TheM easnrement of the Force Needed to Move Blades Through a Bed of Cohesionless
GZ-aIlRleSf
D. F. BAGSTER
Deparxmenr of Ckmical Engineering. LWrersif_r ofCambridge
(Recckd
SUMMARY
There are many cases in the process industries trhere
it is necessary to move blades of rarious shapes
through beds of particulate solids As part of lvork on
the mixing of various particulate mateSais, theforces
required to moue blades through beds of cohesionless
particles hare been studied. lhe particular case con-
sidered has been the steady motion of a plwte certical
blade moring hori=ontally close to the sur$ace of a
lerel bed. irIte reasonsfor the choice of this particular
system are discussed_
The apparatus for determining the effectice force
t-ector, i.e. the horizontal and t-ertical components of
force and the &ectice point of action, is desrribed.
The force rector has been measured in some detail
and the influence of thefollolving parameters has been
studied: type of particulate material (angle offnuztion,
density), roughness of blade, celocity of blade, size
of bhzde, and its depth of immersion. Care has been
taken to separate the end effects from those atrribut-
able to a simple t,r*odimensionaljlo~vv such as lvoutd
occur ocer a cery long blade_ A semi-empirical cor-
relation based on elementary soil mechanics theory
is presentL’d.
IYTRODUCTIOX
In the process industries there are many instances
where it is necessary to force an object, sometimes
in the form of a blade, through a bed of particulate
‘solids.. For example, agitated pan driers are in
common use for drying crystallinematerial_The wet
crystals are mixed by blades to bring fresh crystals
into contact with hot gas above the crystal mass
A general bulk movement through the equipment
can also be achieved.
Scraper (or flight) conveyers have a succession of
vertical blades in wntact vvith a floor. The blades
Poas&~ TecSmoIog_r- Ekevia Publishing Company. Amsterdam
A?GC J. BRIDGWATER
(Cr. Briipin/
July 19. 1967)
simpiy push material from one location to another_
Other examples of the use of objects forced
through bulk granules are:
Blenders, e-g. for polythene chips
Ore roasters
Coal feeders
Crystallisers
Classifiers, e-g_ the Dorr Classifier_
Evidently, objects of a variety of sizes and shapes
are being moved through beds of particulate solids
in a variety of directions. In some instances, inter-
stitial fluid may have a profound effect on the char-
acter of the motion, and in the limit local fluidisation
of the particles may be significant.
In the present work it xas decided to study the
motion around and forces exerted on long flat
blades mounted with the short edge vertical_ These
blades \v-ere mov-ed horizontally in a direction
normal to the blade face through levelted particulate
beds.
The lvork has been conoxned vvith cases xv-here
the blade is quite close to the Zevelsurface of the bed.
the louver edge of the blade being at a maximum
of three blade heights below the undisturkd .surface
of the bed.
Whilst this might at first be thought to be an
unduly restrictive and ideaiised situation. it xi-as
considered that there \vere a number of advantages
from both a theoretical and a practical point of vie\\-
in addition to the fact that there are a number of
direct practical applications.
The advantages are as follow-s :
(i) It is kno\vn that in a bin, for example. con-
taining a _granularsolid the ~valls of the bin support
part of the solid, the stress in the base thereby being
reduced below the hydrostatic value and giren
approximately by the Janssen formula_ McCabe and
* Paper picwntcd at Lho S>mposium on Pan-da Flon and
Scot-zags Bradford Sep:anbcr E-13. 1967.
- Printed the Nexheilands
190 D_ F. BAGSTER, J. BRIDGWATER

