Chapter - 6

MACROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR
OF A LAMINA
 Chapter 6 -
MACROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR
OF A LAMINA

6.1 INTRODUCTION

The material who% properties are direction dependent is called anisotropic medium. Fully anisotropic

materials arc usually nol found in engineering application. f h e simplified form o f anisorropy characterized

by the presence o f planes o f elastic symmetry is ohen found. As the number o f planes o f elastic symmetry

increaser. the number o f independent elastic propenies required to characterize the material reduces. Staning

with fully anisotropic medium, the constitutive relations are stated without presenting formal derivations for

difrerent materials in the order of reducing anisotropy. Later these relations arc panicularized to the lamina.

1.ekhnitshii (207) derived the expressions for compliances o f an anisotropic body by transforming the elastic

constants fmm material coordinate system to body coordinate s)stem. I n the present u80rka new method of

directly evaluating compliance matrix referred to body geometric coordinates by 2 - 0 elasticit) based tinite

cle~ncntmndelit~g1s introduced. These propenies can be direct]? substituted for the anal)sis o f lamin;rtes.

6.2 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS OF ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS

1;rotrr the h i i s ~ sof uniar~alIlooLe's I J \ ~ and the one to nnc correspondence of stresses and strains for a

gurrn Itlading. !he generalized Hooke's law states thal the stresses are gibcn h? linear functions of strains. In

contracted notation, thc pcncnlized Hooke's law becomes

whcm n denotes stress. c engineering strains and ', is the stiffncsr nratrih of claslic~t?.I'hc vontr.*cted

notation o~slrcsscsand strains is o, - 01,. o? - 0::.a, = ot,. n, t : , . n. .; r:,. and n, I,:. and ti cil.

,..) .: c,). bi ci;. c.,-'yJ1. C, *- yrl md r, - yl:. Similarly the rlraln-lrcss relations arc
where &, is the compliance matrix of elasticity. and equals t o the i n v u s c o f c,].

'fhc stiffness matrix C, and the compliance matrix a, have 3 6 conrmts. Howcvcr, less than 36 of Ihcse

Cmstmta C a n k ahown l o be actually independent for elastic materials when the a m i n energy is considered.

Elastic materials tor which an elastic pokntial or strain energy density function exis& have incremental work

Idw) for unit volume i s

dw a 0, dr, 6.3

where the slrcrr a,act through strains dc, ttowcver. because of stress-strain relations. Equation 6.1. rhe

tncrcmenfal work k c o m c s

d w = ~ , gd~ 6.4

upon integrating for a l l strains. the work per unit o f volume is

W a '4 c , L, t, 6.5

tlowercr. tlooke's law. equation 6. I.can be derived from equation 6.5.

i w i & - c,* c, 6.6

uhcre upon CF'wi C ~ C % '

, c,, 6.7

atm~latl? csu ' a%, iq - c ,, 6.8

t3ut the order o f d~ffercnttatrono f M IS ~mnlaterial.so c,, = c,, and a,, = a, 6.9

I c.. the sliffness and cornpl~ancematrices are s ~ m m c t r i c Each

. o f thc t w o rnatriccs contains 21 independent

c l a s ~ ~propenlc\
c 'The material characterized by 21 independent elastic constants docs not possess an? plane

o f clastlc symmetry. and such 3 niediunr is known as anisotropic o r triclinic material. A plane o f material

s)nrnietr) o f a medium IS one ~ b h i c h possesses equivalent elastic properties along the directions

5ymmcatcally oriented with respect to that plane. hlaterials possessing planes of elastic synlmctn requires

the number o f elastic constants less than 21. 'me cl.lstic ~natriuesc,, and a,; of a nrcdium \\i:h no planes of

material symmetry contain coupling c ~ w f i c i e n ~thm

s cavses nornral strcsscs due to shear strains. and shear

stresses d ~ i cto normal strains snd vtcc bcrsa Thcse coupltng coetlicientr hecome zero I n caw o f m.~tertal

having plancs of elastic symnictry. The equalions 6.1 and 6.2 are m d u c d to the case ordifferent n u m k r o f

plants o f elastic symmetry. 'The presentation given hcldw corresponds to c,, nratris. and thc prwcdurc is
e q u l l y valid For 4, matrix 100. The procedure wed for reducing c,, to materials o f elastic symmetry blfows

the invariance property ofeither potential energy or generalized Hooke's law w i h respcct to the directions o f

The
elastic symmetry. As already stated derivation is not detail, only the final expressions are reported (I).

numeric subscripls (I, 2. 3) stands for either (x, y. z)axes of the Canesian coordinale system o f geometry, or
principal material directions I,2.3.

