Readings in Philippine History
It naturally infuriated
PEN NAMES
Juan tagalo – Salvador Vivencio del Rosario
Taga-ilog – Antonio Luna
Dapit Hapon – Rafael Palma
Fluvio Gil – Fernando Ma. Guerrero
Catulo – Cecilio Apostol
G. Solon – Epifanio delos Santos
Jomapa/JMP – Jose Maria Panganiban
Tikbalang, Naning, Kalipulako – Mariano Ponce
Laong Laan, Dimasalang – Dr. Jose Rizal
Plaridel/dolores manapat– Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Dimas ilaw – Emilio Jacinto
Tejeros Convention – On March 22, 1897, the
Magdiwang and Magdalo councils met once more, this
time at the friar estate house in Tejeros, a barrio of San
Francisco de Malabon. This convention proved even
stormier than the Imus meeting and, as in Imus, the
declared objective of the meeting was not even discussed.
According to Jacinto Lumbreras, a Magdiwang and first
presiding officer of the Tejeros convention, the meeting
had been called to adopt measure for the defense of
Cavite. Again this subject was not discussed, and instead,
the assembled leaders, including the Magdiwangs,
decided to elect the officers of the revolutionary
government, thus unceremoniously discarding the
Supreme Council of the Katipunan under whose standard
the people had been fighting and would continue to fight.
Bonifacio presided, though reluctantly, over the election.
Beforehand, he secured the unanimous pledge of the
assembly to abide by the majority decision. The results
were:
President Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice-President Mariano Trias
Captain-General Artemio Ricarte
Director of War Emiliano Riego de Dios
Director of the Interior Andres Bonifacio
Emilio Aguinaldo had been awarded the highest prize of
the Revolution on his own birth anniversary, although he
was not present, being busy at a military front in Pasong
Santol, a barrio of Imus. As for Bonifacio, the death-blow
to the Katipunan and his election as a mere Director of the
Interior showed clearly that he had been maneuvered out
of power. It must have been a bitter pill to swallow,
especially since even the Magdiwangs who were
supposed to be his supporters did not vote for him either
for President or Vice-President.
But another insult was yet to follow. Evidently, the
Caviteño elite could not accept an "uneducated" man, and
a non-Caviteño at that, even for the minor post of Director
of the Interior. Daniel Tirona protested Bonifacio's election
saying that the post should not be occupied by a person
without a lawyer's diploma. He suggested a Caviteño
lawyer, Jose del Rosario for the position.
This was clearly an intended insult.
Bonifacio who thereupon hotly declared: "I, as chairman
of this assembly and as President of the Supreme
Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny,
declare this assembly dissolved, and I annul all that
has been approved and resolved."
The two rival factions of the Katipunan, started out as mere
sangguniang balangay (councils). Andres Bonifacio presided
over the founding of both. The Magdiwang was formed in
Noveleta, Cavite on April 2, 1896; the Magdalo, in Kawit, Cavite,
on April 3, 1896. Due to their rapid growth in membership, the
two branches were elevated by the Kataastaasang Sanggunian
(Katipunan Supreme Council) to the status of sangguniang
bayan (provincial councils), after which the two groups were
authorized to form balangays under them and to expand their
influence. The rift between the two groups grew when Spanish
forces assailed Cavite in the latter part of 1896; the rift grew
further after the liberation of Cavite.[1] The two factions began
their own regional government with separate leaderships,
military units, and “mutually agreed territories.” The rivalry was
limited to the province of Cavite and some parts of Batangas
because these areas were already liberated and thus
revolutionists could freely move and convene. The rift never
culminated into violence. At times, the two groups were cordial
and fought side by side against their common foe, the
Spaniards.[2]
Aguinaldo, who was at Pasong Santol, a barrio of
Dasmariñas, was notified the following day of his election
to the Presidency. At first, he refused to leave his men
who were preparing to fight the enemy, but his elder
brother, Crispulo Aguinaldo, persuaded him to take the
oath of office, promising to take his place and would not
allow the enemy to overrun the place without dying in its
defense. Aguinaldo then acceded to his brother's request
and proceeded to Santa Cruz del Malabon (now Tanza),
where he and the others elected the previous day, with the
exception of Bonifacio, took their oath of office.
Meanwhile, Bonifacio and his men, numbering forty-five,
again met at the estate-house of Tejeros on March 23. All
of them felt bad about the results of the previous day's
proceedings, for they believed that anomalies were
committed during the balloting. Convinced that the
election held was invalid, they drew up a document, now
called the Acta de Tejeros, in which they gave their
reasons for not adopting the results of the convention held
the previous day. From Tejeros, Bonifacio and his men
proceeded to Naik in order to be as far as possible from
Magdalo men who, they thought, were responsible for the
commission of anomalies during the Tejeros election.