Smith’ give an example of a packed column. By vertical and passed horizontally close to the surface
using low blade immersion in a wide container the through a levelled particulate bed.
uncertainties due to support from the walls are A brief discussion of the flow and the detailed
greatly reduced and the bed shotrId approximate force vector measurements for the simple two-
a semi-infinite one. Furthermore, with these low dimensional flow is presented. Since associated
immersions, the stress-strain relationship is a func- parts of the work are concerned with the movement
tion ofdepth alone and not ofdistance from the wall. and mixing of particles, for ease of observation and
(ii) Being shallow, the volume of the bed is not toreducesizeseparation,largeclosely-sizedgranular
too large and it is thus not so expensive to fill. It materials are used throughout_
also renders experimentation easier to carry out.
(iii) In some preliminary work with closely sized
particles it was found that with deep immersion of QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE ?.IOTION
the object significant settling occurred on passing
the object through the granular bed. This was due A glass-sided box has been used to make visual and
to ordering and closer packing of particles well photographic observations of the particle move-
above the object on shearing’. Such difliculties are ment over a blade set in motion as described above.
not evident with low immersions. For a given granular material and a given blade,
(iv) By the use of blades of a number of different the shape of the steady-state heap produced -by the
lengths. end effects can be eliminated and the true passage of the blade is a function of both the
two-dimensional flow studied, analogous to two- immersion and the velocity of the blade.
dimensional aerofoil wind-tunnel experiments. Figure 1 shows the regions that exist when the
Thus it may be seen that one of the more impor- blade is partially immersed and the velocity is low.
tant motions present in the mechanical processing
of particulate solids is isolated for unambiguous
study. It was hoped that knowledge at present avail-
able in soil mechanics might be brought to bear
upon the problem.
In previous work. Weighardt3 has correlated data
semi-empirically for rods and cones rotating with
the axis of the object vertical and also for rods
rotated in a horizontal plane about a vertical axis
through the centre of the rod.
Novosad and Standart investigated the torque
required to rotate a paddle blade about a vertical
axis. The main difficulties here are, first of all, the
tendency of the granular material to be thrown to
Fig 1. Profile otcc blade at immersion f-
the circumference of the vessel, and secondly, the
shear stress exerted on the ends of the blades owing
to the proximity of the wall. Iiyama and Aoki’ in-
vestigated a similar system_
0sman6 has studied the force on a single blade
passed through a number of soils including dry sand
whilst the blade was picking up material_ By assum-
ing that the failure surface was part of a logarithmic
spiral he was able to predict the force exerted on
the blade. He considered also the effect of inclination
and curvature of the blade. However, his was not
a study of the steady-state profile relevant to the
chemical process industries.
The purpose of this work, then, is to study the
steady-state motion of free flowing granular mate-
rials over a long blade mounted with its short edge Fig. 2 Profiic over blade at immersion 2

Poxder Technol. I (1967) 189-198

 FORCE h-ED TO MO\2 BLADES THROUGH BED OF GK~SL-LES 191

The particles rise up to the free surface in region A, variable. H may be considered to be a function of
roll down the free surface b,b2 and fall into the the following &ables I
space behind the blade B. It is found that a recircul-
ating zone C exists which moves forward with the The length of the blade
blade. The rate of interchange of material between The height of the b!adc
region C and the particles in region A is believed to The immersion of the blade. defined as the
be Iow and thus a siguificant by-passing effect exists. vertical distance from the undisturbed sur-
The steady-state profile is reproduable and does face of the bed to the bottom edge of the
not change with velocity provided the velocity is blade (see Fig. 4)
low. The density of the material of the granules
Figure 2 shows the effect of increasing the depth constituting the particulate bed
of immersion. Region C decreases in size and free The void fraction of the bed as laid
rolling down the surface brb, is increasingly in- The acceleration due to gravity
hibited. The velocity of the blade
It is not intended to dwell on the details of the The maximum internal angle of friction of
flow patterns at this time; it may suffice to remark material with initial state that of the undis-
that, with increasing velocity, the height of the turbed bed
profile of material above the undisturbed bed The steady-state angle of friction of the parti-
surface increases (Fig. 3). culate material on the biade material (-run-
ning friction’)

DIMJZSSIOSAL ASALYSIS In accordance with the principles of dimensional

analysis given by Bridman’ the folIo\ving may be
Consider the horizontal force H exerted on the taken as a dimension&s group relationship I
blade. Since H determines the power input to a
piece of equipment, let it be taken as the dependent H
=f
p(1 -.z)gB’L

The product ~(1 --E)g is introduced for con-

venience and is equal to the specific weight of the
bed. ;‘_
Note that g is included as it deiermines the gravit>-
force acting on the material which has to be moved
up and over the blade. It also affects the tumbling
action over the top of the blade.
The internal angle of friction 4 is included in the
manner stated for the following reason. If a typical
stress-strain relationship for a relativeIs dense
granular material is considered’. the relevant stress
Fig_ 3. Change in protilcwith ~clocity. steel bladyballoiini. at failure is giv-en by point P (Fig. 5). As the material
passing over the blade has suffered a large strain.
the greatest shear stress to be overcome is grv-enby P
if the medium is dense. If the material is initially
-
loose. the greatest shear stress on the stress-strain
rro.00

path is given by C. the so-called ?ritical statc”g_

TX\ Suppose that no dead region exists against the
front face of the blade. This is an assumption which
_--------r---7--J&- --
-_-_-_-i--l_
5 e t
t-
A!/
is confirmed by photographic experiment_ Then it
appears reasonabIe to choose a dynamic angle of
friction 6 against the face of the blade. If the blade
is very rough then failure close to the blade will
Fig. 4. Defmition of immersion. occur by particle-particle slip and not by blade-
 192 D_ F. BAGSTER, J_ BRIDGWAlER