The expanded form of equation 6.1 is

6.2.1 Material with one Plane of Elastic Symmetry

I-el xy- plane be the plane o f elastic symmeuy. i.c. the material properties along psiti\-c and negative z-

aacs rrlust he ~dcntical.'This condition reduces c,, matrix to

Cl, C1: El; 0 0 El,.

c,: c: c:, 0 0 c,:
Cl, c:, C,I 0 0 Cu
0 0 0 c.4 c.3 0
0 0 0 c4*c.. 0
C I ~ Cjh C u 0 0 Cw

;.
and contains I ~ndcpcndcntelastic propcnics. l'he coapling influcncc is partly eliminatrd
equally valid for a, matrix too. The procedure used for reducing c,, to materials o f elastic symmcty follows
rhe invariance propcny o f either potential energy w g e n e r a l i d Hooke's law with respect to the directions o f

elastic symmetry. As already stated derivation is not detail. only the final expressions are reporred (I).The

numeric subscripts (I. 2.3) stands Tor either (x, y, z) axes o f the Canesian coordinate SyRem o f geometry. or

principal material directions 1.2. 3.

'The expanded form o f equation 6.1 is

6.2.1 M a t e r i a l with one Plane of Elastic Symmetry

Let xy- plane be thc plane o f elastic s)mmetry. i.e. the material properties along positive and negative z.

axes niust bc identical. This condition reduces c,, matrix to

Cll cl: c1: 0 a c,,.

2,: :.C c:, 0 0 Cn
:
Cl, C,: Cli 0 0 Cih
0 0 0 c*, C,$ 0
0 a 0 c, c,, 0
Cis Cn
: Ctb a 0 CM

and contains 13 indepnde~tlelastic properties. I h c corrpling influence is partly eli~ninatcd.

6-23 Material with two Orthogonal Planes of Elastic Symmetry

Let xz- plane be the second plane o f elastic symmetry. i n addition t o xy- plane already considered. Then

the stiffness matrix c,,reduces t o

The independent elastic properties are reduced to 9. if there are two orthogonal planes o f elastic symmeay

at a point o f the medium, the third orthogonal plane becomes automatically plane o f elastic symmerry. A

body f t k r reinforced i n three mutually perpendicular directions possesses three mutually onhogonal planes

o f elastic symmelry. Such a medium is said to be orIhotropic. As is clear from the above m y the normal

stresses depend only on normal strains, and shear stresses depend upon the corresponding shear swain as i n

the case o f isotropic medium, i. e. so called coupling is completely eliminated. These three directions are

called principal material directions. Thc generalized Hooke's law referred to the principal material directions

does not contain the coupling terms. i n c, or a., The elastic properties along any arbitrary direction can be

expressed i n terms o f the 9 independent principal material propenies. The Hooke's law referred to three

arbitrarily oriented mutually onhogonal directions conrains the coupling coefiicients i n c,, (a,,).

6.2.3 Transversely Isotropic Medium

I f a mediuni contains a plrnc i n which all rhc directions possess same elastic propenics. then the medium

is said to be ~ransvcrselyisotropic. I n unidirectional composite. the plane normal to rhe fibers is a plane o f

isotrupy. and the unidirectional composite is an example for a transversely isotropy medium. For c\aniple ~f

Ihc fibers am oriented along 3- direction. 1-2 plane becomcs plane o f elastic isotmp): the corresponding

stiffness matrix is

Them arc only S independent elastic constants in t l ~ cslifiless matrix oftrans\crsely isotrrrpis riicdlnm
6.2.4 Isotropic Materials

If l h m are infinite d i r a t i o n s with idmtialelastic properties at a point of UIC medium, then i t is said to bc

isotropic. I t needs only t w o independent elastic proptnies for its material chsrrcrcriurion. l l niffmss
~ ~
matrix for this c w is

I n engineering applications, the mutual conversion of elastic stiffness (c,,) and compliances (4) are

frequently needed. The required relations are

cli = (all a?; - a,, a,,)/a.

c?, = (a,: al: .- a, allha.

