MECHANIC OF MATERIAL PROJECT REPORT

COURSES CODE BFC20903

COURSES NAME MECHANIC OF MATERIAL

FACULTY CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENT
FACULTY ENGINEERING
MUHAMMAD AMIRIQMAL BIN HAZRITAUDING
1.
(AF170043)
MOHAMMAD HARITH BIN MUSTAFFA
2.
(AF170204)
MUHAMMAD AZHAN BIN ABDUL AZIZ
STUDENT’S NAME 3.
(AF170087)
MUHAMMAD ZARIF SYAHMI BIN MD ZAMRI
4. (AF170041)
5. IZZATUL SYAHIRA BINTI ZAKARIA
(AF170184)

SECTION SECTION 5 & 6

LECTURERS’ NAME DR SHAHRUL NIZA BIN MOKHATAR

MARKS

1
TABLE OF CONTENT

TITTLE PAGE

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVE

METHODOLOGY

5-6

RESULTS AND CALCULATION

7-19

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

20

CONCLUSION

21

REFERENCE & APPENDIX

22-25

2
INTRODUCTION

When a beam is supported by two supports in two points, any load that is applied to the
beam will cause the beam to deflect. Deflection is the degree to which a structural element is
displaced under a load. It may refer to an angle or a distance. The deflection distance of a
member under a load is directly related to the slope of the deflected shape of the member under
that load and can be calculated by integrating the function that mathematically describes the
slope of the member under that load.
In this project, our group have find a solution by testing a beam that was made by satay
stick. We required to prepare two flexural member based on the specific cross section and
length by utilizing satay sticks and adhesive (super glue). The flexural member will be tested
under three point bending test which loaded until failure.

L
Y

Mas
s

Support

Dial Gauge

By doing this experiment, we can record the value for load, P versus deflection. Besides
that, we performed the drawing of the load deflection and stress strain curve. After that,
determine the maximum load and maximum deflection of flexural member. Last but not least,
we can determined the Modulus of Elasticity, E, yield stress, and maximum stress from the
curve.

3
OBJECTIVE

a) Be able calculate the reaction, shear force and bending moment of the flexural member.
b) Be able ketch the shear force and bending moment diagram
−𝑃𝐿3
c) Prove that 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 48𝐸𝐼

d) Calculate the theoretical value of maximum deflection, δ max and slope.

e) Based on the maximum shear force and bending moment value, plot the bending stress and
shear stress distribution acting over the flexural member’s cross sectional area.

4
METHODOLOGY

1. To begin this project, we make a meeting in group of our fives member. Then, we study the
task had been given to us. We are group 8, so the specimen dimensions that we get is 3cm b x
5cm d and 70cm length. We get rectangular hollow section and double integration method.
2. After that, the process of making the beam.

Materials Apparatus
Sate Sticks Branch Cutting Scissors

Super Glue

(a) First at all, the sharp end of sate sticks is cut out using the branch cutting scissors.
(b) Next, the sate sticks are joined together into raft-like plate with 3cm width using super glue.
(c) Step 2 is repeated until there are 4 pieces of raft-like sate sticks with 70cm long.
(d) Then, the sate sticks are joined together into raft-like which less than 5cm by using super
glue.
(e) Step 4 is repeated until there are 4 pieces of raft-like sate sticks with less than 3cm width
and have 70cm length.
(f) After that, the raft-like piece of sate sticks which is less than 3cm is pasted on the piece of
satay stick which has 5cm.
(g) Finally, the 4 pieces of sate sticks are joined into a hollow beam.

5
3. After the beam is prepared, times to do laboratory testing

(a) The thickness and width of beam is measured.

(b) The position of two lower anvils is adjusted according to the requirement

(c) The beam is put on the two lower anvils.

(d) The load hanger is hung on the beam.
(e) The reading of dial gauge is set to zero.
(f) The load is hung on the mass hanger.
(g) The reading on dial gauge appears on the data logger and is recorded.

4. The data is recorded and calculation.

6
RESULT

i. Perform and discuss the following tasks after conducted the experimental works:

a) Record the value for load, P, versus deflection, δ.