The beam C is weighed by strain gauge elements

attached to S2 and Ss, while a strain on the hori-
zontal strap S, measures the force to draw the blade
through the bed J.
Each of the straps Sr, S, and S, is attached to
member D, which in turn is rigidly attached to the
carriage F by means of screwed rods E which provide
height adjustment.
StrW
The whole instrument runs smoothly along the
horizontal rail G on roller bearings installed in
Fig. 3. Qualitative description of shear strength of soil as a
function of strain at constant normal stress.
carriage F, and may be drawn along by a line at-
tached to the shaft of a constant speed electric
motor and adjustable speed gearbox.
particle slip. As the particles are moving against the By making the measuring straps Sr, S2. and Ss
wall and have suffered large strains it is probable long (15 cm) and mounting the ends in ball bearings,
that at the wall the relevant portion of the stress- interactions between the tensions in these. three
strain curve is point C. If the blade is not very rough members were reduced below measurable levels
then the angle of friction used should be that and hysteresis was not apparent in the strain gauge
relevant to material in the critical state passing over
the blade, Le. running friction.
It is assumed that both 4 and S are independent
of normal stress. Note aiso that both Cpand 6 are
dimensionless being measures of the ratio of a
limiting frictional force to the associated normal
force acting on a plane.
As in all cases where dimensional analysis is used,
it is not certain that the effects are completely
described by the variables chosen. The void fraction
in the moving region, for example, has not been
included and thus it is implied that all granular
materials dilate simiiarly.
The omission of an internal angle of friction for
material in the moving region (applying to the
critical state) implies similar stress-strain behaviour
(b)
for all the materials.

FORCE ME4SUREMF3’iT APPARATUS

(i) Ooerall construction

Figures 6a and 6b show an elevation of the force
measurement apparatus used to find the total
force vector in a vertical plane on blades forced
through the granular bed J.
A is a blade screwed to the uprights K which
are in turn fastened to the beam C_ The beam was
carefully designed, the dimensions and counter-
weights W,, W2 being arranged to ensure that the
forces in the straps S2 and S3 are always tensile.
Care was also taken to ensure that the forces in
straps S,, S2, and Ss were of magnitudes measure- Fig. 6. (a) Elevation of force measurement apparatus; (b) bhoto-
able with strain gauges. graph of force measuring apparatus and bed.