S i ~ n p l yinterchanging c, and a,, i n equations 6. IS and 6.16. one can express a,, i n terms o f c,,

6.2.5 Engineering Constants for Orthotropic Materials

'The stiffness (c,,) and flexibility (a,,) matrices defined above am abstractive i n senx. fechnical1~-more

nieaningrul elastic constants are the engineering elastic nioduli and Poisson's ntios. The experimental

evaluations of the engineering constants are carried on simple specimens subjcctrd rii appropriate uniform

stress state. It is easy l o express compliance coelticients i n Ienns o f engineering constmls. The strain-s~rcss

relations i n engineering constants referred to principal material directions a r t

where El. 4,EI= Young's moduli i n 1.2 and 3 directions, respectivcly.

V,, = Poisoon's ralio for transverse strain in r h t j- direction when stressed i n the i-direction. i.e.

= 4'G 6.18

GZI. GI, GI? Shear moduli i n 2-3,3-1 and 1-2 planes, respectively.

As a result o f equations 6.9, it results that v,, 1 E, = v,,! E, 6.19

Using equations 6.17 i n equations 6.1 5 and 6.16. the stifhess can be wrinen i n terms o f engineering

constants. i.c.

c11 (I-V ~ i V t 2 )'F.:Er D. Ejp.

C : : ~ ( I - V ~ ~ \ 'E~l ~ )

c11 - (1- VI:V>I)I El E:P. c,, = G::. c,+ = GI,.

CI: '(V21 + VI~V~,I)/ E2 EI p=(VI:* V ~ V ~ I )E, l E; p.

;
; (VII * V,,Vi,)! E: EI p = ( V t l + V,:V:I)~ El E: [1.

CI: = (Vr: + v12v,, ) i E l EI p = (V21 * \.?I VI,) E l E: 0.

wbcrc p -
( 1 - V,2v21 V2,vt: -V.llVl, - 2 V:lVq:8'l,) El t: E:. 6.2 I

6.2.6 Stress-Strain Relations for Plane Stress in an Orthotropic Material

A lamina bccausc of its v c p sntall lhicknrss is crmsidercd w be in-plane slrcss $talc. 11 1s strcsscd In its
plane of rc~nforcemcnicoinciding with 1-2 plane and x-) pliinc. w- and >- axcs are callcd !he gcomrtrlc axes.

-
a t 4 I and 2- oxcs arc Ihc principal sialerial dirtxtions ( f i g h. I).If ~ h pcr ~ r u i p aniatcrl.il
l directionns I and 2
coincide with geometric axes x and y. the medium is called specially orthotropic (Fig. 6. la); in case the

principal material directions orient at an arbitrary angle 9. with respect to geometric axes. the medium is

cillled generally orthotropic (Fig. 6. lb).

(a) Specially orthotropic (b) Generally orthotropic

fig. 6.1 Unidirectional lamina

According to thc gcometr). and coordinate system o f Fig. 6.l(b), the plane stress state is defined by

fix q ~ ~ c l ; l l lortlrntrctpic
) clred~utrl 'The strain- stress rel;rtic,tr> In equation h 23 can he 1nbent.J to get ~ h r

stress-strain relatlclns for the plane stress case as

are called the reduced stifhesscs ofthe medium. They are not same ar stinitess coefficient c,,. The difference
enters because of the plane stress slate assumed. The strain-stress relations (Eqs. 6.22 - 6.24). and stress-
strain relations (Eq.6.25) o f a lamina stressed in its plane are indispensable in the analysis o f a laminate.

6.2.7 Transformation of Elastic Properties

I n the construction o f laminates. the layers are very often oriented at cenain angle with respect to

geometric axes of the laminale. For the solution to be meaningful. it is necessaty to rcfcr it to geometric axes.

