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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE MATERIALS(QUESTION BANK)
UNIT-I
ww MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR STRATEGIES
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CE6021-REPAIR & REHABILITATION OF STUCTURES Page | 1
Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING& TECHNOLOGY COURSE MATERIALS(QUESTION BANK)
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STRENGTHaAND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
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CE6021 -REPAIR & REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES Page | 1

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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY COURSE MATERIALS (QUESTION BANK)
UNIT-III
SPECIAL CONCRETES
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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE MATERIALS (QUESTION BANK)
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TECHNIQUES FOR REPAIR AND PROTECTION METHODS
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CE6021-REPAIR & REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES

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REPAIR, REHABILITATION AND RETROFITTING OF STRUCTURES
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CE6021-REPAIR & REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES Page | 1

TWO MARKS
1. What are the preliminary investigations before demolition of a structure?
The demolition contractor should have ample experience of the type of work to be offered; Fully
comprehensive insurance against all risks must be maintained at all times; An experienced supervisor
should be continuously in charge of the work; The contract price should include all safety
precautions included in the relevant building regulations; The completion date should be realistic,
avoiding and need to take risks to achieve the date.
2. Write about protective clothing given before demolition.

Buildings where chemicals have been stored or where asbestos, lead paint, dust or fumes may be
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present will require specialized protective clothing.
3. Give a brief note on shoring and underpinning in demolition.
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The demolition contractor has a legal obligation to show technical competence when carrying out
the work. When removing sections of the building which could have leave other parts unsafe,
adequate temporary supports and shoring etc. must be provided.
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4. What are the major factors in selecting a demolition procedure?
Majors factors to be considered in selecting an appropriate technique include:-
 Safety of personnel and public
 Working methods En
 Legislation applicable
 Insurance cover gin
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5.Give the categories of demolition techniques.
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Demolition techniques may be categorized as: Piecemeal demolition, using hand-held tools or
machines, to reduce the height of the building or structure gradually; Deliberate controlled collapse,
demolition to be completed at ground level.
6.Write short notes on demolition by hand. .ne

Demolition of buildings or structure by hand-held tools such as electric or pneumatic breakers,
sometimes as a preliminary to using other methods, should be carried out, where practicable, in the
reverse order to the original construction sequence. Lifting appliances may be necessary to hold
larger structural members during cutting and for lowering severed structural members and other
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debris.
7. In what cases demolition by machine can be done?

Simple roof structures supported on wall plates should normally be demolished to the level of wall
plates by hand, but if this may involve unsafe working, then demolition totally by machine may be
appropriate.
8.Write short notes on balling machine.

Balling machines generally comprise a drag-line type crawler chassis fitted with a lattice crane
jib. The demolition ball, with a steel anti-spin device, is suspended from the lifting rope and
swung by the drag rope.

9.How are explosives used for demolition of a structure?

If explosives are to be used for demolition, the planning and execution, include pre-
weakening, should be under the control of a person competent in these techniques. For
large demolition, the competent person is likely to be an experienced explosive engineer;
for smaller work, a shot-firer may be sufficient.
10 What is a hydraulic pusher arm?

Articulated, hydraulically-powered pusher-arm machines are normally mounted on a tracked or
wheeled chassis, and have a toothed plate or hook for applying for applying a horizontal force to a
wall. The machine should stand on a firm level base and apply force by a
controlled movement of the pusher arm.
SIXTEEN MARKS
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1. EXPLAIN ABOUT REPAIR METHODS OF STRUCTURES DISTRESSED DUE TO
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WEATHERING CORROSION
1. Sulphate Attack
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Mechanism-sulphates are found in most of the soils as calcium, potassium, sodium and magnesium
sulphates. Sulphate attack occurs when pore system in concrete is penetrated by solution of
sulphates.
1.1 chemical mechanism En