Powder i-echmZ_ i(I967) IS'-198

 FORE hEEDED TO MOE
calibrations. The straps were made czJt of 16 gauge
brass, 0.635 cm wide; S, and S2 consisted of single
straps, while S, consisted of two straps, IO cm apart,
one on each side of the beam C to provide stability.
The tension in the straps was measured as tensile
strain by Saunders-Roe 0.635 cm 55 ohm foil-type
linear strain gauges. Dummy gauges were mounted
close by on a similar piece of brass. A gauge and its
associated dummy were mounted in each of two
parallel arms of a Wheatstone bridge_
The calibration of the force measurement system
was carried out directly on the whole unit. A device
was made up containing three ball races to which
hooks were attached_ It enabIed a known force to
be applied at three points in the plane of the blade
face at a known inclination_
For any given applied force vector the three
signals from the strain gauges in the straps S,. S2. S3
may be measured. Using force balances and mo-
ments, the system may be calibrated in terms of
galvanometer deflection z-s_tension in each of S,, S,.
and S,. The calibrations were found to be constant.
i-e. independent of the magnitude, direction and
point of application of the calibrating load.
MEASUREMEXT OF MX-I-ERIAL
ASD BLADE PROPERTIES
(u) Bed density
It was decided to prepare the bed in two of the
ways beds can occur industrially:
Fig 7. Volumesof Imoan aci&ts of ballotini for two different
methods of bai pl-ePzation
BLADESTHROUGHBED OF GRXXULES I93
(i) where the particles are poured loosely from a
small height (say 5 cm), and
(ii) u-here the bed has been sheared many times
by the passage of a blade.
The bulk densities of the beds of material were
determined by forming known weights of material
into beds with fairIy level surfaces in a box of known
dimensions_ The depths of the beds were measured
at many points and the volumes calculated. Figure
7 shows the results of such buIk density mpasure-
ments for Z-mm ballotini for the two different
methods of bed preparation mentioned_
KoIbuszewskir” has reported results of many
such porosity determinations. The aim here has
been just to determine the bulk density for the two
cases of interest For this particular case of ballotini
the results were as in Table I_
TABLE 1I DENSITY OF SEDS OF ?-mm BAUDTIx7
Dcnsit~- of actual head marcrial L98 g cm’
Shcarcd ISI O.Cl? 393
LOOK poured 1.91 0.559 35.9
(b) Intemal angle ofjkiction of bed material. C&
Work is in progress on an annular shear box
designed to measure both internal and external
angIes of friction_ In the meantime simplified
methods ha\-e been used.
It is well known that the angle of repose is a
measure of the angle of friction for cohesionless
materials. Osman ‘i has provided a recent experi-
mental verification of this for dry sand. Brow-n”
has discussed hou- different methods provide dif-
ferent values of the angle of repxe.
The method of measuring ande ofrepose adop:ed
here xis to half fill a Xxrn-&am. drum with the
material to be tested, and to rotate the drtim until
the particles began to slide. The angle of inclination
from the horizontal of the surface just at the point
of commencement of sliding x\zs then taken as the
angle of repose.
(c) External angie of friction, 6
Two types of blade material were used, bright
mild steel and a steel surface roughened with balio-
tini stuck to the surface with “Araldite”_
As a quick means of estimatios blocks of u-ood
Fouder Techol_. 1 (1967) 139-198
194 D. E. BAGS-CER, J. BRIDGWATER

had particles of granular material bonded to them

with ‘Araldite”. The blocks were weighted with
known weights N and drawn as steadily as possible
by hand over the relevant blade material using a
spring balance to measure the friction force F_
The external angle of friction, 6, is then found
simply from the familiar formula

and F/N is assumed to be the same as the ratio of

shear to normal stress, rf~_
Table 2 summarises the results of the property
measurements_
recorded simultaneously and reached steady values
in a very short distance (say 30 cm)_ Figure 8 shows
TABLE 2: MEASJRED
MATERIAL PROPERTIES such a trace. For the coarse sand a fluctuating chart
Panicle size and shape
was often found, the onset of the fluctuations
Vole (IT. dm. (mm) possibly being due to the greater irregularity in the
ballotini-approx. spherical 206 bed packing arising from the greater angularity of
polqthene chips-approx. cylindrical 3.54 the sand particles compared with that of the ballo-
coarse und~ngular (--8 I 12 mesh) 1.65 tini and the polythene chips
(a) .Ypecific neight of granular beds (g/cm3) At least one traverse was carried out for each of
bailotini-shezred 1.8: the available blade lengths and the slope of the
bailotini-loose poured 1.91 least-squares line of each of the signals from S,, S,,
poljthene chips-sheared 058 and S3 against the blade length L was calculated_
polythene chips-loose poured 0.60
cossx sand-sheared 153
Figure 9 shows the values of SI for a particular case
plotted against L. The value of these slopes were
(b) Angles of repose then used to obtain estimates of the force values
bailotini-sheared 24O per unit length on an infinitely long blade.
ballotini-loose poured xi0
The results of these regression calculations were
polythene chips--sheared 3f
coarse sand-sheared 3P put in the form of:
(a) the horizontal force per unit length, H/L, this
(c) Exremnl angzesoffricrion, d
baliotini/steet 13O
ballotini/ballotini-lined steel 17=
polythene chips/steel 9O
B-4cm
coarse sand/steel 14=
5 CO.75
4000 -
Steel blodes/bollotini
e
EXPERIME?CAL PROCEDZ’RE e
ui3000 -
A traverse of the bed by the force measurement B
device was preceded by preparation of the bed by z
t
either of the techniques described previously_ and u moo-
?
careful levelling. e
Prior to a traverse the blade was kept quite free
of particles in order to zero the galvanometers. 1000 -

The recorder chart was then switched on and the

force measurement apparatus drawn forward by
the constant speed motor so that the blade passed
J’ ’
10
1
20 32
I 1

40 50
into and through the bed. Blade length, L (Cm)
The strains in the straps S,, S,, and S, were Fig. 9. Plot of force in a strain element cs. blade leagth_

