Subject : Digital Communication

Code : UEC 607

Credit : 4

Dr. Amit Mishra

 Square root raised cosine
Raised cosine pulse
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Disadvantages of raised cosine (RC) and square root
raised cosine (SRRC) pulses

Large band width (approx. double) required

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Correlative Coding

Types of Correlative coding

• Duo-binary Coding
• Modified duo-binary coding
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 Duo-binary Coding

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Duo-binary Coding block diagram

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Continued…

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To evaluate impulse response of Duo-binary filter

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 In duo binary block diagram,

Now,

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Therefore, we know that

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Magnitude response:

If:

We know that:

If:

If:

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Frequency response of duo binary filter:

Comparison of duo binary with Raised cosine (RC) filter:

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Phase and Frequency response of duo binary filter:

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Impulse response of duo binary filter:

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Normalized sinc pulse

We know that:
sinc(-1)= sinc(1)=0
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Continued…
For polar input patterns:

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Justification of max value at Tb/2

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Drawback of duobinary scheme

At receiver:

Recovered signal bk depends on its delayed value bk-1 , therefore a small

error in bk will be accumulated in each iteration and correct detection of
original signal will not be possible.
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Example: Polar (0 => -1, 1 => +1)

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Example: Polar (0 => -1, 1 => +1)

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Original sequence

Error propagation
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Precoded duobinary scheme

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Detector for recovering original binary sequence

Recovered signal bk depends on current value ck , therefore a small error

in ck will only corrupt current detected value of recovered signal and
succeeding signal stream will not be affected by this error.

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Example: Polar (0 => -1, 1 => +1)

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Example: Bipolar (0 => 0, 1 =>, [+1 or -1] alternatively)

Circuit for generating bipolar format

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Modified duobinary scheme

Disadvantage

Methodology

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Block diagram of modified duobinary scheme

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Block diagram of modified duobinary receiver

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We know that

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We know that

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If

If

If
If

If

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Frequency Response of modified duobinary scheme

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Example: Polar (0 => -1, 1 => +1)

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Continued…

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Eye Diagram

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M-ary PAM

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Continued…

M=2, Binary PAM

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Signal space diagram or Constellation diagram

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M=4, 4-ary PAM

M=8, 8-ary PAM

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Two options to represent M-ary PAM:

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Constellation diagram

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Gray coding

Constellation diagram

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Error in natural coding

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Error in Gray coding

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Highlights

Bit rate

Power requirement

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Probability of error

By increasing the voltage level, probability of error (Pe) may go down but
again power requirement increases.

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