stationary until it is precisely
when the object will move. For example, static friction can prevent you from slipping
from where you stand. Static Friction can also prevent objects from sliding downwards
on an inclined plane.
Static friction is the result of multiplication between the coefficient of static
friction with the normal force of an object. The coefficient of friction is a quantity that
depends on the roughness of the two surfaces in contact. The coefficient of static friction
is denoted by .
 Static Friction Equation:

object stay still.

objects begin to move

F = fs → the right object will move

Look at the picture above to see the direction of the force. Because every object
that is stationary to the right will move has a value of Static Friction, then the object will
not move if the force exerted is smaller than the value of the static friction (because the
direction of the force applied to the direction of the friction force is always opposite). So,
objects will be able to move if the force exerted is greater than the value of the static
friction.

2) Kinetic Friction
Kinetic friction is the force that works when an object moves. When a stationary
object moves right into motion, the working force is static friction. Then, when the object
starts to move, the force acting is kinetic friction. If there is no kineic friction, then an
object that is given a force will always go forward and will not stop because there is no
frictional force that slows it down, like in space.
Just like static friction, the value of kinetic friction is the result of multiplication
between the coefficient of friction with the normal force of an object. The kinetic friction
coefficient is denoted by .. Usually, the value of kinetic friction coefficient is always
smaller than the static friction coefficient for the same material.

Kinetic friction Equation: .

.
 Questions
1. A box weighing 10 kg is drawn along a flat plane with a force of 40 N which
forms an angle of 300 C. The coefficient of static and kinetic friction values are
respectively 0.4 and 0.3. Calculate the acceleration.
 Discussion:

o Describe in advance the forces acting on the box. Look at the picture below.
o Then we identify the components that are known,

.
o F has vertical and horizontal components:
.
.
o Then, we can find the normal force denoted FN or N
.

(because the object does not move vertically, then ay= 0)

o So that we know whether the object can move or not, then we calculate the GGS value:

, then moving objects

2. A skier glides from rest on an incline with a slope of 37 ° (sin 37 ° = 0.6).

Assuming a kinetic friction coefficient of 0.10, count:
a. Accelerate skier
b. The skier's speed when moving for 6 s
 Answer:

o Components of gravity:
Wx = w . sin θ = m . g sin θ
Wy = w . cos θ = m . g cos θ

o On the Y axis people do not move, so Newton's Law I applies:

∑ Fy = 0 → + N = wy = m . g cos θ
o On the X axis, people move down with acceleration a so that Newton II's law applies:
∑ Fx = m . a
wx – fk = m . a
m . g sin θ - μk . m . g cos θ = m . a
a = g sin θ - μk . m . g cos θ
= 5,2 m/s2
o Use the GLBB Formula:
vt = v0 + a . t
= 0 + (5,2)(6)
= 31,2 m/s

E. SOLVING PROBLEM IN DYNAMICS OF PARTICLE

1. A block is placed on top of a flat surface. The block has the force of F1= 15N to the
right, and F2 to the left. If the block stay still, how much is F2?

Answer:
Because the block stay still, ∑F = 0
F1 – F2 = 0
F2 = F1
= 15 N
 2. A weight slide down to the right with the velocity of 4 m/s. If F1 and F3 to the right
with F1 = 10N and F2 to the left F2 = 20N, how much is F3?

Answer:
∑F = 0
F1 + F3 – F2 = 0
F3= F2 – F1
F3= 20 – 10
F3= 10 N

F. LIMITATION OF NEWTON MECHANICS

In Newtonian Mechanics, there is no upper limit for speed of any particle. There
are lots of problems when two frames are moving with respect to each other at
considerable speed of light. The addition of velocities, that is Galilean Transformation
shows a big problem where some particle can even travel faster than light and thus
everything seems against basic laws of nature.

Newtonian Mechanics is a kinematical theory of physical interactions, but it can't

explain the dynamics behind these interactions and falls shorts at plank scale where
quantum theories are more widely regarded.

REFERENCE

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-1/Newton-s-First-Law/
https://enjiner.com/hukum-newton/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_(fisika)