For this purpose one has l o know the elastic properties o f any lamina referred to geometric axes. This is

possible by transforming the principal material propenies to geometric axes. Referring to Fig. 6.l(b). one

gets

COS'O sin% -?sin0 cosO

['I.] sin% cos:~ Zsine coso

sin0 cosO -sin0 ccrsO

\
Substitution o f the Eq. 6.25 in 4 . 6 . 2 7 , yields

inverting Eq. 6.28 and substituting in Eq. 6.30, one can get the stress-strain relations of generally onhotropic

lamina (Fig. 6. l b) referred lo geometric axis

the conventional form o f Eq.6.3 1 is

where
-
I]:
01,= 911cos'0 + Q: sin40+ 2 (Qli .2 0,)sin% cos'0.
-Qz2 Qll sin'O
= + Q:, cos40 * 2 (Ql, - 2 )Q
, sin$ cos28,
-911. ( 9 1 + Q: - 4 om) sinrO cos20 - 01:(cos40 sin40).
I +

-Q a ( G I QI - 2 Q1: .- 1 Qbh)sin20cos'0 Q,(cos49 + sin%),

= +

-
916 - Q I ~- 2 Qm) sin0 cos'0 .- (0- - Q1, - 2 Qm) cos0 sin'0.
(911

- (QII - QII - ? Qah)siti10cosO ..(Q>*-- QI: - 2 Q-) cos'0 sin0

Qa

arc the transformed reduced stiffncsses. Thc sltlfness matrix of genenll> orthotropic lamina is fully
populated in contrast to specially onhotropic n~ediuln.The strain-stress relations for grnerall) onhotrt,~ic

materials arc similarly derived. The transfornled compliances a n

-all = all cos'0 + ~ + (2 alr * .%) sin% cosiO.
r , sin%
-
a, - all sin404 a2>cos'0 2 (al: + sinJ13cos-'~.
 -
-
a l l = (all + azz a d sin20cos'0 + a12(cos40+ sin40).
- = 2 (2 all + 2 a>*- 4 a , ~- su)sin% cos20+ &(cos40 + sin48).
&I
-alb = (2 all - 2 a12 - &) sine cos'e - (2 at2 - 2 all - &) cos0 sinlO.
-a s = (2 all - 2 a12- a d sin30c o d - (2 az2- 2 aI2 - k)ws39sine

The Poisson's ratios arc i n t m d d to replace the physical meaning o f transverse contraction due to axial

stress. Similarly coefficients o f mutual influence are introduced to represent. zb,&. c,and % Zr a n d z b
characterize the contraction, respectively, along x- and y- dimctions due to shear smss r,,: z, and &
charactcriv the shear strain i n x-y plane due to, respeclively. a. and oy These are defined as

where m, and m, are he cwflicients o f mutual influence that couples the normal strains with shcar stress.

and shcar strnrn with normal stresses These are defined by

tn,~-y,,~(a,~El~=-~~(~.,~El).

m, - y,, J (0, :El) :

: - E, 1 (z,, 1 El) 6.36

Note that major principal Young's modulrrs El is used in the definition o f coefficients o f mutual influence.

This will not affcct the generality o f the definition.

I?.quating the clenients of compliance matrix nf Eq. 6.35 to the corresponding relaticm o f Eq. 6.34. after

expressing the right hand sides o f the later in tcrms ol*pr~trcipal

engineering consranls with the help of Eq.

6.17. one can write the rollowing relations between the cnginecring constants o f geometric ascs and principal

malerial directions.
6 3 APPLICATION OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

The lheory p n ~ n t e in
d the previous section is useful for understanding the macromechanical behavior o f

a unidirectional continuous fiber reinforced composite lamina. From the equalions (6.35) given for

engineering properties, the variation o f these propenies with respect to the fiber angle 0 can be observed. For

the analysis o f a laminated composite plate using three dimensional elasticity o f anisofropic body approach.

the material propenies referred to material coordinate system are not sufficient. It is required to input the 21

elastic constants o f stifhess matrix or compliance matrix. In his scclion rhe finite element method i s applied

to evaluate the elastic constants (a,,) o f the compliance matris. For this purpose the finite element soAuare

ANSYS is used. The features o f the sailware. its capabilities and the details o f the finite element used for the

p s c n t analysis are as follows.

6.4 INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS (205)

ANSYS is a large-scale mulli pUrpoK finitc clement program developed and mainlaincd b? ANSYS Inc..

U.S.A. l o analyze a wide spectrum o f problems encountered in Engineering Mechanics.

The ANSYS program is organized into two basic k n l s :

&gin level

Processor (or Routine) level

The Begin level acts as a gateway into and out o f the ANSYS program. I t is also used for cemin global

program controls such as changing the job name. clearing (zeroing out) the database. and copying binary

tiles.