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The effect of sulphate on concrete can be mainly, chemical and physical and they are closely
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related. The sulphate attack or reaction is indicated by the characteristic whitish appearance on the
surface. As a result of the chemical reactions between sulphate and hydration products, changed in
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the microstructure and pore size distribution of the cement paste takes place. Sulphate converts
calcium hydroxide into large of calcium sulphate.
Na2So4.10H2O +Ca(OH)2 CaSO4.2H2O +2NaOH +8H2O
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The second hydration hydration produc, tricalcium aluminates hydrate reacts with sulphate
solution to form sulpho aluminates hydrate, which has a greater volume than that of the original
compound.
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2(3CaO.Al2O3.12H2O) + 3(Na2So4 .10H2O) 3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSo4.31H2O +
2Al(OH)3 +6NaOH+17H2O
When concrete cracks, its permeability increases and the aggressive water penetrates more easily
in to the interior, thus accelerating the process of deterioration.
2. SALT ATTACK/WEATHERING
Solid salts do not attack concrete, but when present in solution they can react with hardened
concrete. It is a more general problem in masonary structures. Efflorescense is awhitish crystalline
deposit on the surface. Efflorscence is the formation of calcilum carbonate precipitate on the

concrete surface owing to carbonation
Prevention
measures
 Using sound materials free from salts
 Proper concrete proportioning
 Consolidation and Curing
 Preventing the access of moisture to the structure
WEAR
The concrete has been damaged by erosion it is almost certain that any repaired section will again
be damaged unless the cause of the erosion is removed. The best concrete made will not withstand
the forces of cavitation or severe abrasion for a prolonged period. It may be more economical to
replace the concrete periodically rather than to reshape the structure to produce streamlined flow or
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to eliminate the solids which are causing abrasion.
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1.Mechanism
Abrasion-erosion damage is caused by the action of debris rolling and grinding against a concrete
surface. In hydraulic structures, the areas most likely to be damaged are spillway aprons, stilling
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basin slabs, and lock culverts and laterals.
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The sources of the debris include construction trash left in a structure, riprap brought back into a
basin by eddy currents because of poor hydraulic design and riprap or debris thrown into a basin
abrasions erosion damage.

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by the public. Also barges and towboats impacting on lock wells and gide wells can cause
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 Concrete surfaces abraded by waterborne debris are generally smooth and may contain
localized depressions.
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 Mechanical abrasion is usually characterized by long shallow grooves in the concrete
surface and spelling along monolith joints.
 Armor plates is often torn away or bent.
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3. Common materials
Metallic types
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 Pearlitic iron turnings
 Crushed cast iron chilled grit
Non-metallic types:
 Silicon carbide grains
 Fused alumina grains
 Natural emery grains

2. EXPLAIN ABOUT REPAIR METHODS OF STRUCTURES DISTRESSED DUE TO
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FIRE
A fire in a concrete structure causes damage. The extent of which depends upon the intensity and
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duration of the fire.
The principle types of damages are

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Reduction in strength of concrete
Cracking and spalling of concrete
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Deflection and deformation of members
Discolouration
Concrete structures are determined by three main

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 The capacity of concrete itself to withstand heat eer
 The conductivity of the concrete to heat
 The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete
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A large number of reinforced concrete structures salvaged from destruction in fires by timely fire
fighting operations can be put to further service after strengthening and providing some cosmetic
repairs since the cost of restoration of such structures less than
that for dismantling and construction of new ones. The fire may cause different degrees of damage
to the structure: the structure may be completely burnt or destroyed; its surface may be slightly
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damaged or slight deformation may occur. In the first case, the whole of damaged portion has to be
replaced during restoration of structure while in the latter, only repair and finishing may be
required. The extent of damage caused th the structure during a fire depends on the duration of fire,
and the temperature to which the structure was subjected during the fire.
High temperature during a fire reduces the strength of reinforced concrete structures due to change
in the strength and deformability of materials, reduction in cross sectional dimensions, weakening
of bond between the reinforcement and concrete which determines structural action under the load.
When assessing the effects of a fire on a building structure, it is important to recognize that the
huge expansion that occurs in the members subjected to the fire temperature may cause damage in

other members remote from the fire.
Shear cracking can occur in columns and cracking resulting from inversion of moment may occur
if detailing is not adequate
Restoration of fire Damaged Elements

