Saint Louis University

School of Engineering and Architecture

Research on IC’s

Gascon, Luiejen Marc A.

History and evolution of Logic Gate IC’s
In the beginning was the vacuum tube.

Strictly speaking, in the beginning was the electromagnetic relay. When computing
devices were first created, in the 1940s, logic gates were assembled from a mixture of
relays and vacuum tubes.

Then the transistor was invented, and this was a much more convenient, faster, and
lower power method of assembling logic gates. In 1958 it occurred to a new hire at
Texas Instruments Company, Jack Kilby, that more than one transistor and a few
resistors could be manufactured on the same piece of semiconductor, and the
integrated circuit was born.

In the 1960s the US Defense Department needed a compact and reliable guidance
system for its missiles, so it invested a great deal of money in IC development and the
RTL (Resistor Transistor Logic) family was born. These were simple logic gates that
consisted of NPN transistors and a few resistors on a silicon substrate and were made by
a number of companies - Texas, Motorola and Fairchild principally - as the famous ‘900’
series. Industrial, as opposed to military, part were produced as the ‘700’ series.

 This is a 3 input NOR gate, from the Motorola data book.

 RTL was slow,

though fast enough to
steer a Minuteman to
Moscow. It wasn’t long
before instead of just
resistors, a logic family
was introduced that used
diodes, and it was called
(not surprisingly) DTL
(Diode Transistor Logic)
and was known as the
‘930’ series.
  This is a DTL NAND gate
 DTL consumed less power than RTL and
was faster, though still not fast by today’s
standards. As IC fabrication techniques
improved, the next stage of development was
to do away with the diodes and create
transistors with multiple emitters, and TTL
(Transistor Transistor Logic) was born. TTL, the
‘7400’ series, dominated the industry from the
late 1960s, driving the older families into
obsolescence.

 This is a TTL NAND gate

 It is thanks to TTL that we commonly drive

electronics today with a 5V supply. The reverse
breakdown voltage of those multiple emitter
junctions is between 6 and 7 volts, so the supply
voltage couldn’t be higher. To go to higher
voltages a new logic family was needed, and in
the early 1970s, CMOS came along in the form of
the ‘4000’ series. CMOS uses MOSFET transistors
that draw no base current, so the power

consumption fell dramatically, and the new CMOS logic families could operate at any
supply voltage from about 3V to 18V. Because FETs are resistive devices and don’t have
a fixed voltage drop across them when they’re on, they can be stacked.

 This is a CMOS NAND gate.

IC 7432 OR Gate
IC 7432 is a logic gate IC which consist of four OR Gates. The OR gate performs logical
OR operation. The OR gates come in form of DIP package ICs. Each gate has three
terminal two inputs and one output. The ICs are made by CMOS, TTL technology.

OR gate performs logical OR operation which means output is HIGH (1) if at least one of
the inputs is HIGH (1). Just like AND gate, an OR gate may also have two or any more
numbers of inputs but only one output. Only if all of the inputs are LOW (0), the output
will be LOW (0) and in all other inputs conditions the output will be HIGH (1).

 Pin assignment
Application:
IC 7432 are used in digital electronics projects.

OR gate is used in many of our real life applications.

One of its applications, “Alarm circuit for car door
system” is explained below.

We design this alarm by connecting four circuits to

the 4 doors of the car (or any vehicle) when the
door is open, the circuit generates high output
(Logic 1) and similarly when the door is closed, the
circuit generates 0 (Logic 0). The 4 outputs of four
doors are connected to a 4 –input OR gate, which
output is connected to an alarm.

When any one or more doors are opened, then the

output of the 4- input OR gate is 1, then the alarm
rings. So that we can know the condition of doors,
whether they are properly closed or not.

 Sample Circuit

Car alarm
IC 7408 AND Gate
IC 7408 is a logic gate IC. It consists of four two-input AND Gates. The AND gate perform
logical AND operation. Logic gates come in form of ICs. The all four AND gates are
independent. Each gate has three pins two inputs and one output. IC 74HC08, IC
DM7408 are AND gate ICs.

A Logic AND Gate is a type of digital logic gate that has an output which is normally
LOW (0) and only goes HIGH (1) when all of its inputs are HIGH (1). The output state of a
“Logic AND Gate” only returns “LOW” again when any of its inputs are LOW (0). In other
words for a logic AND gate, any LOW input will give a LOW output.