Pow&r TechnoL, 1 (1967) 189-198

 FORCE hzEDED TX3 MOVE BLADES THROUGH BED OF GRAY-XXES 195

being the quantity which determines the horse-

power to move the blade,
(b) the inclination in degrees of the total force
vector per unit length to the horizontal_ this angle
being taken positive when the force on the blade
was upivards,
(c) the position of the total effective force vector
per unit length on the blade, reckoned as a percentage
of blade height from the top edge.
01 . I
(bl IncInotic~~. of Ccce vecto-

RESULTS

It is found experimentally (see Fig. 10) that at low

velocities, the force required to mcve the b!ade at
constant velocity is independent of velocity and
therefore of the group s’/gB. Consider first of all the
data obtained using these low velocities_
Figure 11 shows the three elements of the force
vector plotted against dimensionless immersion
Z/B for the particular case of steel blades drawn
through balloti& Considering fast the horizontal
force, this is seen in the first place to lie on a fairly
smooth curve and is readily reproducible. It can be
seen that the difference between the two methods of
bed preparation used here has only a small influence dimensionless group H;P(l -&)yB’L or H,?B’L
on the measured force, Le. E is not very important and the results appear to be adequately correlated
as a variable for beds as prepared in these experi- by this means_ since points for blade heists of Z
ments 4 and 6 cm lie on the same curve. In Fig_ 12 the
In Fig. 12 the force H is plotted as part of the results for polythene chips and coarse sand, both
using a steel blade, and ballotini against a roughened
blade are also presented_ According to the dimen-
sional analysis given the differences between scpa-

‘-c
3oooL’
- .
.
. .
. w -
rate curves must be accounted for by difierenccs in
the dimensionless groups (b and 5_ The dimension-
Iess force may be seen to be independent of .L the
initial bed void fraction, for the range of conditions
studied.
Returning to Fig 11. the vaIue of the angIe of
inclination of the force vector to the horiintal is
--2GQo - seen to bear much more scatter than applies to the
p
I horizontal force_ This is not unexpected since this
inclination, say f?. is found from a force equation
s
2 ~~lvolving the difference between the force in the
v-ertical straps S2, Ss of the apparatus (Fig 6) so
7000-
that there are more errors involved_
Table 3 shows the average angle 0 found in this
way and compares it with ‘&e values of the external
angle of friction d already reported. Hence for the
particular geometry chosen (vertical blade) these
quantities as measured are ofabout the same vzthtes
Fig IO. Effect of ~clocity on force H. The determination of the location of the line of
196 D. F. BAGSTER, J. BRIDGWATER

Fig. 13. Relative increase in force as function of s2/gB aitb

immersion as parameter for steel blades/ballotini. Solid lines
are least squares.
I I I I
S 1 2 3
Z/B
Fi_r IL Dimensionless force t-s_immersion with frictional prop-
erties as parameters. This average value of 74% bears an interesting
Key Blade B(cm) ?anicles 6 c5 comparison with accurately determined positions
* Steel Z Ballotini-sheared 24 13 for incipient failure found by Schofield13 for a
0 Steel 4 BaIIotini-sheared 24 13
rotating model foundation. Schofield found the
q Steel 6 Ballotini-sheared 24 13
x Steel 4 Ballotini-loose poured ‘8 13 point of application of the force to be 83% of
0 Roo5&4 Ballotini-sheared 24 17 the blade height below the upper edge of the blade.
a Steel 2 Coarse sand-sheared 37 14 Returning to the effect of speed on force, Fig. 13
Steel 4 Coarse sand-sheared 37 14 shows the relative increase in force Ef (for ballotini
Steel 4 Polythene chips-sheared 37 9
and steel blades) against the group sa/gB for three
different immersions Z/B. The values of force H at
zero speed, Ho. were found by assuming a linear
action of the force vector is inaccurate due to the relation between H and $/gB, and by then calculat-
small height of the blades used (largest height 6 cm) ing the Ieast mean square line. There is much scatter,
but the average value may be of some interest, 74 % but the fact that the speed effect on force is less
of blade height from the top edge. unportant at greater immersions is clear.
A repeat determination of the calibration factor
for the strain elements gave values within $%, and
assuming that the scatter seen in Fig. 11 is normal SEh¶l-EMPlRICAL CORRELAIXON
then the effective point of application of the force
can be expected to he at between 65 and 83% of This section presents an attempt to correlate the
the blade height below the upper edge of the blade. frictional dimensionkss groups 4 and b with the
(The further assumption 3s made that this point of groups already employed and presented in Fig. 12
application of the effective force vector does not The aim here is to provide a single dimensionless
vary its position with depth of immersion_) relationship such as could be used by a designer_
The technique employed was simply to divide
the dimensionless force H/yB2 L by a passive earth
pressure coefficient, Kp. This quantity is discussed
at great length by Jurmkisr4 and it is also tabulated
Arerage inclination Extemnl by him in a separate volume15.
offorce zx?cmr
IO angleof The force H/L required to produce soil failure
thenormalfOthe friction, behind a wall when the wall is forced into the soil
plane of the blade, 6 (degrees)
can beestimated by
0 (degrees)
H sin (af6)
Bal!otini/steel 15 13 - = $K,yB’
BalIotini/bal!otini- 17 17 L siuacos6
lined steel B = vertical height of wall,
where
Potythene chips/steel 9 9
Coarse sand/steel 14 14 y = specific weight of soil, and
KP = passive earth pressure coefficient.