Stress, σ Strain, ε
No. of Deflection, δ (N/mm) (N/mm2)
Load, P (N) 𝐹
Plate (mm) 𝛿
𝜎= 𝜀=
𝐴 𝐿
0 0 0 0 0
1 20 0.34 0.0133 0.00049
2 40 1.12 0.0267 0.00160
3 60 1.27 0.0400 0.00181
4 80 1.98 0.0533 0.00283
5 100 2.11 0.0667 0.00301
6 119.62 2.48 0.0797 0.00354
7 139.24 3.09 0.0928 0.00441
8 158.86 3.20 0.1059 0.00457
9 178.48 4.01 0.1190 0.00573
10 198.10 4.25 0.1321 0.00671
11 217.72 5.13 0.1451 0.00732

7
 b) Draw the load-deflection and stress-strain curve.

350mm 350mm

𝐴𝑦 B 𝐶𝑦

Graph Load, P versus Deflection, δ

250

200

150
Load, L (N)

100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Deflection, δ (mm)

8
Stress, σ (N/mm) Graph Stress, σ versus Strain, ε
0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008
Strain, ε (N/mm2)

c) Determine the maximum load, P ult and maximum deflection, δ max, of the flexural
member.

The bridge was break before at load 217.72 N, therefore:

Maximum load, P ult = 217.72 N
Maximum deflection, δ max = 5.13 mm

d) Determine Modulus of Elasticity, E, yield stress, σy and maximum stress, σmax,

from the curve.

The Modulus of Elasticity, E, can be obtained in slope of the graph stress-strain:

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐸 =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀
𝑦 −𝑦
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
2 1

0.1451−0.0133
=
0.00732−0.00049

= 19.2972 𝑚𝑚
Therefore, the Modulus of Elasticity is 19.2972 mm.

The yield stress, σy, was occur in the graph stress-strain is 0.142 N/mm

9
ii. Perform and discuss the following calculation tasks based on the specific method
as given:

a) Calculate the reactions, shear force and bending moment of the flexural
member.

217.72 N

𝑅𝐴𝑦 B 𝑅𝐶𝑦

700 mm

+↷ ∑𝑀 = 0
−𝑅𝑐𝑦 (700) + 217.72(350) = 0

𝑅𝑐𝑦 = 108.86 𝑁

↑ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑦 + 𝑅𝑐𝑦 − 217.72 = 0

𝑅𝐴𝑦 + 108.86 − 217.72 = 0

𝑅𝐴𝑦 = 108.86 𝑁

Therefore,
𝑅𝐴𝑦 = 108.86 𝑁

𝑅𝑐𝑦 = 108.86 𝑁

10
b) Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagram.

217.72 N
Cut section 1 Cut section 2

108.86 𝑁 B 108.86 𝑁

700 mm

i) Cut section 1: 0<x<350

v
𝑅𝐴𝑦

+↷ ∑𝑀 = 0
108.86 (𝑥) − 𝑀 = 0
𝑀 = 108.86𝑥

↑ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
108.86 − 𝑣 = 0
𝑣 = 108.86 𝑁

11
ii) Cut section 2: 350<x<700

217.72 N

v
𝑅𝐴𝑦
350 mm

+↷ ∑𝑀 = 0
108.86 (𝑥) − 217.72 (𝑥 − 350) − 𝑀 = 0
𝑀 = 108.86𝑥 − 217.72(𝑥 − 350)
𝑀 = 38101 Nm

↑ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
108.86 − 217.72 − 𝑣 = 0
𝑣 = −108.86 𝑁

12
 Shear force and bending moment diagram

217.72 N

𝑅𝐴𝑦 B 𝑅𝐶𝑦

700 mm

108.86 N

+ve
SFD 0

-ve
-108.86 N

38101 Nm

+ve

BMD 0

13
 −𝑷𝑳𝟑
c) Prove that δmax = 𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰

𝑅𝐴𝑦 = 𝑃/2 B 𝑅𝐶𝑦 = 𝑃/2

L/2 L/2

Prove using double integral method:

𝑑2 𝑦 1 1
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑃𝑥 − 𝑃(𝑥 − 𝐿)
𝑑𝑥2 2 2

𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 2
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑃𝑥 2 − 𝑃 (𝑥 − 𝐿) + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 4 2 2

1 3
1 1 3
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = 𝑃𝑥 − 𝑃 (𝑥 − 𝐿) + 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶2
12 6 2

At x = 0, y = 0,

Therefore, C2 = 0

At x = L, y = 0

1 1 1 3
0 = 𝑃𝐿3 − 𝑃 (𝐿 − 𝐿) + 𝐶1𝐿
12 6 2

1 1
0 = 𝑃𝐿3 − 𝑃𝐿3 + 𝐶1𝐿
12 48
1
𝐶1 = − 16 𝑃𝐿2

Thus,

1 1 1 3 1
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = 𝑃𝑥 − 𝑃 (𝑥 − 𝐿) − 𝑃𝐿2 𝑥
3
12 6 2 16