Aguinaldo, wanting to bring back Bonifacio to the fold,
sent a delegation to him to persuade him to cooperate
with the newly constituted government. But Bonifacio
refused to return to the revolutionary fold headed by
Aguinaldo.
The Naik Military Agreement
Bonifacio's anger over what he considered an irregular
election and the insult heaped on him by Daniel Tirona, a
Magdalo, rankled for long. At Naik, they drew up another
document in which they resolved to establish a
government independent of, and separate from, that
established at Tejeros. An army was to be organized "by
persuasion or force" and a military commander of their
own choice was to take command of it.
Among the forty-one men who signed it were Bonifacio,
Artemio Ricarte, Pio del Pilar and Severino de las Alas.
The document posed a potential danger to the cause of
the Revolution, for it meant a definite split in the ranks of
the revolutionists and an almost certain defeat in the face
of a united and well-armed enemy.
Classical Latin Definition of History – Historia as
account of the past of a person or of a group of people
throughout historical proofs and written documents.
Positivisim – emerged between 18th & 19th ,objective
means of arriving at a conclusion. “no evidence, no
history”, history is not considered if there’s no proof.
required to show written primary documents.
Negativism –
Why is History an Acad Discipine - history refers to the
study, knowledge, interpretation, and recording of the past
in a meaningful way. As an academic
discipline, history is conducted by historians, individuals
who take the time to research, interpret, and put past
events into context in a recorded fashion.
Discipline of History
Archeologist – historians can use artifacts, jars,
treasure from by era who study. They asses how many
years artifact is.
Linguist – Papyrus/hieroglyphics, baybayin. Studying
language can be also helpful in tracing history.
Science – Biologist & Biochemist genetic and DNA
Primary Source – produced at the same time as the
event being shared.
- eye witnesses, recordings, old century trees, publication,
memorabilia, artifacts, minutes of convention, newspaper
clippings, draft of convention (mga tala ex. Meeting), draft
of mi ultimo adios, letters of bayani, archival document –
national archicves, census, gov. documents.
Secondary Source – produced by an author who used
primary sources to produce the material.
- textbook & historical Subject
2 Types of Criticism
External Criticism – Verifying authenticity Ex. Year,
date & intended purpose
- physical consistency, time, material used, quality of
papers, language and words, & type of ink must be
checked.
Internal Criticism – Author, content, truthfulness of
evidence, circumference of production, factuality, check
author credibility
3 Stars in Phil, Flag – Luzon, Mindanao, Panay
White – Liberty/Freedom
Red – courage, patriotism and valor. Also means the
blood of every filipino who fought for our sovereignty
Blue – Peace
8 Rays – Manila, Bataan, Batangas, Nueva Ecija,
Pampanga, Cavite, Bulacan, Laguna
Propaganda Movement - The Propaganda Movement was a
cultural organization formed in 1872 by Filipino expatriates in
Europe. Composed of the Filipino elite called "ilustrados",
exiled liberals and students attending Europe's universities
gravitated to the movement.
La Solidaridad, a bi-weekly Spanish language broadsheet,
became the platform for intelligent discourse on economic,
cultural, political, and social conditions of the country.
This sub-project aims to organize genealogical data on these
historical figures who contributed to the fight for independence.
Find similar projects at the master project page, Families of the
Philippines.
The organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the
needs of its colony, the Philippines and labored to bring about:
1. Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain;
2. Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes
Generales, the Spanish parliament;
3. Secularization of Philippine parishes;
4. Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality;
5. Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter
government service;
6. Creation of a public school system independent of the
friars;
7. Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced
sale of local products to the government);
8. Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association;
9. Recognition of human rights
The Propagandists
 José Alejandrino
 Anastacio Carpio
 Graciano López Jaena, publisher of La Solidaridad
 Marcelo H. del Pilar - the editor and co-publisher of the
La Solidaridad and wrote under the name "Plaridel"
 Eduardo de Lete
 Antonio Novicio Luna - wrote for La Solidaridad under the
name "Taga-Ilog"
 Juan Novicio Luna - painter and sculptor
 Miguel Moran
 Jose Maria Panganiban - wrote for La Solidaridad under
the name "Jomapa"
 Pedro Ignacio Paterno - served as prime minister of the
first Philippine Republic
 Mariano Ponce - wrote for La Solidaridad under the name
"Tikbalang"
 Antonio Maria Regidor
 Isabelo Jr. L. delos Reyes
 Dr. Jose Rizal - author of Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, wrote for La Solidaridad under the name
"Laon Laan"
Friends of the Movement
 Ferdinand Blumentritt - Austrian ethnologist
 Miguel Sagrario Morayta - Spanish historian, university
professor and statesman)