At the Processor level, several processors arc available. Each processor is a set o f functions that perform a

specific analysis task. For example, the general preprocessor (PREP7) is where the model is built. the

solution processor (SOLUTION) is where the loads arc applied and the solution is obtained. and the general

postprocessor (POSTI) is where the results are evaluated for a solution. An additional postprocessor.

POST26, enables to evaluate solution results at specific points i n the model as a function o f time.

6.4.2 Material Modds

ANSYS allows several different material models like:

-
Linear elastic material models (isotropic. onhotropic. and anisotropic).

Non-linear material models (hyperelastic. multilinear elastic. inelastic and viscoelastic)

Heat transfer material models (isotropic and onhotropic)

Temperrrture dependent material properties.

Crccp material models.

6.43 Loads

'The word loads in ANSYS terminology includes boundan conditions onsf externally or internally applied

forcing functions. as illustrated i n 1.oads. Examples o f loads in different disciplines are:

Structunl: displacements. forces. pressures. tcnlperaturcs (for thcmmal strain). gravity

Thermal: temperatures. heat now nles. convections. internal heal generation. infinite surface
 Magnetic: magnetic potentials. magnetic flux, magnetic c u m n t segments. source current density.

infinite surfoee

* Electric: eketric potentials (volta~e). electric current. electric charges. charge densities. infinite

surface

Fluid: velocities. pressures

Loads arc divided into six categories: D O F constraints. forces (concentrated loads). surface loads. body

loads. inertia loads. and coupled-field loads.

A DOF constraint fixes a degree o f freedom (DOF) to a known value. Exampks o f constraints are

specified displacemenls and symmetry boundary conditions i n a structural analysis, prescribed

temperatures in a thennal analysis. and flux-parallel boundary conditions.

A force is a concentrated load applied at a node in the model. Examples are forces and moments i n a

structural analysis. heat flow rates i n a thermal analysis, and current segments i n a magnetic field

analysis.

A surface load is a distributed load applied over a surface. Examples are pressures i n a structural

analysis and convections and heal fluxes i n a thennal analysis.

A body load is a volumetric or field load. Examples are temperatures and fluences i n a structural

analysis. heat generation n t c s i n a thermal anal>sis. and current densities i n a magnetic field

- analysis.

Inertia loads are those attributable to the inertia (mass matrix) o f a body. such as gravitational

acceleration. angular velccity. and angular acceleration used mainly i n a structural analysis.

Coupled-field loads are simply a special case o f one o f the above loads. where results from one

analysis are used as loads i n another analysis. Far example. the tcmpemturcs calculated i n a thermal

analysis are used as force loads i n a structural analysis.

6.4.4 Structural Analysis Types

The following types o f Structural analysis are possible using ANSYS

Static Analysis. M d a l Analysis. fiarmonic Analysis. 'l'nnsient Dynamic .4nalysis. S p e c t ~ ~Analysis.

n

Ruckling Analysis. Explicit Dynamic Analysis. Fracture mechanics, and Beam Anal,scs.
6.4.5 Port Processing

Post processing means reviewing the results o f an analysis. It is probably the most imponant step in the

analysis; to understand how the applied loads a t k t the design. how well the finite ekmml mesh is, and to

on. Two ~~~~~~~~rs an available to review the results: POSTI, the general postprocessor, and POST26.

the time-history postpmcessor. POST1 allows the user to review the results over the entire model at spccilic

load sleps and sub sleps (orat specific time-points or frequencies).

6.4.6 -
Finite Element Used SOLID191

SOLlDl9l (Fig 6.2) is a layered structural solid element used to model layered solids or shells. It allows

up to 100 different material layers. If more than 100 layers are required, the elements may be stacked. The

element is defined by 20 nodes having three degrees offrecdorn per node: vanslations in the nodal x, y, and z

directions. SOLID191 has stress stiffening capabilities. The element is defined by twenty nodes, layer

thicknesses. layer material direction angles. and orthotropic material properties.

Fig. 6.2 Element used for numerical analysis

6.4.7 System Configuration

In the present work, the conrputational iiumcrical analysis is drHlc using tfNSY.5 running ~m ?cntlum 1%'

system with Windows XP oprating qstem.

6.5 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM

For the present analysis the following assumptions arc made

Fibers are uniformly distributed in the matrix.

-
9 Fibers are perfectly aligned.

Then is pcrfkcl banding between fibers and matrix.

The composite lamina is h e o f voids and other irregularities.