14
 Maximum deflection will occur at x = 1/2 L (midspan)

1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1
𝐸𝐼 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃( 𝐿) − 𝑃 ( 𝐿 − 𝐿) − 𝑃𝐿2 ( 𝐿)
12 2 6 2 2 16 2

1 1
𝐸𝐼 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝐿3 − 0 − 𝑃𝐿3
96 32

𝑃𝐿3
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =− (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒)
48𝐸𝐼

217.72𝐿3
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =−
48𝐸𝐼

d) Calculate the theoretical value of maximum deflection, δmax, and slope, θ

P=217.72 N

𝑅𝐴𝑦 =108.86 N B 𝑅𝐶𝑦 = 108.86 𝑁

L/2 =350 mm L/2 =350 mm

Deriving the elastic curve equation at cut section 1: 0<x<350mm

At cut section 1,the bending moment :
𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 =𝑀
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2 = 108.86𝑥
𝑑𝑥

15
 Derivation of elastic equation:

𝑑2 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = 108.86𝑥
𝑑𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 108.86𝑥 2 slope, θ
𝐸𝐼 = + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 4

108.86𝑥 3 deflection, δ
𝐸𝐼 (𝑦) = + 𝐶1 𝑋 + 𝐶2
12

For slope of cut section 1,

𝑑𝑦
x= 350 mm, 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑑𝑦 108.86𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼 = + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 4

(108.86)(350)2
= + 𝑐1
4
𝑐1 = −3333837.5

Therefore, the slope equation

𝑑𝑦 108.86𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼 = − 3333837.5
𝑑𝑥 4

𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥

For deflection of cut section 1:

x=350 mm, y=0

108.86𝑥 3
𝐸𝐼 (𝑦) = + 𝐶1 𝑋 + 𝐶2
12

(108.86)(350)3
= + (−3333837.5)(350) + 𝐶2
12

𝐶2 = 777895416.7

16
 Therefore, the deflection equation

108.86𝑥 3
𝐸𝐼 (𝑦) = − 3333837.5𝑥 + 777895416.7
12

𝑦 = 8.3919𝑥10−9 𝑚𝑚

Therefore the deflection at cut section 1 is 8.3919𝑥10−9 𝑚𝑚

e) Based on the maximum shear force and bending moment value, plot the
bending-stress and shear distribution acting over the flexural member’s cross
sectional area.

30 mm

5 mm 50 mm

5 mm

Cross section of beam

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼=
12
𝐼 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑒𝑏

(30)(50)3 (20)(40)3
𝐼= −
12 12
𝐼 = 152500 𝑚𝑚4

ℎ
𝑦=
2
50
𝑦=
2
𝑦 = 25 𝑚𝑚

17
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑏 𝑥 ℎ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑒𝑏 = 𝑏 𝑥 ℎ

= 30 𝑥 50 = 20 𝑥 40

= 1500 𝑚𝑚2 = 1000 𝑚𝑚2

𝑀 = 38101 𝑁𝑚𝑚 and 𝑉 = 108.86𝑁

𝑀𝑦
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐼
(38101)(15)
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
152500
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.7476 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

25 𝑚𝑚 20 𝑚𝑚

𝑁𝐴

25 𝑚𝑚 τ max
20 𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑄
𝜏𝑎 =
𝐼𝑡
30 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑄𝑎
𝑉𝑄𝑎 𝜏𝑤𝑒𝑏 =
𝜏𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝐼𝑡
𝐼𝑡
(108.86)(1000 𝑥 22.5 )
(108.86)(1500 × 22.5) 𝜏𝑤𝑒𝑏 =
𝜏𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = (152500)(20)
(152500)(30)
𝜏𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 0.8031 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝜏𝑤𝑒𝑏 = 1.2016 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑉𝑄𝑎
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝑡

(108.86) ((1500 × 22.5) + ((1000 𝑥 22.5 ) × 2))

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
(152500)(0.01)
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5621.46 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
∴ Therefore the maximum bending stress and shear stress is 3.7476 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and
5621.46𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

18
 0.8031 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3.7476 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

25 𝑚𝑚 +𝜎 1.2016 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑁𝐴
25 𝑚𝑚
−𝜎 5621.46𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

3 𝑚𝑚 −3.7476 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Maximum bending stress and shear stress

iii. Conclude the results that obtained from experimental and theoretical.