The eccentrically loaded columns fail when reinforcement bars in tension heat up. The fire
resistance of such elements can be increased by increasing the thickness of protective layer. Heat
transmission and temperature of bottom reinforcement are keys to the behavior of reinforced
concrete slab exposed to fire. The reinforcing bars are assumed to retain one half of their original
strength. Carrying capacity of slabs can be enhanced by increasing their thickness. For beams,
depth and width can be increased. It should be kept in mind that in beams, weakening of bond
between transverse reinforcement and concrete on account of heating reduces the residual shear
load carrying capacity considerably.
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The carrying capacity of axially loaded depends upon the cross section of the column coefficient of
change in strength of concrete under high temperature and corresponding critical temperature. The
carrying capacity can be restored by increasing the cross section with suitable increase in the
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longitudinal steel.
3.EXPLAIN ABOUT REPAIR METHODS OF STRUCTURES DISTRESSED DUE TO

LEAKAGES
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Leakage in the concrete structures causes inevitable damage to the reinforcement. Construction
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joints, shrinkage and restraint cracks may form leak paths. The amounts of water involved vary
from damp-patches which tend to evaporate as they are formed, to running –leaks which may
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eventually form undrained surfaces. Damp patches may also be formed when water passes through
the voids along reinforcing bars formed due to plastic settlement.
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The other common routes for larger volume leaks are honeycombed concrete, movements joints
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like expansion and contraction joints. In case of water-retaining structures, the extent of leakage
may be measured by monitoring loss of liquid from the structure.
Techniques
 Conventional leak-sealing methods .ne
 Leak-sealing by injection techniques
Conventional methods
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Some sources of minor leakage may dry up by autogenously healing which is an accumulation of
calcium salts along the leak path. This will obstruct the passage of water over period of time and
reduce the leakage to negligible proportions.
Once leak spots have been identified, the remedial action may involve the application of local or
complete surface seal in the form of a coating system.
 Surface preparations
 Filling of surface imperfections with resin-based grouts
 Application of primer
 Application of two coats of high-build paint

The procedure may require quite extensive preparatory work including the injection of suspect
joints and random shrinkage cracks with allow viscosity resin.
Honey combed concrete if not particularly extensive may be filled out using a resin based mortar.
Laitance and surface contaminants may be removed by sand blasting and power wire brush
Injection Sealing
From liquid flow and pressure considerations the simplest and most cost effective way is to seal
the leakage from the water-retaining side of the structure. When the wet side is inaccessible, the
leakage must be tackled from the dry side which is considerably more difficult.Successfull leak
sealing requires injection of sealant to fill water passages completely, and it is necessary to attain a
relatively high flow velocity to achieve this, because of short pot-life or working time of the
typical repair material.
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The first basic step is to restrict or confine the water flow to tubee through which the sealant any
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be introduced.
Due to possibility of concrete being stressed during injection, it is preferable to maintain lower
pressures. The direct methods are very slow due to sealant being pumped slowly through very
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narrow passages against pressure, and the pressure cannot be maintained for long enough to
achieve complete penetration. In many cases water may find another finer pathway leading from
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the same source. In contrast the indirect methods enable the work to be completed quickly because
surface seals are not required and mechanical anchorages can be used.
MARINE EXPOSURE
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Durability of concrete exposed to sea-water again stresses that of all chemical and physical
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properties, permeability of concrete is the most important factor influencing performance.
Concrete are achieved by using mixes having high cement contents and low water: cement ratios,
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through consolidation and control of thermal and shrinkage cracking, and limiting cracks due to
mechanical loading.
1.Physic-chemical effects of sea water on hydrated cement as follows:

