considerable interest from researchers due to their several

advantages, such as long lifecycle, high speci#c energy,

cell safety, fast charge capability and low self-discharge
rate [6]#[8]. However, cell parameter differences as a result
of manufacturing tolerances or during BESS operation lead
to inequality in state-of-charge (SoC) among the cells within
a BESS [9]. All cells in a BESS should not be overcharged or