−PL3
According to δmax = , maximum deflection of the beam should be
48EI
8.3919𝑥10−9 mm. However, we only obtain 5.13 mm of deflection from the
laboratory testing. Hence, there are some random error occurs during the testing of the
beam such as the gauge does not put completely perpendicular on the top of the beam.
Besides, eye does not perpendicular to the scale. The 3 point bending test did not get
the value of deflection same as theoretical because there may be some minor technical
inaccuracies in making the beam. For example, some of the sides of beam were not
exactly the size require. Moreover, the surface of the beam is also affected as we
made the beam on the paper, so some paper will stick on the surface of the beam.
Hence, the strength of the beam is affected. As we can know, the double integration
method calculates the deflection of beam as a whole without any glue joint. However,
the beam we made are stick together with several joints using 502 glue. Therefore, the
result we get in the laboratory is quite difficult to be same as the theory calculation
result.

19
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

The model was constructed in dimension of 4cm x 4cm, length of 50cm with cross-section in
hollow square. The graph of load versus deflection has been sketched based on the data
obtained from the test. From the graph stress versus strain,the modulus of elasticity is 19.2972
mm and the yield stress is 0.142 N/m. Based on the graph load versus deflection, we also obtain
the ultimate load of the beam that is 217.72 N and deflection 5.13 mm.

The calculation of the reactions of the beam had been calculated by considering the beam under
elastic limit. By using the value obtained from the graph, Ay and Cy had been determined
which is 108.86 N respectively. Then, the maximum bending moment based on the bending
moment diagram and calculation is 38101 Nm.

Based on the bending moment and shear force obtained, the stress distribution diagram are
−PL3
been illustrated. While, for the equation ∂max = , It has been proved by using the
48EI
Double Integration method which has been assigned for us. Then, by using the formula that
has been proved, therefore the deflection at cut section 1 is 8.3919𝑥10−9 𝑚𝑚

Lastly, from the observation and result from the deflection test, it shows that our beam has a
failure in shear. This happens as the way of gluing the satay sticks also influence the strength
of the beam. Second is the arrangement of the satay sticks also contributed in strengthening
the beam.

20
CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, this Mechanic of Materials project had taught us a lot of lessons including
theoretical stuff and also integrity experience like cooperation between each other. All of
these are important for students when they go into the working field. Although the result we
get from the manual deflection test is not same as the theoretical result, we are still able to
learn the concept of 3 point bending test like stress, strain, strain energy and load bearing
capacity and how to determine the deflection of beam. This project took us about 2 weeks to
complete it, starting from deciding the dimension and method of calculation to report and
video making. We go from doing research about the bamboo stick, making beam model,
testing of beam, analysis of deflection (centroid, moment of inertia, bending stress, shear
stress, load-deflection graph and deflection equation) until video and report making.
Throughout the whole period, we have learnt and experienced the importance of good
cooperation between each other and time management. Other than that, the delegation of task
to the right person also makes our project goes smooth without any major obstacle. Last of
all, we also improve our creativity and problem solving skills during making the report and
video. This plays an important role as the report and video need to be clear in explaining
every details of the project so that the readers and audiences can understand them easily.
Without the guidance from the lecturer, the project would face a lot more challenges and take
a longer time to be completed.

21
REFERENCE AND APPENDIX

1. Ferdinand P.Beer; E. Russell Johnston, Jr; John T.DeWolf (2002), Mechanics of

Materials Third Edition, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
Data,McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
2. Arthur P. Boresi and Richard J. Schmidt (2003), Advance Mechanics Of Materials
Sixth Edition, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication,United States of
America.
3. James M.Gere. (2004). Mechanics of Materials Sixth Edition. Library of Congress
Cataloging-in-Publication,United States of America.
4. R.C.Hibbeler (2011). Mechanics of Materials Eighth Edition In SI Units. Pearson
Education South Asia Pte Ltd;Singapore.
5. https://www.journals.elsevier.com/mechanics-of-materials
6. http://www.hljp.edu.cn/attachment/20120820084627006.pdf
7. https://www.engineer4free.com/mechanics-of-materials.html

22
 Planning the project and making the satay beam

The satay beam is tested on the three point bending test

23
 The satay beam is having a failure

The total load that made the satay beam collapsed

24
The group successfully done the three point bending test on the satay beam

25