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Chemical attack by sea water on cement only occurs in the case of permeable concrete

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C4AF, in contrast to C3A has no deleterious effects
Portland cements with C3A contents lower than 10% resist chemical attack in sea-water
Cements containing more than 65% slag are most resistant to sea-water attack
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 The effects of pozzolan depend on their mineralogical composition and reactivity
 Compressive or flexural strengths are not a good basis for assessing durability once
reactions commence; a much b etter basis is the measurement of expansions as they
continue
2.Application of materials
 Mortar placement
 Injection into cracks
 Large-scale Repair

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4.EXPLAIN ABUT ON PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF DEMOLITION
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TECHNIQUES
Demolition is a highly skilled and dangerous activity in terms of damage to life

and property and there are certain basic factors to consider before a contract is placed:
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The demolition contractor should have ample experience of the type of work to
be offered;
Fully comprehensive insurance against all risks must be maintained at all

times; An experienced supervisor should be continuously in charge of the
work;

The contract price should include all safety precautions included in the relevant
building regulations;
The completion date should be realistic, avoiding and need to take risks to achieve
the date.
C. Shoring and Underpinning: The demolition contractor has a legal obligation to show
technical competence when carrying out the work. When removing sections of the
building which could have leave other parts unsafe, adequate temporary supports
and shoring etc. must be provided.
wwD. Working Areas: These will need to be well signposted and clear warnings given that
demolition work is in progress. This may include the necessity for some kind of
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lighting.
E. Debris: Sections of the building must not be overloaded with debris either on
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suspended floors or against party walls.
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F. Weather Conditions: These can affect safety. Strong winds or drifting snow
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against unsafe walls. Suspended floors etc. which are unpropped may lead to
collapse.
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G. Flooding: The build-up of water can sometimes be hazardous.
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H. Overhead Cables: A crane heights etc. must be checked against the height of
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any surrounding overhead cables to avoid damage and cutting off supplies etc.
I. Scaffolding and Hoarding: These must be constructed and illuminated to the

relevant building regulations.
J. Security: The demolition site and any partially demolished buildings must be
properly secured against entry.
K. Dust: Should be kept to a minimum by spraying with water when necessary.
L. Noise: Suppressors and silencers, particularly on compressors etc., should be used to

keep noise levels to a minimum.

Supervision of Demolition work
A method statement showing how the demolition work is to be carried out should be
prepared and the contractors should appoint a “competent person” to supervise the demolition
work.
5.WRITE NOTES ON PROCESSES FOR DEMOLITION
As an intrinsic part of the construction process, efficient demolition of structures is an
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important factors deserving careful consideration in the evolution of any redevelopment project.
Modern emphasis is on reduction of construction periods to ensure economic
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redevelopment, coupled with increasing town centre regenerating calling for careful demolition
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on constructed and restricted site, have resulted in more consideration being given to demolition
as part of the process of construction and redevelopment than was typical in previous times.
4Developing a Demolition Strategy

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The strategy will need to take into account the method of construction used for the original
building and its proximity to other buildings, structures and the general public. These factors,
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together with location, the cost and availability of tipping and disposal and the desirability and
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economics of reuse, must be taken into account in the development of an appropriate strategy for
the demolition of a structure.
Building Information t
Information on buildings in terms of “as built” drawings and structural details may often
be unavailable or unreliable, and consequently some investigative site and desk work may be
necessary, both to ascertain the way in which the building was originally constructed, and to
identify the stresses and strains which exist within it.
In order to plan the most efficient method of demolition, it is important to have a full
understanding of the method of construction and the stress patterns imposed upon the building.