The commonly used AND gate IC is 7408IC. It consists of a four 2-input logic AND gates
in a 14-pin DIP package. It supports wide operating voltage range and has wide
operating conditions.

 Pin assignment
Application:
IC 7408 is used for digital electronics projects.

Used in some electronics devices.

There are mainly two applications of AND gate as

Enable gate and Inhibit gate. Enable gate means
allowance of data through a channel and Inhibit
gate is just the reverse of that process i.e.
disallowance of data through a channel. We are
going to show an enabling operation to understand it
in an easier way. Suppose in the measurement of
frequency of a pulsed waveform. For measurement of
frequency a gating pulse of known frequency is sent
to enable the passage of the waveform whose
frequency is to be measured.

 Sample Circuit

Alarm clock
IC 7404 Hex Inverter
IC 7404 or IC 74LS04 is a logic gate IC. It consists of six NOT Gates. We know that the NOT
gate also called inverters because of it does the complements of the input. When we
apply 0 or low signal to the input it gives 1 or high signal in output.

 Pin assignment
Application:
IC 7404 is mostly used for digital electronics projects.

They are also used in some electronic devices.

They are also used in Space instruments.

 Sample Circuit

Inverter circuit
IC 7400 NAND Gate
7400 IC is the most widely used TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) device in the world. It
contains four independent two-input NAND gates. Its popularity is based on the fact
that any logic gate function can be created using only NAND gates. Therefore, 7400 is
ideal for learning about digital logic as well as a “universal spare” when certain logic
functions are needed.

The NAND (Not – AND) gate has an output that is normally HIGH (1) and only goes LOW
(0) when all of its inputs are HIGH (1). The Logic NAND Gate is the reverse or
“complementary” form of the AND gate.

The logic or Boolean expression for a logic NAND gate is that for Logical Addition, which
is the opposite to the AND gate. The Boolean expression for a logic NAND gate is
denoted by a single dot or full stop symbol, (.) with an over line or bar, ( ‾ ) over the
expression to signify the NOT or logical negation of AND gate.

Commonly used AND gate IC is 7400. It has four independent NAND gates with
standard pin configuration. The operating temperature is 70 degree celsius.

 Pin assignment
Applications:
Burglar alarm
Freezer warning buzzer
Automatic watering system

 Sample Circuit

An automatic watering system

IC 7486 XOR Gate
An XOR gate XOR (Exclusive – OR) gate is a digital logic with two or more inputs and
one output that performs exclusive disjunction. The output of the XOR gate is HIGH (1)
only when exactly one of its inputs is HIGH (1). If both inputs of a XOR gate are LOW (0),
or if both inputs are HIGH (1) , then the output of the XOR gate is false. The symbol, truth
table and the Boolean expression for XOR gate are below.

The 7486 IC package contains four independent positive logic XOR GATES. Pins 14 and
7 provide power for all four logic gates.

 Pin assignment
Applications:
These type of logic gates are used in generation
of parity generation and checking units.

A common application is as a true/complement

element. If one of the inputs is low, the other
input will be reproduced in true form at the
output. If one of the inputs is high, the signal on
the other input will be reproduced inverted at
the output.

 Sample Circuit

Half adder Circuit

IC 7402 NOR Gate
The NOR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical NOR. A HIGH output (1)
results if both the inputs to the gate are LOW (0), if one or both input is HIGH (1), a LOW
output (0) results. NOR is the result of the negation of the OR operator. It can also be
seen as an AND gate with all the inputs inverted. NOR is a functionally complete
operation because the NOR gates can be combined to generate any other logical
function. It shares this property with the NAND gate. The truth table Boolean expression
and the symbol of a NOR gate are below.

The commonly used NOR gate IC is IC 7402. It has four 2-Input NOR gates in 14-Pin DIP
Package. The special features include large operating voltage range and wide
operating conditions.

 Pin assignment
Applications:
The chip is basically used when (NOR) logic function is
required. The chip has four (NOR) gates in it. We can use
one or all gates.

When you want logic inverter. NOR gates in this chip can
be reconnected to make them NOT gates. Each NOR
gate can form a single NOT gate. So we can make 7402
chip a four NOT gate chip if necessary.

 Sample Circuit

SR Latch Circuit