Pow&r Txhnd, 1 (1967) 189-198

 FORCE hTEDED TO MOLT BLADES THROUGH BED OF GRA%JLES 197

The formula for K, as given by Terzaghix6 is

For the present application I is 90= since only

vertical blades have been consider- and /3 is
arbitrarily taken as zero, i.e. the back-f% is assumed
to be effectively horizontaL The external angle of
friction is taken to be +6 where d is found by the
sliding experiments already described_
4= *
Figure 15 shows that this device of dividing the
* dimensionless force by K, and plotting HjK+-B’L
against Z/B does at least bring the lines for different
Q and 6 fairly close together_ Further, in the absence
3-
of any other information a designer would probably
be no more than ZOO/, in error-
Now textbooks on soil mechanics do not fail to
warn against the errors of using K, calculated in the
way just described in the design of retaining wall
2- schemes, and the employment of KP here as a cor-
relating factor has not produced a complete rela-
tionship_ but as a first attempt at correlation it does
seem to have taken some relevant frictional proper-
ties into account
,1-

COSCLUSIOM A%D FGI-IXE WORK

I The work described here is an attempt to evaluate

one aspect of a very complex phenomenon_ The
L r I 1 general dimensioniess group approach adopted
0 7 2 3
z/a would appear to correlate force data successfully on
Fig 1% Correlation of frictional properties with dimensionless the scales and with the materials used_ The device
bra and immersion. of using K, in an attempt to include Q and 6
Key Blade B(m) PUdClCS Q 6 R, explicitly in the correlation could well be an over-
4 SIctl 2 Ballorini-sheared 24 13 3.46 simplification_ The values of 4 and d are hard to
?I Steel 4
6 Ballotini-sheared
BaIlotini-shcarcd 24
24 I3 3.46
3.46
determine meaningfirUy_
x sta1 4 Ballotini-loose poured 28 13 4.17 Work is currently proceeding on the following
4 Rough4 Baliotini-sheared 24 17 3.91 other aspects:
8 steel 2 Co- sand-sheared 37 I4 7.07 (a) Varying the rake angle z of the blade to fiid
StceI 4 Co- sand-shearal 3’; 14 7.07
its effect on the force and on the inclination of the
stcci 4 Polyzknc chips-sheared 9 7.07
force vector to the blade
(b) A rotating shear box to give -better estimates
K, is calculated using frictional properties 4 and of the angles of friction 4 and d
6, and both the angle of inclination of the wall LZ (c) Mixing and particle movement over blades.
and the slope of the back-fill /I are taken into account
(Fig 14). The values of K, used here and tabuiated
by Jtmrikis were calculated assuming that the
granular material fails along a plane surface, and One of the authors @-F.B_) wishes to acknowledge
that the plane involving minimum force is the actual the fmancial support given to him by the British
failure surface. Commonwealth Scholarship Scheme and by the

Pmrder TeckwL. 1 (1967) 189-19s

?9S D. F. BAGSTER, J_ BRIDGWATER

Colonial Sugar Refining Co_ Ltd. (Australia) while REFERENCES

carrying out research, some of which is reported

1 W. L. MCCABE AXV J. C Swrn. Linir Operation, McGraw*-
here, towards the PhD. degree- Hill, New Yor& 1956. p_ 242
2 J. D. Baa~a The structure of liquids, Proc. Roy_ Sot.
(London), Ser. A 280 (1964) 299.
LIST OF SYMBOLS 3 K. WEIGIURDT. Studies on the flow of sand, Zngr. Arch., 20
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Pow&r TechnoL, I (1967) 189-198