Failure to do so may result in risks to the safety of both those involved in the demolition and
those in close proximity to the sit
6.EXPLAIN BRIEFLY ON DEMOLITION METHODS
In many circumstances, buildings and structures should be demolished in the reverse

order to their erection; although where partial demolition is involved, a more careful evaluation
of the nature of the effects of the demolition is necessary.
Normally, the demolition contractor is able to adopt a method of work which:-
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Arranges the deliberate controlled collapse of the building or structure so that work can
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be completed at ground level.
4.10.7 Demolition Technique Selection

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The choice of demolition technique will depend on the nature of the building or
structure and its environment. Risks to the public, operatives involved in the demolition process
and adjacent structures and buildings should be considered.
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Demolition techniques may be categorized as;-
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Piecemeal demolition, using hand-held tools
Wrecking Ball t
o Pusher Arm
o Wire Rope Pulling
o Clam Shell
Other Methods like


o Non Explosive Demolition Agent
o Explosive Demolition
o Saw cutting
o Cutting and Lifting
o Water jet
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Piecemeal Demolition (Demolition by Hand):
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For demolitions of reinforced concrete buildings by hand, tools such as electric,
pneumatic breakers, jack hammers etc are commonly being used.
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Oxy-acetylene torch could be used to cut the reinforcements.
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The reinforcements shall remain until all the concrete connecting to or supported by the
reinforcement is broken away or when its supports are no longer required.
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Cantilever canopies, balconies and exterior walls are critical elements in building
demolition.
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In congested areas, these features could critically impact on the safety of the public.
Demolition of these features shall be performed with extreme caution.
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If rope or tie wires are used to pull down the structural elements, the pulling wire must be
at least 4 times stronger than the anticipated pulling force.
In addition, workers shall be shielded from the rope or tie wires. The rope or ties wire
shall be checked at least twice per day.
Lifting appliances may be necessary to hold larger structural members during cutting and
for lowering severed structural members and other debris.

Chutes may be used to discharge debris into a vehicle or hopper.
Foundations would normally be grubbed up by excavation machines.
Demolition Sequence
Demolition sequence shall be determined according to actual site conditions,

restraints, the building layout, the structural layout and its construction.
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In general, the following sequence shall apply:
a) All cantilevered structures, canopies, verandahs and features attached to the

external walls shall first be demolished prior to demolition of main building
and its internal structures on each floor;
b) When demolishing the roof structure, all lift machine rooms and water tanks
at high level shall be demolished in “top down” sequence to the main roof
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c) Demolition of the floor slabs shall begin at mid span and work towards the
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d) Floor beams shall be demolished in the order as follows:
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1) Cantilevered beams;
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2) Secondary beams; then
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3) Main beams.
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In the case when structural stability of beams is affected, e.g., due to loss of
restraints affected beams shall be propped prior to loss of support or restraint;
e) Non-load bearing walls shall be removed prior to demolition of load bearing

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walls;
f) Columns and load bearing walls shall be demolished after removal of beams
on top;
g) If site conditions permit, the first floor slab directly above the ground floor
may be demolished by machine sitting on ground level and mounted with
demolition accessories.

Mechanical Demolition
Mechanical demolition generally involves the use of large machinery with

attachment to dismantle the building from outside.
The common mechanical methods include the use of a Hydraulic crusher with long
Boom arm, Wrecking Ball, pusher arm, wire rope, clam shell etc…
These methods shall only be applied to isolated buildings on relatively flat ground.
ww If it is attached to another structure, the two properties should be separated by the use
w.E
of hand methods before the main demolition process begins.
asy
The concerns and good practices of the mechanical demolition generally included the
following;
En
1) The machine shall be operated on smooth and firm ground;
gin
eer
2) It shall also have adequate counter-weight to prevent overturning during the
operation;
ing
3) The equipment and accessories such as attachments and rope shall be
inspected frequently and shall be repaired or whenever necessary;
.ne
4) The impact of the collapsed structural sections on the floor or ground shall be
checked to prevent the potential overloading of the suspended floor, vibration
t
and disturbance to adjacent properties and damage to underground utilities.
5) The site shall have full time security to prevent unauthorized personnel
entering the site. No person shall stay within the working area of the machine
and the building while the machine is operating.
6) Sufficient water spray or other anti-dust precautions shall be provided to

minimize air pollution by dust;