All loads are within the elastic limit.

The following propeaies rcfemd to material coordinate system arc given as input to the ANSYS program

Table 6.1 Enginetring proptrtia 01CFRP

vI. 0.6

E,. GPa 14 1.6764

E?=El. GPa 12.3857

v,: = v,, 0.257

v11 0.4206

\'I I 0.0224

4.0301
I
4 3592
I
 The following A.L. Rabinovich expressions (207) uc used for predicting the elastic wnztantl for a

unidireelional continuous fiber angle-ply lamina.

I
6,= - t a . - v , ~ . - v , u , + v w . r , + % . r n + v w . r r )
E,

The above equations can be written as,

I n case o f uni-axial state o f stress. say a. # 0 and all other stresses equal to zero. the above equations are
reduced to

s, = I ~ , , o ,. there fore a,,*c.;a. 6.40

Sinlilarly c , = u,,u,. when o , . u ~r,, .

. .r ,+.andr,= o There fore a22 = g 1 4 6.4 l

I n case o f pure shear say t., # 0. the shear strain equation is reduced to

In the same manner all the 36 elastic constants (a,, ) are calculated fmm the finite element results.
6.6 PROPOSED FINITE ELEMENT MODELS

I n the present work all the 36 elastic constants for 60.A fiber volume (Vr = 0.6) o f an angle-ply GFRP
lamina with perfectly bonded fiber-matrix interface are determined by treating i t as an anisotropic material

using finite element analysis. For this purpose six different Finite Element models are developed as

explained.

i) E.-model (A mlkl block o t dimensions i n x-. y- and z- d i r e c t i n s as 1000 x 100 x Imm

mprctively): I n this model the lamina with the given dimensions i n x, y and z direction

respectively, is subjected to a uni-axial state o f stress i n the x-dircction. The snains F. , q E

,, .
yv.. yn and y,, (E, . c, . E X , E. , c) and Q) arc calculated from the finite element solution and the

following equations arc used to determine the first column elements o f compliance matrix

(Eq. 6.39).

c, - [a ,,1 0. where j - 1 to 6. 6.43

ii) E,-model (A solid block o f dimensions i n x-, y- and z- directions as 1000 x 100 x I m m

rapcctlvely): The uni-axial load is applied in the y-direction and all the strains arc calculated

from the finite element solution and the following equations arc used to determine the second

column elements o f the conrpliance matrix (Eq. 6.39).

8, = [a 1 a, whcre j = I ta 6. 6.44

iii) E,-model (A solid block or dimensions i n x-. y- and z- directions as 1000 x 100 x I m m

respcctivcly): The uni-axial load is applied in the r-direction and all the strains arc c ~ l c u l r t r d

from the finite element solution and the following equations arc used to determine the third

column clemcnts of the co~nplianceniatrix (Eq. 6.39).

&, = [a ,, ) a. where j I to 6.
 iv) Gr+
-model (A d i d black of dimensions in x-, y- and t directions as 1 r 100 x l00mm

nrpcetlvely): I n this case a shear load is applied in the y-z plane and all the strains arc

calculated from the finite element solution and the following equations are uscd to daermine

the fourth column elements o f the compliance matrix (Eq. 6.39).

V) G m -model (A solid block o f dimcnslons in x-. y- and z- directions as 100 x Ia 100mm

nrpcttivdy): I n this case a shear load is applied in the x-z plane and all the strains arc

calculated from the finite element solution and the following equations are used to determine

the fiflh column elements o f the compliance matrix (Eq.6.39).

E, =[a,] T- wherej = I 106. 6.47

vi) CxY
-model (A solid block of dimensions i n x-. y- and x- directions as100 a 100 x lrnm

mpcetlvely): I n this case a shear load is applied in the x-y plane and all the strains are

calculated from the finite clement solution and the following equations arc used to determine

the sixth column elements of the compliance matrix (Eq. 6.39).

6, = la ,] r., where j = l to 6.

The Mechanical properties o f the angle-ply lan~inaarc determined horn the clsslic constants.

For example E, = I !a ,, 6.49

vsvE I x E. 6.50

G.,= I :aw 6.51

. . . . . etc..

The objective of this analysis is to obtain the propenies o f the angle-ply lamina which can be readily used

k r furiher analysis o f a lamina or a laminate. The results are discussed in the chapter 7.