7) The cab of the machine shall be equipped with impact proofed glass and its
construction shall be robust enough to protect the operator from flying debris;
8) A spot person shall be on site full time to provide guidance and assistance to
the operator in the demolition process.
Demolition Sequence
In general, the following sequence shall apply:
a) Prior to demolition of internal floors, all cantilevered slabs and beams, canopies, and
ww verandahs shall first be demolished
w.E
b) The structural elements, in general, shall be demolished in the following sequence:
asy - Slabs;
- En
Secondary beams; then
gin
- Main beams
eer
ing
c) Mechanical plant shall descend from the floor with temporary access ramp, or be
.ne
lowered to the next day floor by lifting machinery or by other appropriate means;
d) When a mechanical plant has just descended from the floor above, the slabs and
beams, in two consecutive floors may be demolished by the mechanical plant t

simultaneously. The mechanical plant may work on structural elements on the same
floor and breaking up the slabs on the floor above;
e) The wall panel, including beams and columns shall be demolished by gradually
breaking down the concrete or by pulling them down in a controlled manner;
A. Hydraulic crusher with Long Boom arm
ww The crusher attachment breaks the concrete and the reinforcement by the hydraulic thrust
through the long boom arm system.
w.E
The hydraulic crusher can be operated from the ground outside the building.
asy
This method is also suitable for dangerous buildings, silos and other industrial facilities.
En
For environmental reason, it should be used wherever practicable because of its
quietness.
gin
Application Criteria
eer
ing
The operation shall have a minimum clear space of 1/2 the building height as a safety
zone for the falling debris;
.ne
The equipment shall be inspected and maintained periodically to make sure the
equipment is in good and safe condition. t
The excavator shall operate on firm ground that can support the machine during the
crusher operation;
Except for special applications, each section of the structure shall be demolished in a top
down sequence to ensure stability of the structure;
Debris may be used to build up a platform for the excavator to extend the range of reach.
It is important that the debris is densely compacted to support the operation of the
excavator. The platform must be flat and the slope must be stable. The height of the build

up platform shall be limited to 3 m. The side slope of the temporary platform shall not be
steeper than 1:1 (horizontal to vertical) unless the condition allows a steeper slope. The
slope of access ramp for the machine shall be in accordance with the manufacturer‟s
recommendation. The width in both directions of the platform shall be at least one and
one-half the length of the machine to allow safe maneuver during the demolition
operation;
To minimize the dust impact, the structure shall be pre-soaked with water before
demolition. Water shall be continuously sprayed during the crushing operation;
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

Debris may fall out of the building during the demolition. The site shall be
completely fenced off. There shall be 24-hour guarded security to allow only
authorized personnel for site access. During the operation of the crusher there
shall be no worker within the machine operating area or inside the building;
The crusher operator shall possess the essential skills and significant experience
in the crusher operation. There shall be a spot person to assist in the operation and
alert the
ww operator of any potential problem during the
w.E
operation.
B. Wrecking Ball:
asy
En
The wrecking ball application consists of a crane equipped with a steel ball.
gin
The destruction of the building is by the impact energy of the steel ball suspended
eer
from the crawler crane. The wrecking ball operates outside the building.
ing
This method is suitable for dilapidated buildings, silos and other industrial
facilities. However, the operation requires substantial clear space.
The application also demands high level skill operators and well-maintained .ne
equipment.
t
Application Criteria
The recommended criteria for the use of wrecking ball are presented in the
following:
Except for special application, the balling of each section of the structure shall
proceed from top to bottom. Care shall be taken to maintain the stability of the
structure; Recommended techniques for the wrecking ball operations include:
CE 2071– REPAIR AND REHABLITATION OF STRUCTURES unit-v

1) Vertical Drop – free falling of the wrecking ball onto the structure;
2) Swing in line – swinging of the ball in-line with the jib.
A second dragline will normally connect to the ball horizontally to control the
ball motion. The ball shall be swung into the building. The ball shall strike at the
top of the member so as to avoid the member from falling outside the building.
Slewing the jib is not recommended. The motion of the ball by slewing the jib is
ww
difficult to control. It demands expert knowledge of the machine and structure as
well as operating skills to safely perform the task. Slewing can potentially induce a
w.E
tremendous amount of stress on the jib, as such, its use shall be avoided;
The jib or boom shall be operated with not less than 3 m above the portion
asy
of the structure being demolished;
En
Clear space for operation between the crane and the structure being demolished shall be
gin
50% of the height of structure, the clear distance between the site boundary
eer
and the building to be demolished shall not be less than 50% of the building
ing
height plus an additional 6 m for the crane to maneuver, this criteria shall apply
to all sides of the building to be demolished by wrecking ball;
The demolition ball shall be connected with swivel type anti-spin device to .ne
prevent twisting and tangling of the wire during operation;
The wire and boom of the machine used for balling shall have a rated capacity,
t
at the working radius, of at least 5 times the weight of the ball;
The strength of the wire shall be at least twice the tensile strength of the nominal
steel reinforcement of the floor slab and beams. The high strength wire allows the
pullout of the wrecking ball from potential traps;
To ensure that the crane is in good condition, the wire connecting to the ball, the
boom components and connecting pins shall be inspected twice daily.

A sufficient length of the wire shall be provided to allow the ball to drop to the
lowest working level plus an addition of 10% of the wire length and no less than 3
drums. For swing in-line method, there shall be sufficient length of the dragline wire
to allow the ball to fall in the event that the ball is entangled with the falling debris;
The operation shall not be performed adjacent to overhead power lines;
The site shall be entirely fenced off to forbid public access. A 24-hour security
guard shall be assigned to the site to enforce the access restriction; depending on
ww the relative location between the fence and the building, and fence shall be
designed to withstand accidental impact by the wrecking ball;
w.E
During the use of the demolition ball, expect for the crane operator and the spot
person, all other workers shall be kept away from the demolition ball‟s working
asy
radius. Nobody shall stay inside the building;
En
To minimize the dust impact on the surrounding area, the structure to be demolished
gin
shall be pre-soaked with water before demolition. Water spraying shall continue on
the
structure during demolition; eer

ing
Since the safety and success of the project depend highly on the operator and
.ne
site personnel, the operator must have proven experience and skill for
operating the wrecking ball to the satisfaction of the approval authority; and t
A spot person shall be on site during the operation to assist the operator and to
ensure site safety. The spot person shall have extensive knowledge and experience
in the use of wrecking ball. The qualification and experience of the spot person
shall be equivalent to
those of the wrecking ball operator.

C. Hydraulic Pusher Arm:
Articulated, hydraulically-powered pusher-arm machines are normally mounted on

a tracked or wheeled chassis, and have a toothed plate or hook for applying for
applying a horizontal force to a wall.
The machine should stand on a firm level base and apply force by a
ww controlled movement of the pusher arm.
Special conditions for pusher arm demolition are listed below:
w.E
1) The pusher arm shall be constructed of steel or equivalent material and
asy
shall have adequate strength to operate on the building; a crane boom
shall not be used;
En
gin
2) Minimum safety distance of 0.5 times the height of the building element
being demolished shall be maintained between the machine and the
eer
building for pushing into the building.
ing
3) Minimum safety distance of 1.5 times the height of the building element
.ne
being demolished shall be maintained if structural elements are pulling
out of the building;
4) The point of application of pushing shall not be less than 2/3 of the height t
and not more than 600 mm below the top of the wall; and
5) The pusher arm method shall be limited to buildings less than 